salaries, student debt, and employment opportunities in psychology
TRANSCRIPT
Salaries, Student Debt, and Employment Opportunities in Psychology
Brittany M. Hart William E. Pate, II, M.A. APA Center for Workforce Studies Midwestern Psychological Association 83rd Annual Meeting Chicago, IL May 6, 2011
Mission Statement
The Center for Workforce Studies (CWS) collects, analyzes, and
disseminates information relevant to psychology's workforce and
education system.
3
Data Source Agency Web Location Doctorate Employment Survey, 2008 APA Survey of Psychology Health Service Providers, Master’s, Specialist’s, and Related Degrees Employment Survey, Survey of Graduate Departments of Psychology, Student Affiliate Survey
American Psychological Association (APA)
http://www.apa.org/workforce/
Faculty Salaries Survey APA http://www.apa.org/workforce/publications/index.aspx
Salaries in Psychology APA http://www.apa.org/workforce/publications/index.aspx
The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS)
U.S. Department of Education http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest
Survey of Earned Doctorates1 National Opinion Research Center (NORC)
http://www.norc.org/issues/docdata.htm
SESTAT National Science Foundation (NSF) http://srsstats.sbe.nsf.gov/
Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering
NSF http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/gradpostdoc/
National Survey of Recent College Graduates
NSF http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/srvyrecentgrads/
Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards
NSF http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/doctorates/
Survey of Doctorate Recipients2 NSF http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/survey.cfm
CPST Commission on Professionals in Science & Technology
http://www.cpst.org/
(1) Survey of Earned Doctorates is supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the U.S. Department of Education (USED), the National Endowment for Humanities (NEH), the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The National Opinion Research Center (NORC) is responsible for the survey.
(2) NORC conducts the Survey of Doctorate Recipients for NSF and NIH.
4
Contact Information
• Email: [email protected] • Website: www.apa.org/workforce • Telephone: 1-800-374-2721, ext. 5980
5
For Further Information…
www.apa.org/workforce/presentations
A PDF version of this presentation is available for download.
Overview
Demographic Shifts Degrees in Psychology
Financial Support and Debt Employment Characteristics
Salaries in Psychology Challenges and Opportunities
Demographic Shifts
8
Demographic Shifts in Psychology % % % Annual
Women Growth
% of bachelor’s degrees1: 1976 & 2006 54 77 3
% of graduate enrollments2: 1977 & 2006 47 76 2
% of new doctorates3: 1976 & 2009 33 75 3
% of PhDs in workforce4: 1973 & 2003 20 50 3
People of Color % of bachelor’s degrees1: 1976 & 2006 12 27 3
% of graduate enrollments2: 1980 & 2006 12 27 3
% of new doctorates3: 1977 & 2009 8 19 3
% of PhDs in workforce4: 1973 & 2003 2 11 6
Sources: (1) IPEDS, US Department of Education. (2) Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering, NSF. (3) Doctorate Employment Survey, APA. (4) NSF/NIH; Survey of Doctorate Recipients: (1973, 2003). Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies. February, 2009. Notes. PsyDs are included in doctoral counts from Doctorate Employment Survey (APA). The use of NSF data does not imply NSF endorsement of the research, research methods, or conclusions contained in this report.
Characteristics of Recent Psychology Doctorates: 2009
• % Female 75 • % Ethnic minority 23 • Median Age 34 • Mean Age 34 • % in HSP subfields 66 • % in Research/Other subfields 33
Source: 2009 APA Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011.
Note. Includes PsyDs.
Characteristics of APA Members: 2009
• % Female 56 • % Ethnic minority 7* • Mean Age 54 • % in HSP subfields 63** • % in Research/Other subfields 15** • % in Other (Non-Psychology) fields 6**
Source: 2009 APA Directory. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2010.
Notes. *Ethnic minority percentage represents an undercount due to high non-response rate for ethnicity item.
**Subfield percentages represent an ―at least count‖ due to non-response rate for this item in the Directory Survey.
Degrees in Psychology
Degrees Awarded Time to Degree
Psychology’s Educational Pipeline
High School
Community College
Continuing Ed
BA/BS
MA MS PhD PsyD
Number of Psychology Degrees Conferred by Level of Degree: 1970-2009
05,000
10,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,00040,00045,00050,00055,00060,00065,00070,00075,00080,00085,00090,00095,000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Bachelors
Masters
Doctorate
13
Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS) , "Degrees and Other Formal Awards Conferred" surveys, and Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), "Completions" surveys.
Science, Engineering and Health Graduates by Field of Degree: 2006
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Physical Sciences
Life Sciences
Computer Sciences
Psychology
Engineering
Health
Percent
Bachelor's
Master's
Source: National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics, National Survey of Recent College Graduates (2006). Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2010.
15
Degree Fields of Psychology PhDs Awarded in 1988 - 2008
0
10
20
30
40
Clinical
Counseling
General
Social & Personality
Developmental
Experimental/Physiological I/O
Cognitive
School
Educational
Human Dev. & Family
Other
Perc
en
t
198819982008
Source: NSF/NIH/USED/NEH/USDA/NASA; 2008 Survey of Earned Doctorates. Compiled by APA CWS, June 2010. Notes. Data for ―Human Development and Family Psychology‖ was not available for 1988.
16
Number of PhDs and PsyDs Awarded in Psychology
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
1988 1991 1994 1998 2000 2004 2006 2008
PhD PsyD
Source: Data are from APA’s Graduate Study in Psychology. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April, 2009 Note. Data on PsyDs represent an undercount as several departments did not report number of PsyDs awarded.
17
Number of Clinical PhDs and PsyDs Awarded in Psychology: 1988-2008
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2007
2008
Nu
mb
er
of
De
gre
es
PhD PsyD
Source: Data on PsyDs are from Graduate Study in Psychology (APA). Data on PhDs are drawn from NSF/NIH/USED/NEH/USDA/NASA; 2007 Survey of Earned Doctorates. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, June 2010. Note. Data on PsyDs represent an undercount as several departments did not report number of PsyDs awarded.
Debt and Financial Support
Levels of Debt Sources of Support
19
Debt Related to Graduate Education Reported by Recent Doctorates in
Psychology: 2009
10-20K - 10.4%20-40K - 16.6%
40-60K - 15.5%
60-80K - 11.2%
<10K - 9.8%
No Debt31.8%
80-100K - 13.9%
Debt68.2%
>100K - 22.6%
Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011.
Note. Includes PsyDs.
20
Debt Related to Graduate Education by Subfield for Recent Doctorates in Psychology: 2009
No Debt 21.9%
Debt 78.1%
Health Service Provider Subfields
Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011.
Note. Includes PsyDs.
Median $80,000
Mean $88,610
SD $57,749
Median $32,000
Mean $49,440
SD $44,871
No Debt 51.6% Debt
48.4%
Research/Other Subfields
21
Median Debt by Year: Doctorate Recipients Who Reported Any
Debt
$0
$10,000
$20,000
$30,000
$40,000
$50,000
$60,000
$70,000
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
ActualAdjusted
Source: Doctorate Employment Survey, selected years, APA Center for Workforce Studies, July 2009. Note: Debt adjusted for inflation from Consumer Price Index.
22
Level of Debt by Type of Degree for Recent Doctorates: 2009
0
10
20
30
<10K 10-20K 20-40K 40-60K 60-80K 80-100K
100-120K
120-140K
140-160K
>160K
Perc
en
t
Amount of Debt
PhD (N=577) PsyD (N=272)
Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011.
Primary Sources of Financial Support by Broad Subfield for Recent Doctorates in Psychology:
2009
Health Service Provider Subfields
Other2.7%Univ. Scholarship
6.3%
Loans41.8%
Grants4.0%
Not Specified1.8%
Own Earnings18.5%
Univ. RA/TA24.8%
Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011. Note. Includes PsyDs.
Research and Other Subfields
Other3.7%Univ. Scholarship
10.2%
Loans14.3%
Grants9.8%
Not Specified2.2%
Own Earnings13.2%
Univ. RA/TA46.6%
Loan Repayment/Forgiveness Programs
• National Health Service Corps www.hrsa.loanscholarships/repayment
• American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
www.hrsa.loanscholarships/repayment • National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities
www.nimhd.gov • National Institutes of Health www.lrp.nih.gov • Federal Student Loan Repayment Program
www.opm.gov/oca/pay/studentloan • U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs • Army Reserve Medical Corps www.goarmy.com/ammed
Financial Support and Debt Summary
• Those in HSP subfields complete their programs with debt at a
higher proportion when compared to those in research and other subfields. Debt levels and financial support are functions of degree and subfield.
• Tuition costs and living expenses = highest contributors to debt
• HSP psychologists that do have debt report it at higher levels than non-HSP psychologists.
• In general, PhDs report lower debt levels than PsyDs. • Overall, for those PhDs that do report debt, it is significantly less
than PsyD debt. • Research available loan forgiveness/repayment programs!
Employment Characteristics
27
Recent Psychology Graduates by Employment Sector and Level of Degree: 2006
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Pe
rce
nt
EducationalInstitution
Government Business/ Industry
Employment Sector
BachelorsMasters
Source: National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics, National Survey of Recent College Graduates (2006). Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, January 2010.
Note. The use of NSF data does not imply NSF endorsement of the research, research methods, or conclusions contained in this report.
28
Time to Current Job: Recent Doctorates in Psychology
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
In job whenbegan
Beforecompleting
program
Within 3 months 4-6 months More than 6months
Not specified
Perc
en
t
1993 (N=1,657) 1997 (N=1,702) 2001 (N=1,353) 2005 (N=1,327) 2009 (N=862)
Source: APA Doctorate Employment Surveys, specified years. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011.
Note. Includes PsyDs.
29
Primary Full-time Employment Settings by Subfield for Recent Doctorates in Psychology: 2009
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Bus./Gov't/Other
Other HumanService
IndependentPractice
Managed Care
Hospitals
School/OtherEduc. Setting
Academia
Percent
Health ServiceProvider (N=472)Research/Other(N=267)
Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011.
Note. Includes PsyDs.
Employment Characteristics of Psychology PhDs: 2006
Psychology PhDs
100%
Employed
89.4%
Not Employed 10.6%
Part-time 20.6%
Full-time
68.8%
Retired 7.8%
Unemployed,
Seeking employment
0.8%
Unemployed, not seeking
2.0%
Source: NSF/NIH; 2006 Survey of Doctorate Recipients. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2009 Notes. Postdoctorate information is not included in this chart, but is reported separately. The use of NSF data does not imply NSF endorsement of the research, research methods, or conclusions contained in this report.
Employment Characteristics of Psychology PsyDs: 2008
Psychology PsyDs
100%
Employed*
97.2%
Not Employed 2.8%
Part-time 18.7%
Full-time
71.4%
Retired 1.2%
Unemployed,
Seeking employment
0.7%
Unemployed, not seeking
0.9% Postdoctoral Study 3.3%
Source: 2008 APA Directory data. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, July 2009 Notes: *Approximately 4% of employed PsyDs have an unknown status, 1% of PsyDs fall into an ―other‖ category not listed above.
32
Primary Employment Settings for Full-Time HSP Psychologists: 2008
Other Educational
Setting10.4%
Other9.3%
University12.4%
Human Service28.7%
Private Practice
37.7%
Source: 2008 APA Survey of Psychology Health Service Providers. Compiled by APA CWS, June 2010.
Employment Characteristics Summary
• Most psychologists are employed—low unemployment rate.
• Recent doctorates find positions quickly (if
not already in those positions). • Private practice is the most common work
setting for HSP psychologists.
Salaries in Psychology
Median Annual Full-time Salaries in Psychology By Degree Type: 2006
$30
$40
$70
$0
$10
$20
$30
$40
$50
$60
$70
Th
ou
sa
nd
s
BA/BS Masters PhDDegree Type
Source: NSF/Division of Science Resources Statistics, 2006 National Survey of Recent College Graduates, and NSF/NIH 2006 Survey of Doctorate Recipients. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2009.
Median Annual Full-time Salaries in Psychology By Level of Degree and Median Years Work
Experience: 2009
$58
$85 $89
$0$10$20$30$40$50$60$70$80$90
$100
Th
ou
sa
nd
s
Masters (10 yrs.) Doctorate (18 yrs.) Other (14 yrs.)Source: 2009 APA Salary Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2010. Note: ―Other‖ degree=E.g. J.D., or LCSW
Median Annual Full-time Salaries in Psychology By Type of Degree and Median Years Work
Experience: 2009
$75$84
$0$10$20$30$40$50$60$70$80$90
$100
Th
ou
sa
nd
s
PsyD (8 yrs.) Clinical PhD (8 yrs.)
Source: 2009 APA Salary Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, July 2009. Note. PsyD N=1114, Clinical PhD N=100.
Starting Salaries in Psychology by Gender and Position: 2007
$0$10$20$30$40$50$60$70$80
Assist.Prof AppliedPsych
Research Direct HumanServices
Th
ou
san
ds
Employment Position
Female
Male
Source: 2007 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, July 2009.
Starting Salaries for Full-time Employment Positions of Recent Doctorates in Psychology: 2009
$0 $20 $40 $60 $80 $100
Applied (N=60)
Admin of human svcs (N=21)
Educational Admin (N=13)
Direct human svcs (N=270)
Research positions (N=72)
Other positions (N=46)
Lecturer/Instructor* (N=14)
Asst professor* (N=133)
Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, June 2011.
Notes. Graph includes first quartile, median, and third quartile values. Includes PsyDs. * Faculty salaries are for all higher education, including undergraduate and community college. Salaries are reported for a 9-10-month academic year. To calculate 11-12 month equivalent, multiply by 11/9.
Thousands
Starting and Expected Starting Salaries for Faculty in US Doctoral Departments of Psychology: 2009-
2011
$52,000
$54,000
$56,000
$58,000
$60,000
$62,000
$64,000
$66,000
Median '09-'10Salary
Expected '10-'11Salary
Expected with 2yrs. PD*
U.S
. D
ollars
Starting Salary Type
Public
Private
Note: *= postdoc. Salaries are reported on a 9-10 month academic year. To calculate 11-12 month equivalents, multiply by 11/9. Source: 2009-2010 Faculty Salaries in Graduate Departments of Psychology Survey, Preliminary Data. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, March 2010.
9-10 Month Salaries for Full-Time Faculty in US Graduate Departments of Psychology* by Faculty
Rank and Department Type: 2009-2010
$0
$20,000
$40,000
$60,000
$80,000
$100,000
$120,000
Full Professor AssociateProfessor
AssistantProfessor
U.S
. D
ollars
Faculty Rank
Doctoral
Master's
Source: 2009-2010 Faculty Salaries in Graduate Departments of Psychology Survey, Preliminary Data. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, March 2010. Note.*= Public institutions only.
Full-time Salaries of Doctoral-Level Psychologists by Employment Position and Median Years Work
Experience: 2009
$0 $20 $40 $60 $80 $100 $120 $140 $160 $180
Research position (9 yrs.)
Research admin (19 yrs.)
Other position (18 yrs.)
Other admin (22 yrs.)
Education admin (25 yrs.)
Direct human services (17 yrs.)
Applied psych./I-O (15 yrs.)
Admin of human svcs (20 yrs.)
Lecturer/Instructor* (11 yrs.)
Assistant professor* (6 yrs.)
Associate professor* (13 yrs.)
Full professor* (28 yrs.)
Thousands
Source: 2009 APA Salary Survey, Preliminary Data. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, July 2009. Note. Graph includes first quartile, median, and third quartile values. Includes PsyDs. Faculty salaries are reported for a 9-10-month academic year. To calculate 11-12 month equivalent, multiply by 11/9.
Full-time Salaries of Doctoral-level Psychologists by Employment Setting: 2009
$0 $20 $40 $60 $80 $100 $120 $140 $160 $180
Comm. Mental Hlth. Cntr. (N=191)
Private general hospital (N=160)
University Psych Dep. (N=1271)
Criminal Justice System (N=168)
Group Psych Practice (N=439)
Non-Profit Org. (N=179)
Individual Private Practice (N=1076)
Medical School, Psychiatry (N=366)
VA Med. Center (N=170)
Federal Gov. Agency (N=220)
Business School or Dept. (N=97)
Thousands Source: 2009 APA Salary Survey. Compiled by the APA-Center for Workforce Studies, July 2009.
Notes. Graph includes first quartile, median, and third quartile values. Includes PsyDs.
Employment and Salaries Summary
Sources: 2008 APA Survey of Psychology Health Service Providers, 2009-2010 APA Faculty Salaries Survey, NSF/Division of Science Resources Statistics, 2006 National Survey of Recent College Graduates, and NSF/NIH 2006 Survey of Doctorate Recipients and 2009 APA Salaries in Psychology Survey. Data compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2010.
•At all degree levels: majority are employed •Self-employment & academia still most popular settings •Men: women ratio differs by employment setting
•Large ranges dependent on: years experience, setting, position, degree, etc. •Adjusting for inflation psych salaries have decreased over time for all settings
Employment Salaries
Challenges and Opportunities
Internship Match Imbalance Challenges for Psychology
Areas of Need and Opportunities
Internship Match Imbalance • Insufficient numbers of internships offered in the
APPIC internship match to meet the numbers of students seeking internships.
• Long-standing in duration • 846 students (23%) did not get an internship in
2010 match (279 unfilled positions).*
Source: *Association for Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers (APPIC).
Challenges for Psychology
• Organizational shifts affecting work • Defining Psychology • Attracting and retaining a diverse
workforce • Masters-level population • Perceived underemployment • Salaries and Reimbursement • Internship Imbalance-APA’s active role • Debt levels
Areas of Need/Opportunities for those in the Field
Underserved populations • Individuals in corrections • Chronically mentally Ill (Axis I diagnosis) • Veterans/military • Youth/children • Elderly/geriatric population • Retiring/Aging ―baby boomer‖ generations
psychology Opportunities for prevention vs. intervention –
Health Care Reform-medical ―teams,‖ holistic care teams
For Further Information…
• Website: www.apa.org/workforce • Telephone: 1.800.374.2721 ext 5980
©2011 APA Center for Workforce Studies
Thank You!
Salaries, Student Debt, and Employment Opportunities in
Psychology
©2011 APA Center for Workforce Studies