Safety in LNG Shipping & Safety in LNG Shipping & Terminals :Terminals :Class Viewpoints on the Critical Needs Class Viewpoints on the Critical Needs for Qualified Human Resourcesfor Qualified Human Resources

Sei-Chang LeeSei-Chang Lee

Advisory Technical DirectorAdvisory Technical Director

Korean Register of ShippingKorean Register of Shipping

IAMU LNG Round TableIAMU LNG Round Table

28 Feb. – 1 Mar. 200528 Feb. – 1 Mar. 2005

Busan, KoreaBusan, Korea

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ContentsContents

1.1. IntroductionIntroduction

2.2. LNG Carriers – Safety with KRLNG Carriers – Safety with KR

3.3. Containment System ApprovalContainment System Approval

33.1 Concept Approval of the Cargo Containment System.1 Concept Approval of the Cargo Containment System

3.2 Mock-up Test & Quality Assurance3.2 Mock-up Test & Quality Assurance

4.4. Test & Inspection of LNGC Test & Inspection of LNGC

5.5. Concluding Remarks Concluding Remarks

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1.1. Introduction Introduction Historical reviewHistorical review 1959. 1 : The first LNG shipment :1959. 1 : The first LNG shipment :

“ “Methane Pioneer” – Louisiana, U.S.A Methane Pioneer” – Louisiana, U.S.A 1975. 11 : IMO Resolution A.328(GC Code)/329(IX) (Existing ship)1975. 11 : IMO Resolution A.328(GC Code)/329(IX) (Existing ship) 1983. 6 : IMO MSC6(48) IGC Code1983. 6 : IMO MSC6(48) IGC Code 2004 : 175 LNGC + New buildings / 8,750 Crewmen + other personnel2004 : 175 LNGC + New buildings / 8,750 Crewmen + other personnel Near future : Rapid growth of LNG industry needs more experts Near future : Rapid growth of LNG industry needs more experts

Still to maintain our unparalleled safety record with NO human errorStill to maintain our unparalleled safety record with NO human error

Round Table discussions today :Round Table discussions today : Tieing together the important features of critical needs for LNG expertsTieing together the important features of critical needs for LNG experts The public concern for the safer management greater than ever The public concern for the safer management greater than ever

Requesting the shakeholders to not only pay attention to safety itself, Requesting the shakeholders to not only pay attention to safety itself,

but also to make an action plan to produce competent human resources.but also to make an action plan to produce competent human resources.

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Safety chain in LNG circlesSafety chain in LNG circles

Why we need to focus on the SAFETY of LNGC?Why we need to focus on the SAFETY of LNGC?

Owner/operator

Terminal

Ship’s crew

Owner/operator

Terminal

Ship’s crew

Administration

Class Society

Administration

Class SocietyShip builder

Manufacturer

Ship builder

Manufacturer

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Class Societies’ responsibilities :Class Societies’ responsibilities : Establishment/updating of own Rules and survey guidelines Establishment/updating of own Rules and survey guidelines IMO IGC Code/Res. A 328IMO IGC Code/Res. A 328 To ensure an acceptable safety & functional reliability in design, To ensure an acceptable safety & functional reliability in design,

construction, repair, maintenance & operation of all merchant vessels construction, repair, maintenance & operation of all merchant vessels

as well as LNGCas well as LNGC To approve the Builders’/Owners’ quality management system To approve the Builders’/Owners’ quality management system

(ISO/ISM Code)(ISO/ISM Code) To assess ships & port facility security plan (ISPS Code) To assess ships & port facility security plan (ISPS Code)

- Regulatory protection measures against any act of terrorism - Regulatory protection measures against any act of terrorism

after September 11, 2001after September 11, 2001 R & D projects - Formal safety assessment, risk-based managementR & D projects - Formal safety assessment, risk-based management

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2. LNG Carriers – Safety with KR2. LNG Carriers – Safety with KR2.1 KR, founded in 1960, has been a Member of IACS since 1988 currently 2.1 KR, founded in 1960, has been a Member of IACS since 1988 currently

classing about 2,090 vessels with an aggregated tonnage of 22.4 million classing about 2,090 vessels with an aggregated tonnage of 22.4 million G/G/

TT. .

A major oil and shipping company has recently advised that VLCCs A major oil and shipping company has recently advised that VLCCs

classed by KR is now eligible for acceptance within its vetting system. classed by KR is now eligible for acceptance within its vetting system.

2.2 KR has worked as a member of evaluation team on behalf of KOGAS 2.2 KR has worked as a member of evaluation team on behalf of KOGAS

(Korea Gas Corporation) at various projects to assess the capability of (Korea Gas Corporation) at various projects to assess the capability of

shipyards and to review LNGC building specifications. shipyards and to review LNGC building specifications.

2.3 Presently, 18 LNG carriers are in KR class registry as shown in the 2.3 Presently, 18 LNG carriers are in KR class registry as shown in the

following table, and more new buildings are expected in the next few years. following table, and more new buildings are expected in the next few years.

(11 Membrane + 7 Moss types) (11 Membrane + 7 Moss types)

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LNG Carriers classed with KR (18 Vessels)LNG Carriers classed with KR (18 Vessels)

CNO. Ship's Name Owner Manager Shipyard

TankType

BuiltYear

Capacity

(m3)

TankNo.

G/T(Ton)

LBP x B x D x d(m)

9443293 Hyundai Utopia Hyundai

MMHyundai H.

I. MOSS 1994

125,000 4 103,764 260.0 x 47.2 x 26.5 x

11.75

9443984 YK Sovereign KOGAS/SK Hyundai H.

I. MOSS 1994

125,000 4 103,764 260.0 x 47.2 x 26.5 x

11.75

9545002 Hanjin Pyeong Taek Albatros

Lease Co. Hanjin H. I. GT-96 1995

125,000 4 90,004 257.0 x 43.0 x 27.0 x

12.00

9646889 Hyundai Greenpia Hyundai

MMHyundai H.

I. MOSS 1996

125,000 4 103,764 260.0 x 47.2 x 26.5 x

11.75

9950398 Hyundai Technopia Hyundai

MMHyundai H.

I. MOSS 1999

135,000 4 113,998 274.0 x 48.2 x 26.5 x

12.00

9950315 Hanjin Muscat Hanjin Shippin

g Hanjin H. I. GT-96 1999

135,000 4 93,765 268.5 x 43.0 x 26.2 x

12.00

9950423 SK Summit SK

ShippingDaewoo

SME GT-96 1999

135,000 4 95,378 266.0 x 43.4 x 26.0 x

12.00

0051226 SK Supreme SK

ShippingSamsung

H. I.MARK

Ⅲ2000

135,000 4 92,866 266.0 x 42.6 x 26.0 x

12.00

0051265 Hyundai Cosmopia Hyundai

MMHyundai H.

I. MOSS 2000

135,000 4 113,998 274.0 x 48.2 x 26.5 x

12.00

0051217 K. Acacia Korea Line Daewoo

SME GT-96 2000

135,000 4 95,376 266.0 x 43.4 x 26.0 x

12.00

0051309 Hanjin Sur Hanjin Shippin

g Hanjin H. I. GT-96 2000

135,000 4 93,769 268.5 x 43.0 x 26.2 x

12.00

0051587 SK Splendor SK

ShippingSamsung

H. I.MARK

Ⅲ2000

135,000 4 92,866 266.0 x 42.6 x 26.0 x

12.00

0051652 Hyundai Aquapia Hyundai

MMHyundai H.

I. MOSS 2000

135,000 4 113,998 274.0 x 48.2 x 26.5 x

12.00

0052124 Hanjin Ras Laffan Hanjin Shippin

g Hanjin H. I. GT-96 2000

135,000 4 93,769 268.5 x 43.0 x 26.2 x

12.00

0052036 K. Freesia Korea Line Daewoo

SME GT-96 2000

135,000 4 95,376 266.0 x 43.4 x 26.0 x

12.00

0052209 Hyundai Oceanpia Hyundai

MMHyundai H.

I. MOSS 2000

135,000 4 113,998 274.0 x 48.2 x 26.5 x

12.00

0052639 SK Stellar SK

ShippingSamsung

H. I.MARK

Ⅲ2000

135,000 4 92,866 266.0 x 42.6 x 26.0 x

12.00

0355775 SK Sunrise SK

ShippingSamsung

H. I.MARK

Ⅲ2003

135,000 4 92,866 266.0 x 42.6 x 26.0 x

12.00

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2.4 R & D Projects2.4 R & D Projects

Structural Analysis (Moss/Membrane type LNGC)Structural Analysis (Moss/Membrane type LNGC)

Global structural analysis

Cargo tank analysis

Fatigue/crack propagation

- Fine mesh analysis

-Fatigue life assessment

-Crack propagation analysis

-Leakage estimation

Thermal stress analysis

Sloshing analysis

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Cargo piping system & Thermal designCargo piping system & Thermal design of cargo containment of cargo containment

Program for cargo pipe stress on gas carrier (1993)Program for cargo pipe stress on gas carrier (1993)

Thermal design software for membrane type LNGC (1998)Thermal design software for membrane type LNGC (1998)

- Temperature distribution around cargo tanks- Temperature distribution around cargo tanks

Heat balance program (1998)Heat balance program (1998)

A study on cargo tank filling limit (1998)A study on cargo tank filling limit (1998)

Ventilation flow characteristics in hood room (2001)Ventilation flow characteristics in hood room (2001)

Shockwave analysis of cargo piping system Shockwave analysis of cargo piping system

Thermal equilibrium & safety assessment of Thermal equilibrium & safety assessment of

Re-liquefaction system or Dual fuel engineRe-liquefaction system or Dual fuel engine

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OverviewOverview

• The idea has not found its way into regulations. The idea has not found its way into regulations.

• The designer of prospective Owners or Builders would demonstrate the acThe designer of prospective Owners or Builders would demonstrate the acceptability of their system to the Class or Administration. ceptability of their system to the Class or Administration.

• “ “Chicken & egg” problem : Chicken & egg” problem :

The designer woulThe designer would not be able to obtain a contract without the approval, and the class would d not be able to obtain a contract without the approval, and the class would not be able to start plan review before a contract is signenot be able to start plan review before a contract is signed. d.

Concept Approval : Certificate issued to the designerConcept Approval : Certificate issued to the designer

• Basic approval – system description, design criteria, Basic approval – system description, design criteria, calculation to be performed calculation to be performed

• Design approval – system description, design loads, Design approval – system description, design loads, sloshing load assessment, stress/strength/fatigue assessmentsloshing load assessment, stress/strength/fatigue assessment

• Mock-up tank building & testing Mock-up tank building & testing

3. Containment System Approval3. Containment System Approval 3.1 Concept Approval of the Cargo Containment System

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Last process : Application to a first ship Last process : Application to a first ship

• Drawing approvalDrawing approval

• Building survey including survey after first LNG laden voyageBuilding survey including survey after first LNG laden voyage

• Gas trialsGas trials

• Final approval : After all specified calculations & tests are performed Final approval : After all specified calculations & tests are performed

Int. Certificate of Fitness for the Carriage of Liquefied Gases Int. Certificate of Fitness for the Carriage of Liquefied Gases

in Bulk issued under IGC Codein Bulk issued under IGC Code

Letter of Compliance (LOC) Letter of Compliance (LOC)

• Entry into a port of foreign flag vessels carrying bulk liquefied gases is coEntry into a port of foreign flag vessels carrying bulk liquefied gases is co

ntrolled by LOC.ntrolled by LOC.

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3.2 Mock-up Test & Quality Assurance3.2 Mock-up Test & Quality Assurance

IGC Code 4.10.3IGC Code 4.10.3

For membrane tanks, quality assurance measures, weld procedFor membrane tanks, quality assurance measures, weld procedure qualification, design details, materials, construction, inspecure qualification, design details, materials, construction, inspection & production testing of components, should be to standardtion & production testing of components, should be to standards developed during the prototype testing programme.s developed during the prototype testing programme.

The Shipyard has to implement an approved quality programThe Shipyard has to implement an approved quality programme of the construction, testing and inspection of the membrane me of the construction, testing and inspection of the membrane tank including the inner hull. tank including the inner hull.

To build a Mock-up of a containment system as a part of a tanTo build a Mock-up of a containment system as a part of a tank prior to building of membrane type LNGC.k prior to building of membrane type LNGC.

Materials, Welding procedure specification, welders, InsulatioMaterials, Welding procedure specification, welders, Insulation panel/tank, tightnessn panel/tank, tightness

Certificate of Fitness, Quality System approvalCertificate of Fitness, Quality System approval

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4. Test & Inspection of LNGC4. Test & Inspection of LNGC Cargo containment system : Cargo tank structure Cargo containment system : Cargo tank structure

- Panels, fittings, trihedron, membrane sheet, etc. - Panels, fittings, trihedron, membrane sheet, etc.

- Onboard : Inner hull construction, installation of insulation - Onboard : Inner hull construction, installation of insulation

materials, membrane erection, global tightness, etc. materials, membrane erection, global tightness, etc.

Cargo handling system Cargo handling system

- Cargo pumping/piping- Cargo pumping/piping

- Boil-off treatment system, valves, etc.- Boil-off treatment system, valves, etc.

Hull structureHull structure

Hull outfittingHull outfitting

- Mooring equipment & miscellaneous items- Mooring equipment & miscellaneous items

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Statutory inspection & certification Statutory inspection & certification

- Life saving & fire fighting appliances- Life saving & fire fighting appliances

MachineryMachinery

- Main turbine- Main turbine

- Dual fuel engine/electric propulsion system- Dual fuel engine/electric propulsion system

- Diesel/turbine generator- Diesel/turbine generator

- Dual fuel boiler- Dual fuel boiler

- Shaftings and propeller, rudder- Shaftings and propeller, rudder

- Aux. machinery- Aux. machinery

Automation & electrical partAutomation & electrical part

- Electric power generating plant, switch board- Electric power generating plant, switch board

- Integrated automation system- Integrated automation system

Painting & coatingPainting & coating

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Although LNG is one of the most hazardous cargoes, stringent trainiAlthough LNG is one of the most hazardous cargoes, stringent traini

ng for qualified crews and personnel coupled with rigorous design, cong for qualified crews and personnel coupled with rigorous design, co

nstruction and operational requirements will continuously maintain tnstruction and operational requirements will continuously maintain t

he unparalleled safety record:he unparalleled safety record:

- Safety culture in LNG circles should be promoted.Safety culture in LNG circles should be promoted.

- Operators and engineers must be trained that codes & rules represenOperators and engineers must be trained that codes & rules represent only minimum requirements.t only minimum requirements.

- Specifications & quality management system should ensure that thSpecifications & quality management system should ensure that the design, construction & operation are done in a safe manner.e design, construction & operation are done in a safe manner.

- Special training model course for LNG crews should be set up bSpecial training model course for LNG crews should be set up by IAMU and proposed to IMO level. (Iny IAMU and proposed to IMO level. (Int. Convention on Standards of Training, Certification Watchkeeping t. Convention on Standards of Training, Certification Watchkeeping for Seafarers)for Seafarers)

5. Concluding Remarks 5. Concluding Remarks

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Safer design, construction and operation of LNGC requires Safer design, construction and operation of LNGC requires

sufficient qualified human resources for minimum human error:sufficient qualified human resources for minimum human error:

- Hardware-oriented/technical standpoint of structures & equipment Hardware-oriented/technical standpoint of structures & equipment

- Software system of ship operation & security perspective to manage Software system of ship operation & security perspective to manage such bulk hazardous liquidssuch bulk hazardous liquids

Rapid expansion of LNG trade needs:Rapid expansion of LNG trade needs:

- Thousands of skilled crew members, designers, manufacturers, Thousands of skilled crew members, designers, manufacturers, operators and related experts operators and related experts

- Education/training for producing qualified LNG personnel Education/training for producing qualified LNG personnel with short term and long term projects with cost-benefit moduleswith short term and long term projects with cost-benefit modules

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Time is ripe to establish LNG Training Centers - AmoTime is ripe to establish LNG Training Centers - Amongst them one in Asia :ngst them one in Asia :

- The right venue & time to have an LNG training center in Asia.The right venue & time to have an LNG training center in Asia.

- Where/How to do : Busan, Korea is the hub of Asian ports and the ceWhere/How to do : Busan, Korea is the hub of Asian ports and the center of LNGC building, equipment manufacturing and LNG trade;nter of LNGC building, equipment manufacturing and LNG trade;

“ “Cost-effective/Proactive” Cost-effective/Proactive”

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KRKR IS YOUR BEST PARTNER IS YOUR BEST PARTNER