BELL QUIZ: PAGES 848-850

1) IN 1985 WHO WAS ELECTED AS THE NEW LEADER OF THE SOVIET UNION (GENERAL SECRETARY OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY)?

2) WHY WERE ECONOMIC REFORMS INITIATED IN THE SOVIET UNION?

3) NAME TWO REFORMS OF MIKHAIL GORBACHEV’S “PERESTROIKA.”

4) WHAT YEAR WAS THE BERLIN WALL TORN DOWN?

5) WHO BECAME THE ELECTED PRESIDENT OF RUSSIA IN 1991 AND WHAT YEAR WAS THE COLD WAR OFFICIALLY OVER?

BELL QUIZ ANSWERS

1) MIKHAIL GORBACHEV

2) THE SOVIET UNION’S ECONOMY WAS STRUGGLING AND COULDN’T KEEP UP WITH THE U.S. IN MILITARY SPENDING. BETTER RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE U.S. WOULD ALLOW THE SOVIETS TO REDUCE THEIR MILITARY SPENDING.

3) PRIVATE ENTERPRISE, DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT, LESS GOVERNMENT CONTROL OF THE ECONOMY.

4) 1989

5) BORIS YELSTIN; THE COLD WAR OFFICIALLY ENDED IN 1992.

JOHN FOSTER DULLES:• SECRETARY OF

STATE DULLES BELIEVED THE COLD WAR WAS A MORAL CRUSADE AGAINST COMMUNISM.

• BELIEVED THAT THE U.S. COULD PREVENT THE SPREAD OF COMMUNISM BY PROMISING TO USE ALL OF ITS FORCE, INCLUDING NUKES, TO CONTAIN IT.

BRINKMANSHIP

• DEFINITION: WILLING TO GO TO THE EDGE OF AN “ALL OUT” NUCLEAR WAR TO STOP THE SPREAD OF COMMUNISM.

• THE U.S. CUT BACK ON ITS ARMY AND NAVY AND EXPANDED ITS AIR FORCE (TO DELIVER THE BOMBS) AND NUCLEAR WEAPONS.

• THE SOVIET UNION COPIED THE U.S.

• THE CIA IS CREATED TO SPY ON THE SOVIET UNION ,BY GATHERING INFORMATION ON SOVIET NUKES, AND CARRYING OUT SECRET OPERATIONS TO OVERTHROW COMMUNIST GOVERNMENTS.

JFK AND FLEXIBLE RESPONSE

• JFK IS ELECTED PRESIDENT OF THE U.S. IN 1960.

• FLEXIBLE RESPONSE=JFK’S NEW MILITARY POLICY.

A) INCREASED SPENDING ON NONNUCLEAR FORCES SUCH AS TROOPS, SHIPS, AND ARTILLERY.

B) CREATED THE SPECIAL FORCES BRANCH OF THE GREEN BERETS.

C) TRIPLED THE NUMBER OF NUCLEAR BOMBS IN THE U.S. ARSENAL.

WHY FLEXIBLE RESPONSE

• JFK DID NOT LIKE THE IDEA OF USING BRINKMANSHIP (USING THE THREAT OF MASSIVE NUCLEAR RETALIATION) TO DISCOURAGE SOVIET AGGRESSION.

• THE MILITARY CHANGES ALLOWED THE U.S. TO FIGHT A CONVENTIONAL TYPE OF WAR IF NEEDED AND MAINTAIN A BALANCE OF NUCLEAR POWER WITH THE SOVIET UNION.

HOT LINE• SHOWDOWNS BETWEEN

KENNEDY AND KHRUSHCHEV HAD ALMOST RESULTED IN SEVERAL NUCLEAR WARS SO THE TWO DECIDED THEY NEED TO BE ABLE TO COMMUNICATE DIRECTLY AND IMMEDIATELY WITH EACH OTHER.

• THE WHITE HOUSE AND THE KREMLIN INSTALLED A DIRECT PHONE LINE IN 1963 FOR THE TWO LEADERS TO TALK INSTANTANEOUSLY IN TIMES OF A CRISIS.

LIMITED TEST BAN TREATY

• ALSO IN 1963 THE SOVIET UNION AND THE U.S AGREED TO BAN NUCLEAR TESTING IN THE ATMOSPHERE.

• THE LIMITED TEST BAN TREATY WAS A BIG FIRST STEP TO CREATING FUTURE TREATIES OF DISARMAMENT.

PEACE CORPS

• AN ORGANIZATION OF VOLUNTEERS CREATED BY PRESIDENT KENNEDY TO DEVELOP NATIONS IN ASIA, AFRICA, AND LATIN AMERICA.

• BY 1968 THERE WERE MORE THAN 35,000 VOLUNTEERS IN 60 COUNTRIES HELPING IN VARIOUS WAYS.

• WHY? IF WE HELP DEVELOP AND MODERNIZE THEN MAYBE THEIR GOVERNMENT WILL NOT TURN TO COMMUNISM…LIKE CUBA.

• TODAY THERE ARE 200,000+ VOLUNTEERS IN 139 COUNTRIES.

ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS

• ANOTHER FOREIGN AID PROGRAM TO OFFER ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TO LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES.

• U.S. INVESTED $12 BILLION BETWEEN 1961-1969.

• WHY? DEVELOP AND REFORM LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES AND KEEP THEM FROM TURNING TO COMMUNISM.

REALPOLITIK

• REALPOLITIK=“POLITICAL REALISM”

THE U.S. BEGAN USING THE IDEA IN TERMS OF HOW WE DEAL WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES.

EVALUATE A NATIONS POWER, NOT ITS PHILOSOPHY OR BELIEFS. IF A COUNTRY WAS WEAK THEN IT WAS MORE PRACTICAL TO IGNORE THAT COUNTRY, EVEN IF IT WAS COMMUNIST.

DETENTE

• DÉTENTE: AN ENDING OF UNFRIENDLY OR HOSTILE RELATIONS BETWEEN COUNTRIES.

• HOW? 1) USE FLEXIBLE APPROACHES AT EASING COLD WAR TENSIONS INSTEAD OF USING BRINKMANSHIP. 2) COMMUNICATION. 3) COMPROMISE.

SALT I TREATY

• IN 1972 PRESIDENT NIXON TRAVELS TO CHINA AND MOSCOW, THE FIRST U.S. PRESIDENT TO VISIT THE SOVIET CAPITAL.

• NIXON’S TRIP PLANTS A SEED OF COOPERATION AND TOLERANCE BETWEEN ALL 3 COUNTRIES.

• NIXON AND THE SOVIETS SIGN THE SALT I TREATY=5 YEAR AGREEMENT LIMITING THE NUMBER OF ICBM’S AND SUBMARINE MISSILES.

INF TREATY, 1987• THE 1987 INTERMEDIATE-RANGE NUCLEAR

FORCES (INF) TREATY REQUIRED THE UNITED STATES AND THE SOVIET UNION TO ELIMINATE ALL OF THEIR NUCLEAR AND CONVENTIONAL GROUND-LAUNCHED BALLISTIC AND CRUISE MISSILES WITH RANGES OF 500 TO 5,500 KILOMETERS.

• THE TREATY MARKED THE FIRST TIME THE SUPERPOWERS HAD AGREED TO REDUCE THEIR NUCLEAR ARSENALS, ELIMINATE AN ENTIRE CATEGORY OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS, AND UTILIZE ON-SITE INSPECTIONS FOR VERIFICATION.

• AS A RESULT OF THE INF TREATY, THE UNITED STATES AND THE SOVIET UNION DESTROYED A TOTAL OF 2,692 SHORT-, MEDIUM-, AND INTERMEDIATE-RANGE MISSILES BY THE TREATY'S IMPLEMENTATION DEADLINE OF JUNE 1, 1991.

START II PACT

• SIGNED IN MARCH 2003

• AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE U.S. AND RUSSIA THAT LIMITS THE NUMBER OF NUCLEAR WARHEADS FOR EACH COUNTRY’S ARSENAL TO 1,700-2,200.

TWEETS: WRITE A TWEET FOR EACH OF THE FOLLOWING COLD WAR EVENTS. EACH TWEET MUST BE LESS THAN

140 CHARACTERS AND INCLUDE A “CATCHY” HASH TAG. HAVE FUN WITH THIS.

1) H-BOMB (PAGE 623) 6) DÉTENTE (PAGE 799)

2) WARSAW PACT (PAGE 624) 7) SALT 1 TREATY (PAGE 801)

3) BRINKMANSHIP (PAGE 623) 8) GLASNOST AND PERESTROIKA (PAGE 849)

4) U-2 SPY PLANE INCIDENT (PAGE 627) 9) FALL OF BERLIN WALL (PAGE 850)

5) HOT LINE (PAGE 678) 10) COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT

STATES (PAGE 849)