sacramento valley olive day

Sacramento Sacramento Valley Olive Day Valley Olive Day Olive Oil Production 4-16-07

Paul VossenPaul VossenUniversity of University of

[email protected]@ucdavis.edu

mailto:[email protected]

How important is Olive Oil?How important is Olive Oil?

6 million acres in Spain6 million acres in Spain

WORLD OLIVE ACREAGEWORLD OLIVE ACREAGE• Spain ~ 6 million 25%

• Tunisia ~ 3.8 million 16%

• Italy ~ 3.5 million 15%

• Greece 2.5 million 11%

• Portugal 1.3 million 6%

• Turkey 1.2 million 5%

• Morocco 1.1 million 5%

• Syria 1.0 million 5%

• Argentina ~ 245,000 1%

• Australia ~ 100,000 0.4%

• Chile ~ 10,000 0.04%

• USA ~ 28,000 table 0.12%

~ 10,000 oil 0.04%

World ~ 24 millionWorld ~ 24 million(1 million acres planted in the (1 million acres planted in the

last 10 years in Europe, last 10 years in Europe, North Africa, and new North Africa, and new

world)world)SHD in 1994 = 15 acres SHD in 1994 = 15 acres -- 2006 = 90,0002006 = 90,000

Evolution of World Olive Oil Production Evolution of World Olive Oil Production and Consumption + USA Consumption and Consumption + USA Consumption

(1,000 metric tons)(1,000 metric tons)

PRODUCTIONPRODUCTIONWORLDWORLD

• 1990/91 – 1,450• 1995/96 – 1,740• 1996/97 – 2,600• 2003/04 – 3,170• 2004/05 – 3,000• 2005/06 – 2,580

+ 90%+ 90%

CONSUMPTIONCONSUMPTIONWORLDWORLD USAUSA

• 1990/91 – 1,670 88.8• 1995/96 – 1,890 101.0• 1996/97 – 2,240 130.5• 2003/04 – 2,890 216.5• 2004/05 – 2,890 217.0• 2005/06 – 2,770 219.0

+ 65%+ 65% +146%+146%

Mercacei # 50 Feb-April 2007

World Olive Oil ProductionWorld Olive Oil Production

Olive oil represents ~3% of all fats and oils consumed Olive oil represents ~3% of all fats and oils consumed

Olive Oil Consumption 2006Olive Oil Consumption 2006World PER CAPITA (liters)

1. Greece 23.9 13. France 1.62. Italy 14.4 14. Libya 1.63. Spain 13.9 15. Australia 1.64. Cyprus 10.3 16. Algeria 1.45. Portugal 6.0 17. Lebanon 1.36. Syria 5.1 18. Belgium 1.27. Tunisia 5.0 19. Croatia 1.18. Palestine 3.5 20. UK 1.19. Jordan 3.1 21. Netherlands 0.810.Israel 2.6 22. Canada 0.811.Morocco 1.8 23. Turkey 0.712.Luxemborg 1.7 24. USA 0.7

By Country

• Italy 30%• Spain 20%• Greece 9%• USA 8%• France 4%• Syria 3%• Other 26%

Olive Oil Sales in US MarketsOlive Oil Sales in US Markets1994 to 1995 + 12%

1995 to 1996 + 27%

1996 to 1997 + 31%

1997 to 1998 + 18%

1999 to 2000 + 10%

2000 to 2001 + 1%

1991 to 2003 + 100%

Olive Oil Profitability Olive Oil Profitability Potential in CaliforniaPotential in CaliforniaPositives

• Big USA Market• Competitive cost with

mechanical harvest• Excellent CA Quality• Low Import Quality• Early Productivity• EU Subsidy decline

NegativesNegatives• Cheap imports• Marketing Quality to

US Consumers• Unknowns of SHD

System

TO MEET CURRENT USA TO MEET CURRENT USA DEMAND for OLIVE OILDEMAND for OLIVE OIL

We would have to grow 300,000 + acres of oil olives

@ 5 tons per acre yield@ 40 gallons of oil per ton

= 757 liters per acre

How much might demand increase?

Central ValleyCentral Valley•Lower land cost

•Abundant cheap water

•Lower cost labor

•Hotter – drier

•Higher yield

Coastal CaliforniaCoastal California•High cost land

•Limited expensive water

•High cost labor & housing

•Cooler – more moist

•Lower yields

•High quality perception

CAL OIL OLIVE Growers and CAL OIL OLIVE Growers and ACREAGE 2004ACREAGE 2004

• North Coast 268 growers 1,535 acres• Central Coast 59 growers 376 acres• S. Coast & S. Cal. 17 growers 70 acres• Sacramento Valley 94 growers 3,216 acres*• San Joaquin Valley 39 growers 707 acres*• Sierra Foothills 51 growers 264 acres

TOTALTOTAL 528 growers528 growers 6,168 acres6,168 acres(2005 and 2006) + (2005 and 2006) + 4,000 acres4,000 acres

~ 10,200 acres~ 10,200 acres

Varieties and Acres Varieties and Acres –– Last 8 YearsLast 8 Years

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

5,000

NU

MB

ER O

F A

CR

ES

Arbequina Arbosana Koroneiki Frantoio Leccino Mission Pendolino Manzanillo Taggiasca Coratina

VARIETY

Top Ten Varieties Planted In California (1999 - 2006)Equivalent Acreage

~ 1,100

~ 800 ~ 640 ~ 550 ~ 280 ~ 240 ~ 50 ~ 40

~ 4,600

~ 1,700

CA/US Olive Oil Production in GallonsCA/US Olive Oil Production in Gallons1996 – 1997 123,000 1997 – 1998 200,000 + 62%1998 – 1999 236,000 + 18%1999 – 2000 247,550 + 5%

2001 – 2002 246,491 + 78%2002 – 2003 265,300 + 8%2003 – 2004 306,065 + 15%

2005 – 2006 ~ 400,000 + 4%

2000 – 2001 138,446 – 44%

2004 – 2005 383,050 + 25%

SuperSuper--HighHigh--Density Density

Key components of SHD systemKey components of SHD system• Harvesters – available at reasonable cost• Site – well drained and not too fertile (N – S)• Varieties – precocious – less alternate – etc.• Tree spacing – 4ft x 12ft to 5ft x 13ft• Push young trees – fill space in 3-5 years• Train trees – central leader, little pruning• Prune trees – remove 3+ year old wood• Fertility – low after 3rd year• Controlled deficit irrigation – after 4th year• Control disease – no peacock spot

Planting small Planting small trees with trees with

lightweight lightweight stake stake

SHD Tree SpacingSHD Tree Spacing – 2 months2 months

September to SeptemberSeptember to September

ArbequinaArbequina

ArbosanaArbosana

KoroneikiKoroneiki

OverOver--thethe--row harvestrow harvest

Beater Beater bars bars

inside the inside the olive olive

harvesterharvester

Straddle Harvester EfficiencyStraddle Harvester Efficiency

Ave. 95% Removed

• Arbequina ~ 99%• FS-17 ~ 96%• Arbosana ~ 95%• Koroneiki ~ 93%

Joan Tous 2006Joan Tous 2006Joan Tous 2006

0 10 20 30 40 50

Broken branches / 100 olive treesBroken branches / 100 olive trees

c

bc

ab

a

c

bc

ab

a

Arbequina i·18

Arbosana

FS-17

Koroneiki

Arbequina i·18

Arbosana

FS-17

Koroneiki


Broken branches(4th – 5th years)BrokenBroken branchesbranches(4th (4th –– 5th years)5th years)

Bruising and oxidation = rapid milling

Average Yield 3Average Yield 3rdrd to 6to 6thth years years Tons/acre (Spain)Tons/acre (Spain)

Catalonia• Arbequina = 3.9• Arbosana = 3.3• Joanenca = 3.0• Koroneiki = 2.8• FS-17 = 1.7

Córdoba• Arbequina = 6.9• Arbosana = 5.9• Koroneiki = 4.9• FS-17 = 1.9


Yield Precocity (3rd year)Italy

0.6 to 1.6 tons per acre0.6 0.6 toto 1.6 1.6 tonstons perper acreacre

Bari (Godini et al., 2006)Bari (Godini et al., 2006)

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000

Arbequina

Arbosana

FS-17 (4th year)

Arbequina

Arbosana

FS-17 (4th year)

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.00 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000

1 to 3.4 tons per acre1 1 toto 3.4 3.4 tonstons perper acreacre

Arbequina i·18

Arbosana

Koroneiki

FS-17

Arbequina i·18

Arbosana

Koroneiki

FS-17

0 1 2 3 4

Yield Precocity (3rd year)Northern Spain

Catalonia (Tous et al., 2006)Catalonia (Tous et al., 2006)

0 1 2 3 4

Yield Precocity (3rd year)Southern Spain

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000

Arbequina i·18

Arbosana

Koroneiki

FS-17

Arbequina i·18

Arbosana

Koroneiki

FS-17

0 2 4 6 8 10

Córdoba (León et al., 2006)Córdoba (León et al., 2006)

1.8 to 9.4 tons per acre1.8 1.8 toto 9.4 9.4 tonstons perper acreacre

0 2 4 6 8 10

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

1 2 3 4 5 6

Orchard age (years)Orchard age (years)

Maximum observedMaximum observed

Minimum observedMinimum observed

Mean observedMean observed

Super-high-density OrchardYield (Tons/acre) (Spain)

SuperSuper--highhigh--densitydensity OrchardOrchardYieldYield ((Tons/acre) (Spain)

12.5

10.0

7.5

5.0

2.5

0

12.5

10.0

7.5

5.0

2.5

0


SuperSuper--highhigh--density mature density mature orchard PROBLEMSorchard PROBLEMS

•• Low light inside the canopyLow light inside the canopy (< 10-20% full sunlight)

– Decrease flower bud initiation– Decrease fruit set– Decrease fruit size and oil content

•• Poor ventilation inside the canopyPoor ventilation inside the canopy– Foliar diseases

•• Lower fruit oil contentLower fruit oil content– Can drop 2-4%

•• Oil QualityOil Quality– Don’t know yet for sure

Top canopy

Top Top canopy canopy

Mid canopy

Mid Mid canopy canopy

Lower canopy Lower Lower canopy canopy

Light interception effect on Light interception effect on fruit size and maturityfruit size and maturity


SOLUTIONS to SHD orchards SOLUTIONS to SHD orchards PROBLEMSPROBLEMS

•• DonDon’’t plant on vigorous sitest plant on vigorous sites•• Plant the right varietiesPlant the right varieties•• Space the trees properlySpace the trees properly•• Learn how to prune (maintain mini leader)Learn how to prune (maintain mini leader)•• Deficit irrigate at orchard maturityDeficit irrigate at orchard maturity•• Keep trees small and open with good light Keep trees small and open with good light

exposureexposure

Before PruningBefore Pruning

After PruningAfter Pruning

ToppingTopping Periodically Periodically according to according to

vigorvigor

Removes a narrow top

Hand PruningHand Pruning••Maintain central leader Maintain central leader

••Remove branches that Remove branches that have fruited 2 yearshave fruited 2 years

••Renew fruiting wood Renew fruiting wood back to the leaderback to the leader

••22--4 cuts per tree + skirt4 cuts per tree + skirt

Thinning out to increase lightThinning out to increase light

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2 Mayo 29 Mayo 26-Jun 22-julio 1-Sep 15-Oct

Bra

nch

Leng

th (

cm)

White Blue Green + white Red Orange Green Yellow

All Repetitions

VEGETATIVE GROWTH DUE TO IRRIGATIONVEGETATIVE GROWTH DUE TO IRRIGATION

May 2 May 29 June 26 July 22 Sept. 1 Oct. 15

Red Red –– 15%15%Orange 25%Yellow 40%Yellow 40%Brown 57%Brown 57%Green 71%Green 71%White 87%White 87%Blue 107%Blue 107%

fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff

15% ET

41% ET

107% ET

87% ET

June 25, 2002FRUIT SIZEFRUIT SIZE

15% ET 40% ET 71% ET 107% ET

First and second harvesty = -1E-07x 2 + 0.0005x + 0.125

R2 = 0.8705

y = -9E-08x 2 + 0.0004x + 0.2957R2 = 0.7051

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Irrigation water applied (L/tree)

OIL EXTRACTION PER TREEOIL EXTRACTION PER TREE

Optimum 40Optimum 40--70%70%

POLYPHENOLS CONTENT OF OLIVE OILS POLYPHENOLS CONTENT OF OLIVE OILS RECEIVING DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF RECEIVING DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF

IRRIGATIONIRRIGATION.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

15 25 40 57 71 87 107

ETc (%)

Poly

phen

ols

cont

ent

(mg/

L ca

ffeic

)

MEANS OF FRUITINESS, MEANS OF FRUITINESS, BITTERNESS, AND PUNGENCYBITTERNESS, AND PUNGENCY

TreatmentTreatment FruitinessFruitiness BitternessBitterness PungencyPungency

15% ETc 3.63.6 aa 6.06.0 aa 4.94.9 aa

25% ETc 3.23.2 aa 4.24.2 bb 3.93.9 bb

40% ETc 2.72.7 bb 1.71.7 cc 1.91.9 cc

57% ETc 2.62.6 bb 0.930.93 dd 1.11.1 dd

71% ETc 2.12.1 cc 0.300.30 dd 0.300.30 ee

87% ETc 1.81.8 cc 0.220.22 dd 0.220.22 ee

107% ETc 1.71.7 cc 0.200.20 dd 0.200.20 ee

BEST IRRIGATION LEVEL BEST IRRIGATION LEVEL FOR PRODUCTION 50FOR PRODUCTION 50--70%70%

• Higher crop yield– Makes up for less oil per fruit

• Good shoot growth• Good return bloom

BEST IRRIGATION LEVEL BEST IRRIGATION LEVEL FOR FLAVOR 35FOR FLAVOR 35--55%55%

• High level of pleasant fruitiness• Both ripe fruit and green character • More complexity and depth• Artichoke, apple, grass, and nuts• Balanced bitterness• Balanced pungency• More water = bland oils•• Greatest influence on very dry treatmentGreatest influence on very dry treatment

SOLUTIONS to SHD orchards SOLUTIONS to SHD orchards PROBLEMSPROBLEMS

•• DonDon’’t plant on vigorous sitest plant on vigorous sites•• Plant the right varietiesPlant the right varieties•• Space the trees properlySpace the trees properly•• Learn how to prune (maintain mini leader)Learn how to prune (maintain mini leader)•• Deficit irrigate at orchard maturityDeficit irrigate at orchard maturity• Consider high density instead

– 18ft. to 24ft. between rows– 9ft to 12 ft. between trees– Trunk shaker harvest


Southern Spain Southern Spain –– Andalusia modernAndalusia modern

Comparison of Harvest Types Comparison of Harvest Types (Spain)(Spain)

Shaker Shaker –– umbrellaumbrella• 2-3 acres/day• $120 to $180/ton

StraddleStraddle• 7-10 acres/day• $48 to $84/ton


Pruning Costs (Spain)Pruning Costs (Spain)HighHigh--density (Shaker)density (Shaker)

• 8-10 hours/acreSuperSuper--highhigh--densitydensity

• 15-20 hours/acre

121 trees/acre121 trees/acre121 trees/acre 809 trees/acre809 trees/acre809 trees/acre


Establishment costs Establishment costs (Spain)(Spain)HighHigh--density (Shaker)density (Shaker)

• $2,134/acre• Break even – 7th yr.

SuperSuper--highhigh--densitydensity• $ 5,075/acre• Break even – 11th yr

121 trees/acre121 trees/acre121 trees/acre

809 trees/acre809 trees/acre809 trees/acreJoan Tous 2006Joan Tous 2006Joan Tous 2006

Spain Spain -- mature orchard oil yield/acremature orchard oil yield/acreHighHigh--density density

• 156 to 412 gal./acreSuperSuper--highhigh--densitydensity

• 172 to 257 gal./acre

121 trees/acre24ft. X 15ft.

121 trees/acre121 trees/acre24ft. X 15ft.24ft. X 15ft.

809 trees/acre11.5ft. X 5ft.

809 trees/acre809 trees/acre11.5ft. X 5ft. 11.5ft. X 5ft.

Pastor, Hidlgo, Vega, Fereres 2007Pastor, Pastor, HidlgoHidlgo, Vega, , Vega, FereresFereres 20072007

Oil Styles by Variety Oil Styles by Variety Mild

• Arbequina• Ascolana• Empeltre• Kalamon• Leccino• Pendolino• Maurino• Picudo• Sevillano• Taggiasca

Medium• Aglandau• Barnea• Bosana• Bouteillan• Farga• Hojiblanca• Manzanillo

Strong• Arbosana• Chemlali• Coratina• Cornicabra• Frantoio• Koroneiki• Mission• Moraiolo• Picual• Picholine

Australia and ArgentinaAustralia and Argentina

Can harvest trees 15 ft. tall and 12 ft. wideCan harvest trees 15 ft. tall and 12 ft. wideCan harvest trees 15 ft. tall and 12 ft. wide

Comparison of HD and SHDComparison of HD and SHDHigh-Density

• Little experience in CA• 30 years of good orchards• Shaker harvest works $850/a• Harvest cost + $600• Colossus may be possible• Establishment cost OK• Management is easier• Pruning cost is lower $100/ac• Early yield is slow• Mature tree yield is better 7 t/a• 400 gallons per acre• $10,000/a at $25/gallon• + $3,750/a gross advantage•• -- $500/acre higher mgmt. cost$500/acre higher mgmt. cost• + $3,250/acre overall advantage• Fruit @ $10/gallon = $4,000 gross• + $1,000 advantage•• Will this work in California?Will this work in California?

SuperSuper--HighHigh--Density Density •• Little experience in worldLittle experience in world•• 10 years of good orchards10 years of good orchards•• Straddle harvest is better $250/aStraddle harvest is better $250/a•• Harvest cost Harvest cost -- $600$600•• Grape harvesters availableGrape harvesters available•• Establishment cost is HighEstablishment cost is High•• Management is difficultManagement is difficult•• Pruning cost is higher $200/acPruning cost is higher $200/ac•• Early yield is very goodEarly yield is very good•• Mature yield is OK 5 t/aMature yield is OK 5 t/a•• 250 gallons per acre250 gallons per acre•• $6,250/a at $25/gallon$6,250/a at $25/gallon•• -- $3,750/a gross disadvantage$3,750/a gross disadvantage•• + $500/acre lower mgmt. cost+ $500/acre lower mgmt. cost•• -- $3,250/acre disadvantage$3,250/acre disadvantage•• Fruit @ $10/gallon = $2500 grossFruit @ $10/gallon = $2500 gross•• -- $1,000 disadvantage$1,000 disadvantage•• What happens with great mgmt?What happens with great mgmt?

Consider Oil Before Removing a Consider Oil Before Removing a Table Olive OrchardTable Olive Orchard

• Oil quality can be Excellent from Manzanillo, Mission, Ascolano, Sevillano, and Baruni

• Price per ton for oil ($300 to $600)• Lower water need (~ 45% of ETo)• Lower harvest cost (trunk shaker onto

nets or catch frame ~ $120/ton)• Lower pruning costs (periodic

mechanical topping)

OnOn--farm mill ~ $100,000farm mill ~ $100,000(0.5 to 1 ton/hour)(0.5 to 1 ton/hour)

Central Valley Olive OilCentral Valley Olive Oil

Paul VossenUniversity of California University of California

Cooperative ExtensionCooperative Extension133 Aviation Blvd.

Santa Rosa, CA 95403(707) 565-2621

[email protected]

http://cesonoma.ucdavis.edu

mailto:[email protected]

Tunisia 3 years oldTunisia 3 years oldAndalusia 4 years oldAndalusia 4 years old

Catalonia-Tarragona 4 years oldCatalonia-Tarragona 4 years old Catalonia-Lleida 4 years oldCatalonia-Lleida 4 years old

Varieties for superVarieties for super--highhigh--density orchardsdensity orchards

• Breeding programs in Spain• Very few comparison trials• Cultivars with low vigor:

– Arbequina, Arbosana, Koroneiki, FS-17, Ascal, Joanenca, Cantera, Chiquitita …….

–– ChiquititaChiquitita –– very low vigor, 30% very low vigor, 30% oil content, mild flavor, cold oil content, mild flavor, cold hardy, very precocioushardy, very precocious

10 year old hedgerow10 year old hedgerow

Remove every other rowRemove every other row

RejuvenationRejuvenationpruningpruning

Severe Pruning Severe Pruning and Shearingand Shearing

SUPERSUPER--HIGHHIGH--DENSITY DENSITY SYSTEM YIELDSYSTEM YIELD

• Year 2 – 0.5 tons/acre • Year 3 – 1.9 tons/acre• Year 4 – 2.5 tons/acre • Year 5 & up – 3.5 to 6 tons/acre

(One orchard produced 12.5 tons per acre

sacramento valley olive day

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