s-72.245 transmission methods in telecommunication systems (4 cr) carrier wave modulation systems

S-72.245 Transmission Methods in Telecommunication Systems (4 cr)

Carrier Wave Modulation Systems

2 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen

Analog Carrier Wave Systems Carrier wave techniques form a bases for telecommunication

systems Topics today in CW-applications:

– Single conversion radio receiver• FM radio (analog) stereo multiplexing

– Measurement equipment• Spectrum analyzer

– Multiplexing techniques• Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)• Quadrature-carrier multiplexing

– Phase-locked loop (PLL)• FM-demodulator• frequency synthesis• Costas loop


Single-conversion receiver*

Assume reception of a bandpass signal

Multiplication at the receiver with the local oscillator signal having frequency of fLO yields signals at two CW-bands

Therefore, IF can be selected asor LO can be selected as

*also called as heterodyne-receiver

( ) ( )cos ( )c c

x t A t t t

( ) ( ) ( )

( )cos( )cos ( )

( )cos ( ) / 2 ( )cos ( ) / 2

IF LO c

LO c

LO c LO c

x t x t x t

A t t t t

A t t t A t t t

IF LO cf f f

LO c IFf f f


Mirror frequency Select for IF for instance For the reason that cos is even function there are two frequency

bands that convert to intermediate frequency namely

This means that both bandpass signals at the received frequencies are converted to the intermediate frequency.

Example: Assume we set

therefore receiver picks signals at the bands of

However, this is usually not wanted, and the other band must be filtered away by the first bandpass filter at the receiver

( )cos ( ) / 2m LO c

A t t t

110MHz, 10MHzLO IF

f f

'

' ,IF LO c LO c c LO

c LO IF c LO IF

LO IF

110MHz 10MHz

= 120MHz 100MHzc LO IF

f f f


Filtering mirror frequencies(image rejection filtering)

(selected)

' 2 (see the figure)

IF LO C

C LO IF

C C IF

f f f

f f f

f f f

*Should pass the message but not the mirror image

*

2 IFf

2T RF IFB B f


SC basic characteristics

SC can be used with all CW methods The RF stage provides image rejection The IF stage provides gain and interference rejection

– note that the fractional BW= BT/fIF is selected by adjusting fIF

Remember from the second lecture that system design is easier if the fractional bandwidth is kept relatively small: For analog FM broadcasting:

when it was required Tuning of the receiver to a desired band is easy by adjusting the

local oscillator. (Often BRF is selected to be so wide and fLO so high that the first bandpass filter (amplifier) center frequency requires no tuning, as usually in FM radios)

0 01 0 10

. / . B f

/ 200kHz /10.6MHz 0.02IF IF

B f


Scanning spectrum analyzer


VCO, BRF and BIF filters form together a scanning bandpass filter (SBF)

Ramp generator takes care of sweeping SBF After the IF filter the envelope detector yields signal whose power

is comparable to the power that has passed the SBF Sweep rate and BIF determine system resolution. High resolution-

>small BIF and sweep rate as discussed soon When larger sensitivity is desired sweep rate must be decreased Spectrum analyzer includes often integrator (or averaging

function) to improve SNR via inclusion of multiple sweep data

BRFBIF


Example: averaging improves SNR

Assume white Gaussian noise with variance 2 (random part) is added into a sinusoidal signal (deterministic part) and thus the signal SNR is

How much SNR can be expected to improve by n-fold averaging?

Ans:

or in dB:

2 2

1 2 2

( / 2)2

S

N N N

P V VSNR

P

2 2

12 2

( / 2)2

n

N N

nV nVSNR nSNR

n

10 10 1

10 1 10

10log ( ) 10log ( )

10log ( / ) 10log ( )SNR n

n

SNR SNR

SNR SNR n


Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)


FDM receiver

First the FDM wave is demodulated. Then each subcarrieris detected by using separate bandpass filters anddetectors.


AT & T FDM hierarchy in PSTN

voice channel

Note: nowadays respective combining realized by PCM


Advanced FDM: xDSL with OFDM Conventional FDM:

– Each channel occupies accurately certain frequency band– Bandwidth efficiency increased by using SSB modulation– Usage of guard bands wastes resources– A lot of filtering functions (complex circuitry)

Modern FDM: OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) and DMT (discrete multitone modulation) yield increased spectral adaptation. Applied in xDSL (digital subscriber line techniques).

DMT with cable attenuation only

DMT with cable attenuation, interferenceand cross-talk

rejected sub-band


FM stereo multiplexing (MPX-system) The MPX encoder utilizes various linear modulation methods L+R and L-R signals are transmitted on different channels SCA (Subsidiary Communication Authorization) is used to

transmit background music for selected subscribers


FM stereo decoder System is based on detecting both L+R and L-R signals from

which the R and L can be calculated Compatibility to mono-phonic transmission is granted by using

the unmodulated L+R and DSB modulated L-R signal at 23-53 kHz that is automatically filtered out in mono-phonic reception


Quadrature-carrier multiplexing Two signals x1 and x2 are transmitted via same channel

Signals can be analog or digital CW or baseband signals (QPSK, DSB, SSB ...)

Task: show that the signals x1 and x2 can be detected independently at the receiver!

x t A x t t x t tC C C C( ) ( )cos( ) ( )sin( )

1 2

( )Cx t


Quadrature-carrier reception

In order to detect the x1 component multiply by the cos-wave:

In order to detect the x2 component multiply by sin-wave:

Note– Second-order frequency must be filtered away– The local oscillator must be precisely in-phase to the

received signal, otherwise cross-talk will follows

cos( ) ( )cos( ) ( )sin( )

( ) cos( ) / ( )sin( ) /

C C C

C C

t x t t x t t

x t t x t t

1 2

1 21 2 2 2 2

sin( ) ( )cos( ) ( )sin( )

( ) cos( ) / ( )sin( ) /

C C C

C C

t x t t x t t

x t t x t t

1 2

2 11 2 2 2 2


Phase-locked loops (PLLs)

Phase-locked loop is a feedback arrangement capable to synchronize itself to a noisy external reference

The output signals of the loop can be used to produce for instance multitude of locked frequencies

PLL application areas include...– modulators– demodulators– frequency synthesis– multiplexers– signal processors


The PLL principle

The PLL circuit consists of– phase comparator (in the figure below the multiplier)– lowpass filter– feedback amplifier– VCO (voltage controlled oscillator), whose output

frequency is linearly proportional to input amplitude Principle: phase difference of Xc(t) and v(t) adjusts VCO

Phase comparator output iscomparable to phase difference of input signals


PLL phase comparator realizations Circuits: (a) analog and (b) digital phase comparator circuit Note that for (a) output is proportional to

– input signal phase difference– input signal amplitudes (unintended AM thus harmful)

In (b) AM effects are compensated and response is more linear

XOR-circuit

1 1sin( cos( ) sin( ) sin( )2 2a

ideal

pulse ratio: 50/50


FM detection by PLL

( ) 2 ( )tv v

t K y t dt

time domain

phase domain

frequency domain

( )( )

( ) ( )

v

t

v

d tt

dt

t d

1 1( ) ( ) (0) ( )22

t

v d V f V fj f

sin ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) v

t t t t


PLL FM-demodulator: the feedback analysis

1

1 2

( )( ) ( )

1 ( ) ( )H f

Y f X fH f H f

( )( ) ( )

1 ( ) /

1 ( )( )

( )

( )

a

a v

v

a v

K H fY f f

K H f K jf

jfKH ff

K jf KH f

K K K

Solve transfer function with feedback:

This is applied to the linearized PLL yielding relationship between the input phase and output voltage:

2 1( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )Y f X f H f Y f H f

1 2 1( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )Y f H f H f Y f X f H f

( )Y f


Applying the FM signal to the linearized PLL model

Remember the FM wave:

where the modulating signal is denoted by x(t). The input FM phase to the system is thus

This is in frequency domain:

assuming no DC component or V(0) = 0, or

( ) / 2 ( )d t dt f x t

( ) 2 ( )t

t f x d

( ) 2 ( ) /( )f f X f j f

0

1 1( ) ( ) (0) ( )22t

v d V f V fj f


Applying FM signal to the detector... (cont.)

Thus the input is and the output is

where the loop equivalent transfer function is

Assume that the first order LP function is used or

( ) ( ) /( )f f X f jf 1 ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )( ) L

v v

jfKH f f X fY f f H f

K jf KH f K

( )( )

( ) ( / )L

H fH f

H f j f K

1( )

1 ( / )LH f

j f K

( )( ) ( ), 1

1 ( / )v v

f fX f WY f X f

K j f K K K

( ) ( )v

fy t x t

K

Y(f)

a vK K K


PLL based frequency synthesizer

VCOVCO

Filt.Filt.Phasedetector

Phasedetector

Divide by10

Divide by10

10out in

f f

inf

By adjusting thedivider differentfrequencies can be producedwhose phase is locked into fin

Reference signal fin

is locked for instanceto the fundamental frequency of a crystal oscillator


Detecting DSB using PLL-principle

An important application for PLLs is in synchronization of receiver local oscillator in synchronous detection

In the Costas PLL (below) two phase discriminators are used to:– cancel out DSB modulation x(t) in the driving signal– synchronize the output frequency to the center frequency of the

DSB spectra (the suppressed carrier)– to detect the DSB signal

Cos

tas

PL

L d

etec

tor

for

DS

B

PD: phase detector (=multiply+LPF)

Loop drives phase error to zero

LPF yields constant (zero) output when loop is locked to carrier

1sin cos sin 2 sin 02ss ss ss ss

s-72.245 transmission methods in telecommunication systems (4 cr) carrier wave modulation systems

Documents

bands of n

n tuning

instance n

n example

korhonen mirror frequency

korhonen n vco

n spectrum analyzer

image rejection n