safe design and communication 091012
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
1/56
Safe Design and Communication
RIBA CDM October 2009
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
2/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Stakeholder Groups consulted
Helping clients get bettervalue from theconstruction industry andtheir procurement
Consultation with variousstakeholder groupsincluding:-
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
3/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
HSE
Strategy 2008/9 Be part of the solution
Judith Hackitt
CBE (Chair of HSE Board)
After many years of improvement in health and safety performance
our rate ofprogress has slowed and we need to regain momentum
Health and Safety
is being used increasingly as a synonym
for unnecessarybureaucracy
and an excuse for not doing things . It is time for us to regain the value
of the brand for genuine health and safety and not trivia
To be truly effective health and safety has to be an everyday process and anintegral part of workplace culture
Everyone within the Health and safety system has a role but each stakeholder
hasto understand their role
and become better at executing their responsibilities
To encourage strong leadership
in championing the importance of, and a commonsense approach to , health and safety in the workplace
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
4/56
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
5/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Barriers to Improvements to Construction Health and Safety
Lack of knowledge
by CDM-Cs
and others about what Designers
reallyneed to know
about Health & Safety
Expectations
of CDM-Cs and others of Designers
Health & Safetyknowledge requirements is often excessive
Designers can only do so much
with regard to Health & Safety-
but how much?
How can we improve this state of affairs?
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
6/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Proposed Solutions
There must be a change of attitude
within the industry to accept the
shortcomings of the current procedures and look toimprovements suggested in CDM
2007.
We cannot keep doing the same things in the same way and expectnew outcomes .
Recommendations :-
Recognition and team agreement on what are the Significantissues
as early in a project as possible. Then concentrate on
how to communicate these , as well as any other significantissues that arise.
So how can this be achieved?
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
7/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
..even The Burj
Al Arab
.. partly cradle and partly rope accessed
The Burg al Arab Hotel, Dubai
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
8/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Aims of the Designer/HSE
Stakeholder Consultation
1.
To highlight the Significant Issues
that affect CDM
decisions
by designers
on a day to day basis whilst avoiding the trivialor issues that should be obvious or within the remit of acompetent contractor or specialist subcontractor.
2.
To provide examples of Proportionate responses
to CDM issues by designers without unnecessary bureaucracy
3. To highlight what is - The right information, to the rightpeople, at the right time ?
4. To provide examples of Notes on Drawings
in a manner that isintelligible and proportionate
to the scale and complexity of the
H&S
issues of the project whilst improving safety .But what should designers really Do and Not Do!
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
9/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
HSEs
Dos and Don'ts for DesignersThere are a lot of misconceptions about CDM:-
CDM
does NOT require
:-designers to stifle their creativity , limit their design freedom or place safety above aesthetics ;the elimination of attractive features such as atria;designers to choose the safest form of constructiondesigners to have a detailed knowledge of the construction process , or to specify standard
construction processes or precautionary measures to the contractor;designers to take into account unforeseeable hazards ;designers to exercise any health and safety management functions over contractors or sub-
contract designers (who often have designer duties themselves)
CDM
does
place certain specific duties directly on designers:to eliminate hazards where feasibleto reduce risks from those hazards that cannot be eliminatedto provide information on residual risks if they are significant
And in order to discharge these duties a competent designer will
need some knowledge andexperience of the construction process . For instance:
to know what the potential hazards will be during the construction, maintenance, cleaning anddismantling of your design.
to satisfy themselves that there is at least one safe way of constructing their design . (Your clientdoesnt want a design that cant be built or can only be built at disproportionate expense!)
What do designers really have to do?
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
10/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Even such futuristic designs as Zaha
Hadids
can embrace CDM.!!!!
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
11/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
SIGNIFICANT RISKS
Project Specific Not obvious
to those who use the design
Not necessarily
involving the greatest risks
but those including health andsafety risks that are:-
Not likely to be obvious to a competent contractor or other designers Unusual Likely to be difficult to manage
Information
should be brief, clear ,precise
and in a form suitable for otherusers.
This can be achieved by :- Notes on Drawings
Written information
provided with the design Suggested construction sequences
TRIVIAL RISKS
are ordinary Health and Safety design issues
or other
normal construction
risks obvious
to a competent contractor
So how can this be done?
What are significant & what are trivial risks? CDM
2007 ACOP
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
12/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Designer Guidance Design Risk Assessment Documentation
The Problem / Challenge
In accordance with the CDM
Regulations
it ispreferred to include all significant risk analysis ondrawings rather than on written or numerical DesignHazard and Risk Assessment documents . This is toencourage visual analysis and recording ofsignificant construction, maintenance, anddemolition issues without unnecessary bureaucracy.The risks
Significant hazards and risks can be hidden
in thebureaucracy of a project causing them to beoverlooked during design, pricing, construction andmaintenance stages of a projectThe solutionProject drawings to be annotated
in simple graphicmanner with key to further detail or references. Morecomplex projects may need special CDM
drawings.Hand annotation for design stage issues can sufficeThe benefitsAll relevant risk information is collated in one place
with all the associated complexity visually apparentto all participants in the risk reduction process.Key PointsDesigner friendly technique ensures all significantand unusual or specific hidden issues are not missedeven during design changes .Important not to confuse drawings with trivial
orobvious
risk information
which a competentcontractor is expected to understand
Hazard and riskanalysis sketched andhand annotated
Keys in margin toamplify if requiredSimple symbols used on survey
and construction drawings
X
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
13/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Team Guidance
Haskells-
Designing for safety
programmeThe Problem / ChallengeTraditionally architects were encouraged to stay away
from construction safety issues due to potential liabilityclaims . These embedded attitudes need to change.The risksThis claim conscious attitude inhibits good integration
ofdesign and construction safety and potentially causesaccidents instead of avoiding them.The solutionHaskell Design Build (US) are responsible for design andconstruction and their motto is one company , oneresponsibility.
They have corporate liability coverage forall their architects and construction professionals. Theyuse collaborative design-build delivery including a safetyalert system using only 8 types of warning symbols
on
drawings to flag potential hazards.The benefitsSafety symbols are placed where the hazard is on adrawing,
ie. not in other risk analysis documents or in themargins.Key PointsSymbols are explained in the margins and in contractdocuments. Subcontractors are advised that this does notrelieve them of their own safety responsibilities.
www.thehaskellco.com
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
14/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Designer Guidance Standard Safety Symbols for Design DrawingsThe Problem / ChallengeProviding graphic significant risk data at the point ofuse on drawings
for designers and contractors with
an explanatory key if necessary depending uponcomplexity.The risksDesigners and supervising/pricing contractors
missing the significant risk issues whilst developingdesigns or cost plans
and procurementThe solutionUse of an optimal number of standard industry widesymbols
with explanatory key if required
The benefitsRisks
are pinpointed on the actual drawn
plans
rather than lost in the margins or other documents.This prevents the likelihood of risks being missed atkey design stages by the entire design and clientteam and during workshop sessionsKey PointsDiscretion of designer
and CDM-C
needed to decidethe significance, amount and complexity of riskinformation presented
Fragile Roof
http://www.archersafetysigns.co.uk/prod-detail.asp?id=6&a=100&b=199&prodid=3476http://www.leosignage.com/signage_Danger%2C+Caution%2C+Warning+Signs-129.html -
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
15/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Designer Guidance
Symbols and SHE Boxes for Design Drawings
The Problem / Challenge
How to put hazard and risk data on drawings
thatare relevant to other designers and other relevantconstruction stakeholdersThe risksDesigners could be other team members even ofthe same discipline and need to see the hazardsgraphically on drawings
, perhaps crossreferenced to SHE boxes, so the significantissues are clearly obvious, otherwise they can bemissed during the design development process.The solutionSHE box/key cross referenced with symbols
onthe drawing eg.
The benefitsDesign team and contractors supervising andpricing team are aware of the significant issuesKey Points
Avoidance of reference to non-significant
, tradeor competent contractor risk information
isessential to prevent over complication ofdrawings. Caveats are included to confirm thatcontractors still have their own responsibilities.
Typical SHE box as used by Olympic Delivery
Authority:-
SAFETY HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTALINFORMATION
SITE-WIDE AND GENERAL RISKSFor details, to be read in conjunction with these notes, seeDrg
No:
In addition to the risks normally associated with thetypes of work detailed on this drawing, note the
following significant risks and information:
CONSTRUCTION RISKSi.Asbestos in existing ceiling void
ii.Temporary
stability of trusses during erection, see design assumptions in document ABC/001
CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE RISKSFor information relating to this see the H&S
File anddrawing nos.
DISMANTLING / DEMOLITION RISKS (Future)i.Cantilevered
beams and suspended staircases, see Structural drawing nos.ii.Concealed
cable runs under main beam A1/A2, see
drg
XYZ/1234
The design team have highlighted unusual andsignificant risks only that may not be obvious to acompetent contractor. They are to assist with risk
reduction only and are not necessarily comprehensive.It is assumed that all works will be carried out by a
competent contractor working, where appropriate, toan approved method statement .
http://www.archersafetysigns.co.uk/prod-detail.asp?id=6&a=100&b=199&prodid=3476http://www.archersafetysigns.co.uk/prod-detail.asp?id=6&a=100&b=199&prodid=3476 -
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
16/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Contractor Guidance
Site Drawing Safety Symbols & SignageThe Problem / ChallengeDeveloping designer drawings to a level of suitability for site
operative risk identification. The design team cannotpossibly know the contractors preferred method ofconstruction or interface issues unless a Design and Buildproject. Time wasting & abortive risk analysis is to beavoided .The risksToo much un-helpful information can be put on drawings bydesigners which are of no benefit to anyone and diminishthe risk reduction process.The solutionAfter prices, contracts and construction methodologies areagreed the design stage drawings can be augmented by thecontractors team . These can be CAD or simple stickerannotation of drawings and displayed in site huts and at theworkface.The benefitsAll operatives
irrespective of nationality and educationshould be able to decipher the relevant information at pointof use.Key PointsContractors team may include a designer to update thedrawings or just use their own safety team resources.Not needed for architectural design drawings .Some possible symbols shown, but others exist.
http://www.archersafetysigns.co.uk/prod-detail.asp?id=6&a=700&b=799&prodid=5132http://www.archersafetysigns.co.uk/prod-detail.asp?id=6&a=700&b=799&prodid=5081http://www.archersafetysigns.co.uk/prod-detail.asp?id=6&a=700&b=799&prodid=5079http://www.archersafetysigns.co.uk/prod-detail.asp?id=6&a=600&b=699&prodid=3480http://www.archersafetysigns.co.uk/prod-detail.asp?id=6&a=600&b=699&prodid=3445http://www.archersafetysigns.co.uk/prod-detail.asp?id=6&a=600&b=699&prodid=3507http://www.archersafetysigns.co.uk/prod-detail.asp?id=6&a=600&b=699&prodid=3485http://www.archersafetysigns.co.uk/prod-detail.asp?id=6&a=600&b=699&prodid=3471http://www.archersafetysigns.co.uk/prod-detail.asp?id=6&a=300&b=399&prodid=4066http://www.archersafetysigns.co.uk/prod-detail.asp?id=6&a=100&b=199&prodid=3465 -
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
17/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Contractor Guidance
Workface-
Supply Chain Component SignageThe Problem / ChallengeThe delivery of relevant site safety information
to siteoperatives at the workface
-
Trojan Horse Messaging
The risksThe absence of such information can lead to deaths andinjuries that are relatively easy to avoid
The solutionUsing links with trade associations, componentmanufacturers and suppliers to provide visually explicitsafety information
suitable for everyone including foreignworkers and other operatives with reading difficulties.
The benefitsSafety information about lifting , handling and fixingprovided by the experts
ie. the people who design andproduce the actual components .
Trojan Horse messages are eye-catching cartoons whichcommunicate health and safety information toconstruction site operatives at point of use, i.e. on theactual material or equipment being used.No need for architectural design drawings .
Key Points
Manual handlingSite Activities
Off-loading
Site handling
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
18/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Construction Guidance
The Silent Book-The Problem / Challenge
The Risks
Key Points
The benefits
The solution
Misunderstanding by the intended operatives
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
19/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Detailed Design-
Significant Risks only
Identified with SymbolsThe Problem / ChallengeProducing clear visual information
that conveys simple
messages to all parties about risk.Highlighting significant residual risks
outside competentcontractors
expectations or of otherwise hidden risks.The risksImportant information about risk can be easily buried
inother project paperworkNeed to allow sufficient time for safety planning.The solutionSimple identification on the relevant project drawings
that can be used at pricing and construction stages.Standardised set of symbols
used to representcommon hazards. These can be supplemented by textboxes with further clarification if required.Symbols could also be used to identify key safetyissues
for construction workers on site irrespective oflanguage or reading ability.The benefitsSimple drawing annotation techniques showing keysafety issues economically, with minimal bureaucracy
Key PointsCommunicate with other designers to agree commonsignificant design safety issues . Provide informationthat meets all intended purposes on one drawing .Try to avoid a separate set of H&S
drawings but theprincipal is to make the risk information accessible.
Significant risks only
identified on drawings
Key and symbols identifysignificant risks
Other symbols used for significant risks only
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
20/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Site Hazard Analysis to facilitate Initial Design & Construction
Phase Decisions
The Problem / Challenge
To find the best building location on the site , from thesite analysis, and the optimum footprint, orientation,size, scale, geometry and sculptural form?The risksHazardous
local gas installations, railway structures,tracks, viaducts, roads , etc. below ground services,
tunnels and foundations, retained structures etcThe solutionDrawings
were produced that show proximity
to thegasholders and railway viaduct. Shows how closestructure, temporary works, scaffolding, hoardings ,welfare facilities, etc. can be built to the railwayThe benefitsSafe theoretical maximum building envelope
wasagreed early together with safe site set up principlesavoiding later costs and changes eg. Roads, access etcKey Points
All such hazards require analysis
before the footprintand form of the intended structure can be finalised.The Client should provide survey information
to clarifyall such site issues but analysis drawings neededespecially if scheme revised at later stages.
Site Plan with significant hazards indicated
Boundary section to railway viaduct
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
21/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Site Analysis
Underground Services for Initial Design and Construction PhaseThe Problem / ChallengeThe identification and location of existing undergroundservices
prior to the positioning of future structures onsite to minimise the need for excavations.The risksElectrical services and gas supplies are potentiallyhighly hazardous
with the ability to cause death andinjury if accidentally struck during the constructionphase, and all excavations pose potential risks.The solutionDesigner clearly identified hazardous undergroundservices
on the drawings and showed other servicessuch as water, fibre optics and drainageThe benefitsThe sub-scan survey costs were significantly
outweighed by the benefit of avoiding delays, diversionsor bridging. Site safety is enhanced and costs reducedthrough the elimination of earthworks.Key PointsTake account of existing and new services whenconsidering the design footprint on the site.Ask Clients early for adequate survey information
.Service diversions can be planned by the contractor toavoid programme delays.A competent contractor needs the right information toproperly manage the risks on site.Provide drawings early.
Undergroundelectrical cables
Subscan
Survey -hazards identified with symbols
http://www.leosignage.com/signage_Danger%2C+Caution%2C+Warning+Signs-129.html -
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
22/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Site Contamination -
Asbestos Survey Information on design drawingsThe Problem / ChallengeTo avoid exposure to free asbestos fibres
of designers(on
site visits) surveyors, site operatives, visitors, neighbours,and users by designer intervention.The risksRisks of asbestosis or mesothelioma
due to inhalation offibres released during construction activities. This is oftendue to inadequately detailed surveys and lack ofunderstanding of how to interpret the Asbestos Report .The solutionClient to instruct appropriate survey analysis
of
buildingand site and provision of accurate asbestos surveydrawings and report to design team. Key issues arelocations of asbestos containing materials (ACMs) andareas inaccessible to survey which must be assumed tocontain asbestos, to be highlighted on drawings . Designerto advise client to remove asbestos but if too expensive orimpracticable the designer must avoid it by designingaround the areas concerned or by encapsulating theACMs
and recording its residual presence on site in theH&S
Plan and on record drawings .The benefits
Reduction in likelihood of asbestos exposure before ,during and after, and in future construction works.Key PointsLiaison and communication between client ,design teamand contractor by interpretation of long reports.Paying for the appropriate type of survey early in project.
Survey drawings to be used for asbestos survey
Areas of asbestos and not surveyed identified
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
23/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Detail Design -
highlighting residual construction risks in the design
.
The Problem / Challenge
Highlighting significant residual risks hidden oroutside of competent contractors
normalexperience.The risksIf these risks are not identified pre-tender it ispossible that the contractor will under-estimate the
cost and details
of the temporary works solution forsafe construction.The solutionSimple drawing and survey annotation techniques
showing existing features, new proposals andpossible temporary works solution with commonlyrecognised symbols.The benefitsSimple identification on project drawings
or surveysthat can be used at pricing stages. These can alsoidentify key issues for construction workers on site
irrespective of language and educational difficulties.Key PointsIdentification only required with symbols and simpleannotation . No need for detailed explanationswhich can be added to risk register or hazardelimination list if required.
Fragile roof-lights, edge protection, and new stairs
Plan and sectional drawings highlighted
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
24/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Tender / Contract Stage Design
Temporary Fall Protection IssuesThe Problem / ChallengeTo alert the contractors temporary worksdesigners to unprotected slab and roofedges
where the designer could inserttemporary protection works aides instead ofa traditional perimeter scaffolding system.The risksFalls from height during construction
ratherthan during future maintenance.
The solutionDesigners to highlight typical roof edges andslab edges
which need to be considered bycontractors whilst pricing for temporaryworks. Project drawings can be used for siterisk identification
to all contracting staffirrespective of language and ability tounderstand drawings.The benefitsEnables contractor to identify key safetyissues that he needs to respond to bytraditional methods eg. full scaffolding . Or bymeans of proprietary edge guarding methods
to which designers can contribute eg.sockets in slabs, fixing points in steel, etc .Key PointsAvoidance of unnecessary
bureaucracy
andutilisation of contractors advice
at theappropriate stage of the project
Holes in steel for net guards Sockets in slabs for edge panels
Areas requiring edge guarding simplyindicated on drawings
Other methods offall protection eg.Air bags
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
25/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Guidance-
Detailed Design-
Roof-lights and fragile roofing materials
The Problem / Challenge
Roof-lights and fragile roofing materials are economic,sustainable and aesthetically desirable features
whichshould not be eliminated from design projects purely forreasons of safety.The risksFalls through fragile roofing materials are statisticallyhigh
and often highly injurious or fatalThe solutionConstuction
Phase
-Important to identify existing andnew fragile rooflights
and other fragile roofing materialson drawings as a method of informing the contractor tocontrol the risk of falls through these materials duringconstruction. Contractors to recommend methods of
temporary protection in tender or construction phase plan
proposals to show their response .In-use
-
Additional protection measures
are required forthe longer term
in use condition such as metal railings,barriers, wire mesh or non -
fragile walk on typerooflights. Avoid in-plane roof-lights or sheeting .The benefitsNatural daylighting
is a human right and engenders
healthy and sustainable environmentsKey PointsWalk-on rooflights
tend to be very expensive
so controlmitigation measures are necessary. Safe Cleaningmethods
also need to be considered .
Fragile roof symbolProtection Methods
Mesh fall protection Fragile roof-lights identified
Fragile and Non-fragile roof-lights can be used
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
26/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Scheme Design -
Plant and Personnel Roof Plant Access Drawings
Crane Access dims.
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
27/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Detail Design -
Plant and Personnel Roof Access Schematic
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
28/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Detail Design -
Plant and Personnel Roof Access Zonal
Details
Fragile roof light
residual risk
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
29/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Construction Stage -
Plant and Personnel Roof Access Details
Fragile roof light
residual risk
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
30/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Summary
Designers significant CDM risk responsibilities need to be clarified and trivia ignored .
The project significant risks need to be agreed early and allocated to each discipline .
The designers need to highlight the significant hazards and risks only on their drawings.
Simple non-text symbols to be used where possible for visual, educational and linguistic clarity.
Contractors to augment the Designers drawings with specific site safety information symbols
Trade associations and specialist suppliers and subcontractors to highlight their own risks .
As Judith Hackett says:-
From now on ,if we all work together
with a clear vision and purpose we canrecommence improvement and bring about a change for the better
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
31/56
Safe Design and Communication
Best Practice Case Studies October 2009
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
32/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Detailed Design Guidance
Riser DuctsThe Problem / ChallengeMaintaining the safety of floor openings before installation ofservice risers . The programme usually requires theinstallation of services after the riser holes formed.The risksThis can lead to openings in the floor
that the contractor hasto manage, creating a potential fall risk or trip hazard.The solutionAlert the contractor
to the issues at tender on drawings. Bykeeping risers adjacent to walls
they can be easier to protect.
Co-ordination between M & E designers and structuraldesigners can enable the size of riser openings
to bereduced. Sleeves or ducts
can be cast in ready for services.Alternatively, it may be possible to cast mesh
into the floor.The contractor to agree the preferred solution.The benefitsSignificantly reduce the reliance on scaffolding or coverings
that can be easily moved. Reduce the likelihood of accidentson site.Key PointsTalk to other designers, involve M & E designers as early aspossible
to minimize risks and size of riser openings.Consider casting in sleeves or mesh
to eliminate fall risks.Consider pre-assembly of services, reducing work at height.This is a competent contractor
issue to manage but thedesign team can assist to prevent accidents.
Large duct at party wall, fall risk highlighted
1. Sleeved services 2. Large metal mesh
3.Small metal mesh prevents falls in open areas
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
33/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Detailed Design Stage
Heavy Element Handling eg.Glass
ScreensThe Problem / Challenge
To install heavy glass screens
that are specificallyrequired by the designer and client and need to be
brought into the building and located by other thanmanual handling methods.The risks
If these heavy elements are not identified oreliminated early the installation methods may not be
adequately planned or costed. Higher risk manualhandling may occur . Alternatively expensive
additional hoisting methods may have to be added tothe contract costs at a late stage
The solutionThe team investigated the feasibility of substitutinglighter materials , for instance smaller componentsthat can be demounted and re-assembled on site.
This was not acceptable
to the client.The position of the heavy elements was identified
at
tender stage and their access route indicating verticaland horizontal transportation routes and methods.The benefits
This allowed the contractor, client and designer torecognise and react to the key heavy lifting issues.
Mechanical aides used
to transport the screens.Key Points
Consider substitution
for lighter or smaller elements.Use drawings
to identify areas where heavycomponents are located by simple symbols.Look carefully at component access routes .
Consult contractor or specialist lifting and equipmentcontractors and request proposals at tender .
Think about future replacement
access.
XX
Mechanical aides
Acceptable access route shown and final locations
Vertical access route
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
34/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Detailed Design
Heavy Masonry UnitsThe Problem / ChallengeTo eliminate musculo-skeletal injuries
in the construction industry as a resultof repetitive handling of heavy masonry units requiring a fundamental majorchange in attitudes
throughout the industry.The risksLifelong injuries
to operatives and loss of skilled workforce.The solution for designersNBS
Specification Clause 13.2 Design
Apart from general construction hazards, such as working from scaffolding,the main risks associated with brick/ block walling are:
Manual handling :
The Construction Industry Advisory Committee (CONIAC) has concluded thatthere is a high risk of injury in the singlehanded, repetitive manual lifting ofbuilding blocks heavier than 20 kg, and this should be taken into a ccountbefore specifying heavy units.
For detailed CONIAC
guidance see HSE
Construction sheet number 37
The solution for contractorsChange in
traditional
manhandling attitudes
to usemechanical aides or less heavy units whilst beingcompetitive in the marketplace.The benefitsRetaining a skilled workforce
long term by showing
respect for their health and welfareKey PointsIncreased plant-hire costs can be off-set by fasterconstruction periods but can only be introduced byindustry-wide change in attitude
to create an evenplaying field for all.
Weight of units significant
Traditional attitudes Mechanised approach
http://topic%3Drefs_01030/http://topic%3Drefs_01030/http://topic%3Drefs_01030/http://topic%3Drefs_01030/http://topic%3Drefs_01030/http://topic%3Drefs_01030/http://topic%3Drefs_01030/ -
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
35/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
HSE
Designer Guidance
Plasterboard
Musculoskeletal InjuriesThe Problem / ChallengeLack of information about board weights for operatives .
Wide range
from jobbing builders to specialist drylining
contractors but mainly sub-contract site operatives injured .Sites driven by cost
not by considerations of Health andSafety
speed rules! Board handling is part of the projectdelivery, and to be considered by all stakeholders.The risksOperatives are taking excessive risks lifting boards . Oper-
atives
treat musculoskeletal injury as a risk that you take andcant be avoided. Musculoskeletal damage is occurring with-
out being identified. Operatives have a shortened working lifeThe solutionBoards to have heavy lifting symbols attached . Progressthrough working together to find approaches that work. The
designer can encourage good working practices
andmechanical moving and lifting aides, hoists, goods lifts, indrawings, specifications, and red, amber, green lists, etc.The benefitsBetter plasterboard installations with more motivatedoperatives, and increased productivity.Longer working life
of operatives and skills retention.Reduces risk to companies against future injury claims.Key PointsWork with the stakeholders to jointly develop an approach toreduce the risk of musculoskeletal injury .Safeguard the health of individuals working with boards bymechanical aides or good lifting practices .
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
36/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
HSE
Case Study
Prefabrication and Off-Site ManufactureThe Problem / ChallengeIdentification of construction issues involving working atheight in difficult climatic or exposed
or dangerous
conditions to encourage safer workingThe risksFalls from height
and injuries or ill-health due toworking in the above conditions
The solutionEarly identification
of the issues to the client andcontractor to encourage off-site working
where possible.Analysis of the access and cranage
capabilities of thesite
are essential to validate the decisions and locationsof large modules
The benefitsPrefabrication reduces work at height and on cold wetsites allowing off-site fabrication in factory conditions butit increases hazardous heavy lifting, access andtransportation issues.Prefabrication can be advantageous to CDM
but is notalways the answer.Key PointsReview the buildability
and access issues
withcontractor as early as possible
. Cost benefits
may bepossible as well as safety benefits.
Sectional analysis for crane access
x
Road closures and traffic issues
Vaults, trees and crane size issues
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
37/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
HSE
Case Study
Small Property Developers-
Project Safety IssuesThe Problem / ChallengeSmall and medium sized contractors
to beencouraged to use safe temporary works systems
ofscaffolding, shoring and propping and constructionmethods which do not injure operatives.The risksFalls from height, structural collapse duringconstruction and personal injuries to operatives dueto poor constructional techniques.
The solutionDesigners and developer clients to encourage theuse of recognised safe constructional practices
andprocedures whilst also maintaining economic andcompetitive costings, by use of appropriate ortraditional construction techniques for the job.Simplicity of designs, drawings and specifications
to
be reflected in the simplicity of the constructionalprocesses, highlighting unusual designs, hazards andrisks
only. Selection of contractors competent forspecific projects
and tasks is essential.The benefitsProjects should be constructed quicker and moreprecisely with appropriate methods and materials.This will improve cost benefits by shorterprogrammes, less defects and more satisfiedcustomers.Key PointsAvoid complex unusual designs and constructionaltechniques without specialist advice .
Proprietary scaffolding preferred
Unsafe working methodsdiscouraged
Scaffolding to beused appropriately
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
38/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
HSE
Designer Guidance
Slips and Trips Avoidance Strategy
The Problem / Challenge
Clients and designers like prestigious shiny
entrance hall floors but many accidents happenas a result of slippery floors
whether due towetness or to these highly polished finishes.The risksPotentially severe injuries
to all users especiallyin wet weather conditionsThe solutionSelect suitably slip resistant materials
andfinishes to give compromise of visual finish withslip performance requirements. Managementsolutions
such as mopping and warning signagecan further minimise the risk. Provide suitablemat-wells .The benefitsImpressive entrance halls and other areas canstill be designed but are safer to use
Key PointsDrawings can be annotated early until a suitablefinish is found .Slip resistance values of materials to be checkedor tested prior to specification. See HSE
Slipassessment tool at [email protected]
The pendulum test with water spray
Surface roughnessmeter
Entrance, mat-well, flooring
Management response
Working at Height Single largest cause of construction accidents
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
39/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Working at Height -
Single largest cause of construction accidents- WAH
Regulations 2005 (Amended)
Requires designers to
avoid WAH where they can(impossible in most buildings)
prevent falls
where theycannot avoid WAH(we can only assist contractors
and users)
where they cannot eliminatefalls minimise the
consequences
How can designers do this?
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
40/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Initial Design Stage
Early CDM
Design Decisions of Mass and FormThe Problem / ChallengeIdentification of the key CDM
design issues
toconsider at the concept stage?The risksConstructing, maintaining and cleaning the buildingsstructure and exterior safely . Other detailed CDM
issues may be explored at later design stages.The solutionIdentify significant CDM
Issues affecting the design :-1. What is the Cleaning and Maintenance Strategy
ofthe envelope and any large internal voids such as highspaces, atria or courtyards?2. Can it be built with reasonably practicable , knownor specialist constructional techniques?The benefitsEarly consideration of key CDM
issues
can simplify
safety and set the tone for the entire project.Increased costs and project delays may be avoided.Key PointsLiaise with the client and CDM-C
in reaching theseearly decisions.
There are clear advantages to involving a contractor,CDM-C
or a CDM
experienced designer
at theconcept stage.Early consideration of fundamental safety issues andbuildability
may avoid wasted effort at later stages.
Challenging forms and structures
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
41/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Initial Design Envelope Maintenance Systems
Mechanically basedThe Problem / ChallengeCleaning and maintaining glazing
to elevations at high levelin a safe manner
The risksFalls from height due to unsuitable systems orinappropriately designed building fabric .Systems of work that require high levels of supervision fortheir effectiveness are susceptible to human error.Falling objects can endanger peopleThe solution
Early consideration of cleaning options
should be made inrelation to building form, scale and site constraints.
Careful selection
of engineered mechanical systems isneeded to ensure that the required cleaning andmaintenance tasks can be undertaken.The benefitsEconomic and safe maintenance systems
appropriate to the
scale, form and type of building.Provide the client with long-term maintenance strategy andbudgetary considerations .Provide a safe working platform
in line with the Work atHeight Regulations hierarchy.Key PointsReview relevant viable options for mechanical systems atan early stage . Mechanically assisted work placementsystems require early discussion with specialists . Non-
manned robotic systems
eliminate work at height but canlimit design
solutions. Mechanical systems are best suitedto large areas with little geometrical complexity. Any accessfrom the ground , including cherry pickers and MEWPs
require stable hardstanding
and influences landscaping
MEWP
Cradle
BMU
Robotic
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
42/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Initial Design Stage -
Envelope Maintenance Systems-
Manually basedThe Problem / ChallengeCleaning glazing to elevations
at high level and indifficult locationsThe risksFalls from height due to inappropriate work systems,poorly designed fabric or operative error.The solutionEarly design consideration of cleaning options.Relatively low technology and low cost techniques tobe considered ,more reliant on manual efforts thanmechanical assistance. Ladders, opening windows,long water fed pole, reach and wash and ropedaccess systems all rely on trained operators and goodmanagement control systems
for their safety. All areinherently safe in the appropriate situations and whenimplemented correctly. Limitations of use to be fullyunderstood.The benefitsAllows economies of scale
to be proportionatelyapplied to all building types. Enables quicker and moreimmediate
response to cleaning demands. Ropedaccess allows work positioning to difficult undercuts
and geometrically intricate areas.Key PointsCareful consideration of all relevant associatedlegislation is necessary especially the Working atHeight Regulations to determine the most appropriatesystem or combination of systems for each buildingdesign. Large ,flat and high elevations are less suitedto these systems.
Ladder limitations Opening window criteria
Water-fed polesSpecial roped access areas
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
43/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Initial Design
Visually acceptable Roof Edge Protection
The Problem / ChallengeTo provide collective roof edge protection
all aroundthe new building where regular access to roof plant is
required. Visual roof edge details
were important tothe design team and planners.
The risksFalls from height by maintenance operatives during
roof and plant maintenance operations.The solution
A built-in 950mm parapet upstand
design
withintegral sun shading brise-soliel
feature.The benefits
No need to assess frequency of access to roof areas.Edge protection system does not require harness
training or rescue arrangements .No perimeter handrail due to integral parapet.
No need for additional edge guardingKey Points
Permanent edge protection
provides an optimum
safety solution and is at the top of the work at heighthierarchy.Co-operation of client and project team required to
avoid being value engineered
out.
950mm
Visually hidden edge guarding integrated into cladding
950mm high guarding View of roof upstand
950
mm
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
44/56
h d l d l b h d l
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
45/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Scheme and Detailed Design
Globe Lighting Access-
London ColiseumThe Problem / ChallengeThe existing globe at the top of the tower
of theColiseum Opera House was no longer illuminatedand needed refurbishment . The building is Grade 2*listed so replication of original features was essential.The risksFalls from height during refurbishment and futuremaintenance of the 240 lamps .The solutionRegular man access was rejected on safety andeconomic grounds.A fibre optic design
was selected with projectors atlower accessible levels of the tower..The tower was fully scaffolded
during refurbishment,and can be scaffolded
for periodic maintenance and
cleaning.The benefitsRisks associated with access to the globe wereeliminated. The fibre optic solution allows client aneconomic method to maintain full lighting
to the globesky sign without risks to maintenance personnelKey PointsConsultation between the client / FM team and thedesign and contractor team
allowed early decisionsto be made. (The early involvement of the clientallowed for the increased costs of fibre optics to beaccommodated.) Survey drawings were annotated
toanalyse the risks and communicate the solutions.
Existingdark
tower Proposed lit
tower
CDM
Analysis
I i i l D i Gl R f Cl i d M i C li
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
46/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Initial Design-
Glass Roof Cleaning and Maintenance -
ColiseumThe Problem / ChallengeAccess to the new glass barrel vaulted roof
for
cleaning and maintenance purposes.The roof is above refurbished foyers and isdesigned to recreate the original design.The risksWorking at height and over fragile glass
abovehigh internal and external drops.
The solutionA Building Maintenance Unit (BMU) with an11metre jib
and one man cradle. Planningconstraints influenced rejection of other options,eliminating the use of a travelling curved gantrythat would be visible at all times from streetlevel. Increased structural works were required
to support and conceal the BMU
behind thetower at roof level.The benefitsBoth visual and safety priorities were met withsome increased complexity and cost.Client has the benefit of increased accessibilityprovided by a bespoke systemKey PointsThe client, the facilities managers and specialistsuppliers of cleaning systems were consultedearly on. The final solution for this project tookaccount of safety, historic constraints andaesthetic considerations.
Curved GlassRoof
Proposed gantry solution
Final BMU
Design BMU
Solution
Cut away view of roof
D il d D i A T Li h i C li
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
47/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Detailed Design Access to Tower Lighting -
ColiseumThe Problem / ChallengeExisting historic freestanding light fittings
to berefurbished and replace those missing. These arelocated on unguarded parapets
to the tower and faade.
The light fittings vary between 2.5m and 3.5m
andcannot be safely reached unaided.The risksFalls from unguarded parapets during maintenanceaccess.
The solutionPowered access equipment, and scaffolding werediscounted after careful assessment as unsuitable.A roped access system, allowing safe work positioningand fall restraint , agreed after detailed client, designteam negotiations and specialist consultations.
Rope attachment anchors
were built into the structuralsteel and terracotta cladding by design team integration .Long life lamps were chosen to minimise the frequencyof access.The benefitsProvides safe and economic lamp replacement at shortnotice using trained theatre maintenance staff .Key PointsLighting design drawings were annotated
tocommunicate the risks and solutions to entire team.The annotated drawings were used by the constructionteam as the basis of the construction details
Historic Light
Eyebolts installed
Parapet detail
CDM
Analysis
eyebolts
I iti l D i F il D d R f li ht L d C li
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
48/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Initial Design
Fragile Domed Roof-light-
London ColiseumThe Problem / ChallengeTo refurbish the existing stained glass fragile domed rooflight
toprevent water ingress and allowing backlit illumination.
The risksFalls from height during the construction. Falls of people or objectsduring the maintenance and cleaning of the stained glass panels.
The solutionA glass fibre outer dome
was installed by crane for weatherproofing.The inner glass domed roof-light was repaired from a birdcagescaffold within the auditorium.Maintenance walkway installed
between the two domes with a highlevel fall restraint cable fixed to the outer dome.Access to the upper curved areas of glass is via a curved laddergantry with a slidelock
harness attachment.Easily accessed light fittings fitted at low walkway level reflect off
the underside of the outer dome to illuminate the rooflight.
The benefitsThe client has been able to reinstate a spectacular roof-light featurewhilst overcoming the weatherproofing and significant maintenancesafety challenges.
Key PointsSpecialist design subcontractors consulted early .Communication with the Client and FM team essential in agreeingstrategy and budget at early stage by annotation of drawings.A combination of fall prevention methods were carefully selected,each justified in respect of the hierarchy of control measures.
Rooflight
from below
Curved rotatingladder + slide-lock
Walkway and up-light
7-storey high auditoriumwith dome and roof-lightat top
I iti l D ig R d A T l t t
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
49/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Initial Design-
Roped Access-
To unusual structuresThe Problem / ChallengeDesign of landmark or unusual feature
structures requiring difficult cleaning andmaintenance access to windows and lightfeatures and for painting or inspectionactivities.The risksPrevention of falls
by methods that respect theWorking at Height Regulations
hierarchy butprovide the necessary and reasonable accessrequirements whilst facilitating the aestheticand safety aspirations of the design.The solutionA roped access work positioning system inaccordance with HSE
and specialist IRATA
installation and operating procedures.The benefitsSpectacular and essential structures can bedesigned with the incorporation of safe accessenabling features and management systemsKey PointsEarly design team and client agreement thatdesign expectations exceed the more commonworking at height prioritisation strategy.Specialist roped access installation advice
toinform the integration of rope attachmentfittings and features
The HSEs
description of RopedAccess
Terminal 5Heathrow
SpinnakerTower
Roped access IRATA
guidelines
Best Pr ctice C se St d Spinn ker To er
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
50/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Best Practice Case Study
Spinnaker TowerThe Problem / ChallengeConstruction and maintenance of an iconic and unusual
structureThe risksFalls from height during future maintenance operations
including aircraft light replacement access , observation deckexternal window cleaning and painting of metal surfacesThe solution
International Rope Access Trade Association membercompanies IRATA, employed by client to ensure the safedesign of attachment points and methodology of access
,and their effect upon the structure during design stages.Long life lamps and paints used to minimise access.The benefitsThe structure does not have to be modified
for traditionalaccess techniques higher up the hierarchy of working atheight regulations.Key PointsEarly recognition of safety issues and consultation withspecialists
to prevent sub-contractor design at a later stage.The early client appointment of a specialist
to assist with the
design of the unusual structure requires special coordinationof architectural, structural and specialist design skills, andearly client funding.
HSE Case Study Initial Design Residential Faade Access System
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
51/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
HSE
Case Study
Initial Design-
Residential Faade Access SystemThe Problem / ChallengeLandlord controlled window cleaning access
tohigh value flats with balconies to main elevations.Impractical to use a suspended access cradle dueto the need to climb out of cradles and overbalconies. Access via flats not acceptable totenants for security reasons. Access from commonparts not possible , and balconies not continuousfor security reasons.The risksFalls from
height during window cleaningoperationsThe solutionRoped access solution for operatives to accesseach balcony area from which safe cleaningoperations can take place.The benefitsLandlord can ensure all windows cleaned atregular intervals.
Operatives clean most windowsfrom safe balconies.Key PointsIRATA
registered company consulted
on ropeattachment design and details.IRATA
trained rope access operatives employed
to ensure safe systems of working.Highly specific project details justified a ropedaccess solution , which would need to be equally
justified if proposed on other projects.
Full length but separated balconies IRATA
guidelines used
Section and Elevations analysed for appropriate systems
Scheme and Detailed Design Fragile Roof lights Wigmore Hall
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
52/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Scheme and Detailed Design
Fragile Roof-lights-
Wigmore
Hall
The Problem / ChallengeTo refurbish and modify existing fragile roof-lights
in alisted concert hall building whilst enhancing theaccessibility for cleaning and lighting maintenance access,with no appreciable affect on the hall acoustics oraesthetics .The risksFalls from height during construction and maintenanceoperations.The solutionThe hall was fully birdcage
scaffolded
duringconstruction.This allowed removal of existing cramped crawl-ways andthe installation of a new lightweight central spine walkway .This facilitated access to the lights for performances andgeneral hall lighting within the roof spaceThe benefitsSignificant improvements
in accessibility and safety ofmaintenance operativesRetention and upgrading of an historic and fragile roof-
light feature.Key PointsEarly analysis of the structural limitations
of the roof trussand walls. Access requirements for A/C services andlighting requirements understood through discussions withusers and consultants.Buildability
issues raised at the beginning of the projectthrough specialist consultation.
finl
Drg
orphoto
Roof services, rooflight
and access analysis
Inner rooflight
above auditorium
Original roof-space
Revised roof-space
Inner roof-lightand lights
New centralwalkway
Outer roof-
light
Original
crawlway
Initial Design Maintenance Access to Unusual Roofs Dubai Metro
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
53/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
Initial Design
Maintenance Access to Unusual Roofs -
Dubai Metro
The Problem / ChallengeTo establish an appropriate means of roof surface andglazing cleaning
on 40 overground
station roofs of iconicstructural form in the hot Middle Eastern climate of Dubai
The risksFalls from height and heat exposure
on curved metalroofs and glazed elevations above operational railway andbusy 6-lane motorway adjacent.
The solutionVariety of roof access options analysed
including
BMUs,cherry pickers and roped access, with possible use of roofcleaning sprinkler system. All discounted on grounds ofimpracticability and safety to operatives and road users.Design team and client agreed solution was a purposedesigned robotic systemThe benefitsMan access to roofs eliminated for general maintenancepurposesKey PointsDetails of sun-shading devices
critical to allow passage ofrobot. Roof apex robot attachment system, water supply
and mansafe
fall restraint harness system to bedeveloped in detailed design with specialistsubcontractors .
Robotic systemCherrypicker
option
Gold metallic curved roof 120m X 30m
Roped access +sprinkler options analysis
HSE Designer Guidance Unusual Construction Sequences
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
54/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
HSE
Designer Guidance
Unusual Construction SequencesThe Problem /ChallengeIntelligibility of unusualconstruction sequencesThe risksCollapse duringconstruction
due toasymetric
loading andunbalanced cantilevers
The solutionGraphic presentation ofthe proposed sequence
for contractors tounderstand the structuraland constructional designintentions.The benefitsInformation sharing withthe construction team atearly stages
of the projectKey PointsSimple 3-D drawings
overlaid in an animatedpowerpoint, showing thesite constraints andproposed significantsequences
HSE Designer Guidance Demolition of unusual structures only
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
55/56
Scott Brownrigg DIOHASSafe Design and Communication Oct 2009
HSE
Designer Guidance
Demolition
of unusual structures onlyThe Problem / ChallengeWhat demolition information
is required in the Healthand safety file
for future demolition purposes?Unusual and hidden
residual risks such assuspended and cantilevered features, post-
tensioned and pre-stressed elements, etc.The risksUnusual or hidden
structural or services relatedelements can be accidentally damaged or incorrectly
cut during future refurbishment or demolition workscausing catastrophic collapse
of the entire or largeparts of the structure.The solutionIndicate on drawings where these issues are hidden
so future designers and contractors can planappropriately for temporary support or safedemolition.The benefitsReduced risk of
collapse and injuriesKey PointsIdentify significant issues only.No need to indicate obvious and normal structuraland constructional issues which are easily identifiedby future competent designers and contractors.Too much irrelevant information will hide the realissues.Indicate on graphic information where possible.
Suspendedstructures
21m Cantilevers
-
8/6/2019 Safe Design and Communication 091012
56/56
S i O S
THANK YOU
QUESTION TIME