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SafetyFocusQuarterly Journal on African aviation safety - vol 4

Issue

022014

In thIs Issue: Rethinking the blackbox to recover flight data Getting tired and maintenance safety Relevance of management commitment to safety How ATC crisis management training paid off

AVIASSISTFOUNDATION

Connecting African professionals to best safety practices - giving businesses meaningful market exposureSafety promotion since 1996 - www.aviassist.org

Our focus on your safetySafety is a pre-condition for our daily operations to any destination.

KLM is proud to work hand in hand with the AviAssist Foundation

as part of that commitment to your safety.

SafetyFocus Magazine Issue 2 - 2014 1

2 Director's message | Charting the course Taking a look at the Foundation's focus for the next five years

3 Safety Calendar | Events in or relevant to the region

4 Safety news | News from or relevant to the region

8 Safety culture | From the top Senior management commitment and safety management systems

11 Traffic control | ATC crisis management training pays off Emergency response reparation & training paying off in real crisis

14 On record | Runway safety Real incidents to provide awareness of problems to avoid

16 Symposium review | ICAO symposium charts the way Taking stock of achievements and plans from Abuja declaration 2012

18 Accident investigation | Thinking outside the (black) box Examining alternative ways to deliver data to accident investigators

22 Maintenance matters | Fatigue awareness Discussing resources on 'Lasers and Aviation Safety'

24 Symposium | 2Gether 4Safety Investing in continuous professional development

25 AviAssist | Who is who at our events

Cover photo: Airside and runway con-tinuous to be part of the Foundation's focus, Ethiopian Airlines at Lusaka, Zambia © AviAssist Foundation

because access to safety InformatIon should not be lImIted by the bandwIdth of yourconnectIon

contents

8Our focus on your safety

Safety is a pre-condition for our daily operations to any destination.

KLM is proud to work hand in hand with the AviAssist Foundation

as part of that commitment to your safety.

Every quarter, we bring you the very best update on best safety practices. From airport marking to runway safety to safety shopping tips and ad-vice on aviation English. If you ever feel we can improve, let us know. After all, it's your magazine.

Our promise to you ......

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twitter.com/AviAssist

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Youtube.com/AviassistFoundation

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SafetyFocus Magazine2

My trips often start on board of Flybe out of nearby Exeter air-port. This May trip was no different. A car journey of two hours took me to Exeter, the home base of Flybe. It’s remarkable how air transport has developed such that it enables the Foundation to start its journey from relatively small airports such as Exeter to pass through Amsterdam, Brussels, Dakar and Kisumu in the space of just over a week.

My flight out of Exeter marked the start of two weeks of map-ping the Foundation’s focus of its resources in the coming 5 years. That charting of the Foundation’s course was done at the boardmeeting in Amsterdam but also by soaking up the status of safety at the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Africa aviation safety symposium in Dakar. Because, as you may expect, the Foundation does not work in isolation. Our plans and programs are guided by the Foundation’s five-year Strategic Vision, which in turn is based on the needs of and coordinated with the work of many important stakeholders.

From the very onset of AviAssist in 1996, we have been mak-ing more or less annual trips to the Regional ICAO Office in Nairobi. They serve the same region as AviAssist does, so sit-ting down with them makes good sense. But our co-ordination goes well beyond that. We use our limited resources wisely to co-ordinate on this particular trip in Brussels with the Euro-pean Commission, in Dakar with ICAO at it’s first ever Africa aviation safety symposium and with IATA, but also with the US Department of Transport (US DoT) and the US Federal Avia-tion Administration (FAA) during a trip in November. And all that is possible with the relentless support of the airlines such as Kenya Airways, Emirates and Turkish that meet the Founda-tion’s transportation needs.

My May trip also took me to the ICAO symposium in Senegal. It was great to see that, finally, these meetings not just bring regu-lators together but increasingly also see industry participation. In the past, the worlds of regulators and industry were always separated. ICAO meetings in Africa were for the regulators while the IATA meetings targeted the (heavy tin) airline indus-try. It’s a healthy development to see those two worlds slowly align and sometimes even merge their safety programs on a lot of issues. If you want to learn more about strategic issues in African avia-tion safety and the papers presented in Dakar, I invite you to visit our Facebook site for regular updates.

The ICAO Dakar symposium reviewed progress with the imple-mentation of the Global Aviation Safety Plan (GASP) in Africa since the Abuja declaration was adopted in 2013. And there has been quite some progress! On the basis of the achievements over the past year, the symposium also charted the course for the next few years. With all stakeholders in African aviation safety being united under the roof of the King Fahd hotel, the symposium also provided a great opportunity for many side meetings.Working hand in hand with industry and governments, the Foundation will continue to make its ‘hands-on’ contribution to the implementation of the GASP in East and Southern Africa.

dIrECtor'S | message

Tom

This means we continue to link our programs to the GASP and the 2013 Abuja safety targets.

Our contribution over the coming five years will also increas-ingly embrace the strengthening of general leadership skills. Because bringing the effective implementation of ICAO Stand-ards And Recommended Practices (SARP’s) in Africa up to 60% requires more than just boosting technical aviation skills. It requires boosting the capacity of regulators to organize and deploy those technical aviation skills in a manner that leads to consistent and structural safety oversight. Training staff for more generic skills as part of a technical aviation course also is part of captivating and motivating them in their job. It may also help aviation organizations to retain their staff because they don’t have to leave for other industries to gain such leadership skills to help them towards more senior positions (and greener pastures) As ICAO’s Mostafa Hoummady put it in his presentation in Senegal, “developing safety in a structural way requires organi-zations and companies to work towards true human resource planning and more specific job descriptions.” It also requires embracing competency-based training where training goes well beyond knowledge to include skills and at-titude.And so our upcoming runway safety training will have modules not just on runway safety but also on safety management sys-tems (SMS) and project management.

Back to Amsterdam: at its May board meeting, the board adopt-ed the Strategic Vision 2015-2020, charting the course for the work of the Foundation for the next five years. We’ll be posting the summary of it on our website in the near future to give all you readers and (prospective) partners and sponsors a chance to engage with it and see how we deploy your resources.

Now from strategic to tactical: what can you expect from us in the coming years? As an example for just the coming six months You will see our annual Airport Rescue & Fire Fighting (ARFF) course, an airport wildlife management course, an aviation English course, a runway safety training with Airports Council International and IATA deploy to Africa as well as two more editions of Africa’s only aviation safety magazine - SafetyFocus.On top of that, we are researching the development of an Airport Trauma Care Course with our partner Groningen Airport Eelde and an ambulance operator in the Netherlands. That course will better equip ARFF personnel and airport medical staff with any medical emergencies. With hospitals sometimes being far away from airports and not always fantastically equipped, the prepa-ration of airport operators for first aid is even more important than in some other parts of the world.

Oh, and yes, there is also still just a few weeks left to nOminate your airport safety champion for the 2014 edition of our afri-can aviatOr award. Kindly proof the cynics wrong that there no airport safety champions in Africa at your airport because surely, you know differently, right? Get in touch for a nomination form!

CourseCharting

THE


SAFEtY | calendar

Aviation (safety) event in Africa coming up? Tell industry leaders about it.

If you have a safety-related conference, seminar, training or meeting, we’ll list it. Get the information to us early. Send listings to SafetyFocus at <[email protected]>.

Be sure to include an e-mail address for readers to contact you about the event. Events listed in a red box are AviAssist or AviAssist endorsed events.

Oct 7-10 Runway Safety Seminar, AviAssist Foundation with support from IATA & ICAO Regional Office- Nairobi, Addis Ababa (t.b.c) more info at <[email protected]>

oct 12-1423rd ACI African Region Annual Assembly Conference and exhibition, Airports Council International, Durban, South-Africa, <www.aci-africa.aero> or contact <[email protected]>

oct 9 - 11 African Air expo, Accra, Ghana, more info at <www.africanairexpo.com>, for more information contact <[email protected]>

SEP 29- Oct 3 Annual Airport Rescue & Fire Fighting course, AviAssist Foundation, Dar Es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania <www.aviassist.org>

OCT 6-10 Aviation English course, AviAssist Foundation, (East and Southern African) Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania <www.aviassist.org>

Sep 16-17 Flightsafety 2014, London, United Kingdom, <www.flightglobalevents.com/fsafety14>, for more information contact <[email protected]>

Nov 11-1367th annual International Air Safety Summit (IASS), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, <www.flightsafety.org/meeting/iass-2014> or contact <[email protected]>

JUL 8-9 Airline Engineering and Maintenance Safety forum 2014, London, United Kingdom, <www.flightglobalevents.com/aems14>, for more information contact <[email protected]>

Sep 22-26 IATA Dangerous Goods course, Nairobi, Kenya, <www.kenya-airways.com/kqpridecentre>, for more information contact <[email protected]>

via Western Union.

If you don't feel too sure about your writing skills - editorial assistance is available

SafetyFocus for African aviation safety professionals by African aviation safety professionals

Contact us at [email protected] for more information

US$ 100Write to us about your work in African aviation safety or about a safety issue close to your heart. If we publish your story, you'll receive

Articles should be between 450 and 1400 words. If preferred, your identity will be kept confidential. Submissions may be edited for clarity, length and reader focus.

Aug 18-22 Air Navigation Services Inspector course ATM, Nairobi, Kenya, <www.icao.int/ESAF/Documents/esaf_sch_2014.pdf>, more information contact <[email protected]>

Nov 27-28Air Operator Certificates register workshop, Nairobi, Kenya, <www.icao.int/ESAF/Documents/esaf_sch_2014.pdf>, more information contact <[email protected]>

Aug 4-8 Occurence Investigation, Johannesburg - Lanseria, South Africa, <www.litsonandassociates.com>, more information contact < [email protected] >

Sep 3-19 Government Safety Inspector course in aircraft airworthiness, Johannesburg, South Africa, <www.icao.int/esaf/Pages/default.aspx>, for more information <[email protected]>

Dec 1-3 Aviation auditor, Johannesburg, South Africa, <www.litsonandassociates.com>, more information contact <[email protected]>

oct 6-28 Government Safety Inspector course in Personnel Licensing, Nairobi, Kenya, <www.icao.int/esaf/Pages/default.aspx>, for more information <[email protected]>

SAVE THE DATE NOV 19-20 2015 Annual Aviation Safety Symposium, AviAssist, Kigali, Rwanda <www.aviassist.org>

Issue 2 - 2014SafetyFocus Magazine 3


SafetyFocusJournal of the

AviAssist Foundation

Regional affiliate of

for East and Southern Africa

AviAssist supports improvements in African aviation safety.With advertisements in SafetyFocus, AviAssist connects businesses to Afri-can opportunities while it promotes professional excellence in African aviation safety.

Over 16 years of experience in Africa has equipped AviAssist well to deal with the technical as well complex po-litical, social and cultural issues that play an important role in improving African aviation safety and in access-ing the vast market Africa represents.

As a non-profit organisation, AviAs-sist relies on support from govern-ments and corporations as well as fees for services.

Foundation BoardCapt. Erwin Gabel - ChairmanVice President Unit Md11/A330KLM royal dutch Airlines

Bert Kraan deputy director CAA-NL (rtd.)

Margaret Munyagidirector General (rtd.)tanzania Civil Aviation Authority

Ron SchipperBoard memberKenya Airways & Precision Air

AVIASSISTFOUNDATION

4

sadc safet y organIsatIon to move to swa zIland

The Southern African Development Commu-nity (SADC) states are launching a regional safe-ty oversight organisation to strengthening states' safety oversight capabili-

ties,. The SADC Aviation Safety Organization or “SASO” builds on the legacy of the work of the COSCAP-SADC program. The COSCAP-SADC program has assisted var-ious states in the region prepare for ICAO au-dits. Also, the region has been working on har-monization of national regulations under the program since 2008. The provisions of model

regulations were incorporated into National Regulations where such provisions were found to be missing in the National Regulations. It is not mandatory that all SADC States are mem-bers of SASO. Those SADC States choosing not to be members of SASO will have access to the same array of benefits; however, the highest pri-ority will be give to the needs of the Members of SASO. From the states that expressed interest in host-ing the headquarters of SASO, Swaziland has been elected to host it. The expectation is that SASO will move into its new offices in Mbabane in the last quarter of 2014.

SAFEtY | news

In 2009, the Foundation launched its airport wildlife management program. So far a number of courses have been given in the region. To

create a more lasting legacy, the Foundation has kept engaged with the participants in those courses through social media. The Foundation's cartoon on the hazards of wildlife around airports for the people living around African airports is part of its support.

The cartoon revolves around the adventures of

young Kijana and his grandfather, retired pilot Mwalimu.

The cartoon is a co-production of the Foundation , Ugandan airport wildlife management expert Gloria Kirabo and Ugandan cartoon designer Joezy.

The 2 page cartoon is now also available in kiSwahili and French while an Arabic version is being worked on with the World Food Program. It can assist the airport operator in getting the communities around the airport informed about the role they can play in reducing wildlife hazards to aviation. It can also be a starting point for engagement in aviation of youngsters in schools around the airports.

swahIlI & french wIldlIfe management cartoon

fIrst flIght data management course

In the analysis leading to the Abuja declaration of 2012, it was observed that lack of imple-mentation of Flight Data Management (FDM) is one of the main influencing factors of ac-cidents in Africa. Under standards introduced by ICAO in 2005, FDM became mandatory for most operators of larger aircraft.

The Foundation was pleased to organise possi-bly the first flight data management course be-

tween Ethiopia & South Africa with its corpo-rate social responsibility partner Flight Data Services from Southampton, England. This unique course was hosted by regional safety oversight agency CASSOA in Uganda. It provided participants with a solid appre-ciation of the technical, operational, manage-ment and legal issues surrounding a flight data monitoring (FDM) programme, sometimes also referred to as flight operational quality as-surance (FOQA).

With regulators and operators in the region only recently having focussed their attention on FDM, it is expected that the next edition of this course will be full to capacity. This espe-cially also since the course stood at the basis of Flight Data Services succeeding in produc-ing a very useful FDM analysis from G1000 equipped Cessna Caravans. This means that FDM analysis will increasingly become appli-cable to Cessna Caravans that are sometimes referred to as the backbone of African air transport.


aIrworthIness fundamentals course

The Foundation ran its first airworthi-ness fundamentals course at CASSOA in Entebbe, Uganda in March. The three day course addressed the key airworthiness aspects of design, construction, main-tenance and operation of aircraft. It was inspired by similar courses at renowned institutions such as Cranfield University in the UK.

The course was organised with experts from the Foundation’s corporate social responsibility partner ADSE engineering & consultancy from the Netherlands. The short course is designed for experienced personnel from all parts of the aviation industry. It is of particular value to sup-pliers, operators & operations depart-ment, Maintenance Repair & Overhaul MRO staff and civil aviation authorities who are concerned with the continuing airworthiness and certification of aircraft and their systems. It provided a unique in-region opportunity for an update on the latest developments in airworthiness issues as a continuous professional de-velopment course for those already em-ployed in or around airworthiness issues. It assists the participants in communi-cating the importance of airworthiness requirements as they relate to aircraft

operation and maintenance and provided fresh insights into subjects such as audit-ing techniques and human factors. Hosted by Foundation partner CASSOA, it crucially also included an overview of CASSOA’s airworthiness certification topics.

As it was the first time the Foundation ran this course, the evaluation of the course has lead to a number of changes. These changes include a bigger focus on continuing & continuous airworthiness management, auditing techniques and human factors. That will ensure the next edition, foreseen for November 2015 in Kigali, Rwanda, is even more tailored to the needs of professionals in the region.

SAFEtY | news

South African Civil Aviation Authority renders Certificate of Airworhtiness of Cessna Caravans with 11+ seats no longer valid in South Africa - European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) boss Patrick Ky warns against complacency after fatality-free 2013 - Flight Safety Foundation announces release of the Duty/Rest Guidelines for Business Aviation - AusIMM The Minerals Institute granted its Jim Torlach Health and Safety Award to the Flight Safety Foundation for its Basic Aviation Risk Standard (BARS) Program - EUROCONTROL’s first ATM Summer School was held from 2 - 6 June 2014 at the Institute of Air Navigation Services in Luxembourg - Aviation and Aero-space Group of the renowned Institution of Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH) presents inaugural IOSH Aviation Conference at Duxford Imperial War Museum, UK

In other news

hIat t joIns Iata for safet y & oPs

Kevin Hiatt has succeeded Guenther Matschnigg as IATA Senior VP for Safety and Flight Opera-tions. Hiatt joins IATA from AviAssist mother organi-sation the Flight Safety Foundation (FSF) where he has been President and CEO since 1 January 2013, having joined FSF in 2010 as Executive Vice President. He was subsequently promoted to the position of COO.

Hiatt previously served as Vice President for Corpo-rate Safety and Security for World Airways and was with Delta Air Lines for 26 years in various positions, including Chief Pilot at the Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport Pilot Crew Base from 2002 to late 2005.Kevin Hiatt - IAtA

joInt InsPec tors grouP grows

More states signed up to the African Cooperative Inspectorate Scheme (AFI-CIS) at the ICAO avia-tion safety symposium in Dakar in May. The African Civil Aviation Commission (AFCAC) - the specialized Agency of the African Union for aviation - is in charge of the scheme with the tech-nical support of ICAO.

The scheme assists African States in improving the Effective Implementation of the ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs). It enables Africa to mobilize scarce, highly qualified resourc-es among its members.

A pool of qualified and experienced aviation safety inspectors receive further training from ICAO un-der the scheme. The training includes refresher training to bring the inspectors up to date on mat-ters related Air Operator Certification. AFCAC's inventory of National Certified Inspectors under the scheme meanwhile contains more than 41 in-spectors that have met the criteria to be AFI-CIS inspectors. The majority of these are for airworthi-ness with 6 inspectors being qualified to assist with Flight Operations safety oversight.

IATA released it 2013 safety performance report early April. “We are seeing progress in Africa. Airlines on the IOSA registry are perform-ing almost seven times better than non-IOSA operators in the region. But we must remember two things. First, Africa’s overall rate is still many times worse than global levels, so there is plenty of work to do. Second, we cannot take the recent improvement trend for granted. To make these gains a sustainable foundation on which to achieve world-class safety levels is going to require the continued determination and commitment of all stakeholders, including governments,” said Tony Tyler, IATA Director General and CEO.

Iata - afrIc an safet y rIsIngComparing International Civil Aviation organization (ICAo) audit result from before 2010 (Blue) and after 2010 (Yellow). EI refers to the percentage of Effective Implementation of the Standards and recommended Practices (SArPs) of ICAo. Better implementation equals better governmental aviation safety oversight.

Ic ao data - afrIc an safet y rIsIng

AdSE Engineering & Consulting instructor rik van Zwol on human factors in engineering


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FAA aligned textbooks and support also available


recognItIon THey deseRve

AfRiCAn AviAToR AwARd 2014

nominATions pleAse !Every day, thousands of professionals in Africa contribute to making commercial aviation the safest form of transportation. they do so not because they expect special recognition. they think safety and act in ways that promote safety be-cause they know the aviation industry depends on it, and because it is the right thing to do.

the AviAssist Foundation cannot salute all these men and women individually, although it pays tribute to them through its work. But for the African Aviator Award, it will single out an individual who has made especially outstanding con-tributions to risk reduction.

the countdown has begun for the African Aviator Award 2014. In consultation with its stakeholders, the 2014 edition of the award is dedicated to airport profes-sionals in partnership with the Airports Council International (ACI).

• Has your colleague demonstrated outstanding safety thinking or leadership? • Have you seen an airport professional display outstanding professionalism in

solving a safety issue? • Has your colleague or manager made a significant contribution to the matur-

ing of the safety culture at your airport?

If so, we want to hear about them!

Contact us at [email protected] for a nomination form. Nominations deadline for the African Aviator Award is 1 August, 2014

AVIASSISTFOUNDATION

sponsored by:An award by:

nominate the winner andwin us$ 350

offer your winning colleague a trip to durban, south africa

the award will be presented to the winner during a dinner and awards ceremony at the 23rd ACI Africa region Annual Assembly, Conference & Exhibition from 12-14 october in durban, South Africa. the African Aviator’s Award will include a trip to the award event, courtesy of the AviAssist Foundation and its sponsors. the person who has nominated the winner will win a cash amount of US$100 and a US$ 250 aviation book voucher.


The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) wound up its first two-day AFI Aviation Safety

Symposium on May the 28th in Dakar, Sen-egal. Close to 300 African aviation experts and senior officials from both public and private-sector bodies attended the ICAO Symposium, which was opened by Minister of Tourism and Air Transport of Senegal and was held on the eve of the 13th Meeting of the Steering Committee for ICAO’s Compre-hensive Regional Implementation Plan for Aviation Safety in Africa (AFI Plan).

Progress since abuja 2012High on the meeting’s agenda was a progress report and detailed review of the regional safety targets adopted by the Ministerial Conference on Aviation Safety in July 2012. The Abuja safety targets have become an inspiration to other regions of the world and are consistent with the revised global priori-ties established in ICAO’s Global Aviation Safety Plan.

The Symposium took stock of the sta-tus of aviation safety in the AFI Region. “Between 2010 and 2013 the accident rate for Africa has fallen by 45 per cent – from 16.8 accidents per million departures to 9.3 – while the number of fatal accidents over this period dropped from three to one per year,” remarked the ICAO Secre-tary General, Raymond Benjamin. “This

represents excel-lent progress, but

there is still work to be done if Africa is to more fully benefit from the socio-economic benefits that invariably derive from the establishment of safe and dependable air services.”

dealing with significant safety concerns (sscs)Among the many papers at the meeting, an impressive and professional account came from Sudan. The paper highlights the emo-tional and personal process that a civil avia-tion authority in Africa goes through when ICAO finds a significant safety concern. Sudan’s experience with the SSC started the day the ICAO audit team presented its report on its findings relating to the ICAO Coordi-nated Validation Mission (ICVM) conducted in Sudan in December 2011. This ICVM was the first Sudan went through after the comprehensive systems approach audit con-ducted five years earlier in November 2006. Although the ICAO team identified and appreciated the progress made in resolving identified deficiencies from the 2006 audit, it also identified a significant safety concern

(SSC) in the area of air operator certification.Zambia’s Direc-tor General of the newly established Civil Aviation Authority, Gabriel Lesa, presented on his country’s progress with

implementing their Corrective Action Plan since 2009. The European Commission took note of that progress in the latest update of its aviation safety list in April of this year, a positive step towards removal off the EU aviation safety list.

Partners in safetyThe Safety Symposium participants were ad-ditionally presented with an overview of the assistance options currently available from States, aviation safety partners and ICAO. ICAO’s goal was to provide higher-level co-ordination of these initiatives and resources for African States, which was fostered during the event.

Peter Bombay, deputy head of the Euro-pean Commission’s aviation safety unit, underlined that the commission’s mandate is not driven by the view that the European passenger is more important than other passengers. “On the contrary, the African passenger is entitled to the same level of international safety as European passengers and that is what the commission is aiming to assist towards with its technical assistance” Bombay pointed out. Bombay's European colleague Dr. Norbert Lohl, EASA certification director, gave an overview of the various technical assistance projects and programs that the European Union is involved in. "These include regional programs such as the Support to the Improvement of Aviation Safety in Africa (SIASA) program but also national programs

TAKinG STOCK & CHARTinG THE COuRSEiCAO AFi SAFETy SyMpOSiuM

SYMPoSIUM | revIew

From dakar - tom Kok



such as IASOM - Improvement of Aviation Safety in Malawi or the ASSP program in Zambia" Lohl elaborated.“Looking at regional co-operation, we also have to be realistic” Bombay underlined. “Regional co-operation, especially with and between smaller states, is necessary but im-plies a transfer of powers, something none of our national administrations and CAAs like to do.”

Kate Lang from the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) shared some of the results of the survey that the FAA conducted late last year. “That survey aimed to identify the activities that FAA can uniquely or best provide to you – that is, those things that are not duplicating ef-forts from other players and that you cannot find

anywhere else“ Lang explained. Lang works from Brussels as the FAA’s director of Europe, Africa and the Middle East. “We use the outcome of the survey to focus the Safe Skies for Africa program that was started in 1998 but that is also part of the Obama administra-tion. As a result of the survey, our focus will include aviation English language training, airport wildlife hazard management training, supporting local runway safety teams and aerodrome certification” Lang elaborated. This focus can also be found in the AviAssist Foundation's program for the next five years.

“As a global Organization, an important as-pect of ICAO’s mission is to assist our mem-ber States with training and capacity-building coordination. This targeted assistance helps them to meet global expectations with respect to the implementation of ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices,” ICAO Secre-tary General Benjamin added. agreement to pool safety resourcesThe principal outcomes of the Symposium were the signature of a number of major agreements. These included the Memoran-dum of Understanding concluded among regional economic communities AAMAC, CEMAC and UEMOA aiming to coordinate the functions of the Regional Safety Oversight Organisations (RSOOs) of these Regional Economic Communities and in the long-term to establish one common RSOO. To address the shortage of flight procedure designer of the past decades, another important agree-ment was the African Flight Procedure Pro-gramme (AFPP) agreement. Twenty States signed up to it during the symposium to facilitate the implementation of Performance Based Navigation (PBN) in Africa.

Rwandair’s deputy CEO Jean-Paul Nyirubu-tama spoke of Rwandair’s experience with obtaining and maintaining its IATA Opera-tional Safety Audit (IOSA) certification. “We are ready to undergo our IOSA recertification which is slated for June 09th to June 13th this year” Nyirubutama told the audience. “We have had invaluable support and commit-ment in improving aviation safety from IATA and AFRAA. What the IOSA experience has taught us is the crucial need for airlines to exchange and share the experience of achiev-ing IOSA because it is by no means an easy process” Nyirubutama underlined.

ICAo Secretary General richard Benjamin (4th from left) & his ESAF regional director Meshesha Belayneh (1st on left), AFCACs Boubacar djibo (far right) and others

IAtA's Senior Vice President, Safety and Flight operations Kevin Hiatt chairing the panel on with rwandair, Boeing, Eurocontrol, ASECNA & AirbusSigning to share flight procedure design capacity

SYMPoSIUM | revIew

iCAO AFi SAFETy SyMpOSiuM



Aviation maintenance managers and their employees must be made more aware of the risks associated with fatigued workers,

specialists in aviation maintenance human factors say, calling for development of a basic awareness campaign as the most im-portant step in fighting workplace fatigue.

They presented their recommendations in a 2011 report released by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Office of Aerospace Medicine. The proposals — in the form of a prioritized list — were developed during a March 2011 workshop aimed at addressing fatigue in aviation maintenance (“Top 10 Anti-Fatigue Actions”).“We must make fatigue a public issue if change is going to occur,” the report said.

“An organized and integrated movement may be necessary to change laws, improve education and create awareness.”Workshop delegates — representing the FAA, Transport Canada and the aviation industry — said the fatigue awareness campaign should be led by the FAA and should involve labor unions, professional and industrial organizations, scientists and government.

Increased awareness of the problem is likely to fuel efforts to develop a means of measuring fatigue, the report said, citing efforts in the automobile and trucking industry to use eye-blink technology to gauge driver fatigue.“High-visibility events drive public and industrial awareness of fatigue,” the report said. “Events that expose fatigued pilots or air traffic controllers receive extensive media coverage. For each of the public events, numerous other occurrences avoid discovery.”

Fatigue is prevalent in industries such as aviation maintenance that operate day and night, the report added, and the related risks “must remain high priority even when the topic is not in the news.”Along with fatigue awareness, the work-shop delegates emphasized the associated need to “continue and expand fatigue countermeasure education.”

“Training efforts must demonstrate the benefits of proper rest to the employee and to the employer,” the report said, citing several studies. “It must show ‘what’s in it for me.’ It must also teach executives and managers to schedule work, overtime and rest in a safe manner. Education must

present the science of sleep and scheduling in an understandable and useful manner. Most importantly, education must moti-vate learners to modify any poor habits that cause fatigue.”

Fatigue education for maintenance person-nel should begin during their initial train-ing, the report said.In addition, fatigue education should ex-tend to friends and family members, “who must learn about proper rest and sched-ules to ensure that their loved one is safe at work,” and to the U.S. Congress, which has “applied considerable pressure to alter fatigue-related rules for pilots” but not for maintenance personnel, the report said.Workshop delegates “felt that such educa-tion might encourage the FAA to address the fatigue safety risk with improved regu-lations,” the report added. “Of course, the industry delegates from both management and labor used the adage, ‘Be careful what you wish for.’”

The FAA Maintenance Fatigue Research Program already has developed and distributed materials for fatigue educa-tion, including posters, videos, a fatigue

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fatIgue awarenessreport urges awareness, education and data-gathering to combat fatigue among aviation maintenance personnel

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symptom checklist and a fatigue risk as-sessment tool.1

frmsThe workshop delegates also called for action to support and regulate fatigue risk management systems (FRMSs) in aviation maintenance (ASW, 9/11, p. 23).FRMS has not been widely implemented in aviation maintenance organizations although it has become common in the railroad and commercial trucking indus-tries, and for flight crews.Where an FRMS is in place, improvements have been noted in personal health and well- being, safety and cost, the report said. For example, one international trucking firm has reported savings of millions of dollars in health care costs.

FRMSs must be designed specifically for each organization, the report said, adding,

“One size does not fit all. Effective fatigue risk management requires that everyone take responsibility for the problem and use multiple strategies to reduce fatigue.”In an aviation maintenance FRMS, the first goal is to reduce fatigue to an acceptable level by using fatigue-reduction interven-tions such as “duty time limits, scientific scheduling, napping, education, excused absences and, in some instances, medical testing and treatment.”

The second goal is to reduce fatigue-related errors.

“Despite efforts to ensure that employees are well-rested and alert when they report for duty, it is not possible to eliminate fa-tigue from the workplace,” the report said.

“Interventions can involve two approaches: measures directed toward reducing the risk of the individual and measures directed toward reducing the risk of a task for a fatigued worker.

“For example, reducing the risk of a task by taking work breaks and simplifying work task steps can help. We should not assign fatigued workers to critical tasks. Match-ing the worker to the task is part of an FRMS.”

The workshop delegates said that, as an alternative to an FRMS, they favored allowing companies to demonstrate how they plan to manage fatigue among main-tenance personnel, in part by establishing a maximum service limit and detailing

“how they will manage fatigue if they choose to exceed the regulated service limits.”

better dataDespite anecdotal evidence of long hours and fatigue-related mistakes, formal fa-tigue data are relatively limited, the report said.

“When fatigued mechanics or crewmem-bers make errors, they are often attributed to procedural errors, memory lapse or mistaken communication,” the report said. “Typically, an event investigation does not have a sufficient root-cause analysis to determine if fatigue was a significant contributing factor.”

As a result, the cost and the impact on safety of fatigue-related errors are unknown.The report cited sweeping changes in the U.S. trucking industry after improvements in data gathering, including “semi-annual fatigue countermeasure training, health and wellness coaching, evaluation of sleep disorders and proactive fatigue manage-ment.” Anticipated regulatory changes include the addition of sleep apnea testing to routine commercial motor vehicle physi-cal exams.

Among the data needed by government and the aviation industry are estimates of the financial effects of fatigue and fatigue-related damage, the extent of risk to flight safety because of maintenance fatigue, the cost of implementing FRMSs and the probability that having an FRMS could have prevented a fatigue-related event.

After the industry has data on the finan-cial and safety risks of fatigue, appropri-ate interventions can be implemented further and the effects of those interven-tions can be assessed, the report said.

2010 surveyThe workshop delegates also endorsed a regulatory move to limit hours of service — a move the report character-ized as consistent with the high priority assigned to FRMS regulation.

The report cited a 2010 survey by the FAA-Industry Maintenance Fatigue Working Group that resulted in unani-mous agreement among those voting that the FAA should propose a duty-time rule for maintenance personnel.

“At the workshop and in the work-ing group, delegates felt that neither industry nor individuals would fully address fatigue without a regula-tion,” the report said. “Many believed that an FRMS could supplement the

hours-of-service limits if equivalent lev-els of safety were demonstrated.”

The report noted that, worldwide, regu-latory duty-time limits vary widely. In China, for example, no more than eight hours of work may be scheduled each day. The current FAA rule allows for 24 hours, and the International Federation of Airworthiness (IFA) recommends a limit of 12 hours, or 16 hours with overtime. Maximum hours that may be worked per month range from 196 to 646 hours, the report said, noting IFA’s recommendation of a maximum of 288.The report suggested that a U.S. regulation could be developed using IFA recommen-dations, information gathered through the fatigue working group and FRMS data.An “hours of service” rule alone is not adequate, the report said, adding that regulations should be implemented that are “flexible to different types of opera-tions and maximize safety.”

This article is based on OAM report DOT/FAA/AM-11-19, “Fatigue Solutions for Maintenance: From Science to Workplace Reality,” written by Katrina E. Avers, William B. Johnson, Joy O. Banks, Darin Nei and Elizabeth Hensley. Johnson is the FAA chief scientific technical adviser for human factors in maintenance; the others are employed by the FAA Civil Aerospace Medical Institute.

Note 1. The information is available on the Maintenance Fatigue Section of the FAA website, <mxfatigue.com>.

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1. Enhance employer and worker fatigue awareness.

2. Continue and expand fatigue counter-measure education.

3. Support and regulate fatigue risk management systems (FrMS).

4. Quantify safety and operational ef-ficiency impact of fatigue.

5. regulate hours of service limits.

6. Establish baseline data of fatigue risk with existing event reporting systems.

7. Integrate fatigue awareness into safety culture.

8. Ensure that FrMS is considered in safety management system programs.

9. Create and implement fatigue assess-ment tools.

10. Improve collaboration of FrMS within and across organizations.

Source: U.S. Federal Aviation Administration

Top 10 Anti-Fatigue Actions

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Judge Africa by commitmentnot continentInternational and Regional safety champions share operational experiences

BY to M Ko K

SYMPoSIUM | 2gether 4safety

The AviAssist Foundation recently hosted its third safety seminar in Entebbe, Uganda. “Hosting it in

the town that hosts East Africa’s regional safety oversight agency CASSOA, under-lines the commitment of the Foundation to regional aviation safety solutions” Avi-Assist director Tom Kok stressed. “Only by working 2Gether 4Safety can we try to meet the ambitious targets set by the Afri-can industry and governments early 2013”

Speaking on behalf of Air Uganda’s CEO Cornwell Muleya, quality manager Deo Tonda spoke of Air Uganda’s commit-ment to safety. Air Uganda’s commitment

was recently rewarded with renewal of its IATA IOSA certificate. Tonda spoke of Air Uganda’s continued commitment to work hand in hand with the Foundation and others in aggressively working on the implementation of the Five Point action plan known as the Abuja declaration of 2013. The seminar addressed 4 out of the 5 points from the Abuja declaration. “The seminar is one of the Foundation's contributions to the plans of the African aviation industry to bring accident levels to the global average by 2015” AviAssist director Tom Kok explained. “This edi-tion once more demonstrated that there is a core of aviation safety professionals

in Africa whose ability and enthusiasm easily match international standards. Af-rica has to get to a situation where the global aviation community judges Africa by commitment, not simply by continent. But that also means that organisations and professionals have to demonstrate that commitment, among others by attending unique events such as the 2Gether 4Safety seminar” Kok added.

safety across the boardThe two-day seminar focused on safety management, safety oversight, airport safety issues and just culture. Among the topics of this year’s conference were Flight



Data Management, Airport Wildlife Management, Runway Safety, recent developments in airport fire fighting and civil military co-operation.

Coastal Aviation from Tanzania opened the seminar with a very frank insight into the challenges smaller operators might face to move from ‘optional’ safety meet-ings to effective platforms to exchange significant events. “Having followed an ICAO SMS course is one thing, putting that into practice in the daily reality of a low capacity operator is another” Coast-al’s safety manager Eve Jackson said. "

flight date managementAir Uganda’s Capt. Steven Wegoye pre-sented on the data that Air Uganda cap-tures from its Flight Data Management (FDM) program. “Ranking those data into top 10 events helps us prioritise our resources because we all have limited resources, whether you are a major op-erator like KLM Royal Dutch Airlines or a regional champion such as Air Uganda” Wegoye reminded the audience.

Flight Data Services Dave Jesse tackled some of the issues surrounding the un-derstanding of the benefits of FDM with a number of case studies. "If the African aviation community wants to reap the benefits of FDM as pledged in the Abuja declaration, it will have to embrace FDM

for more then just the 'heavy tin'" Jesse explained. "And the technology is there now to enable a good analysis of Afri-can workhorses such as Garmin 1000 equipped Cessna Caravans. There are limitations arising from the available data but with technolgy maturing rapidly and good quality data, we can already use some 30 parameters to produce key learning opportunities for such opera-tors" Jesse explained.

airport safetyHarriet Angetile from National Airports Corporation Ltd. Zambia spoke of the challenge of balancing construction activities with aircraft operations. “Na-tional Airports is currently undertaking major construction works at a number of its airports” Angetile explained. “Next to pure aviation operational issues, we also realised the importance of balancing political understanding of safety needs with the desire to complete works swiftly to ensure public benefit from the new infrastructure” Angetile added. “This means that you have to put in place a solid project construction plan that aims to address all these issues”.

KLM’s Capt. Jaco Bruggeling spoke of the importance of looking very wide for a working Safety Management Sys-tem. Capt. Bruggeling is one of KLM’s Check Pilots for Africa on the airline’s Airbus-330 fleet. “This includes working with our station management across the world, including Africa. Station manag-ers find themselves closest to a lot of the hazards in avaition operations and it would be a missed opportunity not to include them in your SMS” Bruggeling concluded.

Kenbri director Rex Hobbel introduced the subject and latest developments in relation to airport rescue and fire

fighting. "ICAO will be re-introducing the option to reduce your airport fire catergory where the number of move-ments of airplanes in the highest cat-egory normally using the aerodrome is less than 700 in the busiest consecutive three months, the level of protection will not be less than one category below the determined category, something that was abandoned in 2005 but found impractical" Hobbel elaborated. "ICAO has introduced a new foam certification requirement, namely that certification of a concentrate should be obtained from a recognised, accredited third party testing authority. The certification should be provided by foam manufacturers to end users for current or future products at the point of sale" Hobbel explained. "What is crucial for Africa is to look for vehicles that ideally have technical specifications that make largely local maintenance possible and that is not often the case with standard international trucks that have moved from largely mechanical to highly computerised trucks. That is why some manufacturers such as Kenbri boast tailored trucks for remote airports" Hobbel concluded.

cabin safetyNew at this year's event was the subject of cabin safety. Air Uganda's Julie Otage brought to the fore a number of safety challenges that operators face, possi-bly more in Africa then in some other


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Flight data Services' dave Jesse discussing benefits of flight data management on basis of case studies bringing one of the Abuja declaration targets home

NACL's Manager Safety, Healthy, Environment & Quality Harriet Angetile outlining Lusaka airport's preparation for major ongoing works

Capt. Steven Wegoye sharing Air Uganda's IoSA and Flight data Management experience

Air Uganda's Julie otage sharing their experiences with portable electronic devices & safety

Kenbri's Hobbel presenting on ArFF developments

SafetyFocus Magazine26 SafetyFocus Magazine26

Who is Who at aViassist eVents

Anglais Aerienne Afrique's Chloe Grant on the role of aviation English as a human factor in aviation safety

‘embrace each opportunity for continues professional development but as part of human resource development plan.’

African Aviator Award 2012 winner

Daniel Wanjala with Air Uganda's Julie

Otage, Gloria Kirabo & Margret Kagendo

Flight Data Services Dave Jesse,

NACL's Harriet Angetile, KLM's

Jaco Bruggeling & Air Uganda's Deo

Tunda the 2Gether4Safety cocktail

Kenya Airports Authority (KAA) Kisumu International Airport manager Joseph Okumu handing a token of appreciation to Foundation director Kok at KAA Airport Wildlife Symposium

Ugandan lawyer Sebina Muwanga & ADSE's Harry Buimer enjoying a

lighter moment in a 2Gether4Safety symposium brainbreak

Dutch ATC (LVNL)'s safety manager

Job Brüggen & CASSOA's Luke Kittony

at the 2Gether4Safety cocktail

KAA's Violet Maloba & colleague exchanging clogs with AviAssist's Albert

de Hoon (wildlife management expert)

regions. One of these issues is the use of portable electronic devices (PEDs). With passengers who are increasingly emancipating their way from bus services to aviation, gaining their appreciation can sometimes be challenging" Otage explained. "As training manager for cabin crew, we work hard on ensuring that our cabin crew convey a clear message to our passengers on what is allowed and when and what isn't" Otage elaborated.

next edition: rwanda 2015The next edition of Africa’s operational aviation safety symposium will take place on 19 & 20 No-vember 2015 in Kigali, Rwanda.

“2Gether 4Safety is offering the opportunity for operators to collaborate with peers about best safety practices, with smaller operations benefitting from the lessons and practices of larger operations” AviAssist director Tom Kok underlined. "Obvi-ously, smaller operations may not have experience with – or even access to – the safety programs their larger counterparts have benefitted from," Kok noted. "This is their chance to see what others are doing. And we were very pleased to again have more African presenters than last year, sharing their experience".

next edition: 18-19 november 2015, Kigali, Rwanda



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