saira parveen

NAME : Saira Parveen

PRN NO : 14070241032

BATCH : 2014-2015

Internal Supervisor : B.K. Pradhan (SIG)

External Supervisor : Kshama Gupta (IIRS)

IMPACT OF AN URBAN GEOMETRY ON WEATHER PARAMETERS –

A REMOTE SENSING BASED APPROACH

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S Y M B I O S I S I N S T I T U T E O F G E O I N F O R M AT I C S ( S I G ) , P u n e

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INTRODUCTION

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E F F E C T S


•Urban Area: High human population and many man-made built environments in comparison with the surrounding area.

•In India, urbanization level increased from 27.81% in 2001 census to 31.16% in 2011 and census portion of rural population declined from 72.19% to 68.84%.

Urban Heat Island (UHI)The climate or weather condition of an urban area is known as urban climate which is different from that of surrounding areas

from 1°C to 6°C

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Urban Climate is directly linked with the urban geometry

Land Surface Temperature ( LST )

•an approach to understand the temperature of the ground surface of the

earth using satellite images.

•skin temperature of the ground

•LST is not the same as the air temperature

•helps in the detection of Urban Heat Island (UHI)

Local Climatic Zones ( LCZ )

• Helps to understand this local climate of an area by understanding the patterns or forms or geometry of the built-up and land cover area.

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OBJECTIVE

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LST Preparation

•to study the surface temperature of Delhi city and analyzing the

seasonal variation.

•to study the surface temperature of Jaipur city and analyzing the

seasonal variation.

•Comparison of LST map of Delhi and Jaipur area to analyze the

temperature variation in these two cities.

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Comparison of Seasonal LST with LCZ

•Comparison of LST maps of Delhi and Local Climatic Zones (LCZ) map

based on WUDAPT method to analyze the temperature variation in each

climatic zone.

•Comparison of LST maps and LCZ (based on WUDAPT method) of Jaipur

to analyze the temperature variation in each climatic zone at macro

level.

•Comparison of LST of Delhi with LCZ method based on Rule Based

Classification.

•To investigate the accuracy of LST, comparison with LCZ (of Delhi area)

based on WUDAPT method and based on Rule Based Classification.


STUDY AREA



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Delhi

•Delhi, the capital of India, situated on latitude 28°23’17” North to 28°53’00” North and Longitude 76°50’24” East to 77°20’37” East .

•Total Area 1,483 km2 Altitude 213 and 305 meters

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Reason for choosing as study area

•fastest growing urban city with combination of different land use/land cover

•vulnerable to atmospheric turbulence

•total population of Delhi is 1.68 Crores as per census 2011

Local LULC of Delhi has changed seriously and its impact on local weather

has been increasing and thus it is chosen as a study area.

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Jaipur

•Jaipur, the pink city is the capital and the largest city of Indian state of Rajasthan.

•Geographically, situated on latitude 26.9124° N and longitude 75.7873° E

•Total Area 111.8 km2

Altitude 431 meters

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Reason for choosing as study area

•The population of Jaipur increased from 5,251,071 (2001 census) to

6,626,178 (2011 census).

•One of the well-planned city in India and apparently the first also.

•According to the Rajasthan State Action Plan on Climate Change (RAPCC)

report by the Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board it is stated that –

‘though the Rajasthan is the second highest producer of milk in the

country but due to heat stress in Rajasthan there is a current annual loss

in milk production’.

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Reason for Choosing these cities for comparison:-

•Population of the cities is highly grown in the decade of 2001-2011

(according to the census).

•The cities is highly urbanized.

•Cities has same type of weather; extremely warm during summers and cold

during winters.


MATERIALS & DATA USED

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For LCZ

•Landsat 8 data from WUDAPT site is downloaded for both Jaipur and Delhi area.

For LST

•Landsat 8 data for the months of –

Delhi

27/January/2015 – Winter Season 19/May/2015 – Summer Season 23/August/2015 – Monsoon Season 26/October/2015 – Spring Season

Jaipur

18/January/2015 – Winter Season 26/May/2015 – Summer Season 30/August/2015 – Monsoon Season 17/October/2015 – Spring Season

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Landsat 8OperationalLand Imager

(OLI)and

ThermalInfraredSensor(TIRS)

LaunchedFebruary 11,

2013

Bands Wavelength (micrometers)

Resolution (meters)

Band 1 - Coastal aerosol 0.43 - 0.45 30Band 2 - Blue 0.45 - 0.51 30Band 3 - Green 0.53 - 0.59 30Band 4 - Red 0.64 - 0.67 30Band 5 - Near Infrared (NIR) 0.85 - 0.88 30Band 6 - SWIR 1 1.57 - 1.65 30Band 7 - SWIR 2 2.11 - 2.29 30Band 8 - Panchromatic 0.50 - 0.68 15Band 9 - Cirrus 1.36 - 1.38 30Band 10 - Thermal Infrared (TIRS) 1 10.60 - 11.19 100 * (30)

Band 11 - Thermal Infrared (TIRS) 2 11.50 - 12.51 100 * (30)

Table: Band designations for the Landsat 8

NDVI

For Surface Temperature

Landsat 8 provides metadata of all bands such as thermal constant, rescaling factor value etc., which is useful for

calculating various algorithms of LST

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METHODOLOGY

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Layer StackBand 2, 3, 4 and 5 (R, G, B and IR)

TIR Band 10 and 11

NDVI TOA (Lλ) Band 11

TOA (Lλ) Band 10

FVCusing NDVI threshold

TB11TB10LSE B10 LSE B11

Mean Emissivity Difference Emissivity

L a n d S u r f a c e Te m p e r a t u r e ( L S T )

Landsat 8

Atmospheric water vapour content

(in gm/cm-2)

L S T

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Process

• LST was calculated by using Split Window Algorithm (SWA), an NDVI

approach.

• The derivation of LST can be divided into 6 major steps.

Calculation of NDVICalculation of Fractional Vegetation CoverCalculation of LSE (Land Surface Emissivity) including mean and

difference LSE Top of Atmospheric Radiance (TOA)Radiance to Brightness Temperature Split-Window Algorithm (SWA) for derivation of LST.

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Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI)

• The condition of vegetation.

•. Pixel value of the NDVI image varies between -0.1 and +0.1.

• Dense vegetation will tend to positive values indicating healthy vegetation while values towards negative will indicate stressed vegetation.

NDVI = DNNIR - DNR

DNNIR + DNR

Where, DNNIR= Brightness value of pixel in NIR bandDNR= Brightness value of pixel in red band.

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Fraction Vegetation Cover (FVC) or Proportional Vegetation (PV)

• The relationship between the amount of vegetation present within a pixel and the pixel’s emissivity.

• Threshold has been used to represent the percentage of vegetation present within a pixel.

Where,

PV= vegetation proportional or FVCNDVI= Normalized Differential Vegetation IndexNDVIs= NDVI reclassified for soilNDVIv= NDVI reclassified for vegetation

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Land Surface Emissivity ( LSE )

•LSE is calculated for both band 10 and 11 (thermal band) separately

LSE = εs ( 1 - FVC) + εv * FVC

Where,εs= soil emissivity values of the corresponding bands.εv = vegetative emissivity values of the corresponding bands.FVC= Fractional Vegetation Cover was estimated for a pixel.

Emissivity Band 10 Band 11εs 0.971 0.977εv 0.987 0.989

(Source: Skokovic et al, 2014; Sobrino et al, 1996; 2003; Shaouhua Zhao et al, 2009)

Table : Emissivity values of each band

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Mean and Difference Emissivity

•After generating LSE for both the bands of TIR, the mean and difference LSE was computed as,

ε=

Δε= ε10- ε11

Where,ε = Mean LSEΔε =LSE difference between band 10 and 11ε10 =LSE of band 10 ε11 =LSE of band 11

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Top of Atmospheric Spectral (ToA) or Conversion of DN to Radiance

•Estimation of Top of Atmospheric Spectral Radiance of TIRS Band 10 and 11 individually is done.

Lλ= ML * Qcal + AL

Where, Lλ = Top of Atmospheric Radiance in watts/ (m2*srad*μm) ML = Band specific multiplicative rescaling factor

radiance_mult_band_10/11)

Rescaling Factor Band 10 Band 11Multiplicative factor 0.000334 0.000334

Additive Factor 0.1 0.1

(Source: Metadata of landsat 8)

Table : Rescaling Factor

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Radiance to Brightness Temperature

•Brightness Temperature is the electromagnetic radiation which travels upward from the top of the Earth’s atmosphere.

•Estimation of Brightness Temperature (TB) of Band 10 and 11 is done separately.

Where, TB = Brightness temperature in °C K1 and K2 = thermal conversion constant and it varies for both TIR bands Lλ = Top of Atmospheric spectral radiance.

Thermal Constant Band 10 Band 11

K1 1321.08 1201.14K2 774.89 480.89

-273

Table : Thermal Constants

(Source: Metadata file of Landsat 8)

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Split- Window Algorithm (SWA)

• It is used to retrieve the LST based on the atmospheric water vapor content. It includes mean and difference in land surface emissivity and brightness temperature of two bands of TIR.

LST = TB10 + C1 (TB10-TB11) + C2 (TB10-TB11)2 + C0 + (C3+C4W) (1- ε) + (C5+C6W) Δ ε Where, LST = Land Surface Temperature (°C) C0 to C6= Split-Window Coefficient values (Skokovic et al, 2014; Sobrino et al, 1996; 2003;

Shaouhua Zhao et al, 2009) B10 and TB11= brightness temperature of band 10

and band 11 (°C) ε =Mean LSE of band 10 and band 10 W= Atmospheric water vapor content (gm/cm-2) Δ ε = Difference in LSE

Constant ValueC0 -0.268C1 1.378C2 0.183C3 54.3C4 -2.238C5 -129.2C6 16.4

Table : SW Coefficients value

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Atmospheric Water Vapour content

•The temperature and humidity value is taken from underground weather site where hourly data is available.

Where, W = Atmospheric water vapour content in gm/cm-2

T0 = Near Surface air temperature in K RH = Relative Humidity

W = 0.981 * {10 * 0.6108 * exp 17.27 * (T0 – 273.15) * RH} + 0.1697

237.3 + (T0 – 273.15)

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Download Landsat-8 Data

Define the Region of Interest (ROI)

Prepare Landsat-8 using SAGA Software

Open the files in ROI in Google Earth

Digitize your Training Areas

Save your Training Areas

Classify (SAGA)

L o c a l C l i m a t i c Z o n a t i o n M a p( L C Z )

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LC Z

The LCZ map is classified into 17 classes according to their forms and geometry

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Data Preparation in Saga GIS

Loaded Landsat data

Digitizing and saving training areas

•10 Built-up classes•7 Land cover types•10-15 training areas in each class

Classification

Local Climate

Zonation Map

Low Plants

CHR



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The LCZ framework combines four components of the urban landscape:

L C Z F R A M E W O R K



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Built up types Definition Built up types Definition1.Compact High Rise

•tightly packed buildings to tens of stories tall•LC mostly paved•Impervious surface fraction:40-60•Pervious surface fraction:<10

6.Open Low Rise •openly arranged buildings of 1 to 3 stories tall•Impervious surface fraction:20-50•Pervious surface fraction:30-60

2.Compact Mid Rise

•tightly packed buildings of 3 to 9 stories tall.•Impervious surface fraction:30-50•Pervious surface fraction:<20

7. Lightweight low-rise

•Dense mix of single-story buildings.•land cover hard-packed•Impervious surface fraction:<20•Pervious surface fraction:<30

3.Compact Low Rise

•tightly packed buildings of 1 to 3 stories tall•Impervious surface fraction:20-50•Pervious surface fraction:<30

8.Large Low Rise •large, openly arranged buildings of 1 to 3 stories tall.•land cover mostly paved.•Impervious surface fraction:40-50•Pervious surface fraction:<20

4.Open High Rise •openly arranged buildings tens of stories tall•Abundance of pervious•land cover•Impervious surface fraction:30-40Pervious surface fraction:30-40

9. Sparsely built •sparse arrangement of small or mid-sized buildings•Abundance of pervious land cover•Impervious surface fraction:<20•Pervious surface fraction:60-80

5.Open Mid Rise •openly arranged buildings of 3 to 9 stories tall•Impervious surface fraction:30-50•Pervious surface fraction:20-40

10. Heavy industry •Low-rise and mid-rise industrial structures (towers, tanks, stacks)•Land cover mostly paved•Impervious surface fraction:20-40•Pervious surface fraction:40-50

Land Cover types Definition Land Cover types Definition

A. Dense trees •Heavily wooded landscape of•Deciduous /Evergreen trees.•Land cover mostly pervious•Impervious surface fraction:<10•Pervious surface fraction:>90

E. Bare rock or paved •Featureless landscape of rock or•paved cover.•Few or no trees .•Impervious surface fraction:>90•Pervious surface fraction:<10

B. Scattered trees •Lightly wooded landscape of•deciduous / evergreen trees.•Land cover mostly pervious •Impervious surface fraction:<10•Pervious surface fraction:>90

F. Bare soil or sand •Featureless landscape of soil or sand cover.•Impervious surface fraction:<10•Pervious surface fraction:>90

C. Bush, scrub •Open arrangement of bushes, shrubs , and short, woody trees. Land cover mostly pervious.•Impervious surface fraction:<10•Pervious surface fraction:>90

G. Water •Large, open water bodies such as seas and lakes, or small bodies such as rivers, reservoirs, and lagoons.•Impervious surface fraction:<10•Pervious surface fraction:>90

D. Low plants •Featureless landscape of grass or herbaceous plants/crops.•Impervious surface fraction:<10•Pervious surface fraction:>90

Source: Stewart and Oke ,2012,Local climate zones for temperature studies ,page no-7

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RESULTS



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LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE (LST):

D E L H I

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Land Surface Emissivity

•For every season the emissivity is calculated for both thermal bands 10 and

11 and then its mean and Difference emissivity is calculated.

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Conversion of DN to Radiance

•Both thermal band 10 and 11 is calculated separately using the formula

and then using this the Brightness Temperature is calculated.



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• For the retrieval of LST using SWA it is necessary to find out Brightness Temperature of thermal band and 11.



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Atmospheric Water Vapour Content (in gm/cm-2 )

Coefficients

January 0.298 August 3.108

May 2.455 October 1.727



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Land Surface Temperature (LST)

Summer Season

Winter Season



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Spring Season

Monsoon Season

Spring Season



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LOCAL CLIMATE ZONES (LCZ):

The total LCZ classes

are of 17 types out of

which only 16 classes

(except Light weight

low-rise) of LCZ have

been found in Delhi

area.

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LCZ Classes Area in %

Compact High Rise 0.500Compact Mid Rise 0.996Compact Low Rise 7.675Open High Rise 8.480Open Mid Rise 0.423Open Low Rise 3.193Large Low Rise 0.174Sparsely Built 2.785Heavy industry 5.943Dense trees 1.060Scattered Trees 0.485Bush Scrub 8.827Low plants 51.538Bare soil or sand 6.681Water 1.240



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Area in %

Large Low Rise

Open Mid Rise

Scattered Trees

Comapct High Rise

Compact Mid Rise

Dense trees

Water

Sparsely Built

Open Low Rise

Heavy industry

Bare soil or sand

Compact Low Rise

Open High Rise

Bush Scrub

Low plants

Local Climatic Zonation ( LCZ ) - DELHI Showing total area of each LCZ classes in per-

centage

Table 10: Total area of each LCZ classes in percentage –

Delhi

Highest

Lowest



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LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE (LST):

J A I P U R



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Land Surface Emissivity



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Conversion of DN to Radiance

•Both thermal band 10 and 11 is calculated separately using the formula

and then using this the Brightness Temperature is calculated.



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Atmospheric Water Vapour Content (in gm/cm-2 )

January 1.136 August 3.078

May 1.802 October 1.786

Coefficients



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Land Surface Temperature (LST)

Winter Season

Summer Season



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Spring Season

Monsoon Season



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LOCAL CLIMATE ZONES (LCZ):

In Jaipur LCZ map only 16

classes is found (except

Light Weight Low Rise LCZ

7) out of 17 LCZ classes.



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Area in %

Compact High Rise

Compact Mid Rise

Compact Low Rise

Open High Rise

Open Mid Rise

Open Low Rise

Large Low Rise

Sparsely Built

Heavy Industry

Dense Trees

Scattered Trees

Bush Scrub

Low Plants

Bare Rock or Paved

Bare Soil or Sand

Water

Local Climatic Zonation ( LCZ ) - JAIPURShowing total area of each LCZ classes in per-

centage

LCZ Classes Area in %

Compact High Rise 0.057Compact Mid Rise 0.090Compact Low Rise 5.542Open High Rise 0.013Open Mid Rise 1.753Open Low Rise 13.346Large Low Rise 0.393Sparsely Built 11.908Heavy Industry 2.295Dense Trees 0.685Scattered Trees 2.540Bush Scrub 4.089Low Plants 11.656Bare Rock or Paved 15.268Bare Soil or Sand 29.890Water 0.476

Table : Total area of each LCZ classes in percentage -

Jaipur

Highest

Lowest



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DISCUSSION or ANALYSIS



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SEASONAL ANALYSIS : DELHI

•The highest temperature is found in May month having temperature as 45.76°C.

January May August October0

10

20

30

40

50

60

DELHI - Sesonal Variation 2015Showing the Mean, Maximum, Minimum and

Total Average of four selected Months

Mean LST of each MonthMaximum LSTMinimum LSTTotal Average

Seasons

LST

in D

egre

e Ce

lcius

LST Months Mean Max Min S.D Variance

Jan 17.803 21.039 14.736 1.629 2.637May 45.760 52.667 39.517 3.623 13.123

Aug 30.182 37.316 23.317 3.982 15.859

Oct 31.081 35.637 26.561 2.600 6.761TOTAL AVERAGE 31.207

•The lowest temperature is found in January month having 17.80°C.

Table : Seasonal Analysis 2015 - Delhi



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SEASONAL ANALYSIS : JAIPUR

January May August October0

10

20

30

40

50

60

JAIPUR - Sesonal Variation 2015Showing the Mean, Maximum, Minimum and

Total Average of four selected Months

Mean of selected MonthsMaximum LSTMinimum LSTTotal Average

Season

LST

in D

egre

e Ce

lcius

Months Mean Maximum Minimum Standard Deviation Variance

January 23.173 31.852 14.490 4.982 24.822May 43.087 55.491 30.683 7.224 52.186August 33.263 48.469 18.057 8.834 78.037October 39.306 50.241 28.372 6.370 40.575

TOTAL AVERAGE 38.509

Table : Seasonal Analysis 2015 – Jaipur

•Highest mean surface temperature is found in the month of May with 43.09°C.

•The lowest surface temperature is found in January month with 23.17°C.



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COMPARISON OF SEASONAL ANALYSIS OF DELHI AND JAIPUR

•In Delhi the summer mean surface temperature is 45.76°C and in Jaipur it

is 43.09°C.

•Though the maximum temperature (55.49°C) in Jaipur is 2.82°C higher

than the maximum temperature of Delhi (52.67°C) but the mean surface

temperature is found to be low in Jaipur.

Because in Jaipur the day temperature gets very high

and at the same time the night temperature gradually

goes down.



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C O M PA R I S O N O F L S T W I T H L C Z B A S E D O N W U D A P T C L A S S I F I C AT I O N : D E L H I

LST Seasonal Maps

LCZ Maps

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LCZ Classes Normalized Mean Bias Variance Standard

DeviationTotal Mean

Compact High Rise LCZ 1 17.056 1.2307 7.535 2.745

16.18

Compact Mid Rise LCZ 2 15.192 -0.633 0 0Compact Low Rise LCZ 3 14.021 -1.804 7.532 2.745Open High Rise LCZ4 16.387 0.562 0 0Open Mid Rise LCZ 5 18.383 2.558 7.535 2.745Open Low Rise LCZ 6 16.61 0.785 0 0Large Low Rise LCZ 8 16.13 0.305 0 0Sparsely Built LCZ 9 16.428 0.603 7.532 2.745Heavy industry LCZ 10 15.452 -0.373 7.535 2.745Dense trees LCZ A 14.23 -1.595 0 0

15.29

Scattered Trees LCZ B 13.515 -2.310 0 0Bush Scrub LCZ C 14.725 -1.099 7.532 2.745Low plants LCZ D 15.882 0.057 7.532 2.745Bare soil or sand LCZ F 17.086 1.262 7.532 2.745Water LCZ G 16.277 0.452 7.532 2.745




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Lowest

Highest

Table : Surface Temperature in LCZ Classes during winter seasons - Delhi

JANUARY



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Scattered Trees

Compact Low Rise

Dense trees

Bush Scrub

Compact Mid Rise

Heavy industry

Low plants

Large Low Rise

Water

Open High Rise

Sparsely Built

Open Low Rise

Comapct High Rise

Bare soil or sand

Open Mid Rise

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

DELHI - January 2015Showing Bias from mean

of LST with LCZ

Bias from mean

Mean

LCZ

Clas

ses



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MAYLCZ Classes Normalized

Mean Bias Variance Standard Deviation

Total Mean

Compact High Rise LCZ 1 41.22 -0.696 0 0

42.07

Compact Mid Rise LCZ 2 42.702 0.786 6.515 2.553Compact Low Rise LCZ 3 42.767 0.850 6.513 2.552Open High Rise LCZ4 43.864 1.948 17.371 4.168Open Mid Rise LCZ 5 43.21 1.294 6.503 2.558Open Low Rise LCZ 6 41.395 -0.522 17.374 4.168Sparsely Built LCZ 9 42.488 0.572 17.371 4.168Heavy industry LCZ 10 42.866 0.950 6.503 2.55Dense trees LCZ A 38.158 -3.759 6.528 2.555Scattered Trees LCZ B 42.674 0.757 17.371 4.168

41.63Bush Scrub LCZ C 41.899 -0.018 17.367 4.167Low plants LCZ D 43.071 1.155 32.567 5.707Bare soil or sand LCZ F 42.978 1.062 32.567 5.707Water LCZ G 37.538 -4.379 17.371 4.168


Table : Surface Temperature in LCZ Classes during Summer seasons - Delhi

Highest

Lowest



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Water

Dense trees

Comapct High Rise

Open Low Rise

Bush Scrub

Sparsely Built

Scattered Trees

Compact Mid Rise

Compact Low Rise

Heavy industry

Bare soil or sand

Low plants

Open Mid Rise

Open High Rise

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

DELHI - May 2015Showing Bias from mean

of LST with LCZ

Bias from Mean

Mean

LCZ

Cla

sses



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DeviationTotal Mean

Compact High Rise LCZ 1 28.89 1.162 0 0

28.43

Compact Mid Rise LCZ 2 29.065 1.336 7.590 2.755Compact Low Rise LCZ 3 31.434 3.706 7.590 2.755Open High Rise LCZ4 27.863 0.134 20.244 4.499Open Mid Rise LCZ 5 27.782 0.053 7.590 2.755Open Low Rise LCZ 6 27.308 3.706 7.590 2.755Large Low Rise LCZ 8 28.07 0.342 0 0Sparsely Built LCZ 9 26.902 -0.826 20.244 4.499Heavy industry LCZ 10 28.532 0.804 20.240 4.499Dense trees LCZ A 26.847 -0.882 7.590 2.755

26.68

Scattered Trees LCZ B 22.777 -4.952 0 0Bush Scrub LCZ C 27.457 -0.271 20.244 4.499Low plants LCZ D 29.082 1.354 20.240 4.499Bare soil or sand LCZ F 26.569 -1.159 20.240 4.499Water LCZ G 27.349 -0.380 20.240 4.499


AUGUST

Lowest

Highest

Table : Surface Temperature in LCZ Classes during Monsoon seasons - Delhi



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Scattered Trees

Bare soil or sand

Dense trees

Sparsely Built

Open Low Rise

Water

Bush Scrub

Open Mid Rise

Open High Rise

Large Low Rise

Heavy industry

Comapct High Rise

Compact Mid Rise

Low plants

Compact Low Rise

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

DELHI - August 2015Showing Bias from mean

of LST with LCZ

Bias from Mean

Mean

LCZ

Cla

sses



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OCTOBER


DeviationTotal Mean

Compact High Rise LCZ 1 28 0.847 0 0

27.37

Compact Mid Rise LCZ 2 26.793 -0.360 7.532 2.745Compact Low Rise LCZ 3 27.747 0.593 7.530 2.744Open High Rise LCZ4 27.285 0.131 7.530 2.744Open Mid Rise LCZ 5 29.119 1.965 7.535 2.745Open Low Rise LCZ 6 27.325 0.172 7.535 2.745Large Low Rise LCZ 8 26.8 -0.354 0 0Sparsely Built LCZ 9 26.778 -0.376 20.082 4.481Heavy industry LCZ 10 26.517 -0.637 7.508 2.74Dense trees LCZ A 24.92 -2.234 0 0

26.82

Scattered Trees LCZ B 26.995 -0.159 7.530 2.744Bush Scrub LCZ C 26.221 -0.933 7.532 2.745Low plants LCZ D 27.747 0.593 20.082 4.481Bare soil or sand LCZ F 28.797 1.643 7.532 2.745Water LCZ G 26.260 -0.894 7.532 2.745


Lowest

Highest

Table : Surface Temperature in LCZ Classes during Spring seasons - Delhi



Saira Parveen75

Dense trees

Bush Scrub

Water

Heavy industry

Sparsely Built

Compact Mid Rise

Large Low Rise

Scattered Trees

Open High Rise

Open Low Rise

Low plants

Compact Low Rise

Comapct High Rise

Bare soil or sand

Open Mid Rise

-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

DELHI - October 2015Showing Bias from mean

of LST with LCZ

Bias from Mean

Mean

LCZ

Cla

sses



Saira Parveen76

C O M PA R I S O N O F L S T W I T H L C Z B A S E D O N W U D A P T C L A S S I F I C AT I O N : J A I P U R

LST Seasonal Maps

LCZ Maps



Saira Parveen77


DeviationTotal Mean


18.30

Compact Mid Rise LCZ 2 17.618 -1.088 10.112 3.180Compact Low Rise LCZ 3 18.258 -0.448 10.112 3.180Open High Rise LCZ4 16.293 -2.412 10.122 3.182Open Mid Rise LCZ 5 18.521 -0.185 26.992 5.195Open Low Rise LCZ 6 19.111 0.405 26.992 5.195Large Low Rise LCZ 8 18.315 -0.391 27.009 5.197Sparsely Built LCZ 9 16.821 -1.885 50.605 7.114Heavy industry LCZ 10 19.810 1.104 26.966 5.193Dense trees LCZ A 17.431 -1.274 10.144 3.185

19.23

Scattered Trees LCZ B 19.201 0.495 26.992 5.195Bush Scrub LCZ C 21.843 3.137 10.112 3.180Low plants LCZ D 18.533 -0.173 50.610 7.114Rock or paved LCZ E 19.658 0.952 50.610 7.114Bare soil or sand LCZ F 21.891 3.185 50.610 7.114Water LCZ G 16.070 -2.636 26.992 5.195

TOTAL AVERAGE 18.706Lowest

Highest

Table : Surface Temperature in LCZ Classes during winter seasons - Jaipur

JANUARY



Saira Parveen78

Water

Open High Rise

Sparsely Built

Dense trees

Compact Mid Rise

Compact Low Rise

Large Low Rise

Open Mid Rise

Low plants

Open Low Rise

Scattered Trees

Rock or paved

Heavy industry

Compact High Rise

Bush Scrub

Bare soil or sand

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

JAIPUR - January 2015Showing Bias from mean

of LST with LCZ

Bias from Mean

Mean

LCZ

Cla

sses



Saira Parveen79


DeviationTotal Mean


43.57

Compact Mid Rise LCZ 2 44.210 0.375 27.864 5.279Compact Low Rise LCZ 3 41.509 -2.326 27.864 5.279Open High Rise LCZ4 40.520 -3.314 27.856 5.279Open Mid Rise LCZ 5 45.0578 1.223 52.234 7.227Open Low Rise LCZ 6 43.842 0.007 52.229 7.227Large Low Rise LCZ 8 43.978 0.143 27.864 5.279Sparsely Built LCZ 9 44.430 -4.087 52.229 7.227Heavy industry LCZ 10 44.194 0.359 52.229 7.227Dense trees LCZ A 42.032 -1.803 52.229 7.227

44.17

Scattered Trees LCZ B 44.978 1.143 52.229 7.227Bush Scrub LCZ C 48.175 4.341 27.864 5.279Low plants LCZ D 46.0593 2.224 52.236 7.227Rock or paved LCZ E 44.872 1.037 52.229 7.227Bare soil or sand LCZ F 48.517 4.682 52.229 7.227Water LCZ G 34.563 -9.272 52.229 7.227

TOTAL AVERAGE 43.835Lowest

Highest

MAYTable : Surface Temperature in LCZ Classes during Summer seasons - Jaipur



Saira Parveen80

Water

Open High Rise

Compact Low Rise

Dense trees

Open Low Rise

Large Low Rise

Heavy industry

Compact Mid Rise

Comapct High Rise

Sparsely Built

Rock or paved

Scattered Trees

Open Mid Rise

Low plants

Bush Scrub

Bare soil or sand

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

JAIPUR - May 2015Showing Bias from mean

of LST with LCZ

Bias from Mean

Mean

LCZ

Cla

sses



Saira Parveen81


DeviationTotal Mean


32.06

Compact Mid Rise LCZ 2 33.363 32.403 27.606 5.254Compact Low Rise LCZ 3 34.490 28.956 82.870 9.103Open High Rise LCZ4 34.981 33.558 10.359 3.219Open Mid Rise LCZ 5 33.860 30.800 82.862 9.103Open Low Rise LCZ 6 33.742 30.570 51.7889 7.197Large Low Rise LCZ 8 34.275 36.313 27.606 5.254Sparsely Built LCZ 9 32.207 31.723 82.862 9.103Heavy industry LCZ 10 33.928 32.866 82.870 9.103Dense trees LCZ A 30.072 29.416 82.870 9.103

34.46

Scattered Trees LCZ B 32.130 31.261 82.862 9.103Bush Scrub LCZ C 34.083 28.494 82.870 9.103Low plants LCZ D 32.993 33.327 82.860 9.103Rock or paved LCZ E 31.501 31.031 120.842 10.993Bare soil or sand LCZ F 34.522 34.710 82.862 9.103Water LCZ G 28.639 25.5163 51.789 7.197


AUGUST Table : Surface Temperature in LCZ Classes during Monsoon seasons - Jaipur

Lowest

Highest



Saira Parveen82

Water

Dense trees

Rock or paved

Scattered Trees

Sparsely Built

Low plants

Compact Mid Rise

Open Low Rise

Open Mid Rise

Heavy industry

Bush Scrub

Large Low Rise

Compact Low Rise

Bare soil or sand

Comapct High Rise

Open High Rise

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

JAIPUR - August 2015Showing Bias from mean

of LST with LCZ

Bias from Mean

Mean

LCZ

Cla

sses



Saira Parveen83


DeviationTotal Mean

Compact High Rise LCZ 1 33.92 -1.04 10.37 3.22

33.57

Compact Mid Rise LCZ 2 34.51 -0.46 10.37 3.22Compact Low Rise LCZ 3 34.70 -0.26 27.61 5.25Open High Rise LCZ4 33.25 -1.71 10.35 3.21Open Mid Rise LCZ 5 33.32 -1.64 27.60 5.25Open Low Rise LCZ 6 35.56 0.60 51.75 7.19Large Low Rise LCZ 8 35.08 0.12 27.56 5.25Sparsely Built LCZ 9 37.35 2.39 51.76 7.19Heavy industry LCZ 10 34.77 -0.19 27.61 5.25Dense trees LCZ A 32.47 -2.49 27.61 5.25

36.75

Scattered Trees LCZ B 35.09 0.12 51.76 7.19Bush Scrub LCZ C 36.61 1.65 27.61 5.25Low plants LCZ D 38.21 3.25 51.76 7.19Rock or paved LCZ E 35.08 0.12 51.76 7.19Bare soil or sand LCZ F 39.37 4.41 51.76 7.19Water LCZ G 30.11 -4.85 51.76 7.19


OCTOBER Table : Surface Temperature in LCZ Classes during Spring seasons - Jaipur

Lowest

Highest



Saira Parveen84

Water

Dense trees

Open High Rise

Open Mid Rise

Comapct High Rise

Compact Mid Rise

Compact Low Rise

Heavy industry

Large Low Rise

Rock or paved

Scattered Trees

Open Low Rise

Bush Scrub

Sparsely Built

Low plants

Bare soil or sand

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

JAIPUR - October 2015Showing Bias from mean

of LST with LCZ

Bias from Mean

Mean

LCZ

Cla

sses

Saira Parveen 85Saira Parveen 85Saira Parveen 85Saira Parveen 85Saira Parveen 85Saira Parveen 85


Saira Parveen85

COMPARISON OF LST WITH LCZ BASED ON RULE BASED CLASSIF ICATION :

DELHI



Saira Parveen86


DeviationTotal mean


13.85

Compact Mid Rise LCZ 2 15.078 -0.639 0 0Compact Low Rise LCZ 3 12.664 1.775 26.225 5.121Open High Rise LCZ 4 14.508 1.205 0 0Open Mid Rise LCZ 5 12.097 -3.222 26.220 5.121Open Low Rise LCZ 6 10.081 -1.206 26.225 5.121Sparsely Built LCZ 9 16.876 3.573 26.225 5.121Dense trees LCZ A 10.004 -3.299 26.214 5.12

12.67

Scattered Trees LCZ B 12.230 -1.073 26.214 5.12Bush Scrub LCZ C 14.65 1.347 0 0Low plants LCZ D 16.957 3.653 26.214 5.12Bare soil or sand LCZ F 10.520 -2.784 26.214 5.12Water LCZ G 11.66 -1.643 0 0


Lowest

Highest

Table : Surface Temperature in LCZ Classes during winter seasons - Delhi

JANUARY



Saira Parveen87

Dense trees

Open Low Rise

Bare soil or sand

Water

Open Mid Rise

Scattered Trees

Compact Low Rise

Open High Rise

Bush Scrub

Compact Mid Rise

Comapct High Rise

Sparsely Built

Low plants

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

DELHI - January 2015Showing Bias from mean

of LST with LCZ (Rule Based Classification)

Bias from Mean

Mean

LCZ

Cla

sses



Saira Parveen88


DeviationTotal mean

Compact High Rise LCZ 1 42.243 42.243 0 0

41.54

Compact Mid Rise LCZ 2 39.287 43.719 26.889 5.186Compact Low Rise LCZ 3 44.283 45.194 71.705 8.468Open High Rise LCZ 4 43.027 48.189 26.889 5.186Open Mid Rise LCZ 5 39.449 44.479 26.889 5.186Open Low Rise LCZ 6 42.246 45.954 71.705 8.468Sparsely Built LCZ 9 40.244 41.528 134.447 11.595Dense trees LCZ A 39.017 36.43 71.691 8.467

39.95

Scattered Trees LCZ B 40.413 40.14 71.691 8.467Bush Scrub LCZ C 42.114 43.85 71.691 8.467Low plants LCZ D 41.095 40.9 71.691 8.467Bare soil or sand LCZ F 41.108 37.19 71.691 8.467Water LCZ G 35.983 39.425 26.884 5.185


MAY Table : Surface Temperature in LCZ Classes during Summer seasons - Delhi

Highest

Lowest

Saira Parveen 89Saira Parveen 89Saira Parveen 89Saira Parveen 89Saira Parveen 89Saira Parveen 89Saira Parveen 89


Saira Parveen89

Water

Dense trees

Compact Mid Rise

Open Mid Rise

Sparsely Built

Scattered Trees

Low plants

Bare soil or sand

Bush Scrub

Comapct High Rise

Open Low Rise

Open High Rise

Compact Low Rise

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

DELHI - May 2015Showing Bias from mean


Bias from Mean

Mean

LCZ

Cla

sses



Saira Parveen90


DeviationTotal mean


27.050

Compact Mid Rise LCZ 2 26.577 0.445 70.754 8.412Compact Low Rise LCZ 3 25.768 -0.977 70.747 8.411Open High Rise LCZ 4 28.023 0.343 26.533 5.151Open Mid Rise LCZ 5 25.338 1.709 70.754 8.412Open Low Rise LCZ 6 26.759 -1.425 70.754 8.412Sparsely Built LCZ 9 27.743 -2.145 26.533 5.151Dense trees LCZ A 23.439 2.831 26.523 5.15

25.456

Scattered Trees LCZ B 24.890 -0.547 70.795 8.414Bush Scrub LCZ C 26.923 0.609 26.523 5.15Low plants LCZ D 24.169 0.262 70.727 8.41Bare soil or sand LCZ F 26.658 -2.875 26.523 5.15Water LCZ G 26.656 1.429 26.523 5.15


AUGUST

Lowest

Highest

Table : Surface Temperature in LCZ Classes during Monsoon seasons - Delhi



Saira Parveen91

Dense trees

Low plants

Scattered Trees

Open Mid Rise

Compact Low Rise

Compact Mid Rise

Water

Bare soil or sand

Open Low Rise

Bush Scrub

Sparsely Built

Open High Rise

Comapct High Rise

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

DELHI - August 2015Showing Bias from mean


Bias from Mean

Mean

LCZ

Cla

sses



Saira Parveen92


DeviationTotal mean


25.027

Compact Mid Rise LCZ 2 26.563 1.809 0 0Compact Low Rise LCZ 3 23.624 -1.131 26.512 5.149Open High Rise LCZ 4 28.165 3.411 26.512 5.149Open Mid Rise LCZ 5 25.215 0.461 0 0Open Low Rise LCZ 6 22.758 -1.997 26.512 5.149Sparsely Built LCZ 9 22.925 -1.830 26.517 5.150Dense trees LCZ A 22.037 -2.718 26.522 5.15

24.436

Scattered Trees LCZ B 24.449 -0.306 26.522 5.15Bush Scrub LCZ C 26.917 2.163 26.471 5.145Low plants LCZ D 23.269 -1.486 26.523 5.15Bare soil or sand LCZ F 25.878 1.124 26.523 5.15Water LCZ G 24.066 -0.688 26.523 5.15


OCTOBER

Lowest

Highest

Table : Surface Temperature in LCZ Classes during Spring seasons - Delhi



Saira Parveen93

Dense trees

Open Low Rise

Sparsely Built

Low plants

Compact Low Rise

Water

Scattered Trees

Open Mid Rise

Bare soil or sand

Comapct High Rise

Compact Mid Rise

Bush Scrub

Open High Rise

-5 -3 -1 1 3 5

DELHI - October 2015Showing Bias from mean of LST with LCZ (Rule Based Classi-

fication)

Bias from MeanMean

LCZ

Cla

sses



Saira Parveen94

CONCLUSION



Saira Parveen95

•In this study, it is found that though the Urban Heat Island defines that

the urban temperature is little higher than the surrounding area which

in our case it is found in Delhi city but in Jaipur it is different.

This is because there is a presence of sand around the city of

Jaipur



Saira Parveen96

•For LCZ and LST comparison it is found that the method stated by I.D.

Stewart and T.R. Oke for LCZ, according to this the temperature should

me more in Compact High Rise but in our case the result is different.

This is may be because there methodology is not applicable for Indian Cities

Saira Parveen 97

THANK YOU for your ATTENTION……

saira parveen

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