s (dna synthesis) g1g1 g2g2 cytokinesis mitosis i nterphase m itotic phase (m)
TRANSCRIPT
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S(DNA synthesis)G1
G2
Cytokinesis
Mito
sis
INTERPHASE
MITOTICPHASE (M)
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Mitosis progresses through a series of stages
– Prophase
– Prometaphase
– Metaphase
– Anaphase
– Telophase
Cytokinesis often overlaps telophase
8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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A mitotic spindle is required to divide the chromosomes
– Composed of microtubules
– produced by centrosomes, structures in the cytoplasm that
– Organize microtubule arrangement
– Contain a pair of centrioles in animal cells
8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Video: Animal Mitosis
Video: Sea Urchin (time lapse)
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Centrosomes(with centriole pairs) Kinetochore
Early mitoticspindle
Chromatin
INTERPHASE PROMETAPHASEPROPHASE
Centrosome Fragmentsof nuclearenvelope
Plasmamembrane
Chromosome, consistingof two sister chromatids
Nuclearenvelope
Spindlemicrotubules
Nucleolus
Centromere
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Centrosomes(with centriole pairs) Kinetochore
Early mitoticspindle
Chromatin
INTERPHASE PROMETAPHASEPROPHASE
Centrosome Fragmentsof nuclearenvelope
Plasmamembrane
Chromosome, consistingof two sister chromatids
Nuclearenvelope
Spindlemicrotubules
Nucleolus
Centromere
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INTERPHASE
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PROPHASE
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PROMETAPHASE
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Interphase
– In the cytoplasm
– Cytoplasmic contents double
– Two centrosomes form
– In the nucleus
– Chromosomes duplicate during the S phase
– Nucleoli are visible
8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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– Applying Your KnowledgeHuman cells have 46 chromosomes. By the end of interphase
– How many chromosomes are present in one cell?
– How many chromatids are present in one cell?
8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Prophase
– Cytoplasm:
– Microtubules form spindle
– Nucleus:
– Chromosomes compact
– Nucleoli disappear
8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Prometaphase
– Spindle microtubules reach chromosomes, where they
– Attach at kinetochores on the centromeres of sister chromatids
– Move chromosomes to the center of the cell through associated protein “motors”
– Other microtubules meet those from the opposite poles
– The nuclear envelope disappears
8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Metaphaseplate
Nucleolusforming
METAPHASE TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESISANAPHASE
Cleavagefurrow
Daughterchromosomes
NuclearenvelopeformingSpindle
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Metaphaseplate
Nucleolusforming
METAPHASE TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESISANAPHASE
Cleavagefurrow
Daughterchromosomes
NuclearenvelopeformingSpindle
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METAPHASE
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ANAPHASE
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TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS
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Metaphase
– Spindle is fully formed
– Chromosomes align at the cell equator
– Kinetochores of sister chromatids are facing the opposite poles of the spindle
– Applying Your KnowledgeBy the end of metaphase
– How many chromosomes are present in one human cell?
– How many chromatids are present in one human cell?
8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Anaphase – Sister chromatids separate at the centromeres
– Daughter chromosomes are moved to opposite poles of the cell
– The cell elongates due to lengthening of nonkinetochore microtubules
– Applying Your KnowledgeBy the end of anaphase
– How many chromosomes are present in one human cell?
– How many chromatids are present in one human cell?
8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Telophase– The cell continues to elongate– The nuclear envelope forms around
chromosomes at each pole, establishing daughter nuclei
– Chromatin uncoils – Nucleoli reappear– The spindle disappears– Applying Your Knowledge
By the end of telophase – How many chromosomes are present in one nucleus
within the human cell?
– Are the nuclei identical or different?
8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Cytokinesis
– Cytoplasm is divided into separate cells
– Applying Your KnowledgeBy the end of cytokinesis
– How many chromosomes are present in one human cell?
– How many chromatids are present in one human cell?
8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Cytokinesis– Cleavage in animal cells
– A cleavage furrow forms from a contracting ring of microfilaments, interacting with myosin
– The cleavage furrow deepens to separate the contents into two cells
– Cytokinesis in plant cells– A cell plate forms in the middle from vesicles
containing cell wall material
– The cell plate grows outward to reach the edges, dividing the contents into two cells
– Each cell has a plasma membrane and cell wall
8.7 Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal cells
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Animation: Cytokinesis
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Cleavagefurrow
Contracting ring ofmicrofilaments
Daughter cells
Cleavage furrow
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Cleavagefurrow
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Contracting ring ofmicrofilaments
Daughter cells
Cleavage furrow
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Cell plate Daughter cells
Cell wall
Vesicles containingcell wall material
Daughter nucleus
Cell plateforming
Wall ofparent cell
New cell wall
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Daughter nucleus
Cell plateforming
Wall ofparent cell
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Cell plate Daughter cells
Cell wall
Vesicles containingcell wall material
New cell wall