s1 m1 introduction to networking

8/7/2019 S1 M1 Introduction to Networking

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Introduction toIntroduction to

NetworkingNetworking

Semester 1 Module 1

Module Objectives:

Understand the physical connection that has to take place for a computer to

connect to the Internet.

Recognize the components that comprise the computer.

Install and troubleshoot network interface cards and/or modems. Use basic testing procedures to test the Internet connection.

Demonstrate a basic understanding of the use of web browsers and plug-ins.


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Internet Connection Requirements

Internet is the largest data network on earth

Consists of many large and small networks that are

interconnected Individual computers are the sources anddestinations of information through the Internet

Connection to the Internet can be broken down into three parts:

Physical connection device such as NIC

Logical connection protocols such as TCP/IP

Applications software that interprets and display data


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Computer Basics

Electronic Components

Transistor, Integrated circuit (IC), Resistor, Capacitor,

Connector, and Light emitting diode (LED)

PC Subsystems

Printed circuit board, CD-ROM drive, Central processing unit(CPU), Floppy drive, Hard drive, Microprocessor,

Motherboard, Bus, Random-access memory (RAM), Read-

only memory (ROM), System unit, Expansion slot, Power

supply,

Backplane componentsNetwork interface card (NIC), Video card, Audio card, Parallel

port, Serial port, Mouse port, Power cord


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Network Interface Card

A NIC, or LAN adapter, provides network

communication capabilities to and from a PC

These considerations are important

in the selection of a NIC:

Protocols Ethernet, Token Ring, or

FDDI

Types of media Twisted-pair, coaxial,

wireless, or fiber-optic Type of system bus PCI or ISA


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NICs & Modems

A NIC provides a network interface for each host Situations that require NIC installation include the following:

Installation of a NIC on a PC that does not already have one

Replacement of a malfunctioning or damaged NIC

Upgrade from a 10-Mbps NIC to a 10/100/1000-Mbps NIC

Change to a different type of NIC, such as wireless

Installation of a secondary, or backup, NIC for network security

reasons

A modem, or modulator-demodulator,

has two main functions:

provides the computer with connectivity to

a telephone line

converts data from a digital signal to an analog

signal that is compatible with a standard phone line


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Internet Connections for Consumers

Requires use of a Modem

Dial-up slow

Always on High Speed Connections

DSL Verizon

Cable Comcast


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TCP/IP

TCP/IP is a set of protocols or

rules that have been developed

to allow computers to share

resources across a network

The operating system tools must

be used to configure TCP/IP on

a workstation


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Testing Connectivity with Ping

Ping is a basic program that verifies a particular IP address exists

and can accept requests.

Ping stands for Packet Internet or Inter-Network Groper.

How can ping be used?

ping 127.0.0.1-

loopback test. It verifies the operation of theTCP/IP stack and NIC transmit/receive function.

ping host computer IP address - verifies the TCP/IP

address configuration for the local host and connectivity to

the host.

ping default-gateway IP address - verifies whether therouter that connects the local network to other networks can

be reached.

ping remote destination IP address - verifies connectivity

to a remote host.


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Web Browsers and Plug-ins

A Web browser is software that interprets HTML, which is one of

the languages used to code Web page content.

Two of the most popular Web browsers are Internet Explorer (IE)

and Netscape Communicator

Plug-ins are applications that workwith the browser to launch the programs

required to view special files:

Flash Plays multimedia files created by Macromedia Flash

Quicktime Plays video files created by Apple

Real Player Plays audio files


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Troubleshooting Connectivity

1. Define the Problem

2. Gather the Facts

3. Consider the Possibility

4. Create an Action Plan

5. Implement the Plan

6. Observe the Results

7. Document the Results

8. Introduce Problems and Troubleshoot


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Binary Presentation

Computers work with and store data using electronic switches

(binary or bits (b)) that are either ON (1b or +5v) or OFF (0b or 0v).

The 1s and 0s are used to represent the two possible states of an

electronic component in a computer.

Keyboarding uses ASCII

Transfer uses raw bits


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Base 10 numbering system

Decimal - 10 possible (0,1,2,3.9)

104=10,000 103=1,000 102=100 101=10 100=1


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Base 2 numbering system

Binary - 2 possible (0&1)

27=128 26=64 25=32 24=16 23=8 22=4 21=2 20=1


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Converting Decimal to 8-bit Binary

27

=128 26

=64 25

=32 24

=16 23

=8 22

=4 21

=2 20

=11 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

247


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Converting Binary to Decimal

1*27=128 0*26=64 1*25=32 1*24=16 1*23=8 0*22=4 1*21=2 0*20=1

128 0 32 16 8 0 2 0 186

10111010


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IP Addresses

Currently, addresses assigned to computers on the Internet are

32-bit binary numbers.

To make it easier to work with these addresses, the 32-bit binary

number is broken into a series of decimal numbers.


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Hexadecimal

Hexadecimal 16 possibilities(0,1,2,3,.9,A,B,C,D,E,F)

In hex. Binary octects are represented

with just 2 digits.

161=2 160=1


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Number Systems Comparison Chart


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BooleanLogic


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IP Addresses and Network Masks

Performing a Boolean AND of the IP

address 10.34.23.134 and the subnet

mask 255.255.0.0 produces the networkaddress of this host:

00001010.00100010.00010111.10000110

11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000

00001010.00100010.00000000.00000000

10.34.0.0


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Labs

1.2.5 Lab Exercise: Decimal to Binary Conversion - In this lab, the

student will learn and practice to convert decimal values to binary

values.

1.2.6 Lab Exercise: Binary to Decimal Conversion - In this lab, the

student will learn and practice the process of converting binary valuesto decimal values.

1.2.8 Lab Exercise: Hexadecimal Conversions - In this lab, the

student will learn the process to convert hexadecimal values to

decimal and binary values.

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