11

أهال بك

صباح Kalimer الخير

a

kalosorisate

22

OPWP Renewable Energy Training Program11-14 December 2016 - Muscat, Oman

White : peace and prosperity, Red: recalls battles against foreign invaders Green: symbolizes the Jebel Akhdar, and fertility

Dr. Dimitrios V. Kanellopoulos

Wind Energy

3

• Wind turbine(wind generator, wind energy converter) technology today and future trends onshore & offshore, turbine certification,

• Wind resource evaluation (instruments-measurements-modeling), meteorological parameters,

• Atmospheric boundary layer, wind speed profiles, analysis of measurements, wind atlases onshore & offshore,

• Selection methodology of most suitable locations, site surveys,• Environmental constrains of wind farms (wind parks or wind

clusters),• Energy yield (measurements-modeling-state of the art tools).

Wake losses, CFD codes,• Social acceptability, aesthetics, noise calculations, good

examples from large wind farms in the world,CASE STUDY• A full example of technical and economic evaluation of a

big wind farm.Hands on Exercises• Design wind farms in areas of complex terrain

OPWP Renewable Energy Training Program11-14 December 2016 - Muscat, Oman

Wind Energy curriculum

44

Welcome to the world ofwind energy

The Technology

Dr. D. V. KanellopoulosOPWP Renewable Energy

Training Program11-14 December 2016

Muscat, Oman

55

Wind Systems- a short history

Wt development from the 1st century till today

1 AD

9 AD

12 AD

13 AD

19 AD

1922

1927

1931

1941

66

Persian vertical axis

wind mill

77

Wind Systems- Vertical axis wts

Rotor height, 100m

base height, 10 m

Rotor diameter, 64m

Cap-Chat, Quebec, 4 MW

Skyros Greece, 140 kW

Wind Systems- Vertical axis wts

Rotor height

Ancient horizontal axis wind mills

1111

Wind Systems- Dimensions

1515

Pitch control and stall control wts

1616

Wind Systems- getting taller!

2014

1717

Wind Systems- Today’s giants

Vestas V164, 8 MW

Enercon E126, 7.5 MW

Repower 6M, 126m, 6.2MW

Areva M5000, 113m, 5 MW

1818

Wind Systems- power curve

Variable pitch wt

Normally give for air density, ρ=1.23 kg/m3

1919

Wind Systems- power curve

Variable pitch machines

2020

Wind Systems- power curveStall controlled Rated output

speedCut out speed

Cut in speed

Rated output power

2121

DTU Wind Energy test station for large wind turbines at Høvsøre, situated on the West coast of Jutland, Denmark

Company  Wt MW D(m)  Hub(m)

 TipHeight(m)

Vestas V90-2,0MW

 2,0  90  84  129

Siemens  SWT 4,0/130

4,0 130 95 160

Nordex N100-3,3 3,3   100  75  125

Siemens SWT 3,0-113

 3,0  113  99,5  156

2222

Blade testing

2323

Dynamometer at the 5-MW Dynamometer Test Facility at NREL's National Wind Technology Center (NWTC).

2424

Measured power curves

Average output

2525

Measured power curves, atmospheric dependence

P/Pn

2626

Measured power curves

2727

Wind turbine certificationThe International IEC 61400-22 Standard, (IEC WT01)The IEC 61400 standard issued first in 2001 by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a set of design requirements and considerations aiming to ensure the engineering integrity of wind turbines. Its purpose is to provide an appropriate level of protection against damage from all hazards during the planned lifetime.The IEC 61400 series is concerned with all subsystems of wind turbines such as control and protection mechanisms, internal electrical systems, mechanical systems and support structures covering the following topics:

• Design requirements• Design requirements for small wind turbines• Acoustic noise measurement techniques• Wind turbine power performance testing• Measurement of mechanical loads• Declaration of apparent sound power level and tonality values• Measurement and assessment of power quality characteristics of grid

connected wind turbines• Full-scale structural testing of rotor blades• Lightning protection

The IEC 61400 standard applies to wind turbines of all sizes. For small wind turbines IEC 61400-2 may be applied. The standard is used together with other appropriate IEC and ISO standards.

2828

Wind turbine certificationWind Turbine Certification According to National Standards and Guidelines

In some countries, in addition to the international standard IEC 61400, special national guidelines and standards need to be considered for wind turbine certification. Danish, Dutch.

Type Certification According to DIBt

In Germany there is an official type certification of towers and foundations according to the Center of Competence in Civil Engineering (Deutsches Institut für Bautechnik, DIBt). This certification is only to be carried out by a Notified Body, to ensure accordance with national regulations.

2929

Wind turbine certification

1: Evaluation Report2: Conformity or Compliance Statement3: Type Certificate

1 32

3030

Date issue

d

Date valid

Wind turbine certification list

3131

Wind turbine certification , www.measnet.com

Measuring Network of Wind Energy Institutes

The goal: To work out rules and requirements which will guarantee that high quality measurements are carried out by them. The necessary creation of the network rules and the establishment of commonly agreed measurement methods were subsidised by the European Commission in two jointly performed projects. For the first time institutes being in commercial competition agreed to work together for the benefit of their clients with the objective to perform measurements of equal quality which are sufficient for the mutual comparison and acceptance that is necessary for the industry in an open World wide market.

EN 45001, IEC, IEA

3232

Wind turbine certification

DOCUMENTSThe following documents are available :MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES:• Cup Anemometer Calibration Procedure – Version 2, October 2009 (PDF format 98 kbytes)• Power Performance Measurement Procedure – Version 5 , December 2009 (PDF format 977 kbytes)• Acoustic Noise Measurement Procedure (PDF format 29 kbytes)• Power Quality Measurement Procedure (PDF format 1300 kbytes)• Evaluation of Site specific Wind conditions (PDF format 440 kbytes) BECOMING A MEMBER OF MEASNET :• Applicant Assessment Procedure -version 2 / september 2008 (PDF format 90 kbytes) MEASNET STATEMENTS:• Calculation of specific site AEP september 2014 (PDF format 295 kbytes)• Shortcoming of AEP calculation as defined in IEC 61400-12-1 september 2014 (PDF format 172 kbytes)• New statement about anemometer calibration october 2012 (PDF format 100 kbytes)• Statement about anemometer calibration September 2009 (PDF format 58 kbytes)

3333

Wind turbine certification

Airflow

3434

Without proper certification and testing disaster struck!

3535

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=581Nw7-FcoY&list=UUJHNBjI4tvfwYH2MTWJirlg&index=3&feature=plcp

Wind turbine certification

3636

Wind turbine

3737

A horizontal axis wind turbine

3838

a HAWT with 2 shafts

3939

WTS with an without a gear box

4040

Direct Drive wt

4141

4242

AdvantagesIncreased efficiency: The power is not wasted in frictionReduced noise: Being a simpler device, a direct-drive mechanism has fewer parts which could vibrate, and the overall noise emission of the system is usually lower.Longer lifetime: Having fewer moving parts also means having fewer parts prone to failure. Failures in other systems are usually produced by aging of the component, or stress.High torque at low rpm.

Faster and precise positioning. High torque and low inertia allows faster positioning times on permanent magnet synchronous servo drives. Feedback sensor directly on rotary part allows precise angular position sensing.Drive stiffness. Mechanical backlash, hysteresis and elasticity is removed avoiding use of gearbox or ball screw mechanisms.

DisadvantagesThe main disadvantage of the system is that it needs a special motor. Usually motors are built to achieve maximum torque at high rotational speeds, usually 1500 or 3000 rpm.

The slow motor also needs to be physically larger than its faster counterpart.

Also, direct-drive mechanisms need a more precise control mechanism. High speed motors with speed reduction have relatively high inertia, which helps smooth the output motion. Most motors exhibit positional torque ripple known as cogging torque. In high speed motors, this effect is usually negligible, as the frequency at which it occurs is too high to significantly affect system performance; direct drive units will suffer more from this phenomenon, unless additional inertia is added or the system uses feedback to actively counter the effect.

Direct drive wt (NO gear box)

Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) Classes (IEC 61400-1)Wind turbines are designed for specific conditions. During the construction and design phase assumptions are made about the wind climate that the wind turbines will be exposed to. Turbine wind class is just one of the factors needing consideration during the complex process of planning a wind power plant. Wind classes determine which turbine is suitable for the normal wind conditions of a particular site.

Turbine classes are determined by three parameters:• the average wind speed, Vave, or U(ave)• extreme 50-year gust, Vg(50y)• and turbulence, I or TI (Turbulence Intensity)Turbulence intensity quantifies how much the wind varies typically within 10 minutes. Because the fatigue loads of a number of major components in a wind turbine are mainly caused by turbulence, the knowledge of how turbulent a site is of crucial importance.

Normally the wind speed increases with increasing height. In flat terrain the wind speed increases logarithmically with height. In complex terrain the wind profile is not a simple increase and additionally a separation of the flow might occur, leading to heavily increased turbulence.

Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) Classes (IEC 61400-1)

Iref is often given at U=15 m/s

Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) Classes (IEC 61400-1)

Vmax Vmax

H(hub)

Vmax( 10 min ave.)< or = to Vref

H(equator)