safeguards practices and future challenges for peaceful use of nuclear energy · pdf...

Safeguards Practices and Future Challenges for Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy in Bangladesh

Dr. Md. Shafiqul Islam

Associate Professor

Department of Nuclear Engineering

University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Email:[email protected]

October 20-24, 2014, IAEA HQs, Vienna, Austria

1. Introduction to Nuclear Material and Associated

Facilities in Bangladesh

2. Legal Framework

3. Country’s Practices and Experiences in

Implementing the IAEA Safeguards

4. Future Challenges

5. Concluding Remarks

2

Presentation Outline

Established in 1973 through the promulgation of the Presidential Order (PO)-15 for peaceful use of nuclear energy by promoting nuclear science and technology in the country.

About Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC)

NMCsDirectors

Member

AECDDirector

3SDirector

ROMUDirector

HP&RWMUHead

AEREDirector General

Member(Bio Science)

Member(Engineering)

Member(Planning)

ChairmanBAEC

SafetyCommittees

SafetyCommittees

Ministry of Science & Technology

IFRBDirector

IFRBDirectorOthers

RIPDHead

RPEDHead

RECDHead

RNPDHead

NRCDHead

Others

(Physical Science)

COMMISSIONCOMMISSION

AEREAERE

INSTDirector

BAERA(2013)

NPEDDirector

BAEC Structure

BAERA: BGD. Atomic Energy Regulatory Authority

AERE : Atomic Energy Research Establishment

ROMU : Reactor Operation & Maintenance Unit

NPED: Nuclear Power and Energy Division

1. INTRODUCTION TO NM & ASSOCIATED FACILITIES IN BANGLADESH

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Nuclear Facilities

• 3 MW TRIGA MARK-II Research Reactor

• Radioactive Waste Management Unit

Nuclear Material

• Contained 19.7% enriched (LEU) fuel elements in the core of the research reactor

• Uranium cask used in RI production lab.

•Depleted Uranium used as shielding material at Teletherapy machines in medical facilities.

TRIGA MARK-II Research Reactor

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Supplier: GA, USAUsed for RI Prod., R&D and Manpower training


Nuclear fuels from GA was first imported into the country in 1985

The BAEC research reactor was achieved its first criticality on Sept 1986

IAEA Safeguards inspectors visited the facility for the first time in 1986

The facility was inspected regularly on annual basis by the IAEA designated Safeguards Inspectors


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Several kilograms of 19.7% enriched uranium in the form of TRIGA LEU

fuels;

A few grams of 99.3% enriched uranium in the form of fission chamber;

A few fresh fuels are kept in the reactor bay;

Rest of the fuels are loaded in the reactor core;

The reactor facility has not yet generated any spent fuels;

Several kilograms of depleted uranium in the form of shielding materials

(Teletherapy machines) located in medical hospitals (LOFs)

Status of Material Inventory

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Bangladesh has firmly committed for the peaceful use of nuclear energy and related technology in the country. As a gesture of this commitment.

Bangladesh is a party to the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

Treaty (NPT) on 31 August, 1979.

Subsequently a bilateral agreement entitled ‘Application of

safeguards in connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of

Nuclear Weapons’ (simply known as ‘Safeguards Agreement’) was

signed with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) on 11

June, 1982.

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2. LEGAL FRAMEWORK

Agreement ‘Improved Procedures of Designation of Safeguards

Inspectors’ was signed on 25 April, 1995.

Bangladesh signed ‘Protocol Additional to the Agreement

between the People's Republic of Bangladesh and the IAEA for

the Application of Safeguards in Connection with the Treaty on

the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons’ (widely known as

Additional Protocol to the Safeguards Agreement) on 30 March,

2001.

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2. LEGAL FRAMEWORK………

National Legal Instruments on Safeguards Matter

Previously, it was Nuclear Safety and Radiation Control Act (NSRC)-

1993 when Nuclear Safety and Radiation Control Division worked under

the umbrella of the BAEC. With reference to this Act-1993, there was

Nuclear Safety and Radiation Control (NSRC) Rules-1997 for licensing,

inspection, export and import of radioactive sources and NM. There was

no provision regarding nuclear security and comprehensive SG activities

to regulate and control.

For this, Govt. took initiatives to create Bangladesh Atomic Energy

Regulatory (BAER) Act-2012 and then passed it in the National

Parliament in June 2012. The new BAER Act-2012 mostly covers the

gap identified in the NSRC Act-1993 for embarking the nuclear power

programme of the country. Under the BAERA Act-2012, Bangladesh

Atomic Energy Regulatory Authority (BAERA) was formed in 2013.9


Section 11- Responsibilities and Functions of the Authority

Section 23- Responsibilities of the Authorization Holder

Section 29- Safety and Security of Radioactive Materials

Section 33- Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Installation

Section 34- Safeguards and Import & Export Control

Section 35- State System of Accounting for and Control of Nuclear

Material (SSAC)

Section 36- Information Requirements Additional to Material

Accounting and Control

Section 37- Illicit Trafficking

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Important Sections of BAER Act-2012


International Treaties/National Laws related to Nuclear Non-Proliferation

I. International Treaties/Convention/Protocols, etc:

(i) Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), 1979(ii) NPT related Safeguards Agreements, 1982(iii) Improved Procedures of Designation of Safeguards Inspectors, 1995(iv) Convention on Nuclear Safety (CNS), 1996(v) Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), 2000(vi) Additional Protocol to Safeguards Agreements, 2001(vii) Convention on Physical Protection of Nuclear Materials (CPPNM), 2005(viii) International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism, 2007(ix) Regional Agreement with Forum For Nuclear Cooperation Asia (FNCA), 2006(x) Regional Agreements with the Asian Nuclear Safety Network (ANSN), (xi) Chemical Weapons Convention Signed in 1993 and Ratified in 1997(xii) Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) Signed in 2013


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II. National Laws Concerning Disarmament and Non-Proliferation

(i) Bangladesh Atomic Energy Regulatory Act (BAERA), 2012(ii) Nuclear Safety and Radiation Control Rules, 1997(iii) The Chemical Weapons (Prohibition) Act, 2006

III. National Laws Concerning Combating Terrorism and Financing of Terrorism

(i) The Anti-Terrorism Act, 2009(ii) The Revised Anti-Terrorism Act, 2012(iii) Anti-Terrorism Rules, 2013(iv) Money Laundering Prevention Act, 2012(v) Money laundering Prevention Rules, 2013


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National Policies regarding Safeguards (in the draft stage)

• Policy for State Systems of Accounting for and Control (SSAC)

of Nuclear Material in Bangladesh (Based on the IAEA

Safeguards Guidelines);

• What other else?; Regulation, Technical guidance, Procedures?

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Obligations under NPT including establishment of Sate Systems of Accounting for and Control of Nuclear Material (SSAC)

Implementation & Enforcement of Safeguards Legislations

Infrastructure development related to safeguards matters

Relevant safeguards procedures

Safeguards Activities under BAEC

3. COUNTRY’S PRACTICES & EXPERIENCES IN IMPLEMENTING THE IAEA SAFEGUARDS

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The records that are maintained at the facility mainly includes the followings:

Physical Inventory Listing (PIL)

Inventory Changing Report (ICR)

Material Balance Report (MBR)

KMP General Ledger for nuclear material

KMP Sub-Ledger for nuclear material

Fuel element history file

Fuel burn-up record along with data on operating hours, full power

operating hours, etc.

Material Accounting and Control for Safeguards

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Additional Protocol (AP) Related ActivitiesAdditional Protocol (AP) Related Activities

Bangladesh Entered into Force in AP on 30 March 2001Bangladesh Entered into Force in AP on 30 March 2001

26 Sep 2001 26 Sep 2001 : Initial Declaration: Initial DeclarationMay 2002May 2002 : 1: 1stst Annual Declaration, 2 Annual Declaration, 2ndnd, 3, 3rdrd, 4, 4thth….….

Quarterly updates under Article 2.a (ix) within 6o days after the end of Quarterly updates under Article 2.a (ix) within 6o days after the end of

each calendar year each calendar year

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The facilities using nuclear materials have been divided into two

material balance areas (MBA) by two separate codes:

(a) BDA- under BAEC and (b) BDZ- (LOF) Facilities under code BDA-

• 3 MW TRIGA Mark II Nuclear Research Reactor

• Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (INST)

• Health Physics and Radioactive Waste Management Unit (HPWRMU)

• Tandem Accelerator Facilities

• Institute of Food and Radiation Biology (IFRB)

• Institute of Electronics (IE) and Institute of Computer Science (ICS)

• Nuclear Mineral Unit (NMU)

• Institute of Radiation and Polymer Technology (IRPT)

•Scientific Information Unit (SIU)

•Tissue Banking Unit17

Additional Protocol (AP) Related Activities………Additional Protocol (AP) Related Activities………


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BDZ- for Location Outside of Facilities (LOF) of AERE

Facilities under code BDZ-

• National Institute of Cancer Research & Hospital, Dhaka

• Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka

In these facilities contain Depleted Uranium (DU) as shielding material

for confining the radiation source (i.e.,Co-60) in the Teletherapy machine.



Bangladesh provides declarations to IAEA according to INFCIRC/540

Article 2.a.(i), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)(a), (vii) and (x) and Article 2.b.(i) by 15 May of each year for BDA- (Initial set of declarations and their annual updates)

2.a (ix)a on Quarterly basis within 60 days of the end of each quarter for BDA- (Annex II :Export & Import of Equip and Non- Nuclear material)

Article 2.a. (iii) by 15 May of each year for BDZ- (LOF)

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The first initial declaration report was submitted to the IAEA on 26 September, 2001



Form for an Initial Article 2 Declaration……Additional Protocol (AP) Related Activities………Additional Protocol (AP) Related Activities………


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Entry Ref. Facility (ies) on Site

Building General DescriptionIncluding Use and Contents

1 BDA - 1

(See the attached site map)

Number of floors: 4; Total floor area: 1677 m2

Ground Floor (1077 m2)The ground floor of this building (ROMU main building) comprises of the Reactor hall, Rabbit room (pneumatic transfer system), Fresh fuel storage room, Health physics personnel room, Spectrometer control room, Electrical/mechanical duct room, two Sitting rooms and General service area (security post, lobby, toilets, etc.).

Form for an Initial Article 2 Declaration

Declaration number: 2

Site name and location: Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE), Ganakbari, Savar, Dhaka -1349 Protocol Article: 2.a. (iii)

Entry Ref. Fuel Cycle Stage

Location General Description

Declaration number: 1 Declaration article: 2.a(i): Nothing to declare

General HeaderName of State: BangladeshDeclaration Date: 2001-09-26

Safeguard Agreement INFCIRC/301/Add.1

Declaration Period: as of 2001-03-30



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IAEA approved the State Level Safeguards Approach (SLA) for

Bangladesh on 1 December, 2006.

Bangladesh entered into the Integrated Safeguards (IS) regime on 1

January, 2007 based on the following declarations:

Correctness, completeness and timely submission of safeguards reports and additional protocol declarations;

No diversion of nuclear material uses: only for peaceful purpose;

No undeclared nuclear material in the country; and

No undeclared unclear activities (No clandestine unclear activity)

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Physical Inventory Verification (PIV) by two IAEA Inspectors was

carried out on 10-11 January 2009.

Last Physical Inventory Verification (PIV) carried out by two IAEA

Inspectors on 26-29 October 2013.

A bilateral meeting with BAEC Officials on Safeguards requirements

related to the construction of NPP in Bangladesh was held during the

IAEA Inspector’s visit on 27 October 2013.

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IAEA Safeguards Inspection in Bangladesh

Prior to entered into the IS regime, IAEA SG Inspectors used to visit every year.

Now every four year, IAEA SG Inspectors visit Bangladesh.


Establishment of national safeguards infrastructure (laws, regulations, facility oversight procedures, safeguards technology, nuclear material management systems)

Challenges for advanced safeguards system

Existing education / training system

Nuclear control education for facility operators and nuclear fuel cycle researchers

Training for national safeguards inspectators

Advanced training system

E-learning program & E–trading program (3D simulation and virtual reality

Trainee management system

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4. FUTURE CHALLENGES

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4. FUTURE CHALLENGES

Developing integrated safeguards information system

Human resources development

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Bangladesh has acknowledged its full responsibilities to provide the safety, security and safeguarding (3S’s) of nuclear and other radioactive material to ensure the safety and security of such material in use, storage or in transport to combat illicit trafficking and the inadvertent movement of such material; and to be prepared to respond to a nuclear security event.

Bangladesh is very much transparent about its activities on handling and managing nuclear and radioactive materials in accordance with the code of conduct and safeguards system of the IAEA.

In order to strengthen the national safeguards infrastructure embarking the nuclear power programme of the country, needs cooperation to develop legislations, regulations, facility procedures, NM management system, and human resources.

Good to work with newcomer states to ensure that infrastructure focused on 3S’s-are key enablers for peaceful use of nuclear power programme.

5. CONCLUSION

For Your Kind Attention !!!

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