safety topic 1_introduction to safety.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to
Occupational Safety and
Health
Mjema, E.A.M
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International Labour
Organisation Statistics
Every three minutes a worker
somewhere in the world dies from an
occupational accident or from anoccupational disease.
Every second at least three injuries
are caused worldwide by anoccupational accident.
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Key Trend
Data on occurrence of occupationalaccidents in the industrialized
countries shows that there has been asignificant reduction in the absolutenumber of fatal accidents and in thedeath rate per 100,000 workers while
the number of injuries resulting fromoccupational accidents has notdecreased significantly.
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Reasons for the Decline
in Fatalities
Growing awareness of matters of safetyand health among workers andmanagement.
Safer machinery and equipment are beingused.
Hazardous jobs have been eliminated byincreased mechanisation and automation
and
New legislation has imposed strictersafety requirements for machinery andequipment.
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The Safety Situation in
the Developing
Countries
The rate of fatal occupational accidents is
several timeshigher than in industrialized
countries, and
The sectoral pattern of the occurrence of
fatal accidents is the same as in
industrialized countries with higher ratesin the construction and in the mining
industry than in the manufacturing sector.
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Reasons for the Poor
Situation in Developing
Countries
Serious lack of safety awareness amongmanagement and workers.
Much of the machinery and equipment isnot fitted with the proper safety guards
Lack of personal protective equipment.
Poor housekeeping and
There is a vast informal sector where theyoung, least skilled and least experiencedare employed and exposed to hazardous
working conditions.
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The Cost of Accidents
Direct costs include the salaries paid toinjured workers during their absence fromwork, the costs for medical treatment andany compensation to which an injuredworker is entitled because of the loss ofhis earning capacity.
In Tanzania, the Workmen's CompensationOrdinance (Cap.263), which wasintroduced in 1949 (and since thenamended several times), rules for suchcompensation.
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The Cost of Accidents
During temporary incapacity (i.e. absencefrom work), after an accident 50 per centof the salary is to be compensated butmost employers continue to pay the fullsalary, especially to their permanent staff.
In the case of full permanent incapacitythe compensation is 54 monthly earningswith a maximum of Tshs. 108,000/= (in1985).
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The Cost of Accidents
The indirect costswhich are more difficultto estimate include the costs for time lost(i.e. the costs for idle machinery includingoverhead costs and the value of lost
production) by the injured worker andother personnel, the damage to machinerytools and other equipment and anyincidental costs because of interferencewith normal operations.
Indirect costs are several timesas high asthe direct costs; factors of between 2 and4 have been mentioned.
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Safety Awareness and
Accident Prevention
Efforts
On an international level by theInternational Labour Organisation
On the national level by Governmentagencies, professional associations,safety councils and educationalinstitutions
Within factories (or other businessentities) through the commitment ofmanagement and the involvement of theworkers and their representative
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Main Definitions
Accidentis an unplanned and undesirableevent that interrupts an intended ongoingactivity and that may resul t in in jury orproperty damage.
Hazardis a condition with the potential ofcausing injury to personnel, damage toequipment or structures, loss of material,or lessening of ability to perform a
prescribed function. Danger express a relative exposure to a
hazard. A hazard may be present, butthere may be little danger because of
precautions taken.
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Main Definitions
Damage is the severity of injury orphysical, functional or monetary loss thatcould result if control of a hazard is lost.
Risk is indicated by the probability of an
accident times the damage in moneyterms, lives, or operating units.
Safety is "freedom from hazards".However, it is practically impossible to
completely eliminate all hazards. Safety istherefore a matter of relative protectionfrom exposure to hazards
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Man-Machine System
Why and how do accidents occur?
What real goes wrong and lead to
accidents?
Understanding of man-machine
system interaction can help respond
to these questions
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Man-Machine System
Man
Machine
detect signalprocess
informationdecides
responds
display signal
operates
receivesresponse
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Man-machine System
An accident-free flow willbeachieved, if the loop is not disturbed.
A disturbance of the loop, which canresult in an accident, can be caused
either by human failure or by machine
failure.
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Man-machine System
The proper functioning of the loop depends on
the following working conditions: the workplace: the conditions of machines,
equipment, tools, and work methods
the worker: her/his education, training,
attitude and experience the inputs: materials, energy
the outputs: semi-finished goods, finalproducts, by-products, waste
the environment: climatic conditions (heat,noise, dust, illumination) and social factors(condition and terms of employment, relations
between worker and supervisor orcolleagues)
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Accidents due to Unsafe
Acts vs. Unsafe
Conditions
In a study of 75,000 accidents, it
was established the muchquoted 88:10:2 ratio, meaningthat out 100 accidents 88 werecaused by unsafe acts, ten byunsafe conditions while twowere due to conditions whichcould not have been prevented.
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HAZARD ANALYIS
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Hazard Classification
Mechanical hazards- sliding motions of
machines, rotating parts, run-in or nip points,rolling objects, impacts by flying objects,sharp corners, poorly finished surfaces, etc.
Electrical hazards- static electricity, bare
electrical installations, high tension andvoltages cables.
Chemical hazards- fire, explosion,corrosion, contamination by toxic substances,
etc. Physical hazards- air pollution, climate,
illumination, noise and vibration, radiation
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Hazard Classification
Biological hazards- virus, bacteria, fungi,
contagious diseases Physiological hazards- Physically heavy
work load, unsuitable tools and equipment,unsuitable working methods
Psychical and social hazards-Unsatisfactory workplace and workingenvironment, personal problems, familyproblems, problem working with colleague,
etc.
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Job Safety Analysis Job Safety Analysis (JSA), is applied to
make the job safer and to preventaccidents.
JSA deals with a particular job out of themany jobs in a unit, which is analysed by
asking a number of questions such as: Who performs the job? (Qualification requirement
for the performance of that particular job).
Which is the task of each worker? (Division ofwork).
Which tools and equipment are utilized to carryout the job?
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Job Safety Analysis
Which are the hazards inherent in thejob?
Which unsafe acts or conditions
could cause an accident?
How can a worker avoid risks?
Which is the PPE needed to be used
by the worker?
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Risk Assessment
Risk assessment is a method foridentification of risks in work systems.
In risk assessment the hazards of asystem are identified and the probability
of the occurrence of an accident and theexpected effects are assessed.
Hazards of the work system are identifiedusing JSA, and regarding the probability
of occurrence of accidents, it may besufficient to distinguish between low,medium and high probability.
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Risk Assessment
The emphasis of risk assessment ison identifying unsafe conditions andon setting priorities in hazard
control. Accidents which are rated with a low
probability of occurrence but whoseeffects are widespread with severeconsequences need particularattention because once they happenthey cam be catastrophic.
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Failure Mode and Effect
Analysis FMEA)
The basic idea of FMEA is to break down asystem into its components.
For each component the possible modesof failure are identified and their effects on
personnel, hardware and system aredescribed.
A further step in FMEA is to determine theprobability of failure and severity of failure
The probability of the occurrence of afailure can be rated based on existingrecords, calculated by a system analysisor estimated based on good judgment.
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HAZARD CONTROL
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The Possibilities of
Hazard Control
Control Through
Element Hazard Man Effectiveness
Elimination of the hazard - x
Removal of man from the
exposure to the hazard
x -
Isolation of the hazard x x
Protection of man x x least effective
Most effective
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The Human Factor
One of the most importantfactors in the cause of
accidents and in theirprevention is the attitude ofthe worker, which is referredto as the "human factor" inoccupational safety.
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Attitudes Towards Safety
WHY DO WORKERS DO A JOB
IN AN UNSAFE WAY WHEN
THEY COULD DO IT IN A
SAFE WAY?
The unsafe way is seen as easier, lesstroublesome and even safer
The unsafe way is seen as the best one
Unaware of the safe working practice
Safety precautions may be considered tobe unnecessary constraints,
Bravadodangerous show of bravery
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General Attitude of
Workers: External Locus of
Control
In Tanzania, workers are often
unaware of the possibilities of
accident prevention and consideraccidents as unavoidable afflictions
that have to be suffered.
Much can be done to change thisattitude by placing suitable emphasis
on safety awareness and training.
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he Workers
Environment and
Frequency of Accidents
The worker's environment is animportant psychological factor to beconsidered in occupational safety.
It has been observed that thefrequency of accidents is influencedby the general atmosphere
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What makes a Poor
Work Environment?
bad relations between employers and
workers
dissatisfaction of the workers withsalaries, working hours and working
conditions
poor industrial relations and care forthe workers' welfare
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What makes a Good
Work Environment?
Reasonable salaries
Good human relations
Good understanding betweenmanagement and labour
Correct decisions on questions ofpromotion, well-cared-for work-
places, good sanitary facilities andwelfare services
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Peace of mind is
another important
psychological factor in
occupational safety
It is not only dependent on
conditions at the workplace but on
living conditions outside the
company as well.
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Peace of mind
Living in inadequate housing andproblems in the family will adverselyinfluence a worker's attitude towards his
job what is likely to increase the rate of
accidents. Another factor is insecurity of
employment. When workers fear dismissalthey may well be in an unbalanced state of
mind which will make them more liable tohavean accident.
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Fatigue and Boredom
What is fatigue?
What Causes fatigue?
The degree of the influence of fatiguewill depend on the interest, which aworker takes in his job: fatigue will befelt less by a worker who is interested inhis work than by a worker who lacks thisinterest.
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Fatigue and Boredom
What is boredom? Refers to loosing interested on what one is
doing
It depends to a high degree on whether he
likes his work or not which is again influencedby the working environment
Elements, which will contribute to augmenthis interest in and satisfaction from his job,such as responsibility for the work,appreciation by management, being keptinformed about developments in thecompany, will also tend to decrease hisliability to accidents
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The Impact of Fatigue
and BoredomResearch has shown that the greater thefatigue and boredom, the greater the risk ofan accident.
Fatigue and boredom will reduce a worker'sattention and his speed of action as well asthe care, which he takes over his work.
Accidents are often not so much related tophysical fatigue as to the mental attitude
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Worker Experience and
Inexperience
The frequency of accidents among
newcomers is relatively high.
This may be explained by their lack ofexperience and by the fact that they are not
yet familiar with the working environment
and that their attention is distracted by the
many new impressions.
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Worker Experience and
Inexperience
The familiarity of experienced workerswith the working environment and withtheir job often has an adverse effect on
their accident rate as is shown by the highnumber of accidents on electric circuitswhich befall electricians.
Man tends to neglect safety measures and
to become careless if no seriousaccidents have happened for some time,assuming that there was less risk than hehad been told.
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Accident Proneness
Statistics show that certain workershave no accidents while others whoare exposed to the same risks haveseveral accidents during the sameperiod.
These latter ones are usually
described as "accident prone".
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Causes of Accident
Proneness
Influence of such person factors asdistraction, nervousness and taking risksout of bravado in order to show off.
A person's physical condition andpsychological factors.
Example: A person might not be aware ofa reduced faculty of sight or hearing and itis up to a medical examination to identifysuch handicaps and either correct them orsuggest a suitable alternative workplacefor the person concerned.
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Causes of Accident
Proneness
There are degrees of accident proneness that are
influenced by psychological factor while one
disadvantageous factor such as vanity may notparticularly dangerous
A combination of several such factors e.g. vanity,
carelessness, nervousness, probably will be more
dangerous. People who are aware of their predispositions can
do much to keep them under control
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Compliance with safety
and health standards
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Providing a hazard-free
working place
To provide a hazard-free working placemeans to consider safety and healthstandards when building a new plant or
when procuring new machines orequipment and to maintain these in a safeworking condition.
The best way to ensure compliance with
these standards is to consider themalready in the planning or evaluating stageof a project and not only as anafterthought when it has almost beencompleted.
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Advance safety
inspection
When a plant or a factory is to be built or extendedthe owner of the establishment can be required tosubmit the plans for the project to the competentauthority for the registration or approval.
When the plans have to be approved the authoritywill scrutinize them to ensure compliance withsafety and health standards.
Such an advancesafety inspection" is therefore aneffective means to provide a hazard-free workingplace later when the project will he implemented.
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Procurement of
Facilities
Machines and equipment must
comply with safety and health
standards These standards must be considered
when designing, constructing,
procuring and installing the facility.
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To consider safety
aspects in the design
stage means to
choose the appropriate materials;
choose the appropriate design;
observe the relevant standards andregulations;
choose appropriate colours and symbolsfor machine controls and displays and toarrange them for efficient and error-freeoperation.
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When constructing the
facility
It is essential that the compliance with thedesign is ensured and that no one-sidedalterations are made.
For facilities, which are to be procured,
clarify whether: the facility could be a hazard for the personnel
or the environment;
environmental conditions in the procuring
company require additional precautions; the facility complies with internal safety
standards of the procuring company.
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Periodic Safety
Inspections
For operating plants, it is necessary tocarry out periodic safety inspections.
The purpose of these inspections is to:
ensure that workplaces remain free ofhazards;
- ensure that hazards which cannot beeliminated are isolated
- ensure that personal protective equipment is
used when and where required- ensure that safe working practices are applied
- follow up on previous safety measures.
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Periodic safety checks
In addition to the periodic safetyinspections, it can be expedient to carryout periodic checks at weekly, fortnightlyor monthly intervals.
These are carried out by the supervisor ofthe respective area with the aim to ensurethat safety precautions which could easilybe neglected in everyday operations are
maintained. A checklist similar to the one used for
safety inspections can be compiled, listingthe items to be checked and the
corresponding safety precautions.
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Safety education
Purpose of Safety Education:- accept safety as being part of
occupational activities;
- recognize hazards and take action toprevent accidents;
- encourage safe working practices.
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Enforcement and
enthusiasm Need to make sure that the plant has a
safety management structure for, amongother things, enforcing the safety andhealth standards
This enforcement also includesconsidering safety as an integral part ofplanning procedures; to include safetymatters in managerial reporting and to
consider safety when assessing theperformance of a profit centre, departmentor workshop; to discuss safety matterswith the workers representatives and to
promote safety rules and regulations.
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Enforcement and
enthusiasm
Compliance and enforcement should beachieved through education andpersuasion rather than through coercive
measures such as reprimands or fines. Enthusiasm will grow out of the expertise
which has been acquired and out ofsuccesses which have been achieved.
These must be supported by additionalinputs such as appreciation,encouragement, rewarding and furthereducation.
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END OF THE
PRESENTATION
Thank you for listening
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DISCUSSION TOPICS
What should be the main elements of health /andsafety organization?
Sometimes health and safety issues require
mainly common sense. But why does it seem tobe a huge task to control the number and severityof occupational health and safety accidents?
It is argued that any health and safety programmewhich does not involved the operational workers
will not have the desired impact. Comment Many people claim that funding is the main
constraint. How critical is the role of financing toadequate safety management