safety and security for buildings

Life Safety and Security for Buildings

Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefKing Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA

Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt

Arab League Center, Crowne Plaza Dubai Deira

Dubai - 2016

Presentation 2

Table of Contents

1. Taxonomy of Buildings in view of Life Safety Considerations

2. Fire and Life Safety: Codes of Practice

• Concept

• Issues to be covered

• Contents: examples

3. Life Safety Requirements in ‘Tall’ Buildings

4. Life safety and Security Requirements in Intelligent Building

TAXONOMY OF BUILDINGS IN VIEW OF LIFE SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

• Low-rise Buildings

• Mid-rise Buildings

• High-rise Buildings

• Tall and Super Tall Buildings

• Intelligent Buildings

LOW-RISE MID-RISE HIGH-RISE

UAE: Height < 15m UAE: 15m < Height < 23m UAE – USA: Height > 23m

UK: Height > 30m

Fire and Life Safety Codes of Practice


Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef


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TALL AND SUPER TALL BUILDINGS INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS

Singapore: Height > 91mNew Zealand: Height > 91m (20 floors)

Fire and Life Safety Design for Tall buildings Safety and Security considerations




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FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY: CODES OF PRACTICE

Low-rise, mid-rise and high-rise buildings

• Concept



Fire and Life Safety: Codes of Practice

Concept

Fire and Life Safety Code of Practice is the outcomeof discussion between:

• Civil Defense Department

• Fire Safety professionals

• Industrial fire protection practitioners

• Fire engineering consultants

• Matured international standards such as:National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)International Code Council (ICC) British Standards(BS) European Standards (EN) Singapore FireCode (SFC)

• Local authority (regulations)

• Vendors




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Issues to be covered

• Construction

• Fire services

• Means of egress

• Fire extinguishers

• Exit signs

• Emergency lighting

• Voice evacuation and communication system

• Fire detection and alarm systems

• Fire protection systems

• Mechanical ventilation and smoke control

• Monitoring

• Guidelines for the disabled

• Risk assessment

• Submission of drawings




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Contents: examples

Fire rating for exterior walls and exterior openings




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Contents: examples

Sprinkler and draft curtain used in escalator opening




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Contents: examples

Mezzanine: Area limitations + mezzanine enclosure




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Contents: examples

Materials: properties, testing and approval




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Contents: examples

Access way for fire fighting appliances




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Contents: examples

Facilities for fire fighting appliances




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Facilities for fire fighting appliances

Contents: examples




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Architectural elements

Contents: examples

Dimensions of staircase Re-entry floors




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Contents: examples

Layout of fire fighting lobby, fire lift and exit staircase Mechanical ventilation for smoke-proof & fire fighting lobby




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Contents: examples

Natural ventilation for car park structures




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Contents: examples

Handrail location




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Mechanical elements

Contents: examples

Distribution pattern of a standard sprinklerSpacing between heat and some detectors




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Mechanical elements

Contents: examples

Standby fans




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Mechanical elements

Contents: examples

Smoke purging for enclosed car park structure




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ENGINEERING GUIDE: FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY FOR TALL BUILDINGS

Tall and Super Tall Buildings

• Concept / Challenges



Concept / Challenges

Conventional fire and life safety codes of high-risebuildings are not enough to ensure safety in tall andsuper-tall buildings, due to the following:

• Height beyond available resources of firedepartment ladders

• Extended evacuation time

• Effort needed to reach the grade level

• Pronounced Stack effect

• Water supply limitations

• Greater challenges of mixed occupancies

• Iconic nature of the building

Engineering Guide: Fire and Life Safety for Tall Buildings




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Engineering Guide

Description

• Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE) andthe International Code Council (ICC)

• Why: address complex fire protection challengesof very tall buildings.

• The guide provides performance-based fireprotection engineering concepts and can beapplied internationally.

• Target users include: Engineers, architects,building officials, contractors, and otherprofessionals involved in the construction of tallbuildings.




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Engineering Guide

Topics

• History

• International practices

• Hazard, risk and decision analysis

• Reliability of systems

• Emergency egress

• Facades

• Detection and alarm

• First responder issues

• Buildings under construction

• Commissioning

• Components of performance-based design

• Unique features of tall buildings

• Integration of building systems

• Situation awareness

• Fire resistance

• Suppression

• Smoke control

• Electrical

• Building life cycle management

• Inspection, testing and maintenance




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Engineering Guide

History: significant tall building incidents

1. One New York Plaza - August 15, 1970

2. MGM Grand - November 21, 1980

3. First Interstate Bank - May 4, 1988

4. One Meridian Plaza – February 23, 1991

5. World Trade Center Explosion and Fire – February 26, 1993

6. World Trade Center Buildings 1 & 2 – September 11, 2001

7. World Trade Center Building 7 (WTC 7) – September 11, 2001

8. Cook County Administration Building – 2003

9. Caracas Tower Fire - October 17, 2004

10. Windsor Tower, Madrid, Spain – February 12, 2005

11. The Beijing Mandarin Oriental Hotel Fire - February 9, 2009




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Engineering Guide

History: lessons learned

One Meridian Plaza, Philadelphia, Feb. 23, 1991

• The need for sprinkler protection havingredundant water supply

• Curtain walls should be protected to limit fire &smoke spread at exterior walls between floors.

• Annual inspection and testing of the pressurereducing valves is needed.

• Fire alarm systems for high rise buildings shouldbe connected to a supervisory service.

• Primary and secondary power should be routedindependently.




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Engineering Guide

History: lessons learned

Windsor Tower, Madrid, Spain – February 12, 2005

• High rise buildings need sprinkler protectionhaving redundant water supply.

• Curtain walls should be protected to limit fire andsmoke spread at the exterior wall between floors.

• Vertical openings, including stairways and elevatorshafts, need to be protected to limit smoke andfire spread between floors.




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Evacuation Strategies

1- Simultaneous Evacuation

• Evacuation of all building occupants on all floors,egressing at the same time

• It might be adopted for tall buildings in non-firescenarios

• It causes large-scale disruption

• Egress components require greater width thanthose required for other evacuation strategies




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2- Phased / staged / sequential Evacuation

• Evacuating people in the immediate vicinity of thefire, firstly.

• Occupants outside the evacuation zone are eithernotified or are given no warning

• Initial evacuation zone is determined on a case-by-case basis

• The philosophy adopted is the initial evacuation ofthe fire floor + above floors (2 to 3) + below floors(2 to 3)

• It requires a good level of fire and smoke resistantcompartmentation between evacuation zones




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3- Progressive Evacuation

• The same as phased evacuation, except that theoccupants are evacuated to a safe area within thebuilding

• Occupants will either remain, or be relocated to analternative safe area

• The relocation of occupants can either behorizontal or vertical

• Tall buildings (relatively small footprints) generallyadopt the vertical form

• One notable exception is the sky bridgeconnecting twin towers; e.g. Highlight Towers inMunich and Petronas building in Kuala Lumpur.




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3- Progressive Evacuation




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4- Full/Total Building Evacuation

• Using protected stairways to reduced level of riskfrom fire and smoke.

• Protected elevators can be also used.

• Minimizing evacuation time is crucial.

• In Taipei 101 in Taiwan, total evacuation time was2.5hrs when using only the egress stairs.

• Incorporating the use of elevators resulted in areduction in the overall evacuation time to 1 hr.




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5- Hybrid/Combined Strategies

• Many modern tall buildings contain more than oneoccupancy types; hotel, offices, restaurants, cafes,etc.

• Tall buildings may have a separate evacuationstrategy for each individual occupancy.

• Vertical egress components can be shared amongvarious occupancies.

• The combination of strategies should be tested.




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How to reduce the evacuation time?

Components of Egress

• Exit discounting (an exit can be lost in the event ofa fire)

• Horizontal Stair Transfers (the need to transferfloors or corridors)

• Effective wayfinding/exit signage

• Egress discharge locations (safe, away from carmovement paths and sufficient)




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Elevator Evacuation

Elevators can play the following roles:

• For use by the fire department in their fire fightingoperations.

• For use by fire-fighters to shuttle equipment.

• For use by the fire department to assist in rescueoperations.

• For use by disabled occupants for evacuation, orothers unable to use the stairways.

• For use by all of, or a portion of the generalbuilding population for evacuation.




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Training and communication

• Fire fighting department.

• Occupants.

• Training should not be restricted to classrooms; itshould include practical training.

• Training should be periodical (scheduled).




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Supplemental escape equipment

• Helicopters for Egress/Rooftop Helipads

• This might conflict with the use of green roofs andPV cells

• Number of evacuees is relatively small.

• Direction of movement is then upwards;conflicting with those getting downwards.




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Protecting building occupants in place (Refuge Floors)

• Creating safe areas within the building to whichoccupants can be relocated (areas of refuge /refuge floors)

• Waiting for an evacuation elevator

• Included protected elevator lobbies or stairway landings

• Fully protected by sprinklers

• With openings to the exterior on opposing sides toprevent smoke accumulation

• Re-entry is allowed

• Sky lobbies• Areas (or even whole floors) where transfer between

various elevator groups can be achieved in order to reachthe desired floor

• Sky lobby areas may share a level with mechanicalequipment




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When ‘refuge floors’ are needed?

• Korea: building height > 50 stories or 200m

• Hong Kong: building height > 25 stories

• KSA: building height > 30 stories

• India: building height > 24 stories




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Development of Egress Plan

• What are the anticipated credible events?

• How a fire is detected?

• How are occupants alerted?

• How are emergency responders alerted?

• How will occupants and fire department personnelinteract?

• Where will the occupants go?

• How are occupants being accounted for?

• Will elevators be used?




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Building Fire Modelling

• FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) is a computationalfluid dynamics (CFD) model of fire-driven fluidflow. The software solves numerically a form of theNavier-Stokes equations appropriate for low-speed, thermally-driven flow, with an emphasis onsmoke and heat transport from fires.

• CFAST (Consolidated Model of Fire and SmokeTransport) is a two-zone fire model used tocalculate the evolving distribution of smoke, firegases and temperature throughout compartmentsof a building during a fire.




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Structural Fire Analysis

Structural fire analysis means analyzing the structuralsystems under realistic fire conditions.

This type of approach typically involves:

• Evaluation of realistic fire scenarios in and aroundthe building.

• Calculation of the heat transfer from the fire(s) tothe structural elements.

• Quantification of the structure’s response.




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SAFETY AND SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS IN INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS

• Safety and Security of Intelligent Buildings

• Securing IBMSs

• Technical Solutions

• Conclusion Remarks: Safety and Security in Buildings

What is special about ‘Intelligent Buildings’?

Intelligent Building Management Systems (IBMSs)

Safety and Security of Intelligent Buildings




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Why securing IBMS?

• IBMSs are now connected to other buildingsystems (IT data centers, remote access serversand public utilities).

• Growth in the use of open protocols.

• This offers a wide range of opportunities, whileat the same time posing influential challenges,among which …..

SECURITY of the IBMSs

is one the most important concern.

Securing IBMS




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Schneider Electric 3-Phase Security Plan

Design

Installation

Operation

Technical Solutions




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Design

• Physical security• Multiple barriers to access (building, room, and

cabinet access control)

• Preventing unauthorized physical access tonetwork devices.

• Protect communication cables.

• Network infrastructure• Limits network access points

• Use firewalls to access control

• Manage users accesses

• Restrict remote access

• Selection of components (security features)

• Wireless technology

Technical Solutions




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Installation

• Considerations• Isolate all the system from the outside world till

ready

• Hardware (equipment)

• Anti-virus software

• Security measures

• Configuration rules of the Firewall

• System devices

• User accounts

• Thread detection and mitigation

Technical Solutions




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Operation

• Monitoring the system

• Maintaining user accounts and access lists

• Backup and recovery plan

• Firewalls periodical check

• Building IBMS security awareness

• Periodical security audits• Penetration testing

• Attempts to acquire passwords from users

• Verifying the security procedures followed

• Assessment of protection against new types ofthreats

Technical Solutions




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TE Connectivity: Solutions for building safety and security

Fire detection

Video surveillance

Access control

Theft detection

Intrusion detection

Network systems

Technical Solutions




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TE Connectivity: Solutions for building safety and security

Fire detection

Video surveillance

Access control

Theft detection

Intrusion detection

Network systems

Fire Detection Video Surveillance Access Control

Theft detection Intrusion detection Network system

Technical Solutions




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Siemens Solutions

Danger Management

Installing one-source management applicationthat combines all safety and security featuresinto one system.

• Fire

• Intrusion

• Access / Vandalism

• Evacuation

• Video Surveillance

• HVAC

DMS8000

Benefits at a glance

• Management station

• Centralized danger management and supervision

• Flexibility to safety and security strategy

• Guidance capabilities during the event treatment

• Open architecture and scalability

Technical Solutions




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Siemens Solutions

Fire Detection Systems / Cerberus PROFire detection system Panels for safety overview

Fire detectors Special detectors

Floor displays Acoustic/optical alarming

• Fire control panels – they combine high securitystandards with latest technology

• Fire detectors – they ensure very fast and highlyreliable detection thanks to intelligent detectiontechnology

• Peripheral devices – they increase safety evenfurther

• Special detectors – they cover applications fromhazardous areas to high bay warehousing

Technical Solutions




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Siemens Solutions

Multi-sensor: High intelligence

Technical Solutions




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Conclusion Remarks: Safety and Security in Buildings

Proper building height

Maximum building height; i.e. compact building form, smart growth, footprint, land value, etc.

Versus minimum building height: minimize the challenges imposed by building height (safety)1




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Integration between architectural and engineering disciplines in the deign process

Architectural design, MEP disciplines,

structural engineering, fire and life safety specialists, etc.2




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Use of Simulation Tools

Way-finding, visibility, integration,

fire simulation, structural simulation, etc.3




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Integrated security and life safety plan

Appropriate evacuation strategy, components of egress,

scheduled/periodical and practical training, communication with users, reports, etc.4




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Evacuation strategy

Simultaneous, progressive, phased / staged / sequential,

full / total or hybrid evacuation strategy5




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Level of technology

Latest technology, flexibility of the system, vendors, maintenance,

continuous updates, testing, maintenance, etc. 6




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Thanks for attention


Department of Architecture,

Faculty of Environmental Design, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah,

Saudi Arabia

E-mail: [email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

Tel: 00966 53 7896 144