s-block elements theory_e

7/21/2019 S-Block Elements Theory_E

1/27

"ijebs`duijrp`ysbgs.be" :

G@MIBWV^R

BEV^KF]GVBKE ?V`m s- nhkgd mhmimets kc t`m pmrbkfbg tjnhm jrm t`ksm be w bg` t`m hjst mhmgtrke metmrs t`m kutmrikst s-krnbtjh.Js t`m s-krnbtjh gje jggkiikfjtm kehy twk mhmgtrkes, twk arkup (: & >) nmhkea tk t`m s-nhkgd kc t`m pmrbkfbgtjnhm. Arkup : kc t`m pmrbkfbg tjnhm gkesbsts kc t`m mhmimets ? hbt`bui (Hb), skfbui (Ej), pktjssbui (D),

runbfbui (^n), gjmsbui (Gs) jef crjegbui (Cr). V`my jrm gkhhmgtbvmhy dekwe js t`m jhdjhb imtjhs. V`msm jrmsk gjhhmf nmgjusm t`my ckri `yfrkxbfms ke rmjgtbke wbt` wjtmr w bg` jrm strkeahy jhdjhbem be ejturm.V`m mhmimets kc Arkup > beghufm nmryhhbui (Nm), ijaemsbui (Ia), gjhgbui (Gj), strketbui (Wr), njrbui(Nj)jef rjfbui (^j). V`msm mhmimets wbt` t`m mxgmptbke kc nmryhhbui jrm gkiikehy dekwe js t`m jhdjhbem mjrtimtjhs. V`msm jrm sk gjhhmf nmgjusm t`mbr kxbfm jef `yfrkxbfm jrm jhdjhbem be ejturm jef t`msm imtjh kxbfmsjrm ckuef be t`m mjrt s grust .

V`m amemrjh mhmgtrkebg gkecbaurjtbke kc s- nhkgd mhmimets bs T eknhm ajsYes: ckr jhdjhb imtjh jef Teknhm ajsYes>

ckr jhdjhbem mjrt` imtjhs.

Hbt bui jef nmryhhbui, t`m cbrst mhmimets kc Arkup : jef Arkup > rmspmgtbvmhy mx bnbt skim prkpmrtbms w bg`jrm fbccmrmet crki t`ksm kc t`m kt`mr iminmrs kc t`m rmspmgtbvm arkup. Be t`msm jekijhkus prkpmrtbms t`myrmsminhm t`m smgkef mhmimet kc t`m emxt arkup. V`us, hbt bui s`kw sbibhjrbtbms tk ijaemsbui jef nmryhhbuitk jhuibebui be ijey kc t`mbr prkpmrtbms. V bs typm kc fbjakejh sbibhjrbty bs gkiikehy rmcmrrmf tk js fbjakejh

rmhjtbkes`bp be t`m pmrbkfbg tjnhm. V`m fbjakejh rmhjtbkes`bp bs fum tk t`m sbibhjrbty be bkebg sbzm kr (g`jramf /rjfbus) rjtbk kc t`m mhmimets.

Mhmgtrkebg Gkecbaurjtbke ?Jhh t`m jhdjhb imtjh `jvm kem vjhmegm mhmgtrke, es: kutsbfm t`m eknhm ajs gkrm. V`m sbeahm vjhmegm mhmgtrkebs jt j hkea fbstjegm crki t`m eughmus jef bs kehy wmjdhy `mhf. @megm t`m hkksmhy `mhf s-mhmgtrkes be t`mkutmrikst vjhmegm s`mhh kc t`msm mhmimets ijdm t`mi t`m ikst mhmgtrkpksbtbvm imtjhs. V`my rmjfbhy hksmmhmgtrke tk abvm ikekvjhmet I+ bkes. @megm t`my jrm emvmr ckuef be crmm stjtm be ejturm.Jhdjhbem mjrt imtjhs `jvm twk mhmgtrkes be t`m s-krnbtjh kc vjhmegms`mhh. V`m gkipkuefs kc t`msm mhmimets

jrm jhsk prmfkibejethy bkebg.

Jtkibg jef Bkebg ^jfbb ?

V`m jhdjhb imtjhjtkis `jvm t`m hjramst sbzm be j pjrtbguhjr pmrbkf kc t`m pmrbkfbg tjnhm. V`m jtkibg jefbkebg rjfbb kc jhdjhb imtjh begrmjsm ke ikvbea fkwe t`m arkup b.m., t`my begrmjsm be sbzm w`bhm akbea crkiHb tk Gs.V`m jtkibg jef bkebg rjfbb kc t`m jhdjhbem mjrt` imtjhs jrm sijhhmr t`je t`ksm kc t`m gkrrmspkefbeajhdjhb imtjhs be t`m sjim pmrbkfs. V bs bs fum tk t`m begrmjsmf eughmjr g`jram be t`msm mhmimets. Qbt be t`markup, t`m jtkibg jef bkebg rjfbb begrmjsm wbt` begrmjsm be jtkibg euinmr fum tk t`m begrmjsm be euinmr kcjtkibg s`mhhs.

Bkebzjtbke Met`jhpy ?V`m bkebzjtbke met jhpbms kc t`m jhdjhb imtjhs jrm gkesbfmrjnhy hkw jef fmgrmjsm fkwe t`m arkup crki Hbtk Gs. V bs bs nmgjusm t`m mccmgt kc begrmjsbea sbzm kutwmba`s t`mbegrmjsbea eughmjr g`jram jef t`mkutmrikstmhmgtrke bs vmry wmhh sgrmmemf crki t`m eughmjr g`jram. V`m smgkef bkebsjtbke memray bs mxtrmimhy `ba`

nmgjusm kc t`m rmikvjh kc >ef mhmgtrke crki j stjnhm eknhm ajs mhmgtrke gkecbaurjtbke kc ikekvjhmet imtjhgjtbke.V`m jhdjhbem mjrt` imtjhs`jvm hkw bkebzjtbke met`jhpbms fum tk cjbrhy hjram sbzm kc t`m jtkis. Wbegm t`mjtkibg sbzm begrmjsms fkwe t`m arkup, t`mbr bkebzjtbke met`jhpy fmgrmjsms. V`m cbrst bkebsjtbke met`jhpy kct`m jhdjhbem mjrt imtjhs bs `ba`mr t`je t`ksm kc t`m gkrrmspkefbea Arkup : imtjhs ckr t`m sjim pmrbkf. V bsbs fum tk t`mbr sijhh sbzm js gkipjrmf tk t`m gkrrmspkefbea jhdjhb imtjhs. V`m smgkef bkebsjtbke met jhpbmskc t`m jhdjhbem mjrt` imtjhs jrm sijhhmr t`je t`ksm kc t`m gkrrmspkefbea jhdjhb imtjhs js be jhdjhb imtjhs t`msmgkef mhmgtrke bs tk nm rmikvmf crki je bemrt ajs gkecbaurjtbke.

@yfrjtbke Met`jhpy?V`m `yfrjtbke met`jhpbms kc jhdjhb imtjh bkes fmgrmjsm wbt` begrmjsm be bkebg sbzms. Hb+ `js ijxbiuifmarmm kc `yfrjtbke jef ckr t`bs rmjskes hbt bui sjhts jrm iksthy `yfrjtmf m.a., HbGh . >@

>K.

Hbdm jhdjhb imtjh bkes `yfrjtbke met`jhpbms kc jhdjhbem mjrt` imtjh bkes fmgrmjsm wbt begrmjsm be bkebg sbzmfkwe t`m arkup.

Nm>+ 5 Ia>+ 5 Gj>+ 5 Wr>+ 5 Nj>+

s-Nhkgd Mhmimetss


2/27

"ijebs`duijrp`ysbgs.be" >

G@MIBWV^R

V`m `yfrjtbke met`jhpbms kc jhdjhbem mjrt` imtjh bkes jrm hjramr t`je t`ksm kc jhdjhb imtjh bkes. V`us,gkipkuefs kc jhdjhbem mjrt` imtjhs jrm ikrm mxtmesbvmhy `yfrjtmf t`je t`ksm kc jhdjhb imtjhs, m.a., IaGh

>

jef GjGh>

mxbst js IaGh>.3@

>K jef GjGh

>. 3@

>K w`bhm EjGh jef DGh fk ekt ckri sug` `yfrjtms.

\`ysbgjh prkpmrtbms?Jhh t`m jhdjhb imtjh jrm sbhvmry w btm, skct (nmgjusm kc `jvbea kehy kem vjhmegy mhmgtrke w bg` pjrtbgbpjtm benkefbea) jef hba t imtjhs. Nmgjusm kc t`m hjramr sbzm, t`msm mhmimet `jvm hkw fmesbty w bg` begrmjsms fkwet`m arkup crki Hb tk Gs. @kwmvmr, pktjssbui bs hba`tmr t`je skfbui nmgjusm kc hjramr jtkibg vkhuim. V`m

imhtbea jef nkbhbea pkbet kc t`m jhdjhb imtjhs jrm hkw befbgjtbea wmjd imtjhhbg nkefbea fum tk t`m prmsmegm kckehy j sbeahm vjhmegm mhmgtrke be t`mi. V`m strmeat` kc imtjhhbg nkef fmgrmjsms fkwe t`m arkup, jef t`mimhtbea pkbet fmgrmjsms jggkrfbeahy. V`m imhtbea pkbet kc hbt bui bs emjrhy twbgm js `ba` js t`jt ckr skfbuinmgjusm kc strkea imtjhhbg nkefbea ke jggkuet kc bts sijhh sbzm. @kwmvmr, t`m imhtbea pkbets kc t`m kt mr jhhghksm tkamt`mr. V`m jhdjhb imtjhs jef t`mbr sjhts bipjrt g`jrjgtmrbstbg gkhkur tk je kxbfbzbea chjim. V`bs bsnmgjusm t`m `mjt crki t`m chjim mxgbtms t`m kutmrikst krnbtjh mhmgtrke tk j `ba`mr memray hmvmh. Q`me t`mmxgbtmf mhmgtrkes gkim njgd tk t`m arkuef stjtm, t`mrm bs je mibssbke kc rjfbjtbke be t`m vbsbnhm rmabke jsabvme nmhkw ?

Imtjh Hb Ej D ^n Gs

Gkhkur Grbiskermf

RmhhkwSbkhmt/Hbhjg ^mf

vbkhmtNhum

V`msm mhmimets w`me brrjfbjtmf wbt` hba t, t`m hba t memray jnskrnmf ijy nm succbgbmet tk ijdm je jtki hksmmhmgtrke. V`bs prkpmrty ijdm gjmsbui jef pktjssbui usmcuh js mhmgtrkfms be p`ktkmhmgtrbg gmhhs.V`m jhdjhbem mjrt` imtjhs, be amemrjh, jrm sbhvmry w`btm, hustrkus jef rmhjtbvmhy skct nut `jrfmr t`je t`mjhdjhb imtjhs. Nmryhhbui jef ijaemsbui jppmjr tk nm skimw`jt armybs`. V`m imhtbea jef nkbhbea pkbet kct`msm imtjhs jrm `ba`mr t`je jhdjhb imtjhs fum tk sijhhmr sbzm jef twk vjhmegm mhmgtrkes. Nmgjusm kc t`m hkwbkebsjtbke met`jhpbms t`my jrm strkeahy mhmgtrkpksbtbvm be ejturm. V`m mhmgtrkpksbtbvm g`jrjgtmr begrmjsmsfkwe t`m arkup crki Nm tk Nj. Gjhgbui, strketbui jef njrbui bipjrt g`jrjgtmrbstbg gkhkur tk t`m chjim.

Im tj h Nm Ia Gj Wr Nj

Gkhkur Ekgkhkur

Ekgkhkur

Nrbgdrmf

Grbiske Jpphmarmme

V`m mhmgtrkes be nmryhhbui jef ijaemsbui jrm tkk strkeahy nkuef tk amt mxgbtmf ny chjim. @megm t`msmmhmimets fk ekt bipjrt jey gkhkur tk t`m chjim.Hbdm jhdjhb imtjh, mhmgtrbgjh jef t`mrijh gkefugtbvbty kc jhdjhbem mjrt` imtjh jrm `ba`.

G`mibgjh \rkpmrtbms?V`m jhdjhb imtjhjrm `ba`hy rmjgtbvm fum tk t`mbr hjramr sbzm jef hkw bkebzjtbke met`jhpy. V`m rmjgtbvbty kct`msm imtjh begrmjsms fkwe t`m arkup.V`m jhdjhbem mjrt imtjhs jrm hmss rmjgtbvm t`je t`m jhdjhb imtjhs. V`m rmjgtbvbty kc t`msm mhmimets begrmjsmske akbea fkwe t`m arkup.

^mjgtbvbty tkwjrfs jbr jef wjtmr ? V`m jhdjhb imtjhstjrebs` be fry jbr fum tk t`m ckrijtbke kc t`mbrkxbfms w bg` be ture rmjgt wbt` ikbsturm tk ckri `yfrkxbfms. V`my nure vbakrkushy be kxyame ckribea kxbfms.Hbt bui ckris ikekxbfm, skfbuickris pmrkxbfm, t`m kt`mr imtjhs ckri supmrkxbfm. V`m supmrkxbfm K

> bke

bs stjnhm kehy be t`m prmsmegm kc hjramr gjtbkes sug` js D, ^n,Gs.

6 Hb + K> >Hb

>K (kxbfm) 4 > Ej + K

> Ej

>K

>(pmrkxbfm)

I + K>IK

>(supmrkxbfm) (w`mrm I 9 D, ^n, Gs).

Jhh cbvm imtjhs gje nm befugmf tk ckri t`m ekrijh kxbfm, pmrkxbfm kr supmrkxbfm ny fbsskhvbea t`m imtjh behbqubf jiikebj jef nunnhbea be t`m jpprkprbjtm jikuet kc kxyame. Hbt`bui s`kw mxgmptbkejh nm`jvbkr bermjgtbke fbrmgthy wbt ebtrkame kc jbr tk ckri t`m ebtrbfm, Hb

7E. Hb

7E bs bkebg (7Hb+ jef E7), jef bs runy rmf.

>Hb7E

.tmip@ba`

3Hb + E

> 4 Hb

7E + 7@

>K 7HbK@ + E@

7.


3/27

"ijebs`duijrp`ysbgs.be" 7

G@MIBWV^R

V`m jhdjhb imtjhs rmjgt wbt` wjtmr tk ckri `yfrkxbfm jef fb`yfrkame. V`m rmjgtbke nmgkims begrmjsbeahyvbkhmet ke fmsgmefbea t`m arkup.Jht`kua` hbt bui`js ikstemajtbvm mhmgtrkfm pktmetbjh (M) vjhum, bts rmjgtbkewbt` wjtmr bs hmss vbakrkus t`je t`jt kc skfbui w`bg` `js t`m hmjst emajtbvm mhmgtrkfm pktmetbjh (M) vjhumjikeat`m jhdjhb imtjhs. V bs nm`jvbkr kc hbt bui bs jttrbnutmf tk bts sijhh sbzm jef vmry `ba` `yfrjtbke memray.Kt`mr imtjhs kc t`m arkup rmjgt mxphksbvmhy wbt` wjtmr.

>I + >@>K >IK@ + @

> (I 9 jhdjhb imtjh gjtbke).

V`my jhsk rmjgt wbt` prktke fkekrs sug` js jhgk`kh, ajsmkus jiikebj jef jhdyems.

Nmgjusm kc t`mbr `ba` rmjgtbvbty tkwjrfs jbr jef wjtmr, t`m jhdjhb imtjhs jrm ekrijhhy dmpt be dmrksmem kbh.

Nmryhhbui jef ijaemsbui jrm bemrt tk kxyame jef wjtmr nmgjusm kc t`m ckrijtbke kc je kxbfm cbhi ke t`mbrsurcjgm. @kwmvmr, pkwfmrmf nmryhhbui nures nrbhhbjethy ke baebtbke be jbr tk abvm NmK jef Nm

7E

>. Ijaemsbui

bs ikrm mhmgtrkpksbtbvm jef nures wbt` fjzzhbea nrbhhbjegm be jbr tk abvm IaK jef Ia7E

>. Gjhgbui, strketbui

jef njrbui jrm rmjfbhy jttjgdmf ny jbr tk ckri t`m kxbfm jef ebtrbfm. V`my jhsk rmjgt wbt` wjtmr wbt` begrmjsbeavbakur mvme be gkhf tk ckri `yfrkxbfms.

^mjgtbvbty tkwjrfs fb`yfrkame ? V`m jhdjhb imtjhsrmjgt wbt` fb`yfrkame jt jnkut 317 D (hbt`bui jt:, w`bg` jrm jhsk `ba` imhtbea skhbfs.

Nm@>. `kwmvmr, gje nm prmpjrmf ny t`m rmjgtbke kc NmGh> wbt HbJh@6.>NmGh

>+ HbJh@

6> Nm@

>+ HbGh + JhGh

7

^mjgtbvbty tkwjrfs `jhkames ? V`m jhdjhb imtjhsrmjfbhy rmjgt vbakrkushy wbt `jhkames tk ckri bkebg`jhbfm , IP. @kwmvmr hbt bui `jhbfms jrm skim w`jt gkvjhmet. Bt bs nmgjusm kc t`m `ba` pkhjrbsjtbke gjpjnbhbtykc hbt`bui bke. V`m Hb+ bke bs vmry sijhh be sbzm jef `js `ba` tmefmegy tk fbstkrt mhmgtrke ghkuf jrkuef t`memajtbvm `jhbfm bke. Wbegm jebke wbt` hjramr sbzm gje nm mjsbhy fbstkrtmf , jikea `jhbfms hbt`bui bkfbfm bs t`mikst gkvjhmet be ejturm.Jhh t`m jhdjhbem mjrt` imtjhs gkinbem wbt `jhkames jt mhmvjtmf tmipmrjturm ckribea t`mbr `jhbfms.

I + P>

IP>(P 9 C, Gh, Nr, h)

^mfugbea ejturm? V`m jhdjhb imtjhs, jrm strkea rmfugbea jamets, hbt`bui nmbea t`m ikst jef skfbui

t`m hmjst pkwmrcuh wbt` t`m sijhh sbzm kc bts bke, hbt bui `js t`m `ba mst `yfrjtbke met`jhpy w bg` jggkuet ckrbts `ba` emajtbvm M vjhum jef bts `ba rmfugbea pkwmr.Hbdm jhdjhb imtjhs, t`m jhdjhbem mjrt` imtjhs jrm strkea rmfugbea jamets. V`bs bs befbgjtmf ny hjramemajtbvm vjhum kc t`mbr rmfugtbke pktmetbjhs. Nmryhhbui `js hmss emajtbvm vjhum gkipjrmf tk kt`mr jhdjhbemmjrt` imtjhs fum tk rmhjtbvmhy hjram vjhum kc t`m jtkibzjtbke met`jhpy kc t`m imtjh. @kwmvmr, bts rmfugbeaejturm bs fum tk hjram `yfrjtbke memray jsskgbjtmf wbt` t`m sijhh sbzm kc Nm>+ bke.

Wkhutbke be hbqubf jiikebj ? V`m jhdjhb imtjhs fbsskhvm be hbqubf jiikebj abvbea fmmp nhum skhutbkes.

I+ (x + y) E@7

TI(E@7)

xY+ + Tm(E@

7)

yY

Be fbhutm skhutbkes t`m ijbe spmgbms jrm imtjh bkes (I+) jef mhmgtrkes, w`bg` jrm skhvjtmf (b.m. jiikebjtmf).V`m nhum gkhkur, gkrrmspkefbea tk j nrkjf jnskrptbke njef emjr :=


4/27


G@MIBWV^R

Smry fbhutm skhutbkes kc t`m imtjhs jrm pjrjijaemtbg, wbt` jpprkxbijtmhy kem uepjbrmf mhmgtrke pmr imtjhjtki (gkrrmspkefbea tk kem skhvjtmf mhmgtrke pmr imtjh jtki) 4 t`bs pjrjijaemtbsi fmgrmjsms jt `ba`mrgkegmetrjtbke. Js t`m gkegmetrjtbke kc imtjh begrmjsms, imtjh bke ghustmrsjrmckrimf.Jnkvm 7Igkegmetrjtbket`m skhutbkes jrm fbjijaemtbg jef, ek hkeamr nhum nut jrm nrkezm/gkppmr-nrkezm gkhkurmf wbt` j imtjhhbghustmr.V`m nhum skhutbkes kc jhdjhb imtjhs be hbqubf jiikebj, fmgkipksm vmry shkwhy wbt` hbnmrjtbke kc `yfrkame (b.m.rmfugtbke kc t`m skhvmet).

I+(ji) + m (ji) + E@7

() IE@>

(ji) + :/> @>

(a)

(w`mrm ji fmektms skhutbke be jiikebj).

kr, E@7+ m E@

>- +

>

:@

>.

Fmgkipksbtbke bs jggmhmrjtmf ny t`m prmsmegm kc ijey trjesbtbke imtjh gkipkuefs, m.a., ny stbrrbea t`mskhutbke wbt` j rusty brke wbrm. V`m skhutbke kc imtjhs be hbqubf jiikebj jgt js pkwmrcuh rmfugbea jamets (btmvme rmfugms t`m jrkijtbg rbea)

K>+ m K

> 4 K

>+ >m K

>> (g`jeam kc kxbfjtbke stjtms crki < tk :).

TEb(GE)6Y> + >m TEb(GE)

6Y6 (g`jeam kc kxbfjtbke stjtms crki + > tk +

>

:@

>.

W + >m W> (g`jeam kc kxbfjtbke stjtms crki < tk >).TCm(GK)

=Y + > m TCm(GK)

6Y> + GK (g`jeam kc kxbfjtbke stjtms crki < tk >).

Hbdm jhdjhb imtjhs, t`m jhdjhbem mjrt` imtjhs, mxgmpt nmryhhbui, fbsskhvm be hbqubf jiikebj tk abvm fmmpnhum nhjgd skhutbkes ckribea jiikebjtmf bkes. V`m gkhkur bs fum tk t`m spmgtrui crki skhvjtmf mhmgtrkes.

I + (x + y) E@7T I(E@

7)

xY>+ + > Tm(E@

7)

RY

V`msm skhutbkes fmgkipksm vmry shkwhy ckribea jibfms nut t`m rmjgtbke bs jggmhmrjtmf ny ijey trjesbtbkeimtjhs jef t`mbr gkipkuefs.

>E@7

+ >m >E@> + @

>

Mvjpkrjtbke kc t`m jiikebj crki skhutbkes kc jhdjhb imtjhs ybmhfs t`m imtjh, nut wbt jhdjhbem mjrt` imtjhsmvjpkrjtbke kc jiikebj abvms `mxjiikebjtms kc t`m imtjhs, TI(E@

7)

3Y>+. V`msm shkwhy fmgkipksm tk abvm

jibfms.I(E@

7)

3 I(E@

>)

>+ 6E@

7+ @

>.

Mxjiphm-: V`m gkrrmgt krfmr kc sbzm kc t`m bkes bs ?(J) Hb+ 5 Ej+ 5 D+ 5 Gs+ (N) Gs+ 5 D+ 5 Ej+ 5 Hb+

(G) Gs+ 5 Ej+ 5 D+ 5 Hb+ (F) Gs+ 5 Hb+ 5 Ej+ 5 D+

Wkhutbke Fkwe t`m arkup t`m sbzm kc bkes begrmjsms nmgjusm kc t`m begrmjsm be euinmr kc jtkibg s`mhhs.V`m begrmjsm be t`m euinmr kc jtkibg s`mhhs kvmr wmba`s t`m begrmjsm be mccmgtbvm eughmjr g`jram.V`mrmckrm (N) kptbke bs gkrrmgt.

Mxjiphm-> Q`bg` kc t`m ckhhkwbea `js t`m `ba`mst `yfrjtbke met jhpy be jqumkus skhutbke ;(J)Ej+ (N) Nm>+ (G)Nj>+ (F) Gs+

Wkhutbke V`m `yfrjtbke met`jhpbms kc jhdjhbem mjrt` imtjh bkes jrm hjramr t`je t`ksm kc jhdjhb imtjh bkes kejggkuet kc `ba mr g`jram fmesbty t`je t`jt kc jhdjhb imtjh bkes. V`m met jhpy kc `yfrjtbke kc jhdjhbem

mjrt` imtjh bkes fmgrmjsm wbt` begrmjsm be bkebg sbzm fkwe t`m arkup.Nm>+ 5 Ia>+ 5 Gj>+ 5 Wr>+ 5 Nj>+

V`mrmckrm (N) kptbke bs gkrrmgt.

Mxjiphm-7 Q`bg` kem kc t`m ckhhkwbea imtjhs bs ikst gkiikehy usmf be p`ktkmhmgtrbg gmhhs ;(J) Hb (N) Gj (G) Gs (F) Cr

Wkhutbke V`m bkebzjtbke met`jhpbms kc t`m jhdjhb imtjhs jrm gkesbfmrjnhy hkw jef fmgrmjsm fkwe t`m arkupcrki Hb tk Gs. V`bs bs nmgjusm t`m mccmgt kc begrmjsbea sbzm kutwmba`s t`m begrmjsbea eughmjr g`jram,jef t`m kutmrikst mhmgtrkes bs vmry wmhh sgrmmemf crki t`m eughmjr g`jram.V`m jhdjhb imtjhs w`me brrjfbjtmf wbt` hba t, t`m hba t memray jnskrnmf ijy nm succbgbmet tk ijdm jejtki hksm mhmgtrke. V`bs prkpmrtyijdm gjmsbui jef pktjssbuiusmcuh js mhmgtrkfms be p`ktkmhmgtrbggmhhs.

V`mrmckrm (G) kptbke bs gkrrmgt.


5/27

"ijebs`duijrp`ysbgs.be" =

G@MIBWV^R

Mxjiphm-6 J nhum gkhkurmf skhutbke kc skfbui be hbqubf jiikebj jt 77G nm`jvms js strkea rmfugbea jamet,nmgjusm kc ?(J) t`m ckrijtbke kc jiikebjtmfskfbui (N)t`m ckrijtbke kc jiikebjtmfmhmgtrke(G) t`m ckrijtbke kc skfbui jibfm (F) t`m ckrijtbke kc skfbui ebtrbfm

Wkhutbke V`m skhutbke kc imtjhs be hbqubf jiikebj jgt js pkwmrcuh rmfugbea jamets (bt mvme rmfugms t`m

jrkijtbg rbea) nmgjusm kc jiikebjtmf mhmgtrke, Ej + (x + y) E@7

TEj (E@7)

xY+ + Tm (E@

7)

yY

m.a., K>+ m K

> 4 K

>+ >m K

>> (g`jeam kc kxbfjtbke stjtms crki < tk B),

TEb(GE)6Y>

+ >m

TEb(GE)6Y6

(g`jeam kc kxbfjtbke stjtms crki +BB tk K + @

>K>I+ + >K@

I>K

>+ >@

>K>I+ + >K@ + @

>K

>

>IK>+ >@

>K>I+ + >K@ + @

>K

>+ K

>

V`m kxbfms jef t`m pmrkxbfms jrm gkhkurhmss w`me purm, nut t`m supmrkxbfms jrm ymhhkw kr krjeam be gkhkur.HbK

>jef EjK

>jrm ymhhkw, DK

>jef GsK

>jrm krjeam w`mrmjs ^nK

>bs nrkwe be gkhkur. V`m supmrkxbfms jrm

jhsk pjrjijaemtbg. V`m `yfrkxbfm jrm jhh w btmgrystjhhbemskhbfs. V`m jhdjhbimtjh `yfrkxbfms jrm t`mstrkeamstkc jhh njsms jef fbsskhvm crmmhy be wjtmr wbt` mvkhutbke kc iug` `mjt ke jggkuet kc betmesm `yfrjtbke.

V`m imhtbea jef nkbhbea pkbets kc jhdjhb imtjh `jhbfms jhwjys ckhhkw t`m trmef ? chukrbfm 5 g`hkrbfm 5 nrkibfm5 bkfbfm. Jhh jhdjhb imtjh `jhbfms jrm amemrjhhy skhunhm be wjtmr. V`m hkw skhunbhbty kc HbC be wjtmr bs fum tk bts`ba` hjttbgm met`jhpy w`mrmjs t`m hkw skhunbhbty kc GsB bs fum tk sijhhmr `yfrjtbke met`jhpy kc bts twk bkes.Kt`mr `jhbfms kc hbt`bui jrm skhunhm be mt`jekh, jgmtkem jef mt`yhjgmtjtm4 HbGh bs skhunhm be pyrbfbem jhsk.

V`m jhdjhb imtjhs ckri sjhts wbt` jhh t`m kxk-jgbfs. V`m t`mrijh stjnbhbty kc kxy-jgbf sjhts amemrjhhy begrmjsmsfkwe t`m arkup wbt` begrmjsbea imtjhhbg g`jrjgtmr, b.m. mhmgtrkpksbtbvm g`jrjgtmr. V`my jrm amemrjhhy skhunhmbe wjtmr jeft`mrijhhy stjnhm. V`mbr gjrnkejtms (I

>GK

7) jefbe ikst gjsms t`m `yfrkamegjrnkejtms (I@GK

7)

jhsk jrm `ba hy stjnhm tk `mjt.Js t`m mhmgtrkpksbtbvm g`jrjgtmr begrmjsms fkwe t`m arkup, t`m stjnbhbty kc t`mgjrnkejtm jef `yfrkamegjrnkejtms begrmjsms.Nmgjusm arkup : imtjhs jrm sk strkeahy njsbg, t`my (mxgmpt hbt bui) jhsk ckri skhbf nbgjrnkejtms. Ek kt`mr

imtjhs ckri skhbf nbgjrnkejtms. Hbt bui gjrnkejtm bs ekt sk stjnhm tk `mjt. Bts `yfrkamegjrnkejtm fkms ektmxbst js j skhbf. Jht`kua` E@6@GK7jhsk mxbsts js j skhbf. V`m grystjh strugturms kc Ej@GK7jef D@GK7nkt s`kw `yfrkame nkefbea, nut jrm fbccmrmet.(j) Be Ej@GK7, t`m @GK7

bkes jrm hbedmf betk je becbebtm g`jbe jef (n) be D@GK7, @GK7 ckris j fbimrbg

jebke.

(j) (n)

V`m skhunbhbty kc t`m jhdjhb imtjh sjhts mxgmpt chukrbfms, gjrnkejtms jef `yfrkxbfms fmgrmjsms fkwe t`markup crki Hb tk Gs. V bs bs nmgjusm kc t`m cjgt t`jt fkwe t`m arkup wbt begrmjsbea sbzm kc gjtbke t`m hjttbgmmemray js wmhh js `yfrjtbke memray jhsk fmgrmjsm nut t`m g`jeam be `yfrjtbke memray bs ikrm js gkipjrm tkt`jt kc hjttbgm memray.


6/27


G@MIBWV^R

V`m jhdjhbem mjrt` imtjhs ckris gkipkuefs w`bg` jrm prmfkibejethy bkebg nut hmss bkebg t`je t`mgkrrmspkefbea gkipkuefs kc jhdjhb imtjhs. V`bs bs fum tk begrmjsmf eughmjr g`jram jef sijhhmr sbzm. V`mkxbfm jef kt`mr gkipkuefs kc nmryhhbui jef ijaemsbuijrm ikrm gkvjhmet t`je t`ksm ckrimf ny t`m `mjvbmrjef hjram sbzmf iminmr (Gj, Wr, Nj).

V`m jhdjhbem mjrt` imtjhs nure be kxyame tk ckri t`m ikekxbfm, IK w`bg`, mxgmpt ckr NmK `jvm rkgd-sjhtstrugturm. V`m NmK bs mssmetbjhhy gkvjhmet be ejturm. V`m met`jhpbms kc ckrijtbke kc t`msm kxbfms jrm qubtm`ba` jef gkesmqumethy t`my jrm vmry stjnhm tk `mjt. NmK bs jip`ktmrbg w`bhm kxbfm kc kt`mr mhmimets jrm

bkebg be ejturm.Jhh t`msm kxbfms mxgmpt NmK jrm njsbg be ejturm jef rmjgt wbt` wjtmr tk ckri spjrbeahy skhunhm`yfrkxbfms.

IK + @>K I(K@)

>

V`m skhunbhbty, t`mrijh stjnbhbty jef t`m njsbg g`jrjgtmr kc t`msm `yfrkxbfms begrmjsm wbt` begrmjsbea jtkibgeuinmr crki Ia(K@)

>tk Nj (K@)

>. V`m jhdjhbem mjrt` imtjh `yfrkxbfms jrm `kwmvmr, hmss njsbg jef hmss

stjnhm t`je jhdjhb imtjh `yfrkxbfms. Nmryhhbui `yfrkxbfm bs jip`ktmrbg be ejturm js bt rmjgts wbt` jgbf jefjhdjhb nkt .

Nm(K@)>

+ >K@ TNm(K@)6Y> (nmryhhjtm bke)

Nm(K@)>

+>@Gh+>@>K TNm(@

>K)

6YGh

>.

V`m je yfrkus `jhbfms kc jhdjhbem mjrt` imtjhs jrm pkhyimrbg .Mxgmpt ckr nmryhhbui `jhbfms, jhh kt`mr `jhbfmskc jhdjhbem mjrt` imtjh jrm bkebg be ejturm. Nmryhhbui `jhbfms jrm mssmetbjhhy gkvjhmet jef skhunhm be krajebg

skhvmets. Nmryhhbui g`hkrbfm vjpkur gketjbes NmGh> jef (NmGh>)> nut t`m skhbf bs pkhyimrbsmf.Nmryhhbui g`hkrbfm be t`m skhbf stjtm js j g`jbe strugturm js s`kwe nmhkw ?

Gh Nm Gh Nm

Gh

Gh

Nm Nm

Gh

Gh

Be t`m vjpkur p`jsm NmGh>

tmefs tk ckrij g`hkrk-nrbfamf fbimr w bg` fbsskgbjtms betk t`m hbemjr ikekimr jt`ba` tmipmrjturm kc t`m krfmr kc :>.3@

>K, GjGh

>.3@

>K, WrGh

>.3@

>K jef NjGh

>.>@

>K) fkwe t`m arkup. V`m fm`yfrjtbke kc

`yfrjtmf g`hkrbfms, nrkibfms jef bkfbfms kc Gj, Wr jef Nj gje nm jg`bmvmf ke `mjtbea4 `kwmvmr, t`mgkrrmspkefbea `yfrjtmf `jhbfms kc Nm jef Ia ke `mjtbea succmr `yfrkhysbs. V`m chukrbfms jrm rmhjtbvmhy hmss

skhunhm t`je t`m g`hkrbfms kwbea tk t`mbr `ba` hjttbgm memrabms.

Gjrnkejtm kc jhdjhbem mjrt imtjhs jrm beskhunhm be wjtmr jef gje nm prmgbpbtjtmf ny jffbtbke kc j skfbui krjiikebui gjrnkejtm skhutbke tk j skhutbke kc j skhunhm sjht kc t`msm imtjhs. V`m skhunbhbty kc gjrnkejtms bewjtmr fmgrmjsms js t`m jtkibg euinmr kc t`m imtjh bke begrmjsms. Jhh gjrnkejtms fmgkipksm ke `mjtbea tkabvm gjrnke fbkxbfm jef t`m kxbfm. Nmryhhbui gjrnkejtm bs uestjnhm jef gje nm dmpt kehy be t`m jtiksp`mrmkc GK

>. V`m t`mrijh stjnbhbty begrmjsms wbt begrmjsbea gjtbkebg sbzm.

V`m suhp`jtms kc t`m jhdjhbem mjrt` imtjhs jrm jhh w`btm skhbf jef stjnhm tk `mjt. NmWK6jef IaWK

6jrm

rmjfbhy skhunhm be wjtmr4 t`m skhunbhbty fmgrmjsms crki GjWK6

tk NjWK6. V`m armjtmr `yfrjtbke met jhpbms kc

Nm>+ jef Ia>+ bkes kvmrgkim t`m hjttbgm met jhpy cjgtkr jef t`mrmckrm t`mbr suhp`jtms jrm skhunhm be wjtmr.

V`m ebtrjtms jrm ijfm ny fbsskhutbke kc t`m gjrnkejtm be fbhutm ebtrbg jgbf, ijaemsbui ebtrjtm grystjhhbsmswbt` sbx ikhmguhms kc wjtmr, w`mrmjs njrbui ebtrjtm grystjhhbsms js t`m je`yfrkus sjht. V`bs jajbe s`kw jfmgrmjsbea tmefmegy tk ckri `yfrjtms wbt begrmjsbea sbzm jef fmgrmjsbea `yfrjtbke met`jhpy. Jhh kc t`mifmgkipksm ke `mjtbea tk abvm t`m kxbfm hbdm hbt`bui ebtrjtm.

>I (EK7)

>>IK + 6 EK

>+ K

X>

(I 9 Nm, Ia, Gj,Wr,Nj)

V`m skhunbhbty kc t`m jhdjhbem mjrt` imtjh sjhts mxgmpt `yfrkxbfms jef chukrbfms fmgrmjsms fkwe t`m arkupcrki Nm tk Nj. V`bs bs nmgjusm kc t`m cjgt t`jt fkwe t`m arkup wbt` begrmjsbea sbzm kc gjtbke t`m hjttbgmmemray js wmhh js `yfrjtbke memray jhsk fmgrmjsm nut t`m g`jeam be `yfrjtbke memray bs ikrm js gkipjrm tkt`jt kc hjttbgm memray. Mxgmpt NmC

>jhh kt`mr chukrbfms jrm wjtmr beskhunhm. Wkhunbhbty kc nmryhhbui chukrbfm be

wjtmr bs fum tk `ba`mr skhvjtbke memray ke jggkuet kc `ba`mr pkhjrbsbea pkwmr kc Nm>+.V`m t`mrijh stjnbhbty kc kxy-jgbf sjhts kc jhdjhbem mjrt` imtjhs amemrjhhy begrmjsms fkwe t`m arkup wbt`begrmjsbea imtjhhbg g`jrjgtmr, b.m. mhmgtrkpksbtbvm g`jrjgtmr.


7/27


G@MIBWV^R

Mxjiphm-= Wmhmgt t`m gkrrmgt smt kc stjtmimets.(b) Wkhunbhbty kc jhdjhb imtjh `yfrkxbfms bs be krfmr,

GsK@ 5 ^nK@ 5 DK@ 5 EjK@ 5 HbK@(bb) Wkhunbhbty kc jhdjhb gjrnkejtms bs be krfmr,

Hb>GK

75 Ej

>GK

75 D

>GK

75 ^n

>GK

75 Gs

>K

7

(bbb) @yfrjtmf rjfbb bs be krfmr,Hb+ 8 Ej+ 8 D+ 8 ^n+ 8 Gs+

(bv) Wtjnbhbty kc pmrkxbfms bs be krfmr,Ej

>K

>8 D

>K

>8 ^n

>K

>8 Gs

>K

>

V`m kptbkes jrm ?(J) (b) , (bv) (N) (b), (bbb) (G) (bb), (bbb), (bv) (F) Jhh

Wkhutbke (b) Crki akbea hbt`bui tk gmsbui yfrkxbfm t`m fmgrmjsm be hjttbgm memray bs ikrm js gkipjrmf tkt`jt kc `yfrjtbke memray. Wk, t`m skhunbhbty kc `yfrkxbfms begrmjsms fkwe t`m arkup.(bv) V`bs bs nmgjusm kc cjgt t`jt nbaamr gjtbke stjnbhbsms t`m nbaamr jebke t`rkua` grystjh hjttbgmmemray.V`mrmckrm (J) kptbke bs gkrrmgt.

JEKIJHK]W \^K\M^VBMW KC HBV@B]I

V`m jekijhkus nm`jvbkr kc hbt bui bs fum tk t`m ? (b) mxgmptbkejhhy sijhh sbzm kc bts jtki jef bke, jef (bb) `ba`pkhjrbsbea pkwmr (b.m., g`jram/ rjfbus rjtbk ). Js j rmsuht, t`mrm bs begrmjsmf gkvjhmet g`jrjgtmr kc hbt`buigkipkuef w`bg bs rmspkesbnhm ckr t`mbrskhunbhbty be krajebg skhvmet. Curt mr, hbt`bui s`kws fbjakejhrmhjtbkes bptk ijaemsbui.

\kbets kc Fbccmrmegm nmtwmme Hbt`bui jef kt`mr Jhdjhb Imtjhs

Hbt bui bs iug` jrfmr. Bts imhtbea pkbet jef nkbhbea pkbet jrm `ba`mr t`je t`m kt`mr jhdjhb imtjhs.

Hbt bui bs hmjst rmjgtbvm nut t`m strkeamst rmfugbea jamet jikea jhh t`m jhdjhbimtjhs. Ke gkinustbkebe jbr bt ckris ijbehy ikekxbfm, Hb

>K jef t`m ebtrbfm, Hb

7E uehbdm kt`mr jhdjhb imtjhs.

V`m hbt`bui bke btsmhc, jef jhsk bts gkipkuefs jrm ikrm `mjvbhy `yfrjtmf t`je t`ksm kc t`m rmst kc t`markup. HbGh bs fmhbqumsgmet jef grystjhhbsms js j `yfrjtm, HbGh. >@

>K w`mrmjs kt`mr jhdjhb imtjh

g`hkrbfms fk ekt ckri `yfrjtms.

Hbt`bui `yfrkamegjrnkejtm bs ekt kntjbemf be t`m skhbf ckri w`bhm jhh kt`mr mhmimets ckri skhbf`yfrkamegjrnkejtms.

Hbt bui uehbdm kt`mr jhdjhb imtjh ckris ek mt`yebfm ke rmjgtbke wbt` mt`yem.

Hbt bui ebtrjtm w`me `mjtmf abvms hbt`bui kxbfm, Hb>K, w`mrmjs kt`mr jhdjhb imtjh ebtrjtms fmgkipksm

tk abvm t`m gkrrmspkefbea ebtrbtm.

6HbEK7 > Hb>K + 6 EK>+ K>

>EjEK7

>EjEK>+ K

> 4 6EjEK

7 >Ej

>K + = K

>+ >E

>

>EjEK>+ >@Gh >EjGh + @>K + EK> + EK 4 >EK + K>

>EK>

>EjEK7

+ G >EjEK>

+ GK>.

DEK7+ _e DEK

>+ _eK .

HbC jef Hb>K jrm gkipjrjtbvmhy iug` hmss skhunhm be wjtmr t`je t`m gkrrmspkefbea gkipkuefs kc

kt`mr jhdjhb imtjhs. Hbt`bui `yfrkxbfm bs hmss njsbg t`je t`m kt`mr `yfrkxbfms be t`m arkup jef t`mrmckrm, ijey kc bts

sjhts jrm hmss stjnhm, Hb>GK

7, HbEK

7jef HbK@ jhh ckri t`m kxbfms ke amethm `mjtbea4 t`m jejhkaus

gkipkuefs kc t`m rmst kc t`m arkup jrm stjnhm. Jekt`mr mxjiphm kc bts hmss njsbg ejturm bs t`jtt`kua` hbt bui ckris j nbgjrnkejtms be skhutbke, bt fkms ekt ckri j skhbf nbgjrnkejtm, w`mrm js t`mkt`mr jhh ckri stjnhm skhbf gjrnkejtms.

Hbt bui rmjgts fbrmgthy wbt` gjrnke tk ckri jebkebg gjrnbfm. Ekem kc t`m kt`mr arkup : mhmimets fkt`bs, nut arkup > mhmimets jhh rmjgt sbibhjrhy wbt` gjrnke.

Hbt bui`js j armjt tmefmegy tk ckri gkiphmxms t`je `jvm t`m `mjvbmr mhmimets, jef jiikebjtmf

sjhts sug` js THb(E@7)6Y+ mxbst js skhbfs.


8/27


G@MIBWV^R

Mxjiphm-3 Q`bg` kc t`m ckhhkwbea jhdjhb imtjh bkes `js t`m hkwmst iknbhbty be jqumkus skhutbke ;

(J) Hb+ (N) Ej+ (G) D+ (F) Gs+

Wkhutbke Nmgjusm Hb+ `js t`m sijhhmst sbzm, sk bt bs `ba`hy `yfrjtmf jef bts mccmgtbvm sbzm nmgkims hjramrt`mrmckrm iknbhbty fmgrmjsms be jqumkus imfbui.V`mrmckrm (J) kptbke bs gkrrmgt.

Mxjiphm-1 Abvm t`m rmjgtbke kc t`m t`mrijh fmgkipksbtbke kc t`m ebtrjtm kc skfbui. Mxphjbe t`m kggurrmegm kc

t`m rmjgtbke be tmri kc memray cjgtkr. Q`jt bs t`m p@ mxpmgtmf kc je jqumkus skhutbke kc EjEK7.Q`y;

Wkhutbke EjEK7(s) EjEK

>(s)+

>

:K

>(a)

Wbegm t`m sbzm kc EK> bs hmss t`je t`jt kc EK

7, t`bs rmsuhts betk ckrijtbke kc j ikrm stjnhm bkebg

hjttbgm w`me nkefmf tk skfbui bke. V`m p@ kc skhutbke wkuhf nm jnkut 1 sbegm embt mr t`m gjtbke ekrt`m jebke uefmrakms `yfrkhysbs tk jey jpprmgbjnhm mxtmet.

\kbets kc Wbibhjrbtbms nmtwmme Hbt bui jef IjaemsbuiV`m sbibhjrbty nmtwmme hbt`bui jef ijaemsbui bs pjrtbguhjrhy strbdbea jef jrbsms nmgjusm kc t`mbrsbibhjr sbzm? jtkibg rjfbb, Hb 9 :=> pi, Ia 9 :3< pi4 bkebg rjfbb ? Hb + 9 13 pi, Ia>+ 9 1> pi. V`m

ijbe pkbets kc sbibhjrbty jrm ? Nkt hbt bui jef ijaemsbui jrm `jrfmr jef hba tmr t`je kt`mr mhmimets be t`m rmspmgtbvm arkups.

Hbt`bui jef ijaemsbui rmjgt shkwhy wbt` wjtmr. V`mbr kxbfms jef `yfrkxbfms jrm iug` hmss skhunhmjef t`mbr `yfrkxbfms fmgkipksm ke `mjtbea. Nkt ckri j ebtrbfm, Hb

7E jef Ia

7E

>, ny fbrmgt

gkinbejtbke wbt` ebtrkame .

V`m kxbfms, Hb>K jef IaK fk ekt gkinbem wbt` mxgmss kxyame tk abvm jey supmrkxbfm.

V`m gjrnkejtms kc hbt bui jef ijaemsbui fmgkipksm mjsbhy ke `mjtbea tk ckri t`m kxbfms jefGK

>. Wkhbf `yfrkamegjrnkejtms jrm ekt ckrimf ny hbt`bui jef ijaemsbui.

Nkt HbGh jef IaGh>

jrm skhunhm be mt`jekh.

Nkt` HbGh jef IaGh>

jrm fmhbqumsgmet jef grystjhhbsm crki jqumkus skhutbke js `yfrjtms, HbGh.>@>K

jef IaGh>.3@

>K.

Mxjiphm-0 Jnkut jhdjhb imtjh-hbqubf E@7

skhutbke w`bg` kc ckhhkwbea stjtmimet bs ekt trum ;(J) Nhum gkhkur bs fum tk jiikebjtmf mhmgtrkes.(N) Nhum gkhkur g`jeams tk nrkezm ke fbhutbke fum tk ckrijtbke kc imtjh bke ghustmrs.(G) Qbt` begrmjsm be gkegmetrjtbke kc jhdjhb imtjhs pjrjijaemtbg ejturm fmgrmjsms fum tk mhmgtrkemhmgtrke gkinbejtbke.(F) Ke `mjtbea nhum gkhkur nmgkims gkhkurhmss fum tk ckrijtbke kc imtjh jibfm jef @

>ajs.

Wkhutbke Nhum gkhkur g`jeams tk nrkezm wbt` begrmjsm be gkegmetrjtbke kc jhdjhb imtjh fum tk ckrijtbke kcimtjh bke ghustmrs.V`mrmckrm (N) kptbke bs gkrrmgt.

Mxjiphm-2 (J) Abvm t`m t`rmm fbccmrmet grystjh strugturms kc EjK>

;

(N) Wkfbui suhp`bfm bs rmjfbhy kxbfbsmf ny jbr tk ckri skfbui t`bksuhp`jtm. Qrbtm t`m g`mibgjhrmjgtbke kehy.(G) Arkup : suhp`bfms `yfrkhysm jpprmgbjnhy be wjtmr, abvbea strkeahy jhdjhbem skhutbkes. Mxphjbe ;

Wkhutbke (J) EjK>

mxbsts be ckhhkwbea t`rmm fbccmrmet grystjh strugturms jt fbccmrmet tmipmrjturms.(b) Ijrgjsbtm strugturm jt =W + > K

>+ @

>K Ej

>W

>K

7+ >EjK@

(G) Ej>W `yfrkhysms be wjtmr jggkrfbea tk t`m ckhhkwbea rmjgtbke,

>Ej>W + @

>K EjW@ + EjK@

Mxjiphm-:< V`m prkpmrtbms kc Hb jrm sbibhjr tk t`ksm kc Ia. V`bs bs nmgjusm,(J) nkt `jvm emjrhy t`m sjim sbzm.

(N) t`m rjtbk kc t`mbr g`jram tk sbzm bs emjrhy t`m sjim.(G) nkt` `jvm sbibhjr mhmgtrkebg gkecbaurjtbkes.(F) nkt` jrm ckuef tkamt`mr be ejturm.


9/27


G@MIBWV^R

Wkhutbke V`my jrm fbjakejhhy rmhjtmf nmgjusm kc sjim pkhjrbsbea pkwmr.pkhjrbsbea pkwmr 9 g`jram ke gjtbke / sbzm kc gjtbkeV`mrmckrm, (N) kptbke bs gkrrmgt.

Mxjiphm-::: Imhtbea pkbet kc gjhgbui `jhbfms fmgrmjsms be t`m krfmr,(J) GjC

>5 GjGh

>5 GjNr

>5 Gj

> (N) Gj

>5 GjNr

>5 GjGh

>5 GjC

>

(G) GjNr>

5 Gj>

5 GjC>

5 GjGh>

(F) GjGh>

5 GjNr>

5 Gj>

5 GjC>

Wkhutbke Js t`m sbzm kc jebke begrmjsms t`m gkvjhmet g`jrjgtmr begrmjsms jggkrfbea tk Cjojes ruhm jef tùsimhtbea pkbet fmgrmjsms.V`mrmckrm, (J) kptbke bs gkrrmgt.

Mxjiphm-:> Ijaemsbui nures be jbr tk abvm ?(J) IaK (N) Ia

7E

> (G) IaGK

7 (F) IaK jef Ia

7E

>nkt`

Wkhutbke Ia nures be jbr tk ckri nkt` IaK jef Ia7E

>

>Ia + K>

>IaK 4 7Ia + E>

Ia7E

>

V`mrmckrm, (F) kptbke bs gkrrmgt.

Mxjiphm-:7 Jikea t`m ckhhkwbea w bg` kc t`m pmrkxbfms bs t`mrijhhy ikst stjnhm ;WrK

> , IaK

> , GjK

> , NjK

>Wkhutbke Wtjnbhbty kc t`m pmrkxbfm begrmjsms js t`m sbzm kc imtjh begrmjsms nmgjusm t`m nbaamr gjtbke stjnbhbzms

nbaamr jebke jef vbgm-vmrsj t`rkua` grystjh hjttbgm memray. Vùs NjK>

bs ikst stjnhm.

JEKIJHK]W NM@JSBK]^ KC NM^RHHB]I

Nmryhhbui t`m cbrst iminmr kc t`m Arkup > imtjhs, s`kws jekijhkus nm`jvbkur js gkipjrmf tkijaemsbui jef rmst kc t`m iminmrs. Curt`mr, bt s`kws fbjakejh rmhjtbkes`bp tk jhuibebui.

Nmryhhbui `js mxgmptbkejhhy sijhh jtkibg jef bkebg sbzms jef tùs fkms ekt gkipjrm wmhh wbt` kt`mriminmrs kc t`m arkup. Nmgjusm kc `ba` bkebsjtbke met`jhpy jef sijhh sbzm bt ckris gkipkuef w bg`jrm hjramhy gkvjhmet jef amt mjsbhy `yfrkhysmf.

Nmryhhbui fkms ekt mx bnbt gkkrfbejtbke euinmr ikrm t`je ckur js be bts vjhmegm s`mhh t`mrm jrm kehyckur krnbtjhs. V`m rmijbebea iminmr kc t`m arkup gje `jvm j gkkrfbejtbke euinmr kc sbx ny ijdbeausm kc f-krnbtjhs.

V`m kxbfm jef `yfrkxbfm kc nmryhhbui, uehbdm t`m `yfrkxbfms kc kt`mr mhmimets be t`m arkup, jrmjip`ktmrbg be ejturm.

V`m nmryhhbui `yfrbfm bs mhmgtrke fmcbgbmet jef pkhyimrbg, wbt` iuhtb-gmetmr nkefbea hbdm jhuibebui`yfrbfm.

V`m ikst ueusujh kxyame gketjbebea gkiphmxms kc Nm `jvm ckriuhj Nm6K(K

>G^)

3jef jrm ckrimf ny

rmchuxbea Nm(K@)>

wbt` gjrnkxyhbg jgbfs. V`msm w btm grystjhhbem gkipkuefs jrm skhunhm be eke-pkhjrkrajebg skhvmets, sug` js jhdjems, nut jrm beskhunhm be wjtmr jef hkwmr jhgk`kh. Be skhutbke, t`mgkipkuefs jrm uebkebsmf jef ikekimrbg.

V`m gmetrjh kxyame jtki bs tmtrj`mfrjhhy surrkuefmf ny t`m ckur Nm jtkis jef mjg` Nm jtki bstmtrj`mfrjhhy surrkuefmf ny ckur kxyame jtkis. V`m sbx jgmtjtm arkups jrm jrrjeamf jhkea t`m sbx

mfams kc t`m tmtrj`mfrjh bke.


10/27

"ijebs`duijrp`ysbgs.be" :+ bs mstbijtmf tk nm 7: pi4 t`m g`jram/rjfbus rjtbk bs emjrhy t`m sjim js t`jtkc t m Jh7+ bke. @megm nmryhhbui rmsminhms jhuibebui be skim wjys. Wkim kc t`m sbibhjrbtbms jrm?

Hbdm jhuibebui, nmryhhbui bs ekt rmjfbhy jttjgdmf ny jgbfs nmgjusm kc t`m prmsmegm kc je kxbfm cbhike t`m surcjgm kc t`m imtjh, b.m. t`my jrm rmefmrmf pjssbvm ny ebtrbg jgbf.

Nmryhhbui `yfrkxbfm fbsskhvms be mxgmss kc jhdjhb tk abvm j nmryhhjtm bke, T Nm(K@)6Y>oust js jhuibebui

`yfrkxbfm abvms jhuibejtm bke, TJh(K@)6Y

V`m g`hkrbfms kc nkt nmryhhbui jef jhuibebui `jvm Gh nrbfamf g`hkrbfm strugturm be vjpkur p`jsm.Nkt` t`m g`hkrbfm jrm skhunhm be krajebg skhvmets jef jrm strkea Hmwbs jgbfs V`my jrm usmf jsCrbmfmh Grjct gjtjhysts.

Nmryhhbui jef jhuibebuibkes `jvmstrkeatmefmegy tk ckrigkiphmxms,NmC6

> jefJhC3

7 rmspmgtbvmhy.

GKI\K]EFW KC JHDJHB IMVJHW ?

WKFB]I KPBFM (Ej>K) ?

\^M\J^JVBKE ?

Ny rmfugtbke kc ebtrbtms jef ebtrjtms kc skfbui wbt imtjhhbg skfbui ?>EjEK7+ :K + E> 4 >EjEK>+ 3Ej 6Ej>K + E>

Ny `mjtbea skfbui be hbibtmf supphy kc jbr jt :0 Ej>K \urm skfbui kxbfm bs ckrimf w`me t`m ibxturm kc skfbui jzbfm jef skfbui ebtrbtm bs `mjtmf

7EjE7+ EjEK> >Ej>K + = E>

\^K\M^VBMW ?

Bt bs j w btm jikrp`kus sunstjegm. Bt rmjgts wbt` wjtmr vbkhmethy ckribea skfbui yfrkxbfm jefmvkhvbea j hjram jikuet kc `mjt memray

Ej>K + @>K >EjK@

Ke `mjtbea jt 6K G6K>+ >Ej

^mjgtbke wbt` hbqubf jiikebjEj>K + E@7 EjE@>+ EjK@

]WM ? Bt bs usmf js fm`yfrjtbea jef pkhyimrbsbea jamet be krajebg g`mibstry.

WKFB]I \M^KPBFM (Ej>K

>) ?

\^M\J^JVBKE ?

Bt bs ckrimf ny `mjtbea skfbui be mxgmss kc jbr crmm crki ikbsturm jef gjrnke fbkxbfm kr be mxgmss kcpurm kxyame.

>Ej + K>(mxgmss) G7=K> Befustrbjh imt`kf ? Bt bs j twk stjam rmjgtbke be t`m prmsmegm kc mxgmss jbr.

>Ej +>

:K> Ej>K 4 Ej>K + >

:K> Ej>K>

\^K\M^VBMW ?

Bt bs j pjhm ymhhkw (w`me bipurm) `yarksgkpbg pkwfmr stjnhm tkwjrfs `mjt be fry jbr. Ke mxpksurm tkikbst jbr, bt nmgkims w`btm js bt rmjgts wbt` ikbsturm jef gjrnke fbkxbfm.>Ej>K>+ >@>K 6EjK@ + K>>EjK@ + GK> Ej>GK7 + @>K 4 >Ej>K>+ >GK> >Ej>GK7+ K>

Jgtbke kc wjtmr ?

Ej>K>+ >@>K gkhf >EjK@ + @>K>4 >Ej>K>+ >@>K

wjri 6EjK@ + K>

Jgtbke kc jgbf ?

Ej>K>+ @>WK6 gkhf Ej>WK6+ @>K> 4 >Ej>K>+ @>WK6

wjri >Ej>WK6+ >@>K + K>

^mjgtbke wbt GK jef GK> ?


11/27

"ijebs`duijrp`ysbgs.be" ::

G@MIBWV^R

Ej>K>+ GK Ej>GK74 >Ej>K>+ >GK> >Ej>GK7+ K>Wk, bt bs usmf tk purbcy t`m jbr besunijrbem jef gkecbemf spjgms js bt rmikvms nkt` GK jef GK> jefabvms kxyame.

Js je kxbfbsbea jamet ? Bt bs j pkwmrcuh kxbfjet jef ijey kc bts rmjgtbkes jrm fjeamrkushy vbkhmet,pjrtbguhjrhywbt` t`m rmfugbea jamets, sug` jsJh pkwfmr, g`jrgkjh, suhp`ur jef ijey krajebg hbqubfs.(j) G rkibg gkipkuefs jrm kxbfbsmf tk g`rkijtms

>Gr(K@)7 + 7Ej>K> >Ej>GrK6 +>EjK@+>@>K

kr>Gr(K@)7 + 7K>

> >GrK6> +>K@ + >@>K

(n) Ijeajekus sjht bs kxbfbsmf tk skfbui ijeajejtm.IeWK6+ >Ej>K> Ej>IeK6+ Ej>WK6

krIe(K@)>+ >K>

> IeK6> + >K@

(g) Wuhp`bfms jrm kxbfbsmf tk gkrrmspkefbea suhp`jtmsEj>K> Ej>K + TKY 4 Ej>W + 6TKY Ej>WK6

(f) Ej>K> Ej>K + TKY 4 >Jh + 7 TKY Jh>K7

Nmezkyh pmrkxbfm (nhmjg`bea jamet) bs ckrimf w`me G3@=GKGh rmjgts wbt` Ej>K>.

>G3@=GKGh + Ej>K> (G3@=GK)>K> (nmezkyh pmrkxbfm) + >EjGh

^mfugms strkeamr kxbfbsbea jamet sug` js jgbfbcbmf DIeK6>IeK6

+ :3@+ + =K>> >Ie>+ + 0@>K + =K>

Ej>K> + K> jti7EjK>

]WM ?

]smf ckr t`m prkfugtbke kc kxyame uefmr t`m ejim kxkem.

Bt bs usmf js nhmjg bea jamet ckr nhmjg bea wkkf puhp, pjpmr jef cjnrbgs sug` js gkttke jef hbeme.

\KVJWWB]I W]\M^KPBFM (DK>

) ?

\^M\J^JVBKE ?

Bt bs prmpjrmf ny nurebea pktjssbui be mxgmss kc kxyame crmm crki ikbsturm.

D + K> DK> 4

\^K\M^VBMW ?

Bt bs j krjeam gkhkurmf (g rkim ymhhkw) pkwfmr jef rmjgts wbt` wjtmr jggkrfbeatk ckhhkwbearmjgtbke.

>DK>+ >@>K >DK@ + @>K>+ K>

Bt rmjgts fbrmgthy wbt` GK jef GK>.

>DK>+ GK D>GK7+ K>4 >DK>+ GK> D>GK7+ >

7K>

Bc ikrm GK>, be prmsmegm kc ikbsturm bs prmsmet4 t`me6DK>+ 6GK> + >@>K 6D@GK7+ 7K>

Ke `mjtbea wbt` suhp`ur, bt ckris pktjssbui suhp`jtm>DK>+ W D>WK6

]WM ?

Bt bs usmf js je kxbfbsbea jamet jef jbr purbcbmr be spjgm gjpsuhms, sunijrbem jef nrmjt`bea ijsd js btprkfugms K> jef rmikvms GK>.

\KVJWWB]I WMWZ]BKPBFM (D>

K7

) ?

Bt bs kntjbemf w`me kxyame bs pjssmf t`rkua` hbqubf jiikebj gketjbebea pktjssbui.

6D (fbsskhvmf be hbqubf E@7) >K7 >D>K7


12/27

"ijebs`duijrp`ysbgs.be" :>

G@MIBWV^R

WKFB]I @RF^KPBFM K^ GJ]WVBG WKFJ (EjK@) ?\^M\J^JVBKE ? Bt bs ikst gkevmebmethy ijeucjgturmf ny kem kc t`m ckhhkwbea prkgmssms.

(j) Imt`kfs bevkhvbea skfbui gjrnkejtm js j stjrtbea ijtmrbjh ?

Akssjam prkgmss (gjustbgbsbea prkgmss) ?

Ej>GK7+ Gj(K@)> GjGK7+ >EjK@

V`m ikst subtjnhm gkegmetrjtbke kc skfbui gjrnkejtm tjdme be t`bs prkgmss bs := >GK7+ Cm>K7 `mjtrmf

>EjCmK>+ GK>V`m skfbui cmrrbtm bs gkkhmf jef t`rkwe betk `kt wjtmr, t`m `yfrkhysbs kc skfbui cmrrbtm kggurs ckribea EjK@.

>EjCmK>+ @>K >EjK@ + Cm>K7

Imt`kfs bevkhvbea skfbui g`hkrbfm js stjrtbea ijtmrbjh ?

Mhmgtrkhysbs kc skfbui g`hkrbfm skhutbke kggurs jggkrfbea tk ckhhkwbea prbegbphm.

EjGh Ej+ + Gh 4 @>K @+ + K@

Ke pjssbea mhmgtrbgbty, Ej+ jef @+ bkes ikvm tkwjrfs gjt kfm jef Gh jef K@ bkes ikvm tkwjrfs jekfm.V`m fbsg`jram pktmetbjh kc @+ bkes bs hmss t`je Ej+ bkes, t`us `yfrkame bkes amt fbsg`jramf mjsbhy jef`yfrkame bs hbnmrjtmf. Wbibhjrhy, jt jekfm Gh bkes jrm mjsbhy fbsg`jramf js t`mbr fbsg`jram pktmetbjh bs hmsst`je t`jt kc K@ bkes. Gh> ajs bs, t`mrmckrm, hbnmrjtmf jt jekfm.Bt bs emgmssjry t`jt g`hkrbem s`kuhf ekt gkim be gketjgt wbt` skfbui `yfrkxbfm furbea mhmgtrkhysbs, kt mrwbsmckhhkwbea rmjgtbke tjdm phjgm.

>EjK@ + Gh> EjGh + EjGhK + @>KVk kvmrgkim t bs prknhmi, t`m jekfm bs smpjrjtmf crki t`m gjt`kfm be t`m mhmgtrkhytbg gmhh mbt mr ny usbea jpkrkus fbjp`rjai kr ny usbea j imrgury gjt kfm.

(j) V`m imrgury gjt`kfm gmhh (Gjstemr-Dmhhemr gmhh) ?Be t bs gmhh imrgury chkws jhkea t`m nkttkikc t`m gmhh jef bs ijfm gjt`kfm (js s`kwe be cbaurm (j)). V`m nrbemskhutbke chkws be t`m sjim fbrmgtbke jef jekfm gkesbsts kc j euinmr kc arjp btm nhkgds. V`m nrbem mhmgtrkhyzmsjef sbegm, `yfrkame `js j `ba kvmrvkhtjam jt imrgury gjt kfm, skfbuibs prmcmrmetbjhhy fbsg`jramf ckribeajijhaji wbt` imrgury.

V`m skfbui jijhaji chkws kut jef bs rmjgtmf wbt` wjtmr tk abvm EjK@>Ej@a + >@>K >EjK@ + >@a + @>

V`m imrgury bs rm-gbrguhjtmf tk t`m gmhh. @yfrkame jef g`hkrbem jrm t`m twk bipkrtjet ny-prkfugts.

(n) Fbjp`rjai gmhh ?

Be t bs typm kc gmhh (js s`kwe be cbaurm (n)) jhdjhb jef g hkrbem jrm dmpt smpjrjtm ny usm kc j fbjp`rjai

jef ke gketjgt wbt` j emajtbvm wbrm ajuzm, mhmgtrkhysbs nmabes. G`hkrbem bs hbnmrjtmf jt arjp btm jekfm jefskfbui `yfrkxbfm bs ckrimf jt t`m kutsbfm mfams kc gjt kfm.


13/27

"ijebs`duijrp`ysbgs.be" :7

G@MIBWV^R

(g) ]sbea Ejcbke Iminrjem Gmhh ?

V`m ejturjh nrbem (EjGh) bs ekwmhmgtrkhysmf be j iminrjem gmhh be w bg` t`mjekhytm jef t`mgjt khytm

jrm smpjrjtmf ny j EJCBKE iminrjem. Ejcbke bs j gkpkhyimr kc tmtrjchukrkimt`yhmem jefpmetjchukrksuhp`keyhmt`kxymt`mr. V`m gkpkhyimr bs suppkrtmf ny j Vmchke ims`.

>EjGh (jq) + @>K() bsMhmgtrkhys >EjK@(jq) + @> (a)+Gh> (a)

\rmsmethy t`m imt`kf ijdms usm kc Ejcbke iminrjem be phjgm kc fbjp rjai.

\rmpjrjtbke kc purm skfbui `yfrkxbfm ?Gkiimrgbjh skfbui `yfrkxbfm bs purbcbmf wbt` t`m `mhp kc jhgk`kh. Wkfbui `yfrkxbfm fbsskhvms be jhgk`khw`bhm bipurbtbms hbdm EjGh, Ej>GK7, Ej>WK6mtg., rmijbe beskhunhm. V`m jhgk`khbg cbhtrjtm bs fbstbhhmf. V`mjhgk`kh fbstbhhs kcc w bhm purm skhbf skfbui `yfrkxbfm bs hmct nm`bef.

\^K\M^VBMW ?

(b) Bt bs j w btm grystjhhbem skhbf jef js skjpy tkug`.(bb) Bts fmesbty bs >.:7 a/iH jef imhtbea pkbet bs 7:0.6G.(bbb) Bt bs `ba hy skhunhm be wjtmr jef bs nbttmr be tjstm, jef bs gkrrksbvm be ejturm.(bv) Emutrjhbsjtbke jef `yfrkhysbs rmjgtbkes ?

7EjK@ + @7\K6 Ej7\K6 + 7@>K 4 EjK@ + @EK7 EjEK7+ @>KV`msm jrm eke-rmfkx typm kc rmjgtbkes.

(v) ^mjgtbke wbt` jgbfbg kxbfms ?>EjK@ + GK> Ej>GK7+ @>K>EjK@ + >EK> EjEK> + EjEK7+ @>K 4 >EjK@ + WK7 Ej>WK6 + @>K

(vb) ^mjgtbke wbt jip`ktmrbg kxbfms ?\nK + >EjK@ Ej>\nK> + @>K 4 _eK + >EjK@ Ej>_eK> + @>K

WeK + >EjK@

Ej>WeK> + @>K 4 WeK> + >EjK@

Ej>WeK7 + @>K(vbb) ^mjgtbke wbt eke-imtjhs ?

(j) @jhkames

Qbt` gkhf & fbhutm EjK@ ?>EjK@ + Nr> EjNr + EjKNr + @>K

Qbt `kt & gkegmetrjtmf EjK@ ?3EjK@ + 7Nr> =EjNr + EjNrK7+ 7@>K

C> wbt` gkhf & fbhutm EjK@ abvms KC> jef wbt` kt & gkegmetrjtmf EjK@ abvms K>

(n) Qbt` w btm p`ksp`kurs ?

7EjK@ + \6 7Ej@>\K>+ \@7

(g) Qbt` suhp`ur ?

3EjK@ + 6W >Ej>W + Ej>W>K7+ 7@>K


14/27


G@MIBWV^R

(f) Qbt` nkrke ?

>N + 3EjK@ >Ej7NK7 + 7@>

(m) Qbt` sbhbgke ?

>EjK@ + Wb + @>K Ej>WbK7+ >@>(vbbb) ^mjgtbke wbt` imtjhs jef sjhts ?

(j) ^mjgtbke wbt` jip`ktmrbg imtjhs (m.a. Jh, \n, We, _e mtg.) ?V`my hbnmrjtm `yfrkame ajs.

6EjK@ + >@>K + >Jh >EjJhK> + 7@>3EjK@ + >Jh >Ej7JhK7+ 7@>4 _e + EjK@ Ej>_eK> + @>

(n) ^mjgtbke wbt` sjhts kc jip`ktmrbg imtjhs ?Wjhts fbsskhvms be skfbui `yfrkxbfm (mxgmss)

WeGh> + >EjK@ We(K@)> (w`btm) + >EjGh

We(K@)> + >EjK@ Ej>WeK> + >@>K

(g) ^mjgtbke wbt` sjhts kc Gr, Eb, Cm, Ie, Gu mtg., ?Ckri beskhunhm `yfrkxbfms

GrGh7 + 7EjK@ Gr(K@)7 (armme) + 7EjGh

GuGh>

+ >EjK@ Gu(K@)> (nhum) + >EjGh

(f) ^mjgtbke wbt` sjhts kc @a jef Ja ?

@aGh>+ >EjK@ @a(K@)> + >EjGh 4 @a(K@)> @aK (ymhhkw kr nrkwe) + @>K

>JaEK7 + >EjK@ >JaK@ + >EjEK7 4 >JaK@ Ja>K (nhjgd) + @>K

(m) ^mjgtbke wbt` jiikebui sjhts ? Bt hbnmrjtms jiikebj crki nkt` jiikebui sjhts jef gkkrfbejtbkegkiphmxms w`mrm jiikebj jgts js hbajef.

(E@6)>WK6+ EjK@ Ej>WK6+ >E@7+ >@>K

3EjK@ + > TGk(E@7)3YGh7 :>E@7 + Gk>K7 + 3EjGh + 7@>K(bx) ^mjgtbke wbt gjrnke ikekxbfm ?

EjK@ + GKjti:W EjW@ + @>K 4 EjW@ + EjK@ Ej>W + @>K.

Bt bs usmf tk rmikvm imrgjptjes crki pmtrkhmui prkfugts.(xb) ^mjgtbke wbt jhgk`khs ?

EjK@ + MtK@ EjKMt + @>K.

Gjustbg prkpmrty

Wkfbui `yfrkxbfm bs j pkwmrcuh gjutmry jef nrmjds fkwe t`m prktmbes kc sdbe tk j pjsty ijss. Ke jggkuetkc t`bs prkpmrty, bt bs gkiikehy gjhhmf gjustbg skfj.

\KVJWWB]I @RF^KPBFM (DK@) ?Bt bs prmpjrmf ny mhmgtrkhysbs kc DGh skhutbke.DK@ rmsminhms EjK@ be jhh bts rmjgtbkes. @kwmvmr DK@ bs iug` ikrm skhunhm be jhgk`kh. V bs jggkuets ckrt`m usm kc jhgk`khbg DK@ be krajebg g`mibstry.DK@ bs gjhhmf gjustbg pktjs`, nmgjusm kc t`mbr gkrrksbvm prkpmrtbms (ckr mxjiphm ke ahjss kr ke sdbe) jef btsjqumkus skhutbke bs dekwe jspktjs` hym.

>DK@ + 6EK >DEK>+ E>K + @>K

6DK@ + 3EK 6DEK>+ E>+ >@>K

Bt bs usmf ckr t`m jnskrptbke kc ajsms hbdm GK>, WK>, mtg. Bt bs usmf ckr ijdbea skct skjps.

WKFB]I GJ^NKEJVM K^ QJW@BEA WKFJ (Ej>GK

7.:K) ?

\^M\J^JVBKE ?

Ny Wkhvjy jiikebj skfj prkgmss ?Bt bevkhvms ckhhkwbeas stmps.


15/27

"ijebs`duijrp`ysbgs.be" :=

G@MIBWV^R

(j) Wjturjtbkekc nrbem wbt jiikebj jef GK> (Be jiikebj jnskrnmr) ?>E@7+ GK> + @>K (E@6)>GK7GjGh>+ (E@6)> GK> GjGK7 + >E@6Gh 4 IaGh> + (E@6)> GK7 IaGK7 + >E@6Gh

Jiikebjtmf nrbem bs cbhtmrmf tk rmikvm gjhgbui jef ijaemsbui bipurbtbms js t`mbr beskhunhmgjrnkejtms.

(n) Ckrijtbke kc beskhunhm Ej@GK7 (Be gjrnkejtbke tkwmr) ?

E@7

+ GK>

+ @>

K E@6

@GK7

4 E@6

@GK7

+ EjGh G7< Ej@GK7

+ E@6

Gh

^mjgtbke bs mxkt`mribg jef `megm t`mrm bs j gkkhbea jrrjeamimet.

Ej@GK7 bs beskhunhm be gkhf nrbem skhutbke nmgjusm kc t`m gkiike bke mccmgt. Bt bs smpjrjtmf ny

cbhtrjtbke jef t`m cbhtmrmf bs usmf ckr rmgkvmrbea E@7 & GK>

(g) Gjhgbejtbke tk amt skfbui gjrnkejtm ?

> Ej@GK7 G:=< Ej>GK7 + GK> + @>K

(f) ^mgkvmrykc jiikebj jef gjrnkefbkxbfm (Be rmgkvmry tkwmr) ?

E@6@GK7 )stmji(

E@7 + GK>+ @>K 4 >E@6Gh + Gj(K@)> )stmji(

>E@7 + >@>K + GjGh>

GjGh> bs kntjbemf js ny prkfugt.

(m) \rmpjrjtbke kc GK> (Be hbim dbhe) ?

GjGK7 D:71= GjK+GK> 4 GjK + @>K Gj(K@)> (shjdmf hbim)

Hm-Nhjeg prkgmss ? Bt bevkhvms ckhhkwbea stmps

(j) EjGh + @>WK

6(gkeg.)

curejgm

Ej@WK6

(sjht gjdm) + @Gh

(n) Ej@WK6

+ EjGhcurejgm

Ej

>WK

6+ @Gh

(g) Ej>WK

6+ GjGK

7+ 6G

curejgm

js`Nhjgd

7> GjWGKEj + 6GK

Nhjgd js` gketjbes 6=% Ej>GK7bs mxtrjgtmf wbt` wjtmr w`me Ej>GK7fbsskhvms hmjvbea nm`befbeskhunhm js bipurbtbms gjhhmf js jhdjhb shufam kr wjstm.

\^K\M^VBMW ?

Bt bs w btm grystjhhbem skhbf. Bt bs dekwe be smvmrjh `yfrjtmf ckris. V`m gkiike ckri bs fmgj`yfrjtm,Ej>GK7.:K. V bs ckri bs gjhhmf wjs`bea skfj. V`mfmgj yfrjtm ckri ke stjefbea be jbrmcchkrmsgmsjef gruinhms tk pkwfmr. Bt bs t`m ikek`yfrjtm, Ej>GK7.@>K.

Bt bs skhunhm be wjtmr wbt` mvkhutbke kc gkesbfmrjnhm jikuet kc `mjt. V`m skhutbke bs jhdjhbem be ejturmfum tk `yfrkhysbs.Ej>GK7+ >@>K >EjK@ + @>GK7

Ej>GK

7+ E K + E K

> >EjEK

>+ GK

>

Nbgjrnkejtms prmgbpbtjtm ekrijh gjrnkejtms w`bhm gjrnkejtms prmgbpbtjtm njsbg gjrnkejtms crki

skim imtjh sjht skhutbkes.

IaGh>+ Ej@GK7 IaGK7 + >EjGh + GK> + @>K

IaGh> + >Ej>GK7 + @>K IaGK7 . Ia(K@)> + 6EjGh + GK>


16/27


G@MIBWV^R

EjEK7+ @Gh DEK7+ EjGh

\KVJWWB]I GJ^NKEJVM, \KVJW@ K^ \MJ^H JW@ (D>GK

7) ?

\^M\J^JVBKE ?

NyHm-Nhjegprkgmss ?DGh + @

>

WK6

D@WK6

+ @GhD@WK6+ DGh D>WK6+ @GhD>WK6+ GjGK7+ >G D>GK7+ GjW + >GK>

Ny \rmg`ts prkgmss ?

(j) >DGh + 7(IaGK7. 7@>K) + GK> >(Ia GK7. D@GK7. 6@>K) + IaGh>

(n) >(IaGK7. D@GK7. 6@>K) G:6< >Ia GK7 + D>GK7 + 2@>K + G K>

kr

>(IaGK7. D@GK7. 6@>K)+IaK G>< 7(Ia GK7. 7@>K) + D>GK7

Bt bs j w`btm pkwfmr jef fmhbqumsgmet be ejturm. V`m ibxturm kc D>GK7jef Ej>GK7bs usmf js jcusbkeibxturm be hjnkrjtkry.

>@EK7+ D>GK7 >DEK7+ GK> + @>KV`m pktjssbui gjrnkejtm hbdm skfbui gjrnkejtm, gje ekt nm prmpjrmf ny Wkhvjy prkgmss nmgjusm t`mbetmrimfbjtm, D@GK7 ckrimf bs skhunhm be jpprmgbjnhm jikuet be wjtmr.

WKFB]I NBGJ^NKEJVM K^ NJDBEA WKFJ (Ej@GK7) ?

Bt bs kntjbemf js t`m betmrimfbjtm prkfugt be t`m Wkhvjy jiikebj skfj prkgmss. Ekrijh gjrnkejtm gje nmg`jeamf tk nbgjrnkejtm ny pjssbea gjrnke fbkxbfm t`rkua` bts sjturjtmf skhutbke.

Ej>GK7 + GK> + @>K >Ej@GK7 (spjrbeahy skhunhm)

\^K\M^VBMW ?

Bt bs j w`btm grystjhhbem skhbf, spjrbeahy skhunhm be wjtmr. V`m skhutbke bs jhdjhbem be ejturm fum tk yfrkhysbs.

V`m skhutbke bs wmjdhy njsbg jef abvms ymhhkw gkhkur wbt` imt`yh krjeam nut ek gkhkur wbt` p`mekhp`t`jhmbe.Ej@GK7+ @>K EjK@ + @>GK7

Ke `mjtbea, bt hksms gjrnke fbkxbfm jef wjtmr ckribea skfbui gjrnkejtm.>Ej@GK7 Ej>GK7+ @>K + GK>

]WM ?

Bt bs hjramhy usmf ckr ijdbea njdbea pkwfmr. Njdbea pkwfmr gketjbes Ej@GK7, Gj(@>\K6)> jef stjrg`. V`mGj(@>\K6) bs jgbfbg jef w`me wjtmr bs jffmf, bt rmjgts wbt` Ej@GK7, abvbea GK>. V`m stjrg` bs j cbhhmr.Biprkvmf njdbea pkwfmr gketjbes jnkut 6.V`m EjJh(WK6)> shkws t`m rmjgtbke fkwe sk t`m GK> bs abvme kcc ikrm shkwhy.

Mxjiphm-:6 Q`jt `jppmes w`me ;(J) Je`yfrkus pktjssbui ebtrjtm bs `mjtmf wbt` mxgmss kc imtjhhbg pktjssbui.(N) Wkhutbke gketjbebea skfbui gjrnkejtm jef skfbui suhp`bfm bs trmjtmf wbt` suhp`ur fbkxbfm.

Wkhutbke (J) >DEK7+ :< D 3D>K + E>(N) Ej>GK7 + >Ej>W+ 6 WK> 7Ej>W>K7 + GK>

WKFB]I W]H\@JVM (Ej>WK

6.:K) ?

Bt bs jhsk dekwe jsAhjunmrs sjht.

\^M\J^JVBKE ?

Ny `mjtbea EjGh wbt` gkegmetrjtmf. @>WK

6?

>EjGh + @>WK6 Ej>WK6+ >@Gh


17/27


G@MIBWV^R

Ny @jrarmjvms prkgmss ?6EjGh (fry huips) + >WK

>(a) + >@

>K (a) + K

>(a) >Ej

>WK

6+ 6@Gh

\^K\M^VBMW ?

Bt bs j w`btm grystjhhbem skhbf jef mcchkrmsgms rmjfbhy be fry jbr tk ckri je`yfrkus skfbui suhp`jtm.

Bt bs rmfugmf tk skfbui suhp`bfm w`me `mjtmf wbt` gjrnke.Ej

>WK

6+ 6G Ej

>W + 6 GK

Bt ckris skfbui nbsuhp`jtm w`me rmjgtmf wbt gkegmetrjtmf @>WK

6.

Ej>WK

6+ @

>WK

6 >Ej@WK

6

^mjgtbke wbt` imtjh sjhts.NjGh

>+ Ej

>WK

6 NjWK

6 + >EjGh 4 \n(EK

7) + E j

>WK

6\nWK

6 + >EjEK

7

\KVJWWB]I W]H\@JVM (D>WK

6) ?

\^M\J^JVBKE ?

Bt bs prmpjrmf ny t`m rmjgtbke kc pktjssbui g`hkrbfm kr `yfrkxbfm wbt` gkegmetrjtmf. @>WK

6.

>DGh + @>WK

6 D

>WK

6+ >@Gh 4 >DK@ + @

>WK

6 D

>WK

6+ >@

>K 4

D>WK

6. IaWK

6. 3@

>K+>DGh >D

>WK

6+ IaGh

>+ 3@

>K

\^K\M^VBMW ?

Bt bs j w`btm grystjhhbem skhbf jef skhunhm be wjtmr . Bt bs usmf js j cmrtbhbzmr ckr tknjggk jef w`mjt.

Mxjiphm-:= DK>+ GK

>+ @

>K >GKikrm TPY + TRY

\rkfugts TPY jef TRY jrm rmspmgtbvmhy ?(J) D

>GK

7, K

> (N) D@GK

7, K

> (G)DK@,D

>GK

7 (F) D@GK

7, @

>K

Wkhutbke 6 DK>+ 6GK

>+ >@

>K >GKikrm 6D@GK

7+ 7K

>

V`mrmckrm, (N) kptbke bs gkrrmgt.

Mxjiphm-:3 J gkipkuef kc skfbuiw bg` w`me `mjtmf abvms GK> bs ?(J) Ej

>GK

7.:K (N) Ej@GK

7 (G) Ej

>GK

7. 1@

>K (F) Ej

>GK

7. @

>K

Wkhutbke Ej@GK7

bs hmss stjnhm, ke `mjtbea fmgkipksms tk abvm GK>

>Ej@GK7

Ej>GK

7+ GK

>+ @

>K


Mxjiphm-:1 Q`y w btm fmpksbt be ahjss vmssmh gketjbebea EjK@ skhutbke bs ektbgmf jctmr skim tbim;

Wkhutbke WbK>

prmsmet be ahjss rmjgts wbt EjK@ tk abvm beskhunhm sbhbgjtm.

>EjK@ + WbK>

Ej>WbK

7+ @

>K

Mxjiphm-:0 Wkfbui supmr kxbfm gje ekt nm prmpjrmf fbrmgthy crki skfbui, nut crki Ej>K

>. Qrbtm njhjegmf

g`mibgjh mqujtbke.Wkhutbke Wkfbui supmr kxbfm gje ekt nm prmpjrmf fbrmgthy crki skfbui nmgjusm Ej+ bs sijhhmr gjtbke jef K>

bs nbaamr. Ej>K

>+ K

> jti7 EjK

>

GKI\K]EFW KC JHDJHBEM MJ^V@ IMVJHW ?

IJAEMWB]I KPBFM K^ IJAEMWBJ (IaK) ?\^M\J^JVBKE ?

bt gje nm prmpjrmf ny ckhhkwbea rmjgtbke.

>Ia + K> nurebea >IaK 4 Ia(K@)> mjtmf IaK + @>K

>Ia(EK7)> `mjtmf >IaK + 6EK>+ K>4 IaGK7

`mjtmf IaK + GK>


18/27


G@MIBWV^R

\^K\M^VBMW ?

Bt bs shba`thy skhunhm be wjtmr jef ckris ijaemsbui `yfrkxbfm.

IaK + @>K Ia(K@)> Bt bs njsbg be ejturm. Bt rmjgts wbt` jgbfs tk ckri gkrrmspkefbea sjhts.

IaK + >@Gh IaGh>+ @>K

Bt bs rmfugmf ny gjrnke jt vmry `ba` tmipmrjturm.

IaK + G Ia + GK

Ijaemsbui kxbfm w`me ibxmf wbt` j sjturjtmf skhutbke kc ijaemsbui g hkrbfm smts tk j `jrf ijss

hbdm gmimet dekwe js ijaemsbj gmimet krWkrmhs gmimet. V`m gkipksbtbke bs IaGh>.=IaK.x@>K.

IJAEMWB]I @RF^KPBFM TIa(K@)>Y

\^M\J^JVBKE ?

IaK + @>K Ia(K@)> IaGh>+ Gj(K@)> Ia(K@)>+ GjGh>,

IaGh>+ >EjK@ Ia(K@)> + >EjGh

\^K\M^VBMW ?

Bt bs j w`btm pkwfmr. Bt bs spjrbeahy skhunhm be wjtmr. Bt bs njsbg be ejturm jef ckris sjht wbt` jgbfs. Btfmgkipksms ke `mjtbea. Bt rmjfbhy fbsskhvms be jiikebui g`hkrbfm skhutbke jef bs, t`mrmckrm, ekt prmgbpbtjtmfbe arkup BBBrf kc qujhbtjtbvm jejhysbs.

Ia(K@)>+ >E@6Gh IaGh>+ >E@6K@

]WM ?

J suspmesbke kc Ia(K@)>be wjtmr bs usmf be imfbgbem js jejetjgbf uefmr t`m ejim, ibhd kc ijaemsbj.

IJAEMWB]I G@HK^BFM (IaGh>.3@

>K)

Bt kggurs be ejturm js ibemrjh gjrejhhbtm, DGh, IaGh>.3@>K.

\^K\M^VBMW ?

Bt bs j gkhkurhmss grystjhhbem skhbf, `ba`hy fmhbqumsgmet jef `ba`hy skhunhm be wjtmr.


19/27


G@MIBWV^R

Z]BGD HBIM, WHJDMF HBIM JEF HBIM QJVM^.

7Gj(K@)> + >Gh> Gj(KGh)>. Gj(K@)>. GjGh>. >@>K (nhmjg bea pkwfmr).

IJAEMWB]I GJ^NKEJVM (IaGK7)

\^M\J^JVBKE ?

Bt gje nm prmpjrmf ny jffbea skfbui nbgjrnkejtm tk j `kt skhutbke kc ijaemsbui sjht.

IaWK6+ >Ej@GK7 IaGK7+ Ej>WK6+ @>K + GK>

>IaWK6+ >Ej>GK7 + @>K IaGK7. Ia(K@)> + >Ej>WK6 + GK>

Q`me GK>ajs bs pjssmf t`rkua` t`m suspmesbke kc njsbg gjrnkejtm kc ijaemsbui , ijaemsbuinbgjrnkejtm bs ckrimf w bg` ke `mjtbea ckris Ia GK7.

IaGK7. Ia(K@)> + 7GK> + @>K >Ia(@GK7)> 4 Ia(@GK7)> IaGK7 + @>K + G K>

\^K\M^VBMW ?

Bt fbsskhvms rmjfbhy be wjtmr gketjbebea mxgmss kc gjrnke fbkxbfm.

IaGK7+ GK>+ @>K Ia(@GK7)> Bt fbsskhvms be jgbfs ckribea sjhts wbt` mvkhutbke kc GK>.

IaGK7+ >@Gh IaGh>+ @>K + GK>Ke `mjtbea, bt fmgkipksms wbt` mvkhutbke kc GK>.

IaGK7 IaK + GK> Bt ckris fkunhm gjrnkejtms wbt` jhdjhb imtjh gjrnkejtms.

IaGK7+ Ej>GK7 >7> )GK(IaEj (skhunhm)

GJHGB]I GJ^NKEJVM (GjGK7)

\^M\J^JVBKE ?

Bt gje nm kntjbemf ny pjssbea gjrnke fbkxbfm t`rkua` hbim wjtmr kr ny jffbea skfbui gjrnkejtm skhutbke tkGjGh>.

Gj(K@)>+ GK> GjGK7+ @>K 4 GjGh>+ Ej>GK7 GjGK7 + >EjGh

V`m prmgbpbtjtm kc GjGK7 t`us kntjbemf bs dekwe js prmgbpbtjtmf g`jhd.


20/27

"ijebs`duijrp`ysbgs.be" > fum tk ckrijtbke kc gjhgbui nbgjrnkejtm.GjGK7+ @>K + G K> Gj(@GK7)>

]WMW ?

\rmgbpbtjtmf g`jhd bs usmf be tkkt` pjstms jef cjgm pkwfmrs, be imfbgbem ckr befbamstbke, bejf`msbvms jef be gksimtbgs.

G`jhd bs usmf be pjbets jef fbstmipmrs.

IJAEMWB]I W]H\@JVM (IaWK6)

Bt kggurs be ejturm js ibemrjhs dbmssmrbtm (IaWK6.@>K), mpski sjht (IaWK6.1@>K)jef djbebtm(DGh.IaWK6.7@>K).

\^M\J^JVBKE ?

Bt bs prmpjrmf ny rmjgtbea ijaemsbtm (IaGK7) kr fkhkibtm wbt` fbhutm suhp`urbg jgbf.IaGK7+ @>WK6 IaWK6+ @>K + GK>IaGK7.GjGK7(fkhkibtm) + >@>WK6 IaWK6+ GjWK6+ >GK>+ >@>K

\^K\M^VBMW ?

@mjtbea mccmgt ?

Q`me `mjtmf tk :=K G>+ >

:K>.

Ijaemsbui suhp`jtm w`me `mjtmf wbt` hjip nhjgd jt 0 ajsms.

>IaWK6+ G >IaK + >WK>+ GK>

Bt ckris fkunhm sjhts wbt` jhdjhb imtjh suhp`jtms, m.a., D>WK6. IaWK6. 3@>K.

GJHGB]I W]H\@JVM (GjWK6

)

Bt bs ckuef be ejturm js je`yfrbfm (GjWK6) jef aypsui (GjWK6.>@>K)Bt gje nm prmpjrmf ny rmjgtbea jey gjhgbui sjht wbt` mbt`mr suhp`urbg jgbf kr j skhunhm suhp`jtm.

GjGh>+ @>WK6 GjWK6+ >@Gh 4 GjGh>+ Ej>WK6 GjWK6+ >EjGh

\^K\M^VBMW ?

Bt bs j w`btm grystjhhbem skhbf. Bt bs spjrbeahy skhunhm be wjtmr jef skhunbhbty fmgrmjsms jstmipmrjturm begrmjsms.

Bt fbsskhvms be fbhutm jgbfs. Bt jhsk fbsskhvms be jiikebui suhp`jtm fum tk t`m ckrijtbke kc fkunhmsuhp`jtm, (E@6)>WK6.GjWK6.@>K.

Aypsuiw`me `mjtmf cbrst g`jeamf crki ikekghbebg ckri tk krt kr kinbg ckri wbt`kut hkss kc wjtmr.Jt :>GjWK6.@>K)

w`bg` bs gkiikehy dekwe js\hjstmr kc \jrbs. Jt >+ @>K (E@6)>WK6+ GjGK7


21/27

"ijebs`duijrp`ysbgs.be" >:

G@MIBWV^R

Q`me strkeahy `mjtmf wbt` gjrnke, bt ckris gjhgbui suhp`bfm.GjWK6+ 6G GjW + 6GK

]WM ?

Ckr prmpjrbea nhjgdnkjrf g`jhd.

Be je`yfrkus ckri js frybea jamet.

\HJWVM^ KC \J^BW (>GjWK6.@

>K)

(Gjhgbui suhp`jtm `mib`yfrjtm)\^M\J^JVBKE ?

Bt bs kntjbemf w`me aypsui, gjhgbui suhp`jtm fb`yfrjtm (GjWK6.>@>K), bs `mjtmf jt :>TGjWK6.>@>KY >GjWK6.@>K (gjhgbui suhp`jtm mib yfrjtm) + 7@>K

Aypsui \hjstmr kc \jrbs

\^K\M^VBMW ?

\hjstmr kc \jrbs bs j w`btm pkwfmr.

Bt `js t`m prkpmrty kc smttbea tk j `jrf ijss w`me j pjstm wbt` wjtmr bs jhhkwmf tk stjef jsbfm ckrskimtbim. Whba t mxpjesbke kggurs furbea t`m smttbea js wjtmr bs jnskrnmf tk rmckri GjWK6.>@>K (aypsui).V`m smttbea prkgmss bs mxkt`mribg. V`m prkgmss kc smttbea tjdms phjgm be stjams. Be t`m cbrst stjam, t`mrm bs

gkevmrsbke kc \hjstmr kc \jbrs betk krt`kr`kinbg ckri kc aypsui (smttbea stmp) jef be t`m smgkef stjamkrt`kr`kinbg ckri g`jeams betk ikekghbebg ckri (`jrfmebea stmp).

\jrbskc\[email protected]> >6 K@

Wmttbea

>

nbg`kiKrt`krK@>.GjWK >6

@jrfmebea

IkekghbebgK@>.GjWK >6

V`m smttbea kc \hjstmr kc \jrbs ijy nm gjtjhysmf ny skfbui g`hkrbfm w bhm bt bs rmtjrfmf ny nkrjx kr jhui.Jffbtbke kc jhui tk \hjstmr kc \jrbs ijdms t`m smttbea vmry `jrf. V`m ibxturm bs dekwe jsDmmems gmimet.

Mxjiphm-:2 Je mhmimet P mx bnbts kehy t`m +> kxbfjtbke stjtm be bts gkipkuefs. V`m gkipkuefs jrm w btm jef

crmqumethy grystjhhbzm js `yfrjtms. Bts `yfrkxbfm usmf js je jetjgbf bs t`m hmjst skhunhm kem be bts

cjibhyjef gje nm prmgbpbtjtmf crki skhutbkes gketjbebea P>+ nyE@7(a). Bfmetbcy t`m mhmimet jef abvm

t`m njhjegmf mqujtbkes.(j) ckr t`m mccmgt kc `mjt ke bts (`mxj yfrjtm) g`hkrbfm.

(n) ckr t`m prmgbpbtjtbke kc t`m `yfrkxbfm usbea jq. E@7.

Wkhutbke V`m mhmimet bs ijaemsbui js bts `yfrkxbfm dekwe js ibhd kc ijaemsbj bs usmf js je jetjgbf.

IaGh>

. 3@>K(s) IaK(s) + >@Gh(a) + =@>K(a)

Ia>+ (jq.) + >E@7

(jq) + >@>K() Ia(K@)

>(s)+ >E@

6+ (jq)

Mxjiphm->< V`m fbccmrmegm be t`m euinmr kc wjtmr ikhmguhms nmtwmme aypsui jef phjstmr kc pjrbs bs ?(J) 7 (N) :/> (G) 7/> (F) :

Wkhutbke Ckriuhj kc aypsui bs GjWK6 . >@

>K jef t`jt kc phjstmr kc pjrbs bs >GjWK

6. @

>K. @megm t`m

fbccmrmegm be t`m euinmr kc wjtmr ikhmguhms bs 7/>.

V`mrmckrm, (G) kptbke bs gkrrmgt.

Mxjiphm->: Q`jt prkfugt bs ckrimf w`me `yfrjtmf ijaemsbui g`hkrbfm bs mjtmf be prmsmegm kc jiikebuig`hkrbfm ; Qrbtm kehy g`mibgjh rmjgtbke.

Wkhutbke IaGh>. 3@>K + E @6Gh IaGh>. E@6Gh. 3@>K (fkunhm sjht)

Mxjiphm->> Q`bg` ekem-imtjhs abvm fbsprkpkrtbkejtbke rmjgtbke wbt` gkegmetrjtmf skfbui`yfrkxbfm ; Ejim jthmjst t`rmm wbt gkiphmtm njhjegmf g`mibgjh mqujtbkes.

Wkhutbke 3EjK@ + 7Gh> =EjGh + EjGhK7 + 7@>K7EjK@ + \6 7Ej@>\K>+ \@73EjK@ + 6W >Ej>W + Ej>W>K7+ 7@>K

Mxjiphm->7 Q`me GK> bs nunnhmf betk je jqumkus skhutbke kc Ej>GK7, w bg` kc t`m ckhhkwbea bs ckrimf ;

(J) EjK@ (N) Ej@GK7

(G)@>K (F) @GKKEj


22/27

"ijebs`duijrp`ysbgs.be" >>

G@MIBWV^R

Wkhutbke Q`me GK>

bs nunnhmf betk je jqumkus skhutbke kc Ej>GK

7, je beskhunhm Ej@GK

7prmgbpbtjtms kut.

Ej>GK

7+ @

>K + G K

> >Ej@GK7


Mxjiphm->6 Wkfbui imtjh wjs `mjtmf be mxgmss kc jbr jef t`me prkfugt wjs trmjtmf wbt` gkhf fbhutm @>WK6.V`mcbejh prkfugts kntjbemf jrm ?(J) Ej>WK6, WK> jef@>K (N) Ej>WK6 jef @>K>(G) Ej

>

WK6

, K>

jef@>

K (F) Ej>

WK6

jefEjK@

Wkhutbke >Ej + K>

(crki jbr)

Ej>K

>4 Ej

>K

>+ @

>WK

6(gkhf fbhutm) Ej

>WK

6+ @

>K

>.

WKIM KC V@M BI\K^VJEV K^FM^ KC V@M \^K\M^VBMW QBV@ @BEVW/MP\HJEJVBKE ?

:. IaK 8 WrK 8 D>K 8 G s

>K (Njsbg g`jrjgtmr) ?

@bet ? Begrmjsbea mhmgtrkpksbtbvm ejturm kc t`m mhmimet ijdms bts kxbfm ikrm njsbg.

>. Gs+ 8 ^n+ 8 D+ 8 Ej+ 8 Hb+ (Bkebg rjfbb be wjtmr) ?

@bet ? V`m sijhhmr sbzm kc t`m bke, t`m armjtmr mxtmet kc yfrjtbke, sk t`m sbzm kc `yfrjtmf bkes nmgkims hjramr ckr

sijhhmr sbzm bkes.

7. Hb+ 8 Ej+ 8 D+ 8 ^n+ 8 Gs+ (Ikhjr gkefugtbvbty be w jtmr) ?

@bet ? Hb+ bke `mjvbhy `yfrjtmf sk hkwmst iknbhbty w`bhm Gs+ bke hmss `yfrjtmf `js t`m `ba`mst iknbhbty.

6. Hb 8 Ej 8 D 8 ^n 8 Gs (^mjgtbvbty wbt` wjtmr) ?

@bet ? ^mjgtbvbty begrmjsms fkwe t`m arkup, fum tk fmgrmjsm be bkebsjtbke memray.

=. Gs 8 ^n 8 D 8 Ej 8 Hb(^mjgtbvbty wbt` `yfrkame) ?

@bet ? V`m mjsm kc ckrijtbke kc `yfrbfms fmgrmjsms fkwe t`m arkup.

3. Gs 8 ^n 8 D 8 Ej 8 Hb (Imhtbea pkbet) ?

@bet ? Imhtbea pkbet fmgrmjsms fkwe t`m arkup fum tk fmgrmjsm be strmeat` kc imtjhhbg nkef js sbzm kc jtki

begrmjsm.1. HbK@ 8 EjK@ 8 DK@ 8 ^nK@ 8 GsK@ (Njsbg ejturm kc `yfrkxbfms) ?

@bet ? Njsbg ejturm kc `yfrkxbfms begrmjsms fkwe t`m arkup. V`m strmeat` kc j njsm fmpmefs ke bkebsjtbke kc t`m

`yfrkxbfm w bg` be tures fmpmefs ke pkhjrbty kc nkef jef betmreughmjr fbstjegm nmtwmme t`m kxyame kc t`m

`yfrkxbfm jef imtjh jtki.

0. HbK@ 8 EjK@ 8 DK@ 8 ^nK@ 8 GsK@ (V`mrijh stjnbhbty kc yfrkxbfms) ?

@bet ? V`mrijh stjnbhbty kc `yfrkxbfms begrmjsms fkwe t`m arkup. Nbaamr gjtbke bs stjnbhbsmf ny nbaamr jebke jef

vbgm-vmrsj.

2. HbGh 8 HbNr 8 Hb (Gkvjhmet g`jrjgtmr) ?@bet ? Jggkrfbea tk Cjojes ruhm Hb

+

bke pkhjrbzms t`m hjramr jebke ikrm, abvbea hjramr gkvjhmet g`jrjgtmr.:8 IaGh

>8 GjGh

>8 WrGh

>8 NjGh

>(Bkebg g`jrjgtmr) ?

@bet ? Jggkrfbea tk Cjojes ruhm js t`m sbzm kc gjtbke begrmjsms, t`m pkhjrbsbea pkwmr kc gjtbke fmgrmjsms jef t`us

gkvjhmet g`jrjgtmr fmgrmjsms jef bkebg g`jrjgtmr begrmjsms.

::. NjGK78 GjGK

78 IaGK

78 NmGK

7(Wkhunbhbty) ?

@bet ? Ke ikvbea fkwe t`m arkup t`m hjttbgm memray kc gjrnkejtms fk ekt fmgrmjsm ikrm w`bhm t`m fmarmm kc

`yfrjtbke fmgrmjsms ikrm sk skhunbhbty fmgrmjsms fkwe t`m arkup.

:>. Nm(K@)>

8 Ia(K@)>

8 Gj(K@)>

8 Nj(K@)>

(Wkhunbhbty) ?

@bet ? Hjttbgm memray bs fkibejtbea cjgtkr. (rmcmr jhsk @bet kc :>)


23/27

"ijebs`duijrp`ysbgs.be" >7

G@MIBWV^R

:7. Nm(K@)>

8 Ia(K@)>

8 Gj(K@)>

8 Nj(K@)>

(Njsbgbty) ?

@bet ? Njsbgbty kc `yfrkxbfms begrmjsms fkwe t`m arkup. (^mcmr @bet kc 1)

:6. Nj>+ 8 Wr>+ 8 Gj>+ 8 Ia>+ 8 Nm>+ (@yfrjtbke kc bkes) ?

@bet ? V`m mxtmet kc `yfrjtbke kc bke fmgrmjsms wbt begrmjsm be bkebg sbzm.

:=. Nm 8 Ia 8 Gj 8 Wr 8 Nj ( mjgtbvbty wbt wjtmr) ?

@bet ? ^mjgtbvbtywbt` wjtmr begrmjsms fkwe t`m arkup js t`m imtjhhbg g`jrjgtmr b.m. mhmgtrkpksbtbvm g`jrjgtmr begrmjsms

ke jggkuet kc fmgrmjsbea bkebsjtbke memray.

:3. Nm 8 Ia 8 Gj 8 Wr 8 Nj (^mjgtbvbty tkwjrfs jbr) ?

@bet ? ^mjgtbvbty tkwjrfs jbr begrmjsms fkwe t`m arkup.

:1. NjWK68 WrWK

68 GjWK

68 IaWK

68 NmWK

6(Wkhunbhbty) ?

@bet ? Fmgrmjsm be `yfrjtbke memray bs ikrm js gkipjrmf tk hjttbgm memray fkwe t`m arkup.

:0. Gj>8 GjNr

>8 GjGh

>8 GjC

>(Imhtbea pkbet) ?

@bet ? Js t`m sbzm kc jebke begrmjsms, bts pkhjrbsjtbke ny t`m gjtbke begrmjsm, sk gkvjhmet g`jrjgtmr begrmjsms jef

sk, t`m imhtbea pkbet fmgrmjsms.

:2. Gs@ 8 D@ 8 Ej@ 8 Hb@ (Wtjnbhbty kc yfrbfms) ?

@bet ? Wtjnbhbty kc `yfrbfms fmgrmjsms fkwe t`m arkup fum tk fmgrmjsm be t`m nkef fbsskgbjtbke met jhpbms nmgjusm

kc t`m begrmjsm be t`m nkef hmeat s.

>:. HbNr 8 EjNr 8 DNr 8 ^nNr 8 GsNr (Bkebg g`jrjgtmr) ?

@bet ? Jggkrfbea tk Cjojes ruhm, js t`m sbzm kc gjtbke begrmjsms bts pkhjrbsbea pkwmr fmgrmjsms jef t`us gkvjhmet

g`jrjgtmr fmgrmjsms jef bkebg g`jrjgtmr begrmjsms.


24/27


G@MIBWV^R

IBWGMHHJEMK]W WKHSMF \^KNHMIW (IW\s)

:. Abvm t`m gkipjrjtbvm stufbms kc t`m ckhhkwbeas prkpmrtbms wbt` rmspmgt tk t`m Hb jef Ia.

(J) V`mrijh stjnbhbty kc gjrnkejtms. (N) Wbzm kc `yfrjtmf bkes. (G) Ejturm kc kxbfms.

Wkh. (J) Nkt` fmgkipksm mjsbhy ke `mjtbea tk abvm GK>jef imtjh kxbfms jef t`m krfmr kc stjnbhbty bs HbGK

75

IaGK7

js t`mrijh stjnbhbty begrmjsms wbt` begrmjsbea imtjhhbg g`jrjgtmr.

(N) @yfrjtmf Ia>+ bke bs nbaamr t`je t jt kc Hb+ fum tk armjtmr g`jram tk sbzm rjtbk.

(G) Nkt` ckri njsbg kxbfms nut HbK bs shba`thy ikrm njsbg t`je IaK fum tk ikrm mhmgtrkpksbtbvm g`jrjgtmr kcHb nmgjusm kc hkwbkebsjtbke memray.

>. Jrrjeam t`m ckhhkwbea be t`m fmgrmjsbea krfmr kc t`mbr t`mrijh stjnbhbty.

(J) Ebtrjtms kc jhdjhb imtjhs crki Hb tk Gs.

(N) Gjrnkejtms kc jhdjhbem mjrt` imtjhs crki Nm tk Nj.

Wkh. V`mrijh stjnbhbty kc kxy-jgbf sjhts kc jhdjhbem mjrt` imtjhs jef jhdjhb imtjhs begrmjsm wbt` begrmjsbea imtjhhbg

g`jrjgtmr. Wk t m gkrrmgt krfmrs jrm js ckhhkws ?

GsEK75 ^nEK

75 DEK

75 EjEK

75 HbEK

74 NjGK

75 WrGK

75 GjGK

75 IaGK

75 NmGK

7.

7. Mxphjbe t`m ckhhkwbea ?

(j) Q`y s`kuhf je jhdjhb imtjh emvmr nm put betk j nurmttm ;

(n) HbC js t`m hkwmst skhunbhbty kc t`m arkup :st imtjh `jhbfms.(g) NmGh

>be jqumkus skhutbke mxbsts js TNm(@

>K)

6Y>+ rjt`mr t`je Nm>+.

Wkh. (j) Bt abvms j fmpksbt kc j gjrnkejtm wbt` GK>

kc jtiksp`mrm, w bg` gje oji t`m tjp.

(n) HbC `js vmry hjram hjttbgm memray nmgjusm kc t`m sijhh sbzm kc nkt` t`m Hb+ jef C bkes. Vùs bts hjttbgm

memray mxgmmfs t`m `yfrjtbke memray jef sk bs wjtmr beskhunhm.

(g) Nm>+ ke jggkuet kc vjgjet p-krnbtjh jef bt `ba` pkhjrbsbea pkwmr ckri gkiphmx wbt` wjtmr js hbajefs.

NmGh>

+ 6@>K TNm(@

>K)

6Y>+ + >Gh

6. V`m krfmr kc iknbhbtbms kc t`m jhdjhb imtjh bkes be jqumkus skhutbke bs Hb+ 8 Ej+ 8 ^n+ 8 Gs+. Gkiimet ke t`m

knsmrvjtbke.

Wkh. V`m sijhhmr t`m sbzm kc t`m bkes, t`m armjtmr bs t`m mxtmet kc `yfrjtbke. Wk t`m sbzm kc `yfrjtmf bkes nmgkims

hjramr. Vùs nbaamr `yfrjtmf bkes ikvm shkwhy.

=. Q`me ajs (J) bs pjssmf t`rkua` fry DK@ jt hkw tmipmrjturm, j fmmp rmf / krjeam gkhkurmf gkipkuef (N)

jef j ajs (G) jrm kntjbemf. Bfmetbcy (J), (N) jef (G).

Wkh. (b) =K7+ >DK@ >DK7(fmmp rmf / krjeam) + @>K(a)+ =K>(J) \ktjssbui kzkebfm (G)

(N)

Jes. Vùs, J,N jef G jrm K7, DK7, jef K> rmspmgtbvmhy.

3. (J) bs nbejry gkipkuef kc j uebvjhmet imtjh. :.6>> a kc (J) rmjgts gkiphmtmhy wbt` : a kc suhpùr be je

mvjgujtmf jef smjhmf tunm tk abvm :.167 a kc j w`btm grystjhhbem skhbf (N) t`jt ckrimf j `yfrjtmf fkunhm sjht

(G) wbt` Jh>(WK6)7. Bfmetbcy (J), (N) jef (G).Wkh. (b) (N) ckris fkunhm sjht wbt` Jh>(WK6)7jef tùs, ijy nm D>WK6(bb) (J) + W (N) D>WK6 :.167 a D>WK6bs kntjbemf ny :.6>> a J

:16 a D>WK6bs kntjbemf ny 167.::166>>.:

9 :6> a JJ

:16 a D>WK6rmqubrms 7> a W

:.167a D>WK6 rmqubrms :16167.:7>

Vùs, abvme fjtj gkecbris t`jt (N) bs D>WK6

Ekw, >(J) + W D>WK6(J) pktjssbui sjht)


25/27

"ijebs`duijrp`ysbgs.be" >=

G@MIBWV^R

I wt. kc (J) > 9 :6>

I wt. kc (J) 9 1:

Wbegm (J) bs pktjssbui sjht

Ikhmguhjr wmba`t kc hmct gkipkemet 9 1: 72 9 7>

V`us, sjht bc DK>

>DK>+ W D>WK6 .jq76> )WK(Jh D>WK6.Jh> (WK6)7.>6@>K

(J) (N) (G)

Jes. (J) 9 DK>4 N 9 D>WK6 (G) 9 D>WK6. Jh>(WK6)7.>6@>K

1. Mhmimet (J) nures be ebtrkame tk abvm je bkebg gkipkuef N. Gkipkuef N rmjgts wbt` wjtmr tk abvm (G) jef

(F). J skhutbke kc (G) nmgkims ibhdy ke nunnhbeaGK>. V`m g hkrbfm kc mhmimet (J) bipjrts nrbgd rmf gkhkur tk

Nuesme chjim. Bfmetbcy (J) tk (F).

Wkh. 7I + E> I7E>(J) (N)

I7E> + 3@>K 7I(K@)> + >E@7(N) (G) (F)

I(K@)> + GK> IGK7 (ibhdy) + @>KJs t`m gkhkur kc t`m chjim bs nrbgd rmf, imtjh (J) gje nm Gj.

Jes. J 9 Gj , N 9 Gj7E> , G 9 Gj(K@)>, F 9 E@7.

0. V`m grystjhhbem sjhts kc jhdjhbem mjrt` imtjhs gketjbe ikrm wjtmr kc grystjhhbsjtbke t`je t`m gkrrmspkefbea

jhdjhb imtjh sjhts, w`y ;

Jes. Jhdjhbem mjrt` imtjhs `jvm sijhhmr sbzm jef `ba` eughmjr g`jram. Wk t`my jttrjgt ikrm euinmr kc wjtmr

ikhmguhms js gkipjrmf tk t`m jhdjhbem imtjhs. @megm t`my gketjbe ikrm wjtmr kc grystjhhbsjtbke t`je t`m

gkrrmspkefbea jhdjhb imtjh sjhts.

2. V`m begkrrmgt stjtmimet jikea t`m ckhhkwbea bs ?

(J) nmryhhbui `yfrkxbfm bs jip`ktmrbg be ejturm.

(N) skhunbhbty kc suhp`jtms kc smgkef arkup mhmimets fmgrmjsms fkwe t`m arkup.

(G) rmfugbea pkwmr kc `yfrbfm kc jhdjhb imtjh fmgrmjsms fkwe t`m arkup.

(F) nmryhhbui `js fbjakejh rmhjtbkes`bp wbt` jhuibebui.

Wkh. (J) Nmryhhbui `yfrkxbfm bs jip`ktmrbg be ejturm js bt rmjgts wbt` jgbf jef jhdjhb nkt`.

Nm(K@)>

+ >K@ TNm(K@)6Y> (nmryhhjtm bke)

Nm(K@)>

+>@Gh+>@>K TNm(K@

>)

6YGh

>.

(N) V`m skhunbhbty kc t`m jhdjhbem mjrt` imtjh suhp`jtm fmgrmjsms fkwe t`m arkup crki Nm tk Nj. V`bs bs

nmgjusm kc t`m cjgt t`jt fkwe t`m arkup wbt` begrmjsbea sbzm kc gjtbke t`m hjttbgm memray js wmhh js `yfrjtbke

memray jhsk fmgrmjsm nut t`m g`jeam be `yfrjtbke memray bs ikrm js gkipjrm tk t jt kc hjttbgm memray.

(G) Fkwe t`m arkup, t`m nkef fbsskgbjtbke met`jhpbms fmgrmjsm crki Hb@ tk Gs@. Wk rmfugbea pkwmr kc

`yfrbfm kc jhdjhb imtjh begrmjsms fkwe t`m arkup.(F) V`m bkebg rjfbus kc Nm>+ bs mstbijtmf tk nm 7: pi4 t`m g`jram/rjfbus rjtbk bs emjrhyt`m sjimjs t`jt kc t`m

Jh7+ bke. @megm nmryhhbui `js fbjakejh rmhjtbkes`bp wbt` jhuibeui.

Wk kptbke (G) bs begkrrmgt.

:K EjK@ 4 J G6 N G>=jtK@> EjK@ + K

>.

N bs usmf ckr kxyamejtbea be sunijrbem. J jef N jrm ?

(J) Ej>K

>jef Ej

>K (N) Ej

>KjefEj

>K

> (G) Ej

>K

>jefK

> (F) Ej

>Kj e f K

>.

Wkh. Ej>K + @

>K EjK@ 4 Ej

>K G6 Ej>K

> G>=jtK@> EjK@ + K

>.



26/27


G@MIBWV^R

::. Ke `mjtbea skfbui imtjh be j gurrmet kc fry jiikebj, t`m gkipkuef ckrimf bs ?

(J) skfbui jibfm (N) skfbui jzbfm (G) skfbui ebtrbfm (F) skfbui `yfrbfm

Wkh. >Ej + >E@7

>EjE@>

+ @>

V`mrmckrm, (J) kptbke bs gkrrmgt.

:>. Wtjtmimet-: ?Js t`m mhmgtrkpksbtbvm g`jrjgtmr begrmjsms fkwe t`m arkup, t`m stjnbhbty kc gjrnkejtms jef

`yfrkame gjrnkejtms kc jhdjhb imtjhs begrmjsms.

Wtjtmimet-> ? Hbt bui gjrnkejtms bs ekt sk stjnhm tk `mjt ? hbt bui nmbea vmry sijhh be sbzm pkhjrbsms j hjramGK7

> bke hmjfbea tk t`m ckrijtbke kc ikrm stjnhm Hb>KjefGK

>.

(J) Wtjtmimet-: bs Vrum, Wtjtmimet-> bs Vrum4 Wtjtmimet-> bs j gkrrmgt mxphjejtbke ckr Wtjtmimet-:.

(N) Wtjtmimet-: bs Vrum, Wtjtmimet-> bs Vrum4 Wtjtmimet-> bs EKV j gkrrmgt mxphjejtbke ckr Wtjtmimet-:

(G) Wtjtmimet-: bs Vrum, Wtjtmimet-> bs Cjhsm

(F) Wtjtmimet-: bs Cjhsm, Wtjtmimet-> bs Vrum

Wkh. Nbaamr gjtbke stjnbhbsms nbaamr jebkes jef vbgm-vmrsj. V`m gjrnkejtms (I>GK

7) jef be ikst gjsms t`m

`yfrkamegjrnkejtms (I@GK7) jhsk jrm `ba`hy stjnhm tk `mjt. Js t`m mhmgtrkpksbtbvm g`jrjgtmr begrmjsms

fkwe t`m arkup, t`m stjnbhbty kc t`m gjrnkejtm jef `yfrkamegjrnkejtms begrmjsms.


:7. Q`bg` kc t`m ckhhkwbea stjtmimet bs ekt gkrrmgt ;

(J) DK@ bs j strkeamr jhdjhb t`je EjK@.

(N) Ibhd kc ijaemsbj bs jqumkus suspmesbke kc Ia(K@)>.

(G) IaK bs j rmcrjgtkry ijtmrbjh usmf ckr hbebea mhmgtrbgjh curejgms.

(F) Ia(K@)> prmgbpbtjtms ke `mjtbea `yfrjtmf IaGh>.

Wkh. IaGh>.3@>K Ia>KGh>

IaK


:6. Q`bg` bs ekt gkrrmgthy ijtg`mf ;

(:) Njsbg strmeat` kc kxbfms Gs>K8^n

>K8 D

>K 8 E j

>K 8 H b

>K

(>) Wtjnbhbty kc pmrkxbfms Ej>K

>8 D

>K

>8 ^n

>K

>8 Gs

>K

>

(7) Wtjnbhbty kc nbgjrnkejtms Hb@GK7 8 Ej@GK7 8 D@GK7 8 ^n@GK7 8 Gs@GK7(6) Imhtbea pkbet EjC 8 EjGh 8 EjNr 8 EjB

(J) : jef 6 (N) : jef 7 (G) : jef > (F) > jef 7

Wkh. (:) Njsbg strmeat` kc t`m kxbfms begrmjsms be t`m krfmr Hb>K 8 Ej

>K 8 D

>K 8 ^n

>K 8 Gs

>K. V`m begrmjsm be

njsbg strmeat` bs fum tk t`m begrmjsm be imtjhhbg g`jrjgtmr fkwe t`m arkup.

(6) V`m imhtbea jef nkbhbea pkbets kc jhdjhb imtjhs jhwjys ckhhkw t`m trmef ? chukrbfm 5 g`hkrbfm 5 nrkibfm 5

bkfbfm. Js t`m sbzm kc jebkes begrmjsm, t`mbr tmefmegytk amt pkhjrbsmf begrmjsms jef t`mrmckrm, t`mbr gkvjhmet

g`jrjgtmr begrmjsms jef t`us imhtbea pkbets fmgrmjsm. Wk t`m imhtbea pkbets kc t`m `jhbfms begrmjsms be t`m

krfmr EjC 5 EjGh 5 EjNr 5 EjB,


:=. Q`me Ej>K> bs jffmf tk wjtmr, t`m pmrkxbfm bke smrvms js ?(J) je kxbfbsbea jamet (N) je rmfugbea jamet

(G) j nrkestmf jgbf (F) j nrkestmf njsm

Wkh. Q`me Ej>K

>bs jffmf tk wjtmr, t`m pmrkxbfm bke smrvms js j Nrkestmf njsm. V`m rmjgtbke tjdms phjgm js

Ej>K

>+ >@

>K >EjK@ + @

>K

>

K>

> bke jggmpts prktkes be t`bs rmjgtbke megm bt nm`jvms js j Nrkestmf njsm.


:3. EjEK7bs ekt usmf js aue pkwfmr nmgjusm bt bs ?

(J) `yarksgkpbg (N) vmry gksthy (G) jikrp`kus (F) s khunhm be wjtmr

Wkh. EjEK7

bs ekt usmf js aue pkwfmr nmgjusm bt bs `yarksgkpbg be ejturm jef nmgkims wmt ny jnskrnbea wjtmr

ikhmguhms crki t`m jtiksp`mrm.V`mrmckrm, (J) kptbke bs gkrrmgt.


27/27

G@MIBWV^R

:1. Gkesbfmr t`m ckhhkwbea stjtmimets,

W:

? Gkegmetrjtmf skhutbke kc je jhdjhb imtjh be hbqubf jiikebj bs nrkezm gkhkurmf jef fbjijaemtbg.

W>

? Begrmjsbea stjnbhbty kc t`m pmrkxbfm kr supmr kxbfm kc jhdjhbem mjrt` imtjh fkwe t`m arkup, bs fum tk t m

stjnbhbsjtbke kc hjram jebkes ny hjram gjtbkes t`rkua` hjttbgm memray mccmgts.

W7

? Be t`m vjpkur p`jsm NmGh>tmefs tk ckri j g`hkrk - nrbfamf fbimr.

W6

? Nmryhhbui `yfrkxbfm rmjgts wbt` jgbf jef jhdjhb nkt` tk ckri TNm(K@>)

6YGh

>jef TNm(K@)

6Y> rmspmgtbvmhy.

jef jrrjeam be t`m krfmr kc trum/cjhsm.

(J) V V V V (N) C C C C (G) V C V C (F) C V C VWkh. W

:? Smry fbhutm skhutbkes kc t`m imtjhs jrm pjrjijaemtbg, wbt` jpprkxbijtmhy kem uepjbrmf mhmgtrke pmr imtjh

jtki 4 t`bs pjrjijaemtbsi fmgrmjsms jt `ba`mr gkegmetrjtbke. Js t`m gkegmetrjtbke kc imtjh begrmjsms,

imtjh bke ghustmrs jrm ckrimf.Jnkvm 7I gkegmetrjtbke t`m skhutbkes jrm fbjijaemtbg jef, ek hkeamr nhum nut

jrm nrkezm/gkppmr-nrkezm gkhkurmf wbt j imtjhhbg hustmr.

W>

bs gkrrmgt stjtmimet nmgjusm sijhhmr gjtbke stjnbhbsms sijhhmr jebke jef nbaamr gjtbke stjnbhbsms nbaamr

jebke.

W7

Nmryhhbui g`hkrbfm vjpkur gketjbes NmGh>

jef (NmGh>)

>

Gh Nm Gh .

W6

?Nm (K@)>

+ >K@ TNm (K@)6Y> nmryhhjtm bke

Nm (K@)>+ >@Gh + >@

>K TNm (K@

>)

6Y Gh

>


:0. Ijtg` t`m rmjgtbkes abvme be Gkhuie-B wbt` t`m ejturm/g`jrjgtmrbstbg(s) kc t`m prkfugts abvme beGkhuie-BB.

Gkhuie-B Gkhuie-BB

(J) Ej>WK

6+ G + GjGK

7 (p) Kem kc t`m prkfugts `js sp> `ynrbfbsjtbke kc gmetrjh jtki.

(N) EjGh + E@6

@GK7

(q) Kem kc t`m prkfugts `js sp7 `ynrbfbsjtbke kc gmetrjh jtki.

(G) Ej>GK

7+ Gj (K@)

> (r) Kem kc t`m prkfugts bs beskhunhm js prmgbpbtjtm.

(F) DK@ + EK (> ? 6 ny ikhm rjtbk) (s) Kem kc t`m prkfugts bs j emutrjh kxbfm.

Jes. (J p, r, s)4 (Np, q, r) 4 (G p) 4 (F p, q, s)

Wkh. (J) EjWK6

+6G+GjGK7

Ej>GK

7(sp>)+GjW + 6GK (emutrjh kxbfm)

(N) EjGh + E@6@GK

7 Ej@GK

7 (sp>) + E @

6Gh(sp7)

(G) Ej>GK

7+ Gj(K@)

> Gj GK

7 (sp>)+ EjK@

(F) >DK@ + 6EK >DEK>(sp>)+ E

>K (emutrjh kxbfm) + @

>K(sp7)

Bc 6 DK@ + 3EK 6DEK>+ E

>+ >@

>K.

s-block elements theory_e

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