saltängenskap

SaltängenskapNorrköping, SwedenJan-Hendrik MohrSarah Nelsen Chris Riggert

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SaltängenskapIntroductionThis document profiles a proposal for an active mixed use district in Norrköping Sweden. It uses a regional perspective in order to provide a competitive edge to the city of Norrköping, Sweden. By partnering with other regional entities, the region will grow symbiotically as opposed to competitively. To guide development, this proposal considers all three modes of sustainability:• Economic• Social• Environmental

This plan is a document of strategic planning executed in development guidelines and an urban design proposal. It is strategic because it connects visions with implementation strategies and it concentrates on focus points rather than zoning the area in whole. It was created collaboratively in the course Urban Development and Planning in spring 2012 at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm.

After considering the urban and regional context of Norrköping, a vision for Saltängen is broken into five focus points. These points are explored and supported by different strategies and projects which achieve sustainable development on the site, in the city and in the region. An urban design proposal for the future development of the site is given through above mentioned strategies and projects while important consideration was also given to the implementation of this design and its guidelines.

Methodology and ScopeIn the following the scope of this report and different methods, which were used during the project work, will be presented. The scope of the report is finding strategic project ideas and creating an urban design proposal for the Saltängen site in Norrköping. To reach this target of the report following three methods were used:• field trip with photo exercise• expert talks• internet and literature research

During the field trip we visited the city of Norrköping and the old industrial site of Saltängen next to the inner city. We conducted visual analysis from our on-site photos to refine our understanding of Saltängen. We spoke with many experts in charge of the project such as the head of the city’s planning council, the overseeing planners in the administration and with researchers of Linköping’s University. In addition we researched and read texts written on issues concerning our project.

Because this report was assembled over the course of one month and one site visit, it should be seen as a brief strategic vision for Saltängen and not as a complete, overall planning of the site. Thus, it embraces the ideas of Strategic Planning.

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NorrköpingNorrköping is located in the region of Östergötland in the south of Sweden. It is well integrated into the transport network of North and Eastern Europe (Baltic region) which encourages international trading contacts. Because of its remarkable national connectivity, Norrköping is an appealing site in central Sweden: Norrköping acts as a hub by linking several cities like Malmö, Gothenburg and Stockholm.

Together with Linköping, Norrköping is part of the Twin cities of Sweden – a region which offers excellent opportunities for development and growth. Linköping with its university and research centers and Norrköping with its industrial history and a “diversified business community” (ESDA n.d.), together create a positive atmosphere for knowledge transfer between academia and economy. Today Norrköping’s main industries are paper and packaging as well as electronics. In addition, important companies within the field of information technology have also settled in Norrköping. Employees and their families

Strengths• Proximity to the city center / sight axes (church)• Next to the river / waterside• Industrial history / industrial character• Existing businesses• Underground culture (sprayed images)• Some existing green space

Weaknesses• Inaccessibility of the riverside (fences / laws)• No public transport / cars / parking lots• Industrial emissions• Inconsistent density• Much truck traffic• Large street separates it from the inner city• Pollution of the ground

Opportunities• Making the riverside accessible• Establishing public transport / proximity to the city

center• Densification• Establish connections in general• Creating park structures out of the existing• Preserving the industrial history

Threats• Traffic• Existing businesses• Pollution• Ownership of the ground• Flooding

Urban and Regional Context

1.1 Building adjacent Arbetemuseet 1.2 Riverfront 1.3 Architectural detail in Norrköping

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1.4 Looking east on Saltängensgatan

1.5 Looking south to Motala Strömmen

1.6 Interesting industrial detail with graffiti

find attractive housing possibilities and enjoy the cultural values of Norrköping. Working and living in the city but being also close to the sea and the country-side creates high living quality.

SaltängenSaltängen, which is located north-east of the city center of Norrköping, has a high potential for being reused in a sustainable way. The site’s proximity to the city center and train station make it a desirable site for redevelopment. The site is located directly adjacent the Motala Strömmen, which is viewed as a large asset for the site. This proximity does present the risk for future flooding as water level continue to rise due to climate change.

The current use is mainly large-parcel single story industrial. This provides much space for redevelopment. The site also provides some historical structures which reveal the past uses of the site. These uses do present the challenge of soil pollution.

The site is currently connected to existing Norrköping transit through primarily car infrastructure. Sidewalks exist yet are not necessarily connected. Packhusgatan acts as the western edge of the site. It is heavily trafficked by cars and acts as a pedestrian barrier between the city center and the Saltängen site.

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Saltängen will become Saltängenskap, a vibrant cultural and economic hub for the city of Norrköping.

Norrköping has been left in perpetual economic transition after the textile industry closed in the 1970’s. A new Linköping University campus in Norrköping has brought vibrance to the city. The following guidelines utilize this life to promote a new addition to the city.

The goal of this proposal is to attract students and new businesses to Saltängenskap and foster a new and innovative business, residential and cultural district. This will change Norrköping’s industry from one of production of appliances and textiles to one of production of forward thinking and creative businesses and individuals. Thus, this development will contribute to the progress of the city by fostering development of the post-industrial economy.

This vision can be broken down into five major points. Saltängenskap is:• Further integrated into the regional economy of

Norrköping• A celebration of cultural and historical traditions• Dynamic and innovative buildings in which to live,

work and play• A network of green and blue public systems, creating

lively public places• An addition to Norrköping’s transportation network

This proposal was formulated under the assumption that redevelopment of industrial areas would continue across Motala Strömmen. In the resolving stages of this plan, it wall act as a catalyst to encourage adjacent development.

This plan supplies strategies and implementation projects to guide development in Saltängenskap. These are explored through a series of case studies.

A Vision for Future Saltängen

Tram Extension

Pedestrian/CycleConnection

Cultural/HistoricNode

ConnectionNode

Continued Development

Existing Tram Route

Existing Railroad

with Station

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Saltängenskap is...

Norra Promenaden

Packhusgatan

Motala Strömmen

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...Further integrated into the regional economy of Norrköping

Attract Creative IndustriesDrawing innovative and creative businesses to the site is one strategy to create regional interest in the Saltängen site. According to Richard Florida there is a relationship between the economic strength of a region and the presence of the so called creative class. The creative class is defined as a group of people who work independently and create new things. Artists, musicians, designer, architects are counted among the creative class as well as layers, professors, managers, consultants, software developer, engineers and even hairdressers. By attracting these parties to the site, it will create a solid economic base for Saltängen. The growth of cities and regions depends on attracting and retaining the creative class. The three most important attractors are technology, talent and tolerance. (Hettler 2005)

Technology and innovation as well as talent are things which are offered by the Twin cities Linköping-Norrköping: Linköping with its research centers and graduates offers talent and Norrköping with its Science Park and about 9,000 companies in a broad field of technology and industries. This makes Saltängen ideally suited for use as working space for creative industries (Norrköping’s kommun n.d.). Cheap (e.g. subsidized) working space will attract start-ups which benefit from experienced specialist. New graduates from Linköping and Norrköping can find employment in Saltängen. Tolerance and openness towards new, different and unknown things are

necessary to allure creative people. Moreover, the ability to integrate new people in the city can be a competitive advantage.

Once artists and creative people live in a city, they will attract other artists to come and the economy is encouraged. Nevertheless, it is not enough to boost culture and art. The special requirements of the creative class must be tended to. Creative people have no static work schedule; they often work in the night or on the weekends. Therefore cultural opportunities must adjust to the special needs of the creative class by being available at any time and located near the working place.

Inviting living conditions – as Norrköping offers them - and the lifestyle of creative people make a place an interesting and attractive site for companies to settle down.

Norrköping Linköping

Outside InvestmentGraduates

Students/Projects

Outside Investment

2.1 Linköping campus in Norrköping

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Attract and Retain Graduates from Linköping UniversityWith 27,000 national and international students Linköping University is an important institution for highly educated people. It is known for being multidisciplinary and creative and its graduates have high competencies. Moreover, Linköping University interacts with the local community, industry and government. It focuses on applied research and programs for professional degrees. Therefore, it is an interesting and important resource of graduates who want to start working in Saltängenskap / Norrköping. (ESDA n.d.)

Fostering the cooperation between Linköping University and the broad based business community located in Norrköping encourages the contact between students and companies as possible future employers. Also the companies benefit from the contact to leading researchers. The close collaboration between the university and industry offers easy access to the working life and can even contribute to more positive study conditions (e.g. external investment by interested parties).

To support these initiatives, Saltängenskap will offer high living quality as a perfect location to settle down with or without a family. All tasks that make Saltängen a dynamic place to work and live will attract graduates. This attractiveness also has to be extended to other urban quarters in Norrköping.

2.3 Projected Population for Norrköping

2.2 Age Forecast for Norrköping

Norrköping is GrowingThese diagrams show not only the projected growth of Norrköping, but the shifting age. Saltängenskap utilizes these projections to supply the housing and employment this age group will need.

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...A celebration of cultural and historic traditions

Respond to the Cultural LandscapeNorrköping has a very rich architectural and environmental tradition. For this reason, it is important that new construction is in conversation with the existing context of Norrköping. Any plant material should be native to the Swedish landscape, which can be seen in figure 4.1. Architectural details should be modeled after the wide array of architectural details which already exist in the city center. Building materials will be covered under the next point of the vision.

Reuse of Structures and Public EducationAn important way to celebrate Saltängenskap’s past is not only to reuse old structures but to animate them and provide education about them. A case study of IBA Emscher Park provides good insight into a project which shares similar site and situation.

The IBA Emscher Park was built in the wake of economical change in a former industrial region of Germany. It improved the quality of life in the Ruhr area by developing new ideas and projects in urbanistic, social, cultural and ecological fields. New residences were built, existing landmarked habitations were renovated, green spaces were redeveloped and new technology centers were created. To reach a high acceptance, inhabitants were involved in several projects of the IBA Emscher Park. (IBA Emscher Park n.d.)

Similar to our proposal and its goals, the industrial site turned old facilities into future offices for founders of new businesses and expanding companies. Special centers were created to encourage the exchange between research and companies. In addition, there was a focus on support housing for people with lower incomes.

3.1 Swedish landscape

3.2 Zeche Zolverein

3.3 Structures reused for recreation in IBA Emscher Park

3.4 IBA Emscher Park is a post-industrial recreation-scape

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Many of the structures on the Saltängen site hold architectural and historical importance. These are identified in the diagram below. These structures will be reused as public buildings to showcase Saltängenskap’s past uses, while also providing space for current uses. Possible uses include: • A stage/theater • Classroom/work space• Exhibition space• Library

3.5 Old Crane located adjacent textile factory

3.6 E.ON reserve energy plant

3.7 Old structures remain on site

Retain Existing StructuresThe existing structures will provide a jumping- off point for development, with initial developer investment taking place adjacent these refurbished public structures.

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Creating Interesting and Innovative BuildingsNew structures built in Saltängenskap must fulfill high standards in many fields. They must be energy efficient and durable, functional but also aesthetic pleasing, high quality and still affordable. They should respond to the environment in a sustainable way.

Some of the industrial buildings on the site will be reused and will be evidence of Saltängenskap’s industrial past. Using materials which respond to the industrial charm (e.g. steel or concrete) will help to preserve the identity of Saltängenskap. But also wooden houses have a long tradition in Sweden and could be a good contrast to the cool industrial features. Wood as a local material and renewable resource is ecological and because of its good thermal insulation also energy efficient. Furthermore, wood provides a comfortable and healthy indoor climate.

In addition to materials used, the architecture must be interesting and innovative. Mixed use within the buildings calls for special architecture which regards all demands and combines them in an effective way. Moreover, modern architecture considers space for children and allows for special needs of handicapped persons. When putting the focus on housing for people with fewer incomes (to ensure mixed neighborhoods), simplified designs and floor plans make it possible to save money without deteriorating the quality of the residences.

Block StructureAnother important way to embrace such dynamism in Saltängenskap is the breaking up of the traditional block structure. By doing this, the private space in the yard is transformed into a semi-public space, so that one can look into the yards from the street. The appearance of the street is then less uniform but more dynamic. Varying the building type and height offers some positive effects. A maximum of sunlight can be used as solar energy gain which supports energy efficiency. Furthermore, the diversified block structure makes the appearance of the site more interesting and the streets brighter.

Traditional Block StructureBroken Block StructureThis proposal breaks up the solid streetwall of the traditional block structure.

Diversified Block StructureBuildings are raised or lowered to create a diversified block and to allow maximum amounts of sunlight to penetrate the new block structure

4.1 A building in HafenCity, Hamburg, with a gross floor space of 3,700 square meter containing residential, office and service space.

...Dynamic buildings in which to live, work and play

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Mixed Use Within BuildingsThe buildings in Saltängenskap site will contain many different uses to create a diverse and lively neighborhood. These are residential, commercial, recreational and cultural usages. Not every building will contain every use but more than one. For example it is important not to have purely residential areas because there is a heightened opportunity for dead periods during work hours. This idea is strongly connected to the idea of encouraging the use of the site at all hours.

It should be considered that mixing particular uses can lead to conflicts. For instance noisy night clubs should not be located in close proximity to residential areas. But each of the four different uses contains unique conflicts, thus such conflicts will have to be examined in each special case.

Encourage Site Use at All HoursThe dynamism at the block and building scale is also accommodated on a social scale. Successful development of such a mixed use district will result in a usable site at all hours. The diagram to the right displays such a concept. Creative people will attract these types of businesses, and in return these types of businesses will attract creative people. Because of this feedback loop, it is imperative that this effort is successful initially, which may also prove to be the biggest challenge.

4 AM

8 AM

11 AM

3 PM

6 PM

12 PM

Morning exercise

Coffee with friends

Lunch with a coworker

Shopping

Dinner out/ Nightlife

Vary Building HeightsVaried building height will create an interesting and diverse development.

There’s Always Something to do in SaltängenskapThe above diagram displays the kind of activities and lifestyle that residents of Saltängenskap could live. It relies heavily on attraction of the right types of businesses and people.

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...A network of blue and green systems, creating lively public placesBlue and Green Spaces for Social BenefitNew parks and waterways should be designed to act in two ways: to be engaging and lively places to support public life, and to detain and filter rainwater during storm events.

A newly cut waterway will be developed through the site affording residents opportunities for walking, biking, running, small boating and ice skating during the winter. It will act as an active public vein that runs through the site, with many nice views from adjacent buildings. This waterway will also act as a filtration mechanism for pollutants like salt, oil, sediment and litter.

A basin will also be cut to act as public space, as can be seen in the diagram to the bottom right. This can be used for ice skating in the winter and swimming during the summer. Also, a stage can be floated so people can swim and watch music, creating an interesting new experience.

Blue and Green Spaces for Environmental BenefitTo achieve a high level of sustainability, this proposal

integrates best management practices into the urban infrastructure. The diagram to the below demonstrates this integration, and the stages are as follows: 1. Green roofs• Absorb rainwater, release at a controlled rate• Absorb heat in summer and release heat in winter• Reduce solar albedo• Evaporation of some rainwater2. Bioretention areas / Stormwater planters• Filters water• Releases at controlled rate• Usable for recreational activities when it’s not storming• Heightened opportunity for evaporation3. Canal to river• Absorbs stormwater from previous stages• Usable for recreational activities• Heightened opportunity for evaporation

In each stage of this process, water is utilized for social and economical purposes - to create rooftop spaces, create comfortable streets and public gathering / recreation spaces.

1. Green Roof

2. Bioretention area

3. Canal to River

2. Stormwater street planter

1. Green Roof

Integrated stormwater management.This diagram demonstrates how managing stormwater can turn into social benefit.

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Space for Urban AgricultureSince we are approaching the end of the fossil-fueled age and transportation gets more expensive every year (and the effects of the climate change becoming stronger), the idea of producing food next to the place where it is consumed should be taken in consideration in Saltängenskap. Thus, the site will include places for urban agriculture. There should be different forms of urban gardens in backyards and on centrally located grounds. According to Dalhousie University, some advantages of urban agriculture are:• Saving energy for transport and thus, protecting the

environment• Consumption of fresh food increases health of the

population• Improving the climate of the site by

reducing pollution producing oxygen absorbing green house gases

• Reducing waste by improving recycling of compostable waste

• Greening the city by creating more (agricultural) green spaces

• Helping to protect the biodiversity• Creating and strengthening a feeling of community

between people• Preventing erosion and contributing to the storage of

storm runoff

Like in an example from Berlin, the Prinzessinnengärten, there should be a ground site centrally located on which transportable containments for the plants can be placed. The beds have to be transportable to protect them during the winter by bringing them into a hall or some other shelter. In winter the site can be used in another way, for example as an ice skating field or for something else. (Nomadisch Grün gemeinnützige GmbH 2012)

The idea of Urban Agriculture on the site not only responds to a growing demand for ecologically and locally produced food, but it also creates a social cohesion in the area, if many people are working together to grow food. In order to do so inhabitants of different social heritage get to know each other and are learning to understand each other. This will finally result in a more integrated and stronger interconnected neighborhood. (Nomadisch Grün gemeinnützige GmbH 2012)

To further utilize the social and environmental benefits of urban agriculture, farmers markets should be organized often. This could include farmer’s from the immediate region as well as produce from Saltängenskap.

Network of Blue and Green SpacesThis diagram shows that both blue and green spaces are woven through the site. Though block courtyards are open, they still retain a character of semi-private to private.

2. Stormwater street planter

1. Green Roof

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...An addition to Norrköping’s transportation network

Cycling as a Primary Mode of TransportationCycling for transportation as opposed to the car is more ecological responsible and saves money that would be spent on fuel. Another advantage is the healthful benefit of cycling for sport. Lastly, cycling can save time. Possibilities to shorten the ride time according to Breitinger (2012) can be:• Reducing the space for cars in support of creating

more space for bikes• Reducing the speed limit of cars• Change traffic light circuit for the benefit of bikes

It is important to create a safe environment for cycling in order to encourage people to use this mode of transportation as much as possible. This can be achieved through: • Connected bike infrastructure• Separate or clearly marked cycling lanes• Many cycling amenities, such as covered bike parking

and air pumps• Larger bikes rentable from Grocery stores for transport

Bicycling should be utilized in Saltängenskap as an easy, cheap, healthful and responsible alternative to the car. In order to respond to uneven topography, public transportation (bus/tram) should have accommodations for bikes (bike racks). When done properly, bicycling will help contribute to the social sustainability of Saltängenskap.

For Saltängenskap, the link to the city center is crucial. A good net of bike lanes connecting Saltängenskap with its surroundings should be established and also encouraged in all of Norrköping. This supports encourages citizens to ride recreationally to Saltängenskap to have an ice cream and enjoy the riverside. Especially important for ensuring a good cycling connection is to create a new bridge over the heavy used streets Packhusgatan and Hamnbron.

5.1 Painted bike lanes

5.2 Bicycle rentals

5.3 Covered bicycle parking

5.4 Public bicycle pump

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Ensure Public Transportation Connections throughout Site to NorrköpingSince Norrköping is very well connected to the region by different means of transportation, it is also important to ensure the infrastructural link between Saltängen and Norrköping.

In addition to encourage cycling through the whole city, the tram routes should also be extended. The existing tram routes connect the station with the city center and follow partly the esplanades around the city core. Part of the development should be to create a tram line to Saltängenskap to ensure that even people without bike or car can go to the site easily. Thus, one proposal could be to continue the current route on Norra Promenaden up to Packhusrondellen and then follow the existing industrial railroad, as can be seen on page 4. This route forms a diagonal axis across Saltängen, so that one is able to reach a tram station from everywhere on the site. Furthermore, a well developed tram network helps to reduce car traffic on the site and in the city.

However, further development should be considered. The areas east and south of Saltängen have potential to be redeveloped in the future. Construction of a new bridge across the Motala River affords the opportunity to continue a tram route to the area south of Motala River, shown on page 4.

Ensure WalkabilityIt is very important to create active sidewalks and pedestrian connections between all parts of the new development. This will make the area livelier and socially sustainable. By ensuring residents make walking a part of their daily routine, it will ensure better health of Norrköping’s citizenry. The diagram below profiles what should be included in a typical sidewalk section.

To overcome the border street of Packhusgatan, a new bridge should be constructed connecting the city center to Saltängenskap to ensure a solid pedestrian and bicycle connection. This will be discussed further in the implementation phases.

Street trees Larger windows with views to the street

Custom storefrontcanopies

Outdoor seating

Extra wide sidewalks

Street amenities• light poles• trashcans• benches

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ImplementationTo implement our vision on the site there should be a phased approach toward development. It should be completed in four phases with the possibility to develop the adjacent eastern and southern sites next to Saltängenskap. The proposed four development stages are (see map on right page):Phase 0 – Preparation of the sitePhase 1 – Western BasinPhase 2 – Harbor ExpansionPhase 3 – Eastern and Southern Connection

Phase 0 – Preparation of the siteAn important question in the beginning of the site development is, how to relocate existing industrial companies: Triggered by the planned future development of the site the real estate values will increase. This will imply development limitations for the existing industrial companies on the site since they will not be able to get cheap land next to their location any longer. Moreover the planned development of residential buildings on the site will also constrain for example an increase of production (emissions) by the companies. To overcome the development constraints of the companies as well as being able to develop Saltängenskap, Norrköping should offer the companies new, attractive areas in other parts of the town.

To prepare the development the water basin and the channel are cut. The polluted soil which is excavated should be treated in two different ways: The heavily polluted soil should be brought away and purified. The lightly/non polluted soil should be used in the green spaces and will be cleaned by special plants which absorb the problematic substances in a longer time period. This saves money and protects the environment because not so much soil has to be transported. All soil is used to raise the land to be resilient to possible future flooding events.

Since it is not – at least from an economic perspective – possible to raise the historic houses, the ground floors have to be secured from floods by raising it (old, industrial buildings with high ceilings), putting resilient usages there or adding flood protection gates. The costs of these essential measures should be born by a public-private partnership because the interest of making the site attractive for new inhabitants exists on behalf of the city as well as on the side of, for example, a housing company.

Phase 1 – Western BasinAfter raising the land and cutting down the water structures on the site the new buildings could be built and the historic structures could be reused. Possible new users of the historic buildings are creative start-up companies, cultural projects or the University of Linköping. The rents for these buildings should be subsidized by the city of Norrköping to keep them relatively cheap. New people will create an attraction pole for other companies which want to finance the new, mixed-use buildings next to the historical structures and for people who want to live in this new growing quarter of the city.

To make a proper connection to the city available a bus line should be redirected to the site and the above mentioned (see Ensure Walkability and Cycling as Primary Mode of Transportation) walking and cycling link to the inner city must be ready when the first phase is completed. A floating stage on the basin should offer a big cultural draw to the site in its initial phase as well as attract and interest prospective inhabitants.

6.1 BP Pedestrian Bridge by Frank Gehry

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Phase 2 – Harbor ExpansionWhen the first development stage is completed the second phase east and north of the basin – including the waterfront – should be developed. This should be done to satisfy the high demand for residential, commercial, recreational and cultural space. In the second phase there will be enough private housing and development companies to further develop the site (upscale waterfront development). But to avoid a development with respect to only well-off people (high rents and, hence, bigger gainings) the city has to contract with the housing companies. There should be a determined amount of flats with lower rents to create a social mixture on the site and these residential spaces for lower income people should not be clustered in only one, marginal part of Saltängenskap.

Phase 3 – Eastern and Southern ConnectionAfter the second development phase, a bridge to the southern part of the city and a new tram line will be built to push the further development of the site and to attract

new inhabitants with different social background. The square on the south-eastern corner of the site will be an important hub for the site and for neighboring quarters yet to be developed. The University of Linköping could for example transfer some facilities to buildings around the square to make it livelier. Furthermore, the increased connection afforded by the transit square could attract public administration uses on-site.

When the third and last part of the site is completed one can think about further develop the city to the adjacent eastern or southern sites. Having finished the construction of the site and having attracted more inhabitants to this lively and vibrant place the tram line can adjust to the increased demand by simply intensifying the traveling frequency or by extending the length of the vehicles. Depending on the ideas of the city the tram line can also easily be extended to the two above mentioned development sites.

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3

Pedestrian/CycleConnection

Tram Extension

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Conclusion

Saltängen’s transformation into Saltängenskap will be marked by diverse business opportunities and unique social experiences. By focusing on five major topics this report proposes a broad vision for the future of Saltängen, the city of Norrköping and the region. Because each point of the vision is investigated through a series of strategies and implementation projects, it is strategic and responds to the needs of the Norrköping community. It embraces the three modes of sustainability (ecological, social, economic). Intertwined with this strategic planning document is the urban design, which embraces the progressive nature of Norrköping. To ensure proper

realization of this proposal and its guidelines, context-sensitive phasing has been supplied, making the document even more strategic.

In conclusion, this report presents an exciting vision for the conversion of a run-of-the-mill derelict industrial site in Norrköping to a vibrant, mixed use and creative quarter of the inner city. This vision will be a starting point for an ongoing sustainable development of the city and the region.

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Works Cited 3.2 - Zeche Zollverein (UNESCO World Heritage site) M:AI Museum für Architektur und Ingenieurkunst NRW e.V. <http://www.mai-nrw.de/typo3temp/pics/295a01848a.jpg>, access on February 8th, 2012.

3.3 Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord / IBA Wikimedia Foundation (2006): Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Landschaftspark_Duisburg-Nord_green-lights.jpg>, access on March 7th, 2012.

3.4 Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord / IBA Wikimedia Foundation (2010): Panorama mit zirka 140° Sichtweite vom Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord von Westen aus gesehen. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/LaPaDu_Panorama_2010-10-03.jpg>, access on March 7th, 2012.

3.5 - 3.7 Taken by group

4.1 - HafenCity Hamburg GmbH (2012): Quartiere – Kleinteilig und lebendig: Das erste Quartier der Hafencity. <http://www.hafencity.com/de/am-sandtorkai-dalmannkai.html>, access on February 29th 2012.

5.1 - Painted bike lanes. Digital image. Streetsblog. Web. 2 Mar. 2012. <http://sf.streetsblog.org/2010/08/03/eyes-on-the-street-sfmta-installs-green-bike-lane-on-fell-street/>.

5.2 - Maury, Erin G. Bicycle rentals in London. Digital image. Nileguide. 8 Dec. 2010. Web. 2 Mar. 2012. <http://www.nileguide.com/destination/blog/london/2010/12/08/london-cycle-rentals/>.

5.3 - Covered bike parking. Digital image. Directions and How to Get Here. Web. 08 Mar. 2012. <http://www.zoo.org/page.aspx?pid=290>.

5.4 - A bike rack with a pump. Digital image. Bicycletasmaniablog. Web. 08 Mar. 2012. <http://bicycletasmaniablog.org/2011/09/28/a-bike-rack-with-a-pump/>.

6.1 - Bp Bridge. Digital image. Wikipedia. Web. 2 Mar. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bp_bridge.JPG>.

LiteratureBreitinger, Matthias (2012): Radfahren. Mach’s wie Kopenhagen. <http://www.zeit.de/auto/2012-02/kopenhagen-fahrrad>, access on February 17th, 2012.

Dalhousie University (2000): Urban Agriculture. <http://dp.biology.dal.ca/reports/simovic2st.html>, access on February 29th, 2012.

ESDA - East Sweden Development Agency (n.d.): Arena of opportunities. Welcome to the Twin Cities of Sweden Linköping – Norrköping. <http://www.norrkoping.se/arbete-naringsliv/naringsliv/Arena_of_opp.pdf>, access on February 29th, 2012.

Hettler, Anna-Lena (2005): Review of Richard Florida’s The Rise of the Creative Class. <http://www.cap-lmu.de/fgz/reviews/38.php>, access on February 16th, 2012.

IBA Emscher Park (n.d.): Das Ruhrgebiet. Ministerium für Städtebau und Wohnen, Kultur und Sport des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen. Duewel, Susanne (ed.). <http://www.iba.nrw.de/iba/main.htm>, access on February 14th, 2012.

Nomadisch Grün gemeinnützige GmbH (2012): Prinzessinnengärten – Urbane Landwirtschaft. <http://prinzessinnengarten.net/>, access on February 29th, 2012.

Norrköpings kommun (n.d.): Norrköping – a part of The Twin Cities of Sweden. <http://www.norrkoping.se/arbete-naringsliv/naringsliv/nkpg_inspirationsbroschyr_eng_liten.pdf>, access on February 16th, 2012.

Images1.1 - 1.6 - Taken by group

2.1 - Kåkenhus Norrköping. Digital image. Wikipedia. Web. 2 Mar. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kåkenhus_Norrköping_2008-05-11.jpg>.

2.2 - 2.3 - Norrköpings Kommun. Projected population trends. Digital image. Norrköping. Norrköpings Kommun, 2002. Web. 28 Feb. 2012. <http://www.norrkoping.se/bo-miljo/stadsutveckling/oversiktsplaner/pdf/del2/kap4.pdf>.

3.1 - Flickr. Yahoo! Web. 08 Mar. 2012. <http://www.flickr.com/photos/mnmoutdoor/4311655991/sizes/l/in/photostream/>.