s2 biology madras college. when you exercise, your heart beats faster and you breathe quicker and...
TRANSCRIPT
S2 Biology
Madras College
• When you exercise, your heart beats faster and you breathe quicker and more deeply.
• This provides your muscles with more oxygen and sugar from your blood.
• The Oxygen and Sugar are needed by your muscle cells for RESPIRATION.
• The main jobs of the blood are:
– Transport Oxygen and Food to your body cells.
– Removal of Carbon Dioxide and Waste Chemicals from your cells.
– Protection from Disease.
Plasma – Liquid part of blood. Contains cells and dissolved substances.
Red Blood Cell – Contain Haemoglobin and carry Oxygen.
Platelets – Help blood to clot.
White Blood Cell – Helps destroy infecting germs.
There are 4 Blood Groups A,B,AB and O.
People from different parts of the world may have different blood groups to us.
Global distribution of Blood Groups
• The heart is made of muscle and pumps blood around your body.
• There are 2 chambers on each side of the heart (4 in total).
Oxygenated Blood
Deoxygenated Blood
Body cellsLungsRight Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Aorta
Vena Cava
Pulmonary Vein
Pulmonary Artery
Oxygen enters cells.
Carbon Dioxide enters blood.
Carbon Dioxide enters lungs.
Oxygen enters blood
Semi-Lunar Valves
Atrioventricular Valve
Right Atrium Left
Atrium
Right Ventricle Left
Ventricle
AortaPulmonary Artery
Vena Cava Pulmonary Vein
Cardiac Muscle – Left Ventricle more muscular. Pumps blood to whole body.
Right Atrium Left
Atrium
Right Ventricle Left
Ventricle
Oxygenated blood
Deoxygenated Blood
Atria fill with blood from Veins.
Atria contract and pump blood down into Ventricles
Ventricles contract and pump blood into Arteries
• You can listen to your heart beat with a stethoscope.
• There are 3 types of blood vessel.• These are Arteries, Veins and Capillaries.
Thick muscular wall.
Carry blood AWAY from heart.
Blood under HIGH PRESSURE.
Thin walls.
Carry blood TO the heart.
Blood under LOW PRESSURE.
Have VALVES.
Walls ONE CELL thick.
Substances exchanged between BLOOD and CELLS.
Deliver blood to ALL BODY CELLS.
The Coronary Arteries deliver blood to your heart muscle.
They can sometimes become blocked by fatty substances (eg. Cholesterol).
The blockage is sometimes called a Plaque.
They can cause heart attacks.
A healthy diet and regular exercise can reduce the risk of these plaques appearing.
Causes of heart attacks are written inside the heart.
Good advice is written outside.
Remember:
Carpals
Sternum
Clavicle
Jawbone
Backbone
Rib
Humerus
Ulna
RadiusPelvis
Tarsals
Femur
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Fibula
Tibia
Knee cap
Skull
MetatarsalsPhalanges
The human Skeleton does 3 main jobs:
1. Provides support .
2. Provides a place for muscles to attach and so allows movement.
3. Protects vital inner organs.
Joints allow our bodies to move.
They are found where bones meet.
There are several types of joint in the body.
The two we learn about are:
1. HINGE JOINT.
2. BALL AND SOCKET JOINT.
• Hinge joints (eg. Finger, knee, elbow) only move in 1 direction
• These joints (eg. Hip, Shoulder joint) can move in many directions
Bone
Bone
Cartilage – allows smooth movement of bones and acts as a shock absorber.
Synovial Membrane – produces synovial fluid.
Ligament – holds the joint together.
Synovial Fluid – lubricates the synovial joint.
• Your muscles are attached to your bones by TENDONS.
• Your muscles provide the force to move your bones at the joints.
• This allows your body to move.
• Muscles can only..• CONTRACT – Become shorter.• RELAX – Become longer.
CONTRACTRELAX
Muscles work in pairs. Eg. BICEPS and TRICEPS in the upper arm.
When one contracts, the other relaxes.
Muscles which work this way are ANTAGONISTIC.B
ICE
PS
TR
ICE
PS
Biceps contract.
Triceps relax.
Arm raised. TR
ICE
PS
BIC
EP
S
Biceps relax.
Triceps contract.
Arm lowered.
LOAD EFFORT
PIVOT
• Muscles and Bones work like LEVERS.
1 Kg
BIC
EP
S
TENDONS join MUSCLE to BONE.
LIGAMENTS join BONE to BONE.
BO
NE
BO
NE
LIGAMENTS
BONE
TENDONS MU
SC
LE