s 1 the drive for reform · pdf filethe drive for reform chapter 10 section 1 ... and...

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Note Taking Study GuideTHE DRIVE FOR REFORM

CHAPTER

10SECTION 1

Name Class Date

Focus Question: What areas did Progressives think were in need of thegreatest reform?

Fill in the chart below with details about Progressivism.TIP: Look for key words like muckrakers and reform in headings throughoutthe section.

Problems

• Industrial hazards • Corrupt governments•

•

•

•

•

Muckrakers

• Exposed conditions•

•

•

Reforms

• Factory laws• Labor laws•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Progressivism

© Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

131

READING CHECK

What were two examples ofpolitical reform?

VOCABULARY STRATEGY

What does the word dynamicmean in the underlinedsentence? Circle the words inthe underlined sentence thatcould help you learn whatdynamic means. Think aboutwhat kind of leader it would taketo be a reformer.

READING SKILL

Identify Details List threemuckrakers whose work in the1890s helped increase thepublic’s awareness about socialand political problems, anddescribe their work.

In the 1890s, a movement called Progressivism tried to addresssocial problems. Journalists called muckrakers wrote about theneed for reform. Lincoln Steffens, a magazine editor, was aleading muckraker. He published stories about political cor-ruption. Photographer Jacob Riis was also a muckraker. Hispictures showed life in urban slums. In his novel The Jungle,Upton Sinclair described the despair of immigrants working inChicago’s stockyards.

Many reformers thought that social reform should be basedon Christianity. These followers of the Social Gospel believedthat society would improve if people followed the Bible’steachings about charity and justice. One form of charity wasthe settlement house. Settlement houses offered services suchas childcare and classes in English. One famous settlementhouse was Hull House, opened in Chicago by Jane Addams.

Reformers also worked to end child labor and improveeducation. In 1911, a fire at a garment factory shocked Americans and focused attention on the need to protect work-ers. Some states passed laws to make workplaces safer.

Finally, Progressives tried to reform the government.Dynamic leaders worked to limit the power of political bossesand business interests. Reformers created the direct primary.This let citizens choose for themselves who would run in elec-tions. The initiative allowed people to put a proposed new lawon the ballot. The referendum let citizens approve or rejectlaws passed by a legislature. The recall gave voters the powerto remove elected officials from office before their terms ended.The reforms brought about by Progressives still affect societytoday.

Review Questions1. Why were muckrakers important to the reform movement?

2. How did settlement houses help the poor?

Section SummaryTHE DRIVE FOR REFORM

CHAPTER

10SECTION 1

Name Class Date


Note Taking Study GuideWOMEN MAKE PROGRESS

CHAPTER

10SECTION 2

Name Class Date

Focus Question: How did women of the Progressive Era make progressand win the right to vote?

As you read this section, complete the outline below to capture the main ideas.TIP: Use headings throughout the section for the letters in your outline.

I. Women Expand Reforms

A. Hardships for women

1. Difficult and dangerous jobs outside the home

2.

B. Reformers pushed for rights

1.

2.

C. Working for reform at home

1.

2.

3.

II. Women Fight for the Right to Vote

A.

1.

2.

B.

1.

2.

C.

1.

2.


133

READING CHECK

What right did women gain withthe Nineteenth Amendment?

VOCABULARY STRATEGY

What does the word strategymean in the underlinedsentence? Circle the words inthe underlined sentence thatcould help you learn whatstrategy means. Think aboutwhat helped women get thevote.

READING SKILL

Identify Main Ideas What goaldid Margaret Sanger, Ida B.Wells, and Florence Kelleyshare?

In the early 1900s, many women wanted to play a larger role inthe community. Reformers sought to help working women byshortening the workday, improving working conditions, andsecuring fair prices for household goods. Florence Kelleyhelped form the National Consumers League (NCL). Thisgroup labeled products made under safe working conditionsand pushed for workplace reforms.

Many women also wanted to change life at home. Womenled the temperance movement, which sought a ban on alcohol.They thought that drinking alcohol made men treat their fami-lies badly. Women’s health was another important issue.Nurse Margaret Sanger thought that family life and women’shealth would improve if mothers had fewer children. Sheopened the nation’s first birth-control clinic. African Americanwomen also worked to improve their lives. Ida B. Wellshelped found the National Association of Colored Women. Sheworked to provide childcare and education to black families.

One of Progressivism’s boldest goals was suffrage forwomen. Suffrage is the right to vote. Carrie Chapman Catt ledthis fight in the 1890s, giving speeches all over the country. Sheasked women to join the National American Woman SuffrageAssociation (NAWSA). This group asked Congress for theright to vote and used the referendum process to get state suf-frage laws passed. This two-pronged strategy helped womenget the vote in several states. Alice Paul was more forceful.Her National Woman’s Party (NWP) staged protest marchesand picketed the White House. Some members went on hungerstrikes, refusing to eat until they could vote. Those efforts, andthe NAWSA’s support of World War I, helped win passage ofthe Nineteenth Amendment in 1920. American women hadwon the right to vote.

Review Questions1. Why did many women want to end the drinking of alcohol?

2. What did reformers do to help women get the right to vote?

Section SummaryWOMEN MAKE PROGRESS

CHAPTER

10SECTION 2

Name Class Date


Note Taking Study GuideTHE STRUGGLE AGAINST DISCRIMINATION

CHAPTER

10SECTION 3

Name Class Date

Focus Question: What steps did minorities take to combat socialproblems and discrimination?

Outline the section’s main ideas and details.

I. The Struggle Against Discrimination

A. Progressivism Contradicts Itself

1. Settlement houses and other civic groups aid in Americanization of immigrants.

2.

3.

4.

B. Demands for Reform

1.

2.

3.

C.

1.

2.

3.


135

READING CHECK

Who organized the Anti-Defamation League?

VOCABULARY STRATEGY

What does the word so-calledmean in the underlinedsentence? Two synonyms forso-called are supposed andpresumed. Use the meanings ofthe synonyms to help youdetermine the meaning of so-called.

READING SKILL

Main Idea and Details How wasBooker T. Washington’s way offighting discrimination differentfrom that of W.E.B. Du Bois?

The Progressive Era did not improve the lives of nonwhitesand immigrant Americans. Many Progressives looked downon nonwhites and treated them poorly. Some Progressivesagreed with so-called scientific theories that said that dark-skinned peoples had less intelligence than whites. Progressiveseven supported segregation, or separation of the races. Theyalso supported laws to limit minority voting. Progressivesfavored the policy of Americanization. This meant that theytried to make everyone follow white, middle-class ways of life.

African American reformers fought discrimination in dif-ferent ways. Booker T. Washington told blacks to be patientand to earn the respect of white Americans. W.E.B. Du Boissaid that blacks should be more active in fighting for theirrights. W.E.B. Du Bois was a member of the Niagara Movement.This group wanted rapid progress and more education forblacks.

After a race riot broke out in Illinois, African Americansjoined with whites to form the National Association for theAdvancement of Colored People (NAACP). The NAACPfought for civil rights in the court system. The NAACP helpedmiddle-class blacks gain civil rights, including the right tovote. The Urban League helped poorer workers who lived incities. It helped families buy clothes and books. The Leaguealso helped workers and others find jobs.

Different ethnic groups also wanted more rights and pro-tections. Some of them created self-help agencies. Jews in NewYork City formed the Anti-Defamation League. This groupdefended Jews against verbal attacks and false statements.Mexican Americans in several states formed mutualistas.These groups gave loans and assistance to the poor. Whilesome progress was made, minorities still suffered from discrimination.

Review Questions1. Why did Progressives not support minorities?

2. How was the Urban League different from the NAACP?

Section SummaryTHE STRUGGLE AGAINST DISCRIMINATION

CHAPTER

10SECTION 3

Name Class Date


Note Taking Study GuideROOSEVELT’S SQUARE DEAL

CHAPTER

10SECTION 4

Name Class Date

Focus Question: What did Roosevelt think government should do forcitizens?

A. As you read this section, use the concept web below to record the main ideas.TIP: Look for words that are similar to environmental and economic.

Roosevelt’sSquare Deal

Economicpolicies

Environmentalpolicies

National Reclamation Actthat controlled water

Regulatedrailroads


137

Note Taking Study GuideROOSEVELT’S SQUARE DEAL

CHAPTER

10SECTION 4

Focus Question: What did Roosevelt think government should do forcitizens?

B. As you read, fill in the Venn diagram with similarities and differences betweenRoosevelt and Taft.

TIP: When looking for differences, look for key words such as criticized.

Roos

evel

t•

War

her

o• • •

Taft

• Pr

efer

red

high

er

tarif

fs• •

• Tr

ustb

uste

r• • •

Name Class Date


138

READING CHECK

What was New Nationalism?

VOCABULARY STRATEGY

What does the word dominatingmean in the underlinedsentence? What clues can youfind in the surrounding words,phrases, or sentences? Circlethe words in the underlinedpassage that could help youlearn what dominating means.

READING SKILL

Identify Main Ideas Whatsimilarity did the Square Dealand the New Nationalism share?

Theodore Roosevelt was a dedicated reformer when hebecame President in 1901. He quickly pushed Congress toapprove the Square Deal, a program of reform aimed at stop-ping the wealthy and powerful from dominating small businessowners and the poor. Roosevelt took on big business anddeveloped a reputation as a “trustbuster.” In 1906, Rooseveltgot Congress to pass the Hepburn Act. This act ended the rail-roads’ monopoly by limiting how much they could charge forshipping goods.

After reading Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle, Rooseveltpushed Congress to protect Americans’ health by passing theMeat Inspection Act. This law gave the government power toinspect meat-processing plants to make sure the meat was safeto eat. The Pure Food and Drug Act banned interstate ship-ment of impure food.

Roosevelt loved nature and respected naturalist John Muir.Roosevelt put millions of acres of forests under federal control.However, he did not agree with Muir that it should all remainuntouched. Like the head of the Division of Forestry, GiffordPinchot, Roosevelt believed in the “rational use” of forests. Theforests would be protected as sources of lumber in the future.To help settle fights over sources of water, Roosevelt pushedfor passage of the National Reclamation Act. That law gavethe government power to build dams and control where andhow water was used.

William Howard Taft followed Roosevelt as President. Theyshared a desire to regulate business but had different ideas ofhow best to do that. Disappointed by Taft’s actions, Rooseveltspoke out against Taft. He encouraged a New Nationalism, aprogram to restore the government’s trustbusting power. TheRepublican Party split, and the new Progressive Party nomi-nated Roosevelt as its candidate for President in 1912.

Review Questions1. How did the Meat Inspection Act help the public?

2. Why did President Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot want toprotect forests?

Name Class Date

Section SummaryROOSEVELT’S SQUARE DEAL

CHAPTER

10SECTION 4


139

Note Taking Study GuideWILSON’S NEW FREEDOM

CHAPTER

10SECTION 5

Focus Question: What steps did Wilson take to increase thegovernment’s role in the economy?

As you read this section, fill in the concept web below to record details from thesection.TIP: Look for clues in the section headings.

Wilson’s NewFreedom

Loweredtariffs

Regulatedbanks

Supportedunions

Name Class Date


140

READING CHECK

What did Wilson call his plan forreform?

VOCABULARY STRATEGY

What does the word intellectualmean in the underlinedsentence? Circle the words inthe underlined sentence thatcould help you learn whatintellectual means. Think of thequalities that a professor mighthave.

READING SKILL

Identify Details Name two lawsthat Wilson helped pass thatreformed banking or business.

Woodrow Wilson became president in 1912. Wilson was anintellectual man from Virginia who had taught college as aprofessor. Like Roosevelt, Wilson wanted the government toplay an active role in the economy and place controls on corpo-rations. Wilson called his plan the New Freedom.

Wilson’s plan for regulating the economy had three parts.First, he tried to limit the prices that manufacturers couldcharge for goods. He cut tariffs on imported goods, whichmade goods cheaper for Americans. He also pushed for anincome tax. This would make up for the money the govern-ment lost from lower tariffs. The Sixteenth Amendment gaveCongress the power to create the income tax.

Second, Wilson asked Congress to pass the Federal ReserveAct, which placed national banks under the control of a FederalReserve Board. This system made sure that no one person orbank had too much control over the economy. The FederalReserve Board, which also sets bank interest rates, became avery important part of the American economy.

Third, Wilson wanted to control big business. He wasafraid that huge corporations could crush small businesses. He urged Congress to create the Federal Trade Commission(FTC). This office made sure that businesses did not becomemonopolies. Congress also passed the Clayton Antitrust Act.This act strengthened earlier laws that controlled trusts. Theact also protected labor unions from being attacked as trusts,which helped workers organize more freely.

Progressivism had a big and lasting impact on the nation.Political reforms gave voters more power over government.Economic reforms gave the government more power to protectthe public. New laws made sure that consumer products weresafe. The government also began to manage natural resourcesall over the nation.

Review Questions1. Why did Wilson support the Federal Reserve Act?

2. What were three ways Wilson wanted to regulate the economy?

Name Class Date

Section SummaryWILSON’S NEW FREEDOM

CHAPTER

10SECTION 5

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