Renaissance Period,

16th to 19th Century

Renaissance

A word borrowed from FRENCH LANGUAGEmeaning “REBIRTH” Applied to 15th century which is one of the highest moment of civilizationECONOMIC PROGRESS in late Medieval PeriodA result in the growth of cities; increased in trade and commerce

Results of Renaissance

• revival of classical learning in the study of the ancient Greek and Roman texts• series of maritime expeditions in which man circumnavigated the world for the first time• the discovery of more trade routes• development of trade and commerce changed the structure of the society

Renaissance’s Ideal of Man

well rounded manKnowledgeable in number of fields• Philosophy•Science•Art (Painting and Music)

Applies his knowledge to productive and creative activityGreat men in this period were versatile.

Painting and Sculpture Portable easel paintings became popularArtists are strongly influenced by scienceMore naturalistic portrayal of man

Revived studies of the nude and the male athleteMichelangelo’s Dawn, Evening, and Night, Moses

New concept of spaceAs geometric or linear perspective in painting and sculpture

Michaelangelo’s

Dawn, Evening, and Night, Moses

Early Renaissance(First Half of 15th Century)

Painters were Massaccio and Piero della Francesca

Massaccio with volume, anatomical studies, and chiaroscuro effects

Peiro della Francesca developed the science of perspective and stressed simple forms and geometric structure

chiaroscuro, literally "light-dark", a technique which was used to great effect to create dramatic contrasts.

High Renaissance (Second Half of 15th Century)

ᴥ Evolution of LANDSCAPEᴥIn portraits, human face became even more expressive with SFUMATOᴥFLORENCE continued to be a center of art together with ROME and VENICEᴥ Aristocratic residences or palazzos were constructed

ᴥ Michelozzi; one of the outstanding Italian architects of palazzos.

ᴥDuring the period, objective, mathematical standards of measurement and proportion were observed.

Sfumato refers to the subtle gradation of tone which was used to obscure sharp edges and create a synergy between lights and shadows in a painting

Renaissance’s Paintings

16th Century

In 1527- Rome, was sacked and brought to ruin by the Spanish and German armies of Emperor Charles V.

Decay of Classicism in the visual arts took the form of Mannerism which expressed:

Insecurity Anxieties Escapist

Mannerism

• In the subject– Painting is

often obscure and ambigous

• Of space– the

foreground, middle ground and background of the painting may seem to be unrelated

• Of line– Which outlines are

elongated and the forms contorted and twisted.

• Of gesture– Which the hands may

call attention to themselves by their unusual, exaggerated or dramatic gesture

• Of the fantastic and the bizarre– e.g Allegory of Winter

Various Forms of Mannerism

Of value may employ strong contrast of light and dark which the subject not necessarily require

Madonna of the Long Neck

IN SUBJECT

OF SPACE

St. Martin and the Beggar

Of value

El Greco’s View of Toledo

Of line

The Last Judgement

Of gesture

Vision of Saint Jerome

Of the Fantastic and the Bizarre

Allegory of Winter

Additional Information

In PAINTING, SCULPTURE, and ARCHITECTURE characterized w/:Sense of instability and ambiguity

OUTSTANDING ARCHITECTS OF THE PERIOD :Giulio Romano

ΩPalazzo del Te at MantuaVignola

ΩJesuit church of Il Gesu in Rome Andrea Palladio

ΩRotonda (Villa Capra) at Vicenza

17th and 18th CenturyoBaroque ArtoPaintingoSculptureoArchitectureoMusic

BAROQUE ART

REFORMATIONthe great religious

upheaval that shook the whole Europe after the period of Renaissance.

Religious Leaders

Martin Luther, John Calvin, and John Knox

Demanded religious reforms to put a stop to the abuses of the clergy such as selling indulgencies and religious titles.

During this period

Additional InformationChristendom was

split into many factions.

From 1545 to 1563 – the Council of Trent was convened to set Church policies on various subjects including art.

Features of Baroque artPAINTING

Characterized by movement, energy and restlessness.

It gave way to the turbulent expression.

The composition of most baroque paintings is along diagonal line or may follow zigzags.

*CHIAROSCURO very important feature of Baroque

*An effect of contrasted light and shadow created by light falling unevenly or from a particular direction on something.

Left: Crucifixion

Right: Descent from the Cross

Baroque Art in Painting has the following elements:

o Value oJoseph and Child Jesus

oTextureo Woman with Water Jug

oSpaceo Bathsheba or Night Watch

Let’s take a look!

VALUE is an important elementin Baroque Art, for it creates atmosphere and emotional effects,as light becomes symbolic of the interior life.

Texture

Another

decisive

element of

Baroque Art.

Baroque Art ‘s PRIMARY AIM is to reach the emotions by seducing the senses.(Texture)

(Bathsheba) A unique treatment of SPACE. Transparent darkness, hinting at figures or objects dimly seenDarkness at the opening into a deeper space

Sculpture & Architecture restless, dynamic style with its

diagonals and floating curved linesStriking chiaroscuroSensuous textural effects

Marked by a sculptural, highly ornamented façade

E.g Church of San Carlo alle Quatro Fontane

by Arch. Francesco Borromini

Music₰ refers to rich polyphonic music composed about the period between 1600 and 1750₰ Period of VOCAL FORMS

₰ORATORIO₰CANTATA₰Instrumental forms such as FUGUE

₰G.F Handel and Johann Sebastian Bach are great composers of baroque music

Rococo ArtRococo is a French word

ROCAILLE meaning shell or conch which is the

predominant motif of rococo art

an aristocratic artIts subject composed of gentlemen and ladies of leisureSense of intimacy

The stolen kiss

Late 18th Century and the 19th Century

Neo- Classism started around the mid 1700’s it was more than just a revival of the antiquities it also represented the political events and seriousness of the time It was the period following the Rococo

French Academy was foundedVeneration of antiquity and formal disciplineArts served to glorify a single monarch

During this period

The French monarchs became

more and more

decadent and the French

Revolution in 1789 dealt a severe blow

to the monarchy.

The Revolution

was betrayed by Napoleon

ROMANTICISM

after French RevolutionStressed the individual freedom of the artist and his subjective reaction to the world around himArt was transformed by the emotions and personal sensibility of the artist* Important aspect of ROMANTISISM: Interest in Social Issues

Romanticism has its passive subject:

HEART and EMOTIONS took precedence over reasonThis give rise to emotional instability, feelings of melancholy or despair, fatalism, and desolation

Artists during this period :Freed from Church and State patronageArtists sought escapism which has variety of formsEscape into spaceInterest in magic, the occult, or the fantastic

Lose himself in natureTake refuge in bohemianism or in dandyism

Cultivate a taste for the mad, the horrible, nothingness and death * In his works

Escape in space

Interest in magic, occult and fantastic

First to paint outdoors under natural lighting conditionsConstableTurnerCorot

Romantic composers are freed from the restraints

of classical form

• emotion triumphs over intellect and the beauty of the melodic line holds sway over considerations of structure.

Realism

Realism

2nd half of 19th centuryRise of industrial capitalism, growth of the working classThe gods and goddesses of classical mythology as a subject was replacedTheir subjects are the working people

Realist Artists

Francois Millet oknown for his paintings of peasants in the fieldoExude a solemn and religious atmosphere, not without a certain didacticism

Gustave CourbetoEarned the scorn of criticsoHis paintings expose the vanity and pettiness of the working people or his subjects

Honore Daumiero he had sumpathy for the poor and the oppressed (as found in his workso he has a gift of capturing the essential spirit of human relationshipsoHis paintings were distinguished by his expressive and masterful lines, as well as his skillful use of chiaroscuro.

Peasants in the Fields By Francois Millet

Stone Breaker by Gustave Courbet

The Third Class Carriage by Honore Daumier

Art Nauveau

ART NOUVEAUDue to reaction of Industrialization and machine, new style (art nouveau emerge)The style was characterized by sinuous, indulating line transforming itself continually into tendrils, stems, leaves, veins, and petalsFurther metamorphosing into woman’s hair, waves or strange animal forms

Englishman William Morris• stressed the importance of

communal effort in art and expressed a nostalgia for the pre- industrial society with its guilds• was the first voice raised against

mass production which he foresaw would lower artistic quality• he was with **Pre- Raphaelites- they

propagated the art nouveauoDante Gabriel RossettioBurne JonesoMaddox Brown**Pre- Raphaelites- people who drew inspiration from art before

Raphael and the high Renaissance

Symbolism

Aestheticism during the period creates the theory:

“art for art’s sake”This theory place the importance of FORM or the FORMAL AESTHETIC elements over meaning or content

Later, Poetry took the direction of SYMBOLISMIt expresses the idea of **SYNESTHESIA

*Synesthesia- various senses intermingled and fused with one another

“Symbolism in art was a new version of the universe in which one saw a living spirit in all things animate or inanimate and as in *Platonism”

*the view that there exist such things as abstract objects

Poetry in Symbolism was wedded with

music

Poet Mallarme’s “To name an object is to

take away three- fourths of the

pleasure.”

Atmosphere of the aura of the object is the essence of

symbolism.

Tanks por lisining!