Rydberg Matter a commonform of matter in the Universe

Leif Holmlid

Abstract:

The electronically excited condensed matter named Rydberg Matter seems to be a state of matter of the same significance as liquid or solid matter. In fact, it may be the most common form of matter in the Universe. In this talk, spectroscopic signatures from space will be discussed and described in terms of transitions in Rydberg Matter, both in emission, absorption, and stimulated Raman. The interpretations are based on experimental results. Recent experiments give proof for metallic atomic hydrogen, of interest not only for intergalactic space but possibly also for understanding planets like Jupiter.

A perspective view of a cluster of Rydberg Matter with 19 atoms or molecules. The core ions in space will in general be H+ and H2+, with one electron per atom or molecule excited to the RM region. The clusters are formed by interacting circular Rydberg speciesRydberg Matter forms planar clusters

Schematical drawing of the setup for observing the spectra of stimulated emission. The grating is turned under computer control. The chopper and end mirror can be replaced by a spinning mirror.Experimental verification: RM in a tunable cavity - the RM laserThe RM laser is a thermal laser, converting thermal energy to laser light in the IR.Extremely broadband tunable, 800 16000 nm and longer.Publications on stimulated emission from RM: L. Holmlid, Chem. Phys. Lett. 367 (2003) 556-560.S. Badiei and L. Holmlid, Chem. Phys. Lett. 376 (2003) 812-817.L. Holmlid, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 37 (2004) 357-374.

Emitters for RM: here alkali doped metal oxidecatalysts, otherwise carbon w. alkali atoms

Energy diagram for RMTransitions for the stimulated emissionMetal-like conduction bandwith delocalized electrons that give the bondingTwo-electron processes in general

Stimulated emission: signal from cavityn2 = 40-80

n4

Cutoff due to MCT detector

Stimulated emission from RMn2

n4

RM theory agrees well with UIR bands: A&A 358 (2000) 276-286

UIR band structure:Stimulated Raman with He-Ne laser, backscatteredUIR type B = carbon-rich starsBuss et al. (1993)UIR type A = nebulae, galaxiesBregman et al. (1989)Black curves: calculated from RM model to fitAstrophys. J. 548 (2001) L249-L252.

Calculated from Raman shift

Comparison of transitions in the RM laser and in space (from Kahanp et al. 2003)High upper level due to resonance withRydberg state stimulated emission n = 9 5 and 7 5.Peaks of unidentified infrared bands = UIR bands

Diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) seen in absorption against reddened starsMore than 280 bands with widths 0.5 140 cm-1 at 400 -900 nm

Process for DIB transitions:L. Holmlid, Rydberg Matter as the diffuse interstellar band (DIB) carriers in interstellar space: the model and accurate calculations of band centers. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 6 (2004) 2048-2058.

co-planar staten4n3

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 6 (2004) 2048-2058.

DIB band heads

Best evidence: 60 sharp DIB bands

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 6 (2004) 2048-2058.

Intensities for all DIBsX overlap withother transitionsLow intensity forstates nnn4-1Band heads

Stack of RM clusters, stable at low temperature. Attracted and aligned by magnetic forces, held apartby electrostatic forcesDARK MATTER = RM?

H atom in RM with n=80 occupies1012 larger volume than in ground state..Badiei & Holmlid, Rydberg Matter in space - low density condensed dark matter. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 333 (2002) 360-364.

Faraday rotation in intergalactic space Badiei & Holmlid, Magnetic field in the intracluster medium: Rydberg matter with almost free electrons. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 335 (2002) L94-L98.

Redshift from stimulated Raman in translating electronstates in RM clustersAstrophys. Space Sci. 291 (2004) 99-111Quantized redshiftsat 21 cm wavelength

Observed in the localsupercluster of galaxies

Appl. Phys. B 79 (2004) 871-877.Similar studies:Phys. Rev. A 63 (2001) 013817-1-013817-10.Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 26 (2004) 103-111.

Experimental studiesof redshifts in RMLead saltdiode laserssingle-modeDn = 10-4 cm-120-60 K

Redshifts intransmission through cold RM

Size 0.02 cm-1Etalon tempe-rature

T coeff.10-2 cm-1 K-1RM emitter temp.

Appl. Phys. B 79 (2004) 871-877Redshifts 0.02 cm-1 in reflectionfrom deposited (cold) layer of RM

Hot RM gives blueshifts instead.Redshifts in space

Calculations using stimulated Raman theory from theseresults give redshifts of atleast the same size asobserved

Pulsed laser fragmentation of RMns pulses excite pairs of electrons andgive Coulomb explosions.

The smaller cluster/ particle moves awaywith most of the kinetic energy

d = 2.9 n2 a0

W = e2/(4pe0d) Low excitation levels in RM are studied

Excitation levels in RM, with energy release W.

Excitation level n

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Energy release W (eV)

9.38

2.35

1.04

0.59

0.38

0.26

0.19

Interionic distance d (nm)

0.153

0.614

1.38

2.46

3.84

5.53

7.52

RM Coulomb explosionexperimentsHydrogen molecule RMWang & Holmlid, Chem. Phys. Lett. 325 (2000) 264-268,Chem. Phys. 261 (2000) 481-48, ibid 277 (2002) 201-210;Badiei & Holmlid Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 220 (2002) 127-136,Chem. Phys. 282 (2002) 137-146.

Badiei & Holmlid, Phys. Lett. A 327 (2004) 186-1919.4 eV fromCoulomb explosionHydrogen atom RM at n = 1n = 1 is the lowest possiblestate of RM which isthe same as metallic hydrogend = 150 8 pm

Badiei & Holmlid, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 16 (2004) 7017-7023.

Multiple repulsions + 2+ (18 ev), 3+ (27 eV)Hydrodynamicacceleration> 1 keV for H+observed inexperiments withacceleration lengths of 1 cm

Cosmic rays?Very high protonenergies

IR observation from comets

Ultra-red matter detected might be RM.RM emits selectively in the IR, as seenin the RM laserDeep Space flyby at Comet 19P/Borrelly

Polarization at cometstwo classesReflectance of sun from comets,visible light, unpolarizedThe observed polarization P is much too low for almost any assumption about particle size, shape and composition.

Planar RM clusters probably have few polarizability elements (but large!)which gives good agreement.for RMNegative polarization possible?