samecniero jurnali ,,xelisufleba da...

xelisufleba da sazogadoeba # 4 (12), 2009

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samecniero Jurnali ,,xelisufleba da sazogadoeba

(istoria, Teoria, praqtika)” Scientific magazine

“AUTHORITY AND SOCIETY (History, Theory, Practice)”

Научный журнал “ВЛАСТЬ И ОБЩЕСТВО (История, Теория, Практика)”

№ 4 (12) 2009

EISSN 1512-4029

ISSN 1512-374X

ჟურნალი დაარსებულია 2005 წელს საქართველოს ტექნიკური

Ria diplomatiis asociaciis

samecniero Jurnali

Scientific magazine of

The Open Diplomacy Association

Научный журнал АССОЦИАЦИИ ОТКРЫТОЙ ДИПЛОМАТИИ


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უნივერსიტეტის სახელმწიფო მართვის კათედრის მიერ


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UDC 378(479.22)(051.2) x. 402

saredaqcio kolegia:

SoTa doRonaZe

mTavari redaqtori

oTar qoCoraZe mTavari redaqtoris moadgile

oTar baRaTuria pasuxismgebeli mdivani

rudiger anderseni, nana avaliani, mitropoliti abraami (garmelia), evgeni baraTaSvili, giorgi baRaTuria, vaxtang guruli, harald vertci, genadi iaSvili, sergo lominaZe, roin metreveli, qeTi qoqraSvili, rusudan quTaTelaZe, maia CxeiZe, ia xubaSvili

Jurnali xelmZRvanelobs Tavisufali presis

principebiT. gamoqveynebuli masalebis sizusteze pasuxismgeblia avtori. gamoqveynebuli masalebi

gamoxatavs mxolod avtorTa pozicias da SesaZloa ar emTxveodes redaqciis Sexedulebebs.

redaqciis misamarTi: saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0175, kostavas q. 77, VI korpusi,

VIII sarTuli, tel. 36-45-14, 874-40-56-77 77 Kostava st., 0175 Tbilisi, Georgia.

Tel. [+995 32] 364514; [+995 74] 405677

e-mail: [email protected]

garekanis gaformeba: daviT baRaTuria

Jurnalis eleqtronuli versia gamoqveynebulia vebgverdebze:

http://www.odageorgia.ge/?page=gamocemebi

http://www.gtu.edu.ge/katedrebi/kat124/

Jurnalis referirebuli masala ganTavsebulia saerTaSoriso

samecniero eleqtronul biblioTekaSi: http://www.eLIBRARY.ru

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.odageorgia.ge/?page=gamocemebi

http://www.gtu.edu.ge/katedrebi/kat124/


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s a r C e v i

Teoria

maia amirgulaSvili politikuri da zneobrivi pasuxismgebloba-------------3

Tamaz nucubiZe globalizacia da demokratia----------------------------------12

istoria

giorgi baRaTuria. ,,guriaSi mival mara, sulma win-win geipara...”----------20

Tengiz grigolia. ruseT-TurqeTis urTierTobis geopilitikuri aspeqtebi. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------54

rusudan dauSvili evropis saxelmwifoebi da qarTuli emigracia XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi--------------------------------------61

oTar qoCoraZe menejmentis erovnuli skolebi-----------------------------------76

praqtika

akaki ratiani turizmi da misi damxmare infrastruqturis ganviTarebis problemebi---------------------------------------------96

sazogadoeba

badri cxadaZe wanarebi da `wanarul~ qor, qorepiskoposNsaxelTa istoriuli urTierTmimarTebisaTvis----------------------------104


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T e o r i a maia amirgulaSvili

politikuri da zneobrivi pasuxismgebloba

pasuxismgebloba Tavisuflebis struqturis Semadgeneli elementia. pasuxismgebloba arsebobs iq da imdenad, sadac da ramdenadac arebobs Tavisufleba. pirvels ara aqvs adgili iq, sadac meore ar arsebobs.

ganasxvaveben sazogadoebrivi pasuxismgeblobis sam saxes: politikurs, zneobrivs da iuridiuls.

politikuri pasuxismgebloba samarTlis sferoa da ganisazRvreba saxelmwifos saqmianobiT _ misi warmatebiT an warumateblobiT. igi ,ekisrebaT politikur moRvaweebs, upirveles yovlisa, xelisuflebis earmomadgenlebs, saxelmwifo moxeleebs, radganav qveyanaSi Seqmnil mdgomareobaze ZiriTadad pasuxs agebs oficialuri xelisufleba.

sakuTari politikuri pasuxismgeblobis Sefaseba rTulia. demokratiis pirobebSi xelisuflebis kritika kanoniT daSvebulia da opozicia mas sruliad iyenebs, magram msajulad ar gamodgeba, radgan dainteresebulia xelisuflebis Secdomebis mxilebiT, raTa miaRwios konkretul mizans _ aiZulos xelisufleba gadadges, rom TviTon aiRos xelSi saxelmwifo marTva. amdenad, politikur movlenaTa gansja da maTi pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrac SeuZlia mxolod istorias. erTaderTi istoriaa piruTvneli da obieqturi msajuli.

zneobrivi pasuxismgebloba ganisazRvreba im moraluri principebiT da normebiT, romelTac zogadsakacobrio Rirebuleba aqvT. individi, romelic maT daarRvevs, iTvleba zneobrivi normebis damrRvevad.

arcTu iSviaTad psuxismgebloba Tavisuflebis safasuria, magram adamiani yovelTvis nebayoflobiT ar moqmedebs, igi zogjer iZulebulia akeTos is, rac ar unda, magram amiT igi pasuxismgeblobisagan ar Tavisufldeba. iZuleba adamians ar arTmevs nebis Tavisuflebis unars, romeliv mas saSualebas aZlevs gaakeTos arCevani da Tu man es SesaZlebloba ar gmoiyena,


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SeiZleba gavugoT da SevibraloT, magram Cveni sibraluri ver gaaTavisuflebs pasuxismgeblobisagan. [1. gv. 97-100]

Tavis droze politikisa da zneobis urTierTmimarTebis problemas aristotelem miaqcia yuradReba. misi azriT politikaSi morali _ zneoba unda dominirebdes. `zneobriobis gareSe adamiani yvelaze codvil da yvelaze velur arsebad iqceva~.

makiavelis azriT, politikosi saxelmwifoebrivi interesebiT unda xelmZRvanelobdes, da `rodesac saqme samSoblos interesebs exeba, Tavi unda SevikavoT imaze msjelobisagan, samarTliania esa Tu is gadawyvetileba Tu usamarTlo, lmobieria Tu sastiki, saqebia Tu saZraxisi; angariSi ar unda gavuwioT araviTar Tvalsazriss da miviRoT is gadawyvetileba, romelic xels uwyobs misi arsebobisa da Tavisuflebis SenarCunebas~. [2. gv.24] ar SeiZleba saxelmwifo interesTa gulubryvilod, anda demagogiurad amoqmedeba. maTze saWiroa vikisroT zneobrivi pasuxismgebloba, ara uSualod politikisTvis pasuxismgebel pirTa `kabinetebSi~, aramed sazogadoebrivi azris, saxelmwifos forumebis winaSe. makiavelis azriT., rezultatebze orientirebuli politikosebi xandaxan amoralurad iqcevian da piriqiT, zneobrivi principebiT moRvawe politikosebis saqmianoba xSirad mTavrdeba kraxiT. misi rCeva politikosisaTvis, _ Tu rogor moiqces igi ara eqstremalur situaciaSi, aramed normalur viTarebaSi aseTia: `imoqmedeT zneobrivi principebiT, roca SeiZleba da amoralurad _ roca saWiroa! da ufro mosaCveneblad, vidre gasakeTeblad~. [2. gv.34] e.i. makiaveli politikas moralsa da kanonze maRla ayenebs. man Tavisi koncefciiT politika gamijna moralisagan. es aris friad delikaturi problemaa, romelic arsebiTad Zalisa da samarTlianobis Tanafardobamde daiyvaneba. filosofiuri azrovnebis istoriaSi, iSviaTad Tu vinmes gamouTqvams ufro cxadad am Tanafardobis arsi, vidre es gaakeTa paskalma: `marTebulia daemorCilo samarTlianobas, SeuZlebelia ar daemorCilo Zalas. samarTlianoba, romelsac zurgs ar umagreba Zala, uZluria; Zala, romlis zurgs ukan ar dgas samarTlianoba. tiranulia... saWiroa Zalisa da samarTlianobis Serwyma, amitom an


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samarTlianoba unda gaxdes Zlieri, anda Zala samarTliani~. [3. gv.176]

Zlieri samarTlianoba, samarTliani Zala _ ai, saxelmwifoebrivi sibrZnisa da zneobis maradiuli ideali. mxolod im saxelmwifoTa politikaa moraluri, romelic kanonierebisa da Zalauflebis harmoniuli TanamSromlobis meSveobiT samarTlianobis ganxorcielebasa da Tanafardobas isaxavs miznad.

politikisa da moralis Tanafardoba SeiZleba ganisazRvros imis mixedviT Tu am ori faqtoridan, romelia ganmsazRvreli: politika SeiZleba eqvemdebarebodes morals, anda, piriqiT, TviTon iqvemdebarebdes mas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi politika moraluria, meoreSi ki TviT morali xdeba politikuri. moraluri politika Tavisi moqmedebisas patiosnebisa da samarTlianobis principiT xelmZRvanelobs, maSin rodesac politikuri morali ukve aRar aris morali, vinaidan mTlianad eqvemdebareba politikur egoizms.

maqs veberma politikaSi, miznisa da saSualebebis urTierTobis problema makiavelis politikuri realizmis tradiciiT ganaviTara. man `Seariga~ morali da Zaladoba maTi moqmedebaTa sferos sazRvrebis dadgenis gziT. misi azriT, `politikaSi qcevis erTnairi moraluri kodeqsi ar SeiZleba arsebobdes da konkretul situaciaSi Tavad politikosma unda gadawyvitos rogor moiqces~. [4. gv. 64]

maqs veberma Tavisi koncefcia pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb pirveli msoflio omis droindeli epoqaluri gardatexis SuagulSi Camoayaliba. man Tavis bolo naSromebSi e.w. pasuxismgeblobis eTika axlos ganaTavsa warmatebis eTikasTan da nacvlad `Zalismieri~ politikisa igi saubrobs pasuxismgeblobis politikaze.

zneobrivad pasuxismgebelia mxolod pirovneba. zneobrivi pasuxismgeblobis msajulia sazogadoebrivi azri da sindisi. amis Taobaze ilia WavWavaZe wers: `zne-maRali kacisaTvis namusi ufro didi saqonelia, vidre Wkua da amisTana kaci sulelis saxels ufro irCevs, vidre unamusosas... zne-xasiaTis wrTvna Sinaganis kacisa...radganac Sinagnoba kacisa misi sulieri vinaobaa, misi sulieri bunebaa, maSasadame wrTvn zne-xasiaTisa zrdaa, garkvevaa misis sulieris vinaobisa, sulieris


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bunebisa, anu ukeT vsTqvaT, misis kacobisa, _ adamianobisa~. [5. gv. 133 296]

sazogadoebrivi azris mier zneobrivi danaSaulis gakicxva mxolod demokratiul sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba iyos miukerZoebeli. diqtaturis pirobebSi igi xelisuflebis msaxuria, amitom ver iqneba obieqturi.

erTi sityviT, politikuri pasuxismgebloba ekisreba adamians, romelic politikur saqmianobas eweva. iuridiuli pasuxismgebloba ekisreba sisxli samarTlis damnaSaves _ danaSaulis Camdens da mis Tanamonawiles, zneobrivad ki pasuxs ageba ara mxolod is, vinc danaSauli Caidina, aramed isic, visac masSi araviTari monwileoba ar miuRia. borotebisadmi TanagrZnoba an gulgrilobac ki zneobrivi danaSaulia.

am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa ilia WavWavaZs `sarCobelazed~, sadac avtorma zneobriv danaSaulSi dasdo brali moxuc petres da misi saxiT mTel sazogadoebas.

sainteresod ganixilavs profesori v. erqomaiSvili daviT aRmaSeneblis pirovnebas da afasebs mis saxelmwifoebriv saqmianobas. daviTma Tavisi energiuli da SorsmWvreteluri politikiT TiTqmis SeuZlebeli SeZlo. man saqarTvelo gawminda mtrebisagan, Seqmna Zlieri saxelmwifo. igi daundobeli iyo gareSe Tu Sinauri mtrebis mimarT. mstovarTa instituti aiyvana saxelmwifoebriv doneze. mterTan brZolis dros mimarTavda moulodnel Tavdasxmebs, riTac aRwevda gaugonar warmatebebs, rac misi samxedro strategia da taqtika iyo.

udavoa, rom mis mier gamoyenebuli meTodebi rog SemTxvevebSi zneobis farglebs scildeba, magram misi moRvaweoba ar unda SevafasoT rogorc uzneoba. ra Tqma unda, ara mxolod imitom, rom es politikis sferoa, romelic ar eqvemdebareba zneobas da ar regulirdeba misi normebiTa da principebiT.

aq sakiTxi unda daisvas gamouvalobis TvalsazrisiT. SeeZlo Tu ara mefes sxvagvarad im situaciaSi qveynis gadarCena. cxadia, rom marto mitevebiTa da SendobiT, kacTmoyvareobiT da lmobierebiT igi ara Tu gaimarjvebda, aramed mcire warmatebac ki gamoricxuli


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iyo. maSasadame, mefe iZulebuli iyo zogierT SemTxvevaSi miemarTa zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT gaumarTlebeli meTodebisaTvis. sxvagvarad mas, rogorc politikur moRvawes sruli kraxi eloda. amitom daviT IV_is saxelmwifoebrivi moRvaweoba samarTliania, radganac mizani qveynis keTildReoba iyo, xolo saSualeba _ misi pirovnuli SesaZleblobani, romelic samSoblos interesebs ar gascilebia.

daviT aRmaSeneblis moRvaweobaSi erTmaneTSi iyo Serwymuli simkacre da humanizmi, amitom, misi rogorc pirovnebis Sefaseba unda moxdes sxva kriteriumebiT. kacTmoyvareoba da Semwynarebloba, qvelmoqmedeba da saTnoeba _ ai, Tvisebebi, romliTac igi gamoirCeoda politikuri sferos miRma. da rac mTavaria, mas, rogorc pirovnebas, awuxebda Tavisi saxelmwifoebrivi moRvaweobis zogierTi Sedegi, ris gamoc mitevebas sTxovda ufals. amis dasturia misi `galobani sinanulisani~.

zemoTqmulidan SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom Cvens winaSea ori sruliad gansxvavebuli sulis mqone adamiani _ politikosi da pirovneba. daviT IV, rogorc politikuri moRvawe, sastiki da daundobelia, xolo, rogorc pirovneba, kacTmoyvare da Semwynarebelia. pirveli samarTliania, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi uzneo, meore ki _ zneobrivia, zogjer arasamarTliania, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi usamarTlo.

es daxasiaTeba paradoqsulad gamoiyureba, magram advili asaxsnelia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT gansxvavebas politikur da pirovnul urTierTobebs Soris. pirveli samarTlianoba-usamarTlobis, xolo meore zneobrioba-uzneobis sferoa. Sesabamisad politikosi SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc samarTliani an usamarTlo, xolo pirovneba _ rogorc zneobrivi an uzneo.

amrigad, politika samarTlis sferoa da ara zneobis. rodesac disbalansia politikur pasuxismgeblobasa da zneobis principebs Soris, maSin adamianebi nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWeben politikur zneobas. xalxma icis, rom xelisuflebaSi maTTvis miuwvdomeli maqinqciebia da sxva negatiuri procesebi midis, magram ar ZaluZT raimes Secvla, amitom maTi monawileoba politikaSi mxolod xmis micemiT ifargleba (zogjer amasac ar akeTebes) e.i.


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urigdeba saerTo mdgomareobas da cdilobs Tavisi problemebi moagvaros Tundac ukanono gziT. rogorc monteskie aRniSnavs `xrwna iSviaTad iwyeba xalxidan..., amitom xelisuflebaSi myofma politikurma elitam Tu politikurma Zalebma unda gaiTvaliswinon, rom arsebobs zneoba, romelsac angariSis gaweva sWirdeba~. [6. gv. 70], radganac maT ukan dgas istoria, yvelaze marTali msajuli, romelsac Seufasebeli da ganusjeli araferi rCeba, risi araerTi magaliTic viciT. istoria gadaafaseba uzneo politikosTa `Rvawls~, romelTac hgoniaT, rom mizani yovelTvis amarTlebs saSualebas.

am TvalsazrisiT, misaRebia fegelis mosazreba, rom saSualeba igive mizania da swored saSualebebSi ixsneba miznis realuri arsi, zneobrivi Rirebuleba.

literatura: References

1. v. erqomaiSvili, filosofia, Tb. 1998w.

2. n. makiaveli, mTavari, Tb. 1984w.

3. b. paskali, azrebi. saunje, Tb. 1976w #2.

4. М. Вебер. Избранные произведения. М. 1990г.

5. ilia WavWavaZe, Txz. t.IV. t.VIII. Tb. 1987w.

6. S. l.Lmonteskie, kanonTa goni, Tb. 1994w.

Maia Amirgulashvili

Political and moral responsibility

Summary

There are distinguished three types of the public responsibility: political,

moral and legal. Our problem is to consider first two types.

The political responsibility is a political sphere and is defined by the state

activity, its success or failure. It obliges politicians, first of all,

representatives of the government, government officials, as basically the

government is responsible for the created position in the country.

The moral responsibility is defined by thе principles and norms which have

universal values. …. which will break them, it is considered as infringement

of moral standards.


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Usually, the responsibility is estimated by freedom, but a person not always

operates at the will, sometimes he must do that is not be desirable it, but the

fact doesn’t relieves him from the responsibility.

In the past time Aristotle paid attention to the problem of mutual relation of

policy and morals. According to his opinion morals should dominate in the

policy. According to Machiavelli, a politician should be guided by the state

interests. It is impossible to start the state activity by demagogic way, it is

necessary to include moral responsibility. Machiavelli puts the policy and

morals above laws. According to his opinion, politicians focused on results,

sometimes act immorally and on the contrary, activity of politicians focused

on moral principles often comes to an end with crash. Its advice to politicians is the following: « operate with moral principles when it is possible and

immorally – when it is necessary! And do it for visual effect than for

business.

Thus, we can tell, that the policy is a legal sphere, instead of moral.

When there exists some

Inequality between the political responsibility and moral principles,

people eternally gives value of political morals. From this point of view,

means is the purpose and in means the real essence of the purpose and moral

values are explained.

Keywords: political, reasonable - rational, responsibility, force-power, justice, moral, goalaim-purpose, possibility, freedom, government, authority,

rule, regime, norms, principles .

Reviewer – professor Tengiz Grigolia, Georgian Technical University

Амиргулашвили Майя Ушангиевна

Политическая и моральная ответственность

Резюме

Различают три типа общественной ответственности: политическая,

моральная и юридическая. Наша задача рассмотреть первые два типа. Политическая ответственность - это политическая сфера и

определяется государственной деятельностью, её успехом или

неудачей. Она объязывает политических деятелей, в первую очередь,

представителей правительства, государственных чиновников, так как в

основном правительство является ответственным за создавшееся

положение в стране.


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Моральная ответственность определяется теми принципами и

нормами, которые имеют общечеловеческие ценности. …. который их

нарушит , считается нарушением моральных норм.

Не так уж редко, ответственность оценивается свободой, но

человек не всегда действует по своей воле, иногда он объязан делать то

что ему не хочется, но этим он не освобождается от ответственности.

В своё время Аристотель обратил внимание на проблему

взаимотоношения политики и морали. По его мнению в политике

должен доминировать мораль. По мнению Макиавели, политик должен

руководствоваться государственными интересами. Нельзя государство

привести в действие демогогическим путём, необходимо включить моральную ответственность. Макиавели политику и мораль ставит

выше законов. По его мнению, политики ориентированные на

результаты, иногда поступают аморально и наоборот, деятельность

политиков ориентированных на моральных принципах часто

заканчивается крахом. Его совет политикам таков: «действуйте

моральными принципами, когда возможно и аморально – когда

необходимо! и больше для видимости, чем для дела.»

Таким образом, можем сказать, что политика – это

юридическая сфера, а не моральная. Когда существует дисбаланс

между политической ответственностью и моральными принципами,

тогда люди вечно предают значение политической морали. С этой точки зрения, средство является целью и именно в средствах

объясняется реальная сущность цели, моральная ценность.

Ключевые слава: политический, разумный, ответственность, сила

мощь, справидливость, мораль, цель, принципи, свобода, государство,

власть, норма, возможность средство.

Рецензент – профессор Григолиа Тенгиз Бондоевич, Грузинский

технический университет.


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Tamaz nucubiZe

globalizacia da demokratia

Tanamedrove msoflioSi arcerT qveyanas ar SeuZlia erTmaneTisagan izolirebulad arseboba. globalizacia da demokratia qmnis axal perspeqtivebs sxvadasxva qveynebis, erebis civilizaciaTa da kulturaTa urTierTobisaTvis da es procesi Seuqcevadia. amasaTanave dasavleTis globalistTa mcdeloba SeinarCunon samxedro upiratesoba da daamyaron sakuTari ekonomikuri interesebi, awydeba savsebiT samarTlian winaaRmdegobas sxva qveynebis Tu civilizaciebis mxridan.

amdenad globalizacia ar aris mxolod axali teqnologiebis, mecnierebisa da teqnikis monapovarTa danergva mTeli msoflios masStabiT, aramed agreTve axali mwvave problemebi sulieri kulcis individis identifikaciis procesSi, erovnuli cnobierebisa da saerTod erebis TviTmyofadobis, Tanasworebisa da samarTlianobis problemas.

globalizaciis procesSi SenarCunebul unda iqnas eris xasiaTis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani erovnuli kulturis TviTmyofadoba da unikaluroba. xSirad saxeldeba sruliad damarwmunebeli argumenti imis Sesaxeb, rom Tanamedrove samyaroSi cxovrebis wesis SerCevis Tavisufleba sinamdvileSi ar niSnavs Tavisufali arCevanis realur SesaZleblobas. aseve saeWvoa, SeuZliaT Tu ara nakleb gavlenian civilizaciebs gauwion winaaRmdegoba dasavlur zegavlenas. ueWvelia, rom es SeSfoTeba sayuradReboa, gansakuTrebiT, radgan adgilobrivi kulturuli tradiciebi aSkarad daucvelni arian, vinaidan imyofebian aseTi gamayruebeli dasavluri zegavlenis qveS. Tanamedrove msofliosaTvis damaxasiaTebelia azrebisa da regionaluri strukturebis integracia. aq interess warmoadgens sul mcire ori sakiTxi.

pirveli, arsebobs sabazaro kulturis Zalaufleba da Zala, romelic warmoadgens im modelis ganuyrel nawils da formas, romelsac iRebs sul ufro da ufro ekonomikuri globalizaciis procesi. isini, visac bazarze orientirebuli kulturis faseulobebi da upiratesobebi vulgarulad da Raribad eCveneba, Tvlian, rom


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ekonomikuri globalizacia TavisTavad sruliad miuRebelia. amasTanave isini xSirad ganixilaven globalizacias Tavisufali bazris bazaze rogorc Seukavebel process, sabazro ekonomikis SeRwevadi Zalis da simZlavris gaTvaliswinebiT, aseve resursebis udidesi moculobis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic mas SeuZlia CarTos qveynis gardaqmnaSi.

meore problema exeba dasavleTs da sxva qveynebs Soris Zalauflebis assimetrias, aseve imis albaTobas, rom mas SeuZlia gadaizardos adgilobrivi kulturuli tradiciebis, poeziis, dramaturgiis, musikis, cekvis xelovnebis, kulinaruli Cveulebebis (adaTis) ngrevaSi.

ueWvelia, rom msgavsi saSiSroeba arsebobs da misgan Tavis daRweva Znelia. ekonomikis globalizaciis procesisagan gandgoma TiTqmis SeuZlebelia da aseTi

mcdeloba qveynis CamorCenas ganapirobebs. saerTaSoriso vaWrobas SeuZlia mogvitanos iseTi ekonomikuri upiratesobebi, romlebsac Zalian ufrTxildeba uamravi qveyana. aseve Tanamedrove urTierTdamokidebul samyaroSi praqtikulad SeuZlebelia daupirispirde ekonomikur procesebs.

miuxedavad amisa, problemis gadawyvetis sruliad misaReb formad SesaZlebelia gadaiqces konstruqciuli SesaZleblobebis gaZliereba da stimulireba, rac axasiaTebs adgilobriv kulturul tradiciebs, Tu ucxouri zegavlena dominirebs radioeTeris talRebze, teleprogramebSi da a.S., maSin, ueWvelia, rom dapirispirebis politikam unda gamoiyenos iseTi SesaZleblobebi, romlebic daexmarebian adgilobriv kulturas misi miRwevebis gavrcelebaSi rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve qveynis gareT. amasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi ar aris iseTi didi, rogorc Cven gveCveneba, imitom rom Tanamedrove samyaroSi. globalizacia ganpirobebulia komunukaciis saSualebebis Rirebulebis SemcirebiT. amiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda adgilobrivi kulturis realuri mxardeWera da ara marto xels Seuwyobda mis gamagrebas, aramed uzrunvelyofda konkurenciis ufro samaTlian pirobebs.

aq gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs demokratias. fuZemdebel faseulobas unda warmoadgendes


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gadawyvetilebis miRebis iseTi procesi, romelic gansazRvravs sazogadoebis cxovrebas romelSic adamianebs eZlevaT saSualeba miiRon masSi monawileoba, romelic eyrdnoba Ria ganxilvas da iTvaliswinebs umciresobis azris gamoTqmis SesaZleblobas. kulturuli Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs politikuri CarTulobis uzrunvelyofis sakiTxs. ar SeiZleba mieswrafebode demokratiisaken da erTdroulad uari Tqva cxovrebis gansazRvrul wesze. demokratiis faseuloba Sedgeba politikuri xelisuflebis Sesabamisi direqtivebis gamocemis gziT arCevanis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis dauSveblobaSi, miuxedavad imisa, Tvlis Tu ara xelisufleba, rom axali sazogadoebrivi Zlieri midrekileba Sesaferisia Tu ara. uamravi dargebidan mxolod am erTSi SeiZleba, rom kulturuli Tavisufleba efeqturad daematos politikur Tavisuflebas.

TviT demokratiis idea, rogorc warmosaCeni sazogadoebrivi diskusia, warmoiqmna sxvadasxva civilizaciebSi msoflio istoriis sxvadasxva periodebSi. VII saukunis dasawyisSi iaponeli princi-budisti siotoku, misi dedis – imperator (qalis) suikos regentma, miiRo sakmaod liberaluri konstruqcia kempo. kempoSi damkvidrda is, rom mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gadawyveta ar unda xdebodes erTi adamianis mier. isini unda ganxilulos bevrma adamianma. Semwynareblobis Sesaxeb masSi iyo naTqvami: “Cven ar unda gvwyindes is, rom sxvebs gaaCniaT Cveni mosazrebisagan gansxvavebuli mosazreba. yvela adamians aqvs guli, xolo yvela guls – Tavisi midrekileba. maTi simarTle CvenTvis – cdomilebaa, xolo Cveni simarTle – maTTvis aris cdomileba.”

msoflios sxva qveynebSi, rogorc dasavleTSi, aseve mis farglebs gareT SesaZlebelia sajaro kamaTis waxalisebis magaliTebis povna, zogjer ki erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli azrebi. es magaliTebi dResac aqtualuria, rodesac ganixileba tolerantuli demokratiis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba.

mdidrebsa da Raribebs, sxvadasxva klasebis da profesiebis warmomadgenlebs, sxvadasxva politikuri mrwamsis momxreebs, gansazRvruli erovnebis da


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teritoriebis warmomadgenlebs, enobrivi jgufebis da sx. Soris zRvari ar arsebobs, adamianebs Soris sxvaobis gansazRvra xdeba viTom da am daxvewili xerxis meSveobiT. amis garda, is, vinc globaluri dapirispirebis an lokaluri konfliqtis provocirebas axdens, cdilobs TviTmyofadobis grZnoba Tavs moaxvios xalxs, TiTqosda dasabamidan is aerTianebda da gamoyofda danarCeni samyarodan, axdenda maT daqiravebas, rogorc politikuri Zaladobis rigiT jariskacebs. amasTanave isini kidev iReben dafarul mxardaWeras Teoriisagan, romelic axdens msoflioSi arsebul yvela adamianis dayofas erTaderTi niSniT.

individumis mier ama Tu im jgufSi gaerTianebis an misi TviTidentifikaciis formis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi gasakviria arCevanis rolis da gonierebis es ugulvelyofa! adamianebis gansxvavebis erTaderTi da TiTqos da Warbi xerxi, civilizaciebis gansxvavebis koncefcia xels uwyobs msoflio konfliqtis gamwvavebas. arCevanis aRiarebis uaryofa iq, sadac is namdvilad arsebobs – es ubralod garSemo arsebuli samyaros arsis gaugebrobaa. es – eTikuri gadacdoma da danaSaulebrivi daudevrobaa Tavisi politikuri pasuxismgeblobis mimarT.

humanuri da samarTliani sazogadoebis aSenebis wina pirobas warmoadgens saerTod adamianuri Tavisuflebebis mniSvnelobis aRiareba da, kerZod, kulturuli Tavisuflebis. amisTvis saWiroa adamianebis SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofa da etapobrivi gafarToeba, raTa maT SesZlon Tavisi cxovrebis wesis gansazRvra da misi alternatiuli variantebis ganxilva. aseTi arCevanis procesSi mniSvnelovani roli SesaZlebelia iTamaSos kulturuli xasiaTis mosazrebebma.

kulturul TavisuflebisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis miniWeba ar aris kulturuli mravalferovnebisTvis brZolis tolfasi. gasagebia, rom kulturuli mravalferovnebis gamomJRavneba SesaZloa aRmoCndes Zalze mniSvnelovani, radgan maszea damokidebuli kulturuli Tavisuflebis realizacia. magram es ar aris kulturuli mravalferovnebis dacvis Sesatyvisi. bevri ram damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor


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realizdeba kulturuli mravalferovneba da ramdenad SeuZliaT am procesSi monawileebs moaxdinon sakuTari Tavisuflebis realizacia. seriozuli Secdoma iqneboda kulturuli Tavisuflebis mniSvnelobis ganxilva imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor xdeba misi ganxorcieleba. sinamdvileSi, ar unda Sefasdes kulturis mravalfeovneba, gansakuTrebiT adamianebis ganviTarebis koncefciis farglebSi, masTan dakavSirebuli procesebis da im rolis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac TamaSoben adamianis Tavisuflebebi gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi.

kulturuli mravalferovnebis gafarToveba SesaZloa gaxdes kulturuli Tavisuflebis yvela aspeqtis realizaciis Sedegi, amasTan dakavSirebiT, Cndeba mniSvnelovani sababi, raTa waxalisdes kulturuli mravalferovnebis da yvelaferi gakeTdes misi SenarCunebisTvis. am TvalsazrisiT, mravalferovnebis fasi gamomdinareobs kulturuli Tavisuflebidan, romelic saerTod mTlianad Seesabameba adamianis Tavisuflebebis mniSvnelobas.

sazogadoebis kulturuli mravalferovnebis wyalobiT yvela mis wevrs, miuxedavad misi warmoSobisa, eZleva kulturuli arCevanis farTo speqtris gamoyenebis saSualeba. esec sabolood damokidebulia kulturul Tavisuflebaze, magram am SemTxvevaSi - kulturuli Tavisuflebis realizaciasTan SedarebiT ufro arapirdapiri, vidre pirdapiri Sedegi. kulturuli mravalferovneba aqac imsaxurebs mowonebas: uSualod misi meSveobiT farTovdeba socialuri cxovrebis farTo speqtri da farTovdeba arCevanis gakeTebis saSualebebi.

zog SemTxvevaSi, rodesac kulturuli Tavisuflebis ganxorcielebam SesaZlebelia migviyvanos kulturuli mravalferovnebis Semcirebamde da ara gafarTovebamde. es xdeba maSin, rodesac adamianebi eguebian sxva adamianebis cxovrebis wess da Segnebulad akeTeben Tavis arCevans am mimarTulebiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi kulturuli Tavisuflebis winaaRmdeg gamosvla iqneboda uxeSi Secdoma imis safuZvelze, rom mas mivyavarT kulturuli mravalferovnebis Semcirebamde, radgan aq Tavisufleba Tavis Tavad, mravalferovnebisgan gansxvavebiT, flobs ganuyofel Sinagan faseulobas.


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es yvelaferi erTad aRebuli Tavisuflebis poziciidan warmoadgens kulturuli mravalferovnebis dacvis Semadgenel nawils, rom kacobriobam SeinarCunos TviTmyofad kulturaTa urTierToba, maTi mravalferovneba da ar dauSvas minimumade daiyvanos gansxvavebul kulturaTa novelirebis tendencia, rac globalizaciisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.

literatura References

1. Larri Zadentop – Demokratiya v Evrope M. 2001g. (Russian)

2. Panarin A.S. Iskushenie Globalizmom M. 2000 g. (Russian) 3. Dokladi o razvitii cheloveka v Internete : http://hdr.undp.org/en/

(Russian) 4. Kutubidze K. Sh. Sakhelmtsifo suvereniteti da globaluri interesebi

Tb. 2002 ts. (Georgian)

5. G. Almond, G. Pauel, K. Strom, G. Dalton Sravnitelnaya

Politologia segodnya M-2002g. (Russian)

6. E. Heivud Politologiya M-2005g. (Russian)

7. Pirogov A.I. Politicheskaia psikhologia M-2005g. (Russian)

8. Lebedeva M. Mirovaiya politika M-2003g. (Russian)

Tamaz Nutsubidze

Globalization and Democracy

Summary

We may speak a lot about choosing liberty, about problems of

sharing equality and justice in particular, which we shill surely encounter

with in the process of studying cultural involvement and influence of cultural

diversity on the process of identification of personality.

In the present globalized world, many people are worried with

thinking about guarantees of cultural liberty in the process of great influence

of western culture, especially of the cult of consumption.

In spite of the above mentioned, enhancement and stimulation of

constructive opportunists – which are characteristics to local cultural

traditions the reason of which is their protection and opposing to external forces of attack - may be changed into a completely acceptable form of

settling the problem of asymmetry.


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Here democracy has the decisive importance. The fundamental

value must be the process of decision-making which defines the life of

society and where people are given the opportunity of participating in it and

which depends on an open discussion and considers the opportunity of

expressing the opinion of minority.

In other countries of the world both in the West and outside its

boarders, it is possible to find the examples of encouraging public dispute

and sometimes different (controversial) opinions. These examples are

essentially important even nowadays when the opportunity of carrying out

tolerant democracy is under discussion.

In some cases implementation of cultural liberty may bring us to the decrease in cultural diversity and not to its broadening.

All these in whole from the viewpoint of liberty presents the

integral part of protection of cultural diversity.

Keywords: Globalization, democracy, self-determination, the equality, the

globalized world, civilization, economic globalization, the free market, the

western countries, world politics, local culture, culture of behavior

Reviewer: Professor Edisher Gvenetadze, Georgian Technical University

Нуцубидзе Тамаз Шалвович

Глобализация и демократия

РЕЗЮМЕ

Представленный труд «Глобализация и Демократия» относится к

актуальной теме современности. «Глобализм» - это, в данное время,

очень модное слово либеральной прогрессистической мысли.

В труде представляют интерес как минимум два вопроса.

Первое, существует власть и сила рынка культуры, который

представляет собой часть и форму той модели, которую всё больше и

больше принимает процесс экономической глобализации.

Вторая проблема относится к асимметрии власти между западными

и другими странами, а также к той вероятности, что она может перерасти в местные культурные традиции.

Автор придаёт решающее значение демократии и выделяет её, а

также отмечает, что такой процесс принятия решений, который

определяет жизнь общественности, в котором людям даётся

возможность принять в нём участие, который основывается на

открытом рассмотрении и учитывает возможность высказать


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меньшинствами свою мысль. Невозможно стремиться к демократии и

одновременно отказываться от определённого порядка жизни.

Анализируя значение борьбы за свободу культуры, автор отмечает, что

проявление культурного многообразия может оказаться крайне

важным, так как именно от неё зависит цивилизация культурной

свободы.

Ключевые слова: Глобализация, демократия, самоопределение,

равноправие, глобализированный мир, цивилизация, экономическая

глобализация, свободный рынок, западные страны, мировая политика,

местная культура, культура поведения

Рецензент: Профессор Гвенетадзе Эдишер Александрович.

Грузинский технический университет


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i s t o r i a G

giorgi baRaTuria

,,guriaSi mival mara, sulma win-win geipara...”

daucxromelTa samyofeli

dedamiwis saocari adgilia saqarTvelo, misi yvela

kuTxe Tavisi mravalferovani, ganumeorebel mSvenierebiT zRaprul harmonias qmnis. erT-erTi aseTi mSvenieri baRnari, amyveyniuri walkotia guria, ,,daucxromelTa samyofeli~, dasaxlebuli ficxi, guladi, simamacis maZiebeli da momRerali xalxiT.

TanamedroveebisaTvis auxsnelia guriis fenomeni. rogor moxda, rom am patara mxareSi ase Zalumad aris momadlebuli niWiereba. guruls bunebiT aqvs momadlebuli sagnebis da movlenebis WeSmariti saxis amocnoba, siyalbis uecrad daWera. albaT esaa qarTuli demokratiis sawyisi. akakic xom aRniSnavda: ,,bevri xalxi ar unda moiZebnebodes qveyanaze imdenad bunebiT cocxali, moZravi, yvelafris axlis da ucxo ramis advilad mimRebi da SemTvisebeli, rogorc gurulebi”.

iakob gogebaSvili ase axasiaTebda gurulebs: ,,guruli metad Cqaria laparakSi, moZraobaSi, saqmeSi, uyvars pirdapiroba da sZuls pirmoTneoba. swrafad mosdis guli, Tofis wamaliviT icis afeTqeba; magram Cqara isev mSviddeba. simarjviT da guladobiT gurulebi ganTqmulni arian. ganaTlebasac gatacebiT misdeven~. Tedo saxokia ki ambobs: ,,momeloda naxva gurulebisa, romelTac silamaziT, sicqvitiT da sxva sanaqebo TvisebiT TiTqos gansakuTrebuli da Tan sapatio adgili uWiravT qarTvelebSi~.

Tedo saxokias azriT guria swored gulficxi da guladi xalxis aRmniSvnelia. imisaTvis, rom gavigoT am fenomenis arsi, saWiroa ufro Rrmad CavixedoT eris eTnogenezis istoriaSi, Tundac legendebSi, romlebic mxatvrulad asaxaven adamianTa bunebas. mxatvruli, poeturi asaxva ki xSirad istoriul aRweraze ufro meti


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sizustiT gvauwyebs WeSmaritebas, im naTels, romelic ver moeqceva cifrebis mSral CarCoebSi. amasTan erTad legendebi imiTac aris sayuradRebo, rom isini gamoxataven eris Sexedulebas sakuTari Tavis, rolisa da adgilis Sesaxeb samyaroSi da istoriaSi.

saqarTvelos Seqmnis Sesaxeb mravali lamazi legenda arsebobs, erT-erTi maTgani mogviTxrobs, rom saqarTvelo ufal RmerTs Tavisad undoda, magram ise moswonebia qarTvelebi, rom maTTvis dauTmia es miwieri samoTxe. msgavsi legenda arsebobs guriis Sesaxebac: indoeTis mefes walkoti gauSenebia da sxvadasxva qveynebidan angelozebis („huriebis” anu ,,guriebis“) Camoyvana ubrZanebia. Amefis aseTi kadnierebisaTvis RmerTma igi sastikad dasaja _ indoeTis mefe daiRupa da misi walkoti ganadgurda. es ambavi „guriebma“ kolxeTSi Seityves da iqve darCena gadawyvites, Tavis axal samyofels ki guria uwodes.

niko maris azriT guria mzis Svils aRniSnavs. adreuli lazur-megruliT ,,gur” – mzes niSnavs, xolo ,,ia” anu ,,ua” – Svils, vaJs. niko mari agreTve imasac SeniSnavda, rom ,,egeric” (egrisi) amave Ziris mqone terminiao. mkiTxveli ueWvelad SeamCnevs pirdapir kavSirs zemoTqmul legendasa da niko maris gamokvlevas Soris.

sxva mosazrebiT guria „daucxromelTa samyofels“ niSnavs. vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT „guria ara wili egrisisa ars, aramed qarTlisasa. garna odes gamefda leon afxazTa, maSin amaT arRara inebes morCileba oZraxos erisTavisa, romelni iyunen Zeni stefanoz bagrationisani, adarnase da Ze mis aSot. amaTgan gandgnen da mierTnen leonsa, viTarca saxeli acxadebs: „guriobiT gandgomilni“. da ena maTi, romelsa ubnoben, mesxur da ara imerTaebr.“[1]

es ambavi VIII saukunis miwuruls momxdara, rodesac leon I mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos – egrisis mefe gaxda da mas afxazeTi uwoda, xolo „guriaobiT“ gandgomil „Woroxis samxreTiT“ macxovreblebis samflobelos – guria, romelic erT-erT saerisTavod daadgina. toponimi „guria“ adrec aris naxsenebi. qarTlis cxovrebis mematianis cnobiT, murvan yrus Semosevisas (735-


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738 ww) ukandaxeulma arabebma gaiares „gza guriisa“ (qarTlis cxovreba, t.2).

magram ras niSnavs „gurioba“? bibliis qarTul TargmanSi naxsenebia sityvebi „aguriobda“ da „gurioba“ [2] romlis mixedviT „gurioba“ ganimarteba, rogorc „midevneba areviT, Tu midevneba ogurTa“ (sulxan-saba orbeliani „leqsikoni qarTuli“), „vnebiT, gulisTqmiT midevneba“ (n.CubiniSvili), „aSla, mimodevneba“ (i.abulaZe).

vaxuStis aRweriT „kacni da qalni mzgavsni imerTa zniTa, qceviTa, sarwmunoebiTa, rjuliTa. xolo guriis mkvidrni samwysoni afxazeTis kaTalikozisani, Semosilni egreTve da SvenierebiTaca, aramed umetes kekelani da rbilni, ena tkbilmoubareni, umetes wignis sityviT [mesxTaebr], aramed qarTulisave enisani da ara sxvisa. brZolasa Sina SemmarTebelni da imerTa Tana ver Semdareni, uqurdalni, uavazakoni; keTil-mgalobel-mwignobarni, mSvidni, aramed myis gul-mwyralni.“

amave dros gurulebi gamoirCeodnen wignierebiT. wigni guriaSi odiTgan uyvardaT. XVIII saukunis bolos italieli misioneri kasteli werda guriaSi „wigni bevri aqvT, magram yvela xelnaweris saxiT“[3]. es ZiriTadad saeklesio wignebi iyo, romlebic mravlad inaxeboda guriis eklesia-monastrebSi, maT Soris mravladaa unikaluri xelnawerebi, e.w. „udabnos mravalTavi“, „Satberduli krebuli“ da sxv. gansakuTrebiT mravali xelnaweri inaxeboda Semoqmedis savaneSi. eklesia-monastrebi agreTve saganmanaTleblo da mwignobruli moRvaweobis centrebic iyo, aq wera-kiTxvas aswavlidnen bavSvebs, mravali maTgani sasuliero moRvaweobisaTvisac emzadeboda, ganaTlebis moTxovnileba odiTganve maRali iyo, romelic Semdeg gurulTa revoluciuri moRvaweobis safuZvelic gaxdeba. XIX saukunis dasasruls TiTqmis yvela sofelSi skolebia gaxsnili, „aq imdeni biblioTekaa, ramdenic mTel saqarTveloSi Zlivs iqnebao“ SeniSnavs eTnografi k.gvaramaZe.

grigol robaqiZe ki ase axasiaTebs guriasa da furulebs: ,,Zveli mesxeTis natexia guria. amis niSani bevri aris. Tavdapirvelad ,,qarTuli”. guruli qarTuli lakoniuria rusTavelis samSoblos sityvasaviT. saqarTvelos arcerT kuTxeSi ise sxartulad ar


24

laparakoben, rogorc guriaSi. guruli sintaqsi uaRresad epigrammatulia: mokle, mkafio, keTili, Wdeuli. TviTon rusTavelic gurulebma sxvadasxva qarTvelebze ufro ician: guriaSi aris ojaxebi, sadac ,,vefxistyaosnis” zepiri codna ubralo Cveulebaa. garda amisa ,,vefxistyaosnis” zogierTi sityvebi _ raic saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebisaTvis gaugebaria, guriaSi ubralod musaifis Jams gvxvdeboda. kidev: Zvel mesxTa Sairoba cnobilia, _ guriaSi Sairoba Taobidan Taobaze gadadis: Sairoba gurulebisaTvis iseTive moTxovnilebaa, rogorc saamo gaseirneba.

amayia guruli: guriaSi Zalze aris ganviTarebuli grZnoba Tavis Tavis Rirsebis. aristokratoba – ,,rCeuloba” – gurulTa ,,rasis” mTavari nakadia. am mxriv Tavadaznaurobasa da glexobas Soris TiTqmis araviTari gansxvaveba ar arsebobs: ,,yovels guruls uyvars Tavis gamoCena”. gurulebSi Zalze aris nagrZnobi ,,manZilis paTosi” (nicSesi). amayoba da gamorCeuloba ,,rbil” guruls sastikad xdis: firalad gavardna guriaSi Cveulebrivi movlenaa, - firalobas ki umTavresad xasiaTi uZevs safuZvlad. guruls garegnobac rCeuli uyvars: Zvirad Tu vinme sxva qarTveli ise lamazad Cacmuli gamova, rogorc guruli. cnobilia guriis siRaribe, - magram miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelos vercerT sxva kuTxeSi ver monaxavT guruli ,,odis”-Tana koxtaobas keklucad morTuli ezoTi”.

marTlac, guruli glexi Tavadsa da aznaurs CacmaSi tols ar udebda. ase ambobdnen Turme: ,,me igi meyofa, glexi rom var da magi devijino axla Tavze kidoo?” erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen, vin ukeT Cacmul-daxuruli da SeiaraRebuli `wevidoda~ omSi. omSi mokluli gurulis Cacmulobis aRwera sayovelTao gaocebas iwvevs _ mokluls 1700 maneTis Cacmuloba da aRWurviloba hqonda Tan: 3 Sarvali, sacvlebi, grZeli da mokle yama, Tof-iaraRi, movercxlili lekuri xanjali... ase Cacmuli mebrZoli omSic gansacvifrelad guladi gaxldaT. 1829 wels ruseT-TurqeTis omis dros SekveTilTan Tavi gamouCenia gurulebis 1500 kacian razms, madlobis niSnad imperators madlobis sigeli da mooqruli bairaRic gamougzavnia. gurulebma sxva mravali sagmiro saqmeebiTac


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gamoiCines Tavi, maT Soris erTma imperatoris yuramdec miaRwia _ dazvervaze gasul saldaT bolqvaZes Turqi askerebis jgufi SeeCexa, bolqvaZe ar dabneula, 4 askeri mouklavs, 4 ki tyved auyvania.

magram sul sxva iqneba simamace da Tavdadeba Tavisufali saqarTvelosTvis brZolaSi.

sagulisxmoa gurulebis samxedro ficisadmi erTguleba, romelsac TiTqos sxvaTaSoris aRniSnavs erTi lixaureli jariskaci, SemdgomSi giorgis jvris orgzis kavaleri porfile gorgoSiZe Tavis mogonebebSi. 1914 ganjidan sofelSi mcirewlovani dis sanaxavad Casuls jer ozurgeTSi Semxvedri nacnobi SeekiTxeba _ jaridan xom ar gamoparulxar, xom ici qarTvelis, miT umetes gurulis jaridan gamoparva warmoudgeneli ambaviao. mere msgavs SekiTxvas ukve saxlSi gaumeoreben mis sanaxavad mosuli axloblebi. mZime dro iyo, omi jer ar dawyebuliyo, magram jariskacTa gausaZlisi yofis gamo rusul jarSi xSiri iyo dezertirobis SemTxveva, ,,mara, mai guruliza warmoudgeneli anbavi“ gaxldaT. mogvianebiT porfile gorgoSiZe Tavis umcros ZmasTan, aleqsandresTan erTad legendaruli valodia goguaZis javSnosanze ibrZolebs da imdroindel gmirul brZolebs, samkvdro-sasicocxlo Setakebebs ise aRwers, TiTqos yanaSi saToxarze yofiliyos. Cvens did winaprebs omSi gamoCenili gmiroba Cveulebriv movaleobad miaCndaT da arasdros mouwonebiaT amiT Tavi. saqarTvelos pirveli erovnuli gmiric _ valodia goguaZe (maSin zogjer ambobdnen _ gogvaZe) _ ukve safrangeTSi gadasaxlebuli, glexis mSvidobian Sromas daubrunda da levilis madlian miwaze fizikuri SromiT mohyavda mosavali _ lobio, simindi, bostneuli, ayenebda mSvenier Rvinos da qarTul sufriT patronobda mSier-mwyurvale politikos emigrantebs. Tavis gmirul warsuls ki, romelic arafriT naklebi ar iyo saxelganTqmul gmirTa, Tundac arsena oZelaSvilis an qaquca ColoyaSvilis Rvawlze, magram mizezTa gamo dRes erTgvarad miviwyebulia, igi sasxvaTaSorisod ixsenebda, iseve rogorc misi lixaureli TanamebrZoli _ porfile gorgoSiZe, romelic damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavrobis emigrirebis Semdeg


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lixaurSi daubrunda glexis Tavdadebul fizikur Sromas.

lixauris kidev erTi mkvidri, eqvTime TayaiSvili guruli xasiaTis sul sxva gamovlinebaa, TiTqos moulodneli unda yofiliyo ficxi guruli xasiaTis Tavsebadoba arqeologiisa da istoriul siZveleTa mkvlevaris uaRres moTminebasa da rudunebasTan siZveleTa Ziebisa da kvlevis dros. aba is srulebiT araa sakvirveli, rom man mTeli saqarTvelos qoneba gadaarCina udidesi zewolisa da TiTqmis SimSilobis dros. Tavmomwone guruli saqarTveloSi Camosvlisganac Tavs ikavebda imis gamo, rom normaluri samosi ar gaaCnda da ercxvineboda saTayvano samSobloSi 23 wliani ganSorebis Semdeg Camosvla daZonZili tanisamosiT.

magram gana eqvTime TayaiSvili erTeuli SemTxvevaa? mamia gurielma gaWirvebis gamo mTeli mamuli 28.000 maneTad gayida magram ozurgeTis sasuliero akademiis asaSeneblad 13.000 maneTi gaiRo.

dekanozma mgalobliSvilma, romelic 1905 wels erkveTis eklesiis winamZRvari iyo, eklesiis iatakis qveS damala eklesiisa da soflis mTeli Zvirfaseuloba guriis asaklebad Semosuli alixanovis yazaxebisgan gadasarCenad. es saidumlo mTeli soflisTvis iyo cnobili, magram aravis gauTqvams. pirovnuli patiosneba yvelaze didi Rirebuleba gaxldaT maSin gurulebisTvis da eklesiis didi ridic hqondaT. swored amitom guriis eklesia-monastrebSi Zvirfas wignebTan uricxvi saeklesio Zvirfaseulobac inaxeboda. gadmocemiT jumaTis eklesiis miqael da gabriel mTavarangelozebis xatze ganTavsebuli iyo or aTeulze meti patara medalioni, ori maTgani, romlebic uzarmazar Tanxad aris Sefasebuli, axla TiTqos amerikis metropoliten muzeumSi inaxeba (imdenad didi Tanxa saxeldeba, rom ver vasaxelebT, radganac ver SevZeliT Sefasebis faqtobrivi dadastureba). ramdenime medalioni veneciis wminda markozis taZarSia, nawili – fineTis erovnul muzeumSi, zogi – madridSi. es medalionebi egzarqosis nebarTviT da xelSewyobiT erT somex mxatvars gautania viTomcda


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restavraciis mizniT da, Semdeg, koleqcioners mihyides peterburgSi.

`firali“

qarTveli eris sanaqebo Tvisebebis keTil saqmeTa samsaxurSi Cadgomis bunebriv swrafvas mravali dabrkoleba Seeqmneba ruseTis imperiaSi. me-19 saukunis meore naxevris cvlilebebma Tavisi daRi daasva socialur urTierTobebs. Tuki adre, ruseTTan SeerTebamde saqarTvelo ar icnobda glexTa masobriv ajanyebebs, SeerTebis Semdeg situacia mkveTrad Seicvala. socialuri usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli gamosvlebi farTo masStabiani xdeboda. es ajanyebebi sisxlSi iqna CaxSobili. glexobas ar hqonda arc iseTi Zala, arc iseTi organizacia, romelic SeZlebda gamklaveboda ruseTis imperiis samxedro manqanas. amasTan erTad 70-iani wlebis bolosaTvis ukve gadaiara reformebis pirvelma talRam da mosaxleoba faqtobrivad Seegua axal realobas, kapitalizmis ganviTarebis pirvelma nabijebma Seqmna sakuTari SromiT Tavis rCenis SesaZlebloba, ganaTleba ufro farTod aRwevda mosaxleobaSi, rac agreTve cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebis mniSvnelovan safuZvels qmnida.

magram carizmisa da misi erTguli moxeleebis boroteba daviwyebas ar eZleoda, socialuri antagonizmi ar Camqrala da miiRo sxvagvari forma – gavrcelda yaCaRoba, firaloba, tyeSi gavardnili SeiaraRebuli glexebi, zogi individualurad, zogi jgufurad, uswordebodnen maTTvis saZulvel moxeleebs Tu Tavadaznaurobas. am droidan xSirdeba sastiki memamuleebis mkvleloba, maTi saxl-karis gadawva, Zarcva. im droindeli presa SeSfoTebiT iuwyeboda, rom matulobs qurdoba, avazakoba.

sagulisxmoa, rom tyeSi gaWril glexebs xalxi yaCaRs da avazaks ki ar uwodebda, aramed,,firals”, ,,abrags”, rac amis mauwyebeli gaxldaT, rom mosaxleobis farTo fenebi maT gulSematkivrobda, ebralebodaT isini da SeZlebisdagvarad exmarebodnen kidec maT. marTlac, tyeSi gaWrili glexobis didi nawili Cveulebrivi yaCaRi


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ar iyo, es adamianebi ver eguebodnen Tavmiyvareobis Selaxvas, ukanonobas, isini eurCebodnen mTavrobas usamarTlobis gamo. maTi ZiriTadi motivi socialuri Cagvris winaaRmdeg brZola iyo, Tumca, maT Soris, cxadia mravlad iyvnen Cveulebrivi avazakebi, romlebic mxolod sakuTari bandituri zraxvebi da qvena grZnobebi amoZravebdaT da ara socialuri samarTlianobisaTvis brZola. xalxi ZiriTadad mainc TanaugrZnobda abragebs, firalebs, TavSesafarsa da sakvebs aZlevda maT, zogierT maTganze, gansakuTrebiT gamorCeulebze xalxuri leqsebi da simRerebi iwereboda, aseTebi iyvnen arsena oZelaSvili, simona doliZe, daTiko SevardnaZe da sxvebi.

daTiko SevardnaZe iSviaTi msroleli iyo. flobda gansakuTrebuli srolis teqnikas, e.w. ,,xelukuRma~ srolas. maSin, aseTi ram saxelganTqmulma kovboebmac ar icodnen. magram axirebuli xasiaTic hqonia _ erTxel usayvarles cols Tavze kvercxi daado da 60 nabijidan esrola, pirvelive gasroliT is kvercxi Suaze gauxvretia. msgavsi ambebis kargad mcodne eqvTime TayaiSvili ambobda cnobil mxatvar, dimitri SevardnaZeze _ ,,es dimitri namdvilad daTiko SevardnaZis naTesavia, ise kargad isvris funjs mizanSio”. sxva mxriv, firali daTiko SevardnaZe ganswavluli kaci iyo, icoda rusuli, werda leqsebs.

es Tanamedrove ,,robin hudebi” marTlac Raribi glexebis qomagebi iyvnen – ,,mdidars arTmevs, Raribs aZlevs, RmerTi rogor waaxdensa”. maTi SiSiT garkveulad marTlac izRudeboda calkeuli moxeleebisa da memamuleebis TviTneboba da ganukiTxaoba.

abragebis, firalebis Tu yaCaRTa mcirericxovani jgufebi moqmedebdnen afxazeTSi, guriaSi, samegreloSi, qarTlSi, gansakuTrebiT farTod iyo gavrcelebuli firaloba guriaSi. gurulebi gansakuTrebiT mwvaved ganicdidnen Rirsebis Selaxvas. sul ,,pawa” usamarTloba sakmarisi iyo, ujanydebodnen mTavrobas da garbodnen tyeSi firalad.

,,mCate da ficxia guruli. bevrs es Tviseba siRrmis uqonlobad miaCnia. ar aris marTali. gurulis simCate da


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sificxe sxvagvaria, vidre simCate da sificxe ,,pirvandeli” (kultura gauvleli) samxreTelisa. piriqiT: guria memkvidrea neli da magari winapris. mas mxolod ,,emCateba” kulturuli svla, misi sificxe mxolod Jestia arostokratuli zviadobis. marTalia guruli ver Sehqmnis germanelis siRrmes, romlis siZliere SeiZleba mxolod uzarmazarma, dakorZilma da dagragnilma xem gadmogvces, magram guruls arc uyvars ,,gragnili sakorZe”... misi genia ufro plastiuri zolebiT ikveTeba,– da xalxTa Soris guruli ufro romanul rasas enaTesaveba, kerZod – espanelebs Tavisi qedmaRali temperamentiT. erTaderTi damafiqrebeli gurulis niWSi Semdegia: guriaSi TiTqmis yvela niWieria – aq ar aris ufskruli gaTxrili ,,pirovnebasa” da ,,massas” Soris. Tu miviRebT, rogorc bevrs hgonia, viTom kulturis zrdaSi aris saWiro erTgvari manZili ,,pirovnebasa” da ,,massas” Soris, - maSin gurulis Semoqmedeba, rasakvirvelia, saeWvo gaxdeba siZliereSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi es problemaa da ara dadgenili faqti. Cemi piradi mosazreba amgvaria: gurulis niWi jer kidev memkvidreobis potenciiT iSleba, - da misTvis guriaSi TiTqmis erTnairad niWierni arian yvelani, magram roca guruli memkvidreobas mxolod ,,gamoiyenebs” axali Zalebis amoZravebiT, maSin gurulTa Soris aucileblad aisaxeba is manZili, romelic kulturis viTarebiT Tavsa hyofs ,,Semoqmed pirovnebasa” da ,,farTo masas” Soris. aRniSnul daxasiaTebas TiTqos erTi Faqti ewinaaRmdegeba: rogor? guria da aristokratia? gana guriam ar ganamtkica saqarTveloSi socialisturi swavla. romelic sruliad ewinaaRmdegeboda aristokratuli warCinebis midrekilebas?! da marTlac, social-demokratia saqarTveloSi gurulebma Sehqmnes. jer marto TaosanTa gvarebi: ingoroyva – ninoSvili, noe Jordania, maxaraZeebi, oTxi ramiSvili, cincaZeebi, silibistro jiblaZe, benia CxikviSvili, SaraSiZeebi, xomeriki, niniZe, JorJolianebi, doliZeebi, kilaZeebi, lalioni-mamulaSvili.

aseTia faqti, magram me mgonia es faqti odnavac ar ewinaaRmdegeba aRniSnul daxasiaTebas, piriqiT, is savsebiT gamodis ukanasknelTagan. warmoidgineT memkvidreni Zlevamosili winapris, romelsac nivTieri


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yofis umweobas ganicdian. swored aseTi memkvidreebi arian gamzadilni socializmis misaRebad. maT sxvaze ufro esaWiroebaT mdidari materialuri yofa, - istoriul TandaTanobas isini ver Seurigdebian. amisaTvis MmaT akliaT ukulturos Tmena da gemos arcodna, - ,,rodemdis vicadoT?” ai, maTi damaxasiaTebeli sakiTxi. swored aseT memkvidreebs warmoadgenen gurulebi: isini gamovidnen socialistebad, radgan suliT uaRresad aznaurni arian da yofiT Raribni. Tanac isic unda davumatoT, rom maT mier socializmis miRebas xels uwyobda uTuod zemoaRniSnuli Tviseba: erTnairad dajildoeba niWiT. es ,,erTnairoba fsiqologiuri pirobaa socializmis miRebisaTvis da miuxedavad imisa, rom gurulebi socialisturi samoseliT gveCvenebian, maTi fsiqika mainc aznaurulia”, yvelaferi SeiZleba amoSaloT gurulebi, magram ,,warCinebulobis” grZnobas maTSi veravin amoSlis: gurulis siamaye – ,,paTosia manZilis” (igulisxmeba sxvaoba ,,Cemsa” da ,,sxvebs” Soris)” [4].

90-ian wlebSi guria gavsebuli iyo damsjeli razmebiT, ganuwyveteli ,,egzekuciebi” aCanagebda glexobas, rac kidev ufro amwvavebda antagonizms mTavrobasa da xalxs Soris. 1899 wels Camoyalibebul samTavrobo komisias davalebuli hqonda Seeswavla glexebis gayaCaRebis gamomwvevi mizezebi, raTa SeemuSavebina misi aRmofxvris gzebi, magram ukve Zalian gvian iyo, xalxis risxvis naperwkali ainTo da mxolod dro sWirdeboda mis xanZrad gadaqcevas. dro da saTanado agitacia, agitatorebic male gamoCndebian.

rogor unda aRmofxvriliyo yaCaRoba, rodesac, erTi mxriv, moqmedebda mCagvreli rusuli Cinovnikoba, administracia, romelsac adgilobrivi mosaxleobis araferi esmoda, da mxolod ZaladobiT surda daemyarebina wesrigi, amasTan wesrigi, romelic ucxo iyo xalxisaTvis. xolo, meore mxriv, es iyo ficxi da vaJkacuri SemarTebis, Tavmomwone xalxi.

`merve saocreba“ kidev erTi guruli saocreba – krimanWuli, naduri,

xasanbegura, alifaSa, gurulebis xasiaTiviT amoucnobi, mravalxmiani, CakvaraxWinebuli da xmaSewyobili simRera,


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saerTod qarTuli mravalxmiani simRera, msoflios merve saocreba, rom uwoda igor stravinskim. guruli simRerebi imdenad rTulia, rom mkvlevarTaTvis SeuZlebeli xdeba misi ganviTarebis pirveli safexurebis dadgena. simReris aseTi xasiTi uSualod exmianeba gurulebis xasiaTs, nebismieri simRera garTulebuli da gamSvenierebulia, ukugdebulia martivi elementebi, yoveli xma TiTqos damoukidebelia da amave dros polifoniur harmoniaSia sxva xmebTan. simRerebis umetesoba optimisturia, sazeimo da saxaliso ganwyobis Semcveli, naRvliani an daCagruli tonebisTvis adgili ar rCeba, ise, rogorc es saerTod axasiaTebs gurul fsiqologias.

guriaSi aseve Zlieria galobisa da sasuliero musikis tradicia, romlebsac, momReralTa sagvareulo dinastiebi inarCuneben. eTnografebi erTxmad aRniSnaven guruli simRerebis saocar mravalxmianobas, amasTan gurulebi TiTqmis yvelani mRerian, ,,gurulebs simReraSi pirveli adgili uWiravT mTel saqarTveloSi, mRerian sxva-da-sxva xmiT orpira-erTpirad da sxv. (damwyebi moZaxili, mobane da gamyinvare usaWiroesia da masTanve sxvac). umetesni muzikis moyvarulni arian. simReraSi 3-5 wlis bavSvebic iReben monawileobas. gurulebis simReris saukeTeso Tviseba miewereba adgilobriv mgalobel SaSv-CxartvTa, gaidonTa (bulbulTa) da sxva frinvelTa, romelnic ufrore mais-Tiba-TveSi uwyvetliv dRe-Rame TavianT Svenier SeJRriamebul an gabmul stvena-galobiT acxoveleben bunebas da gurulTa yurTa-smenas atkboben, ris waxedviT gatacebulni gurulebic baZaven maT” [5].

me-19 saukunis eTnografis am Sexedulebas azusteben profesionali musikaTmcodneni - musikaluri gamoxatulebis siRrmiT da gansakuTrebiT musikaluri mravalsaxeobiT ver vityviT, rom guruli simRerebi erTaderTi saukeTesoa saqarTveloSi da rom isini aRematebian qarTl-kaxur simRerebs, magram xalxuri polifoniis ganviTarebis doniT ucxoel swavlulTa yvelaze met interess swored guruli simRerebi iwvevs [6].

Wild West Show

amitomac, gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom gurulebi yvelaferSi pirvelobas cdiloben, cxenosnobaSic aravis


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dauTmes da mTel msoflios aCvenes qarTveli cxenosanis mxedruli ostatoba.

daudegaria guruli kaci, misi buneba axlis Ziebas iTxovs. ar eSinia riskis, piriqiT, Tavadaa riskiani, TamaSad da mRerad uCans gamoucnobTan da idumalTan Serkineba, bedisweris gamowveva. da ai okeanis gaRma, amerikaSic ki mieSurebian mxedrebi. an ki saocari da sakvirveli ra unda yofiliyo. guriaSi ,,yvelam icoda~, rom jer kidev uxsovar dros (`rois iyo mai anbavi ici?“), ho axali welTaRricxvis 141 wels iberTa mefe farsman qveli, dedofal RadaniT, vaJiSvil radamistiTa da warCinebul qarTvelebTan erTad roms estumra. marsis moedanze omis RmerTisadmi miZRvnili grandiozuli Sejibri gaimarTa, romelSic monawileoba stumrad Casulma qarTvelebmac miiRes. farsmanis, misi vaJiSvilis da sxva qarTvelTa brwyinvale asparezobam mTeli romi aRafrTovana. pativiscemis niSnad, imperator antonius piusis brZanebiT, belonas taZarSi, sakurTxevelTan, aRmarTes cxenze amxedrebuli farsman qvelis qandakeba.

`mara, mai aferia, imasTan SedarebiT, rac gurulma mojiriTeebma daawies evropaa Tu racxa amerika. mara raT ginda, kazakebiao iZaxdnen. Tumca raia mere, kazaki xom Turqulad Tavisufal, TavzexelaRebul kacs niSnavs da guruli yazilarebi qe iyvnen mamferi“.

ise iyo, Tu ase, 1892 wels inglisSi gamoCdnen pirveli qarTveli cxenosnebi, ,,iveriaSic~ Sesabamisi cnoba gamoqveynda ,,ai saxeli da gvari im qarTvelebisa, romlebic amas winad waiyvana aqedam erTma pariJis Teatris agentma londonSi barnumis cirkisTvis: ivane maxaraZe, dimitri mgalobliSvili, vaso Wyonia, daTa Wyonia, levanti jorbenaZe, luka CxartiSvili, mose gigineiSvili, irakli Wyonia, besarion cincaZe da meliton cincaZe~. es iyo maSin saxelganTqmuli bufali bilis e.w. ,,veluri dasavleTis Sou” (Wild West Show).

Tavidan guruli cxenosnebi londonSi Cavidnen. maTma jiriTma imdenad didi miTqma-moTqma gamoiwvia, rom TviT dedofalma viqtoriam isurva maTi xilva. dedofali aRfrTovanebuli darCenila ,,kazakebis~ jiriTiT da didadac dausaCuqrebia isini. ,,moskovskie vedomosti~ iuwyeboda ,,gurul kazakebs, romlebic axla imyofebian


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londonSi polkovnik qoudis xelmZRvanelobiT, britaneli mayurebeli Zalze gulTbilad xvdeba. dRes isini gamoZaxebulni iyvnen uinZorSi, sadac dedoflis winaSe ijiriTes~. magram kazakebi xom mainc rusebi iyvnen, es mxedrebi ki rusebs aSkarad ar gvandnen. da ai, rogorc iqna ingliselebma daadgines rom, isini ,,kazakebi ar arian da rom miekuTvnebian kavkasiur toms, ar msaxuroben da arc msaxurobdnen rusul armiaSi. maTi ucnauri laparaki da Jestebi... agreTve moZraobebi cekvaSi, mafiqrebinebs rom isini kavkasieli ebraelebi arian~. ase werda ingliseli Jurnalisti 1892 wlis zafxulSi. vinc ixila mojiriTeebi, saqebar sityvebs ar iSurebdnen da rogorc wesi skandaluri informaciiT arTobdnen mkiTxvels. ,,mefis armiis kazakebi brwyinvale mojiriTeebi da uSiSari mebrZolebi arian... isini arbevdnen am ori wlis winaT sankt-peterburgis quCebSi kacebs, qalebsa da bavSvebs, daxoces da xmlebiT akuwes aTasobiT adamiani~. reklama maSinac saWiro iyo, sisxlismsmeli kazakebis xilva yvelas ewada.

1903 wels Tedo saxokias parizSi SemTxveviT Sexvedrilma gurulebma SesCivles: ,,sikvtili rava ar aris, yvela kazakebs gveZaxian da isic ver gavagebieT, rom saqarTvelos Svilebi varTo~.

gurul kazakebze maSin ase werdnen ,,...ymawvilkacobidan unagirs Serwymuli ruseTis didi TeTrkaniani mefis es veluri mxedrebi, kentavrebs ufro Camogvanan, vidre adamianebs. isini ibrZvian SubiT, xmliT da karabiniT. gaSmagebiT esxmian Tavs mters da swrafad da mtkiced xmaroben iaraRs. ucnaur, ormag unagirebze amxedrebulni, maT iseTi gmirobebis Cadena SeuZliaT, rogoric warmoudgenelia cirkis mojiriTeebisaTvis. pirispir Sexvedrisas SiSis momgvrelni, isini ubraloni da mSvidobismoyvarulni arian marSirebisas. bunebiT da mowodebiT moxetialeni, kazakebi ruseTis mefis idealuri mxedrebi, galanturi da loialuri jariskacebi arian _ avangardi, romelic ruseTis sazRvrebis usafrTxoebas uzrunvelyofs. uaild uesTis Souebis monawile es kazakebi bevr mZime brZolaSi gamobrZmedilni veteranebic arian~. imasac aRniSnaven, rom mefe Tavis usafrTxoebas


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andobs mxolod am ucxoebs da ara sakuTar xalxs an kidev sxva mis qveSevrdomebso.

maT warmodgenebs ase aRwerda imdroindeli presa: ,,gamodian guruli cxenosnebi sxva-da-sxva feris

Cerqezulis tanisamosiT. yvelani iaraRSi sxedan, jer tarebiT nel-nela mwyobris simReriT gars Semouares uSvelebel scenas. scenis SuagulSi gaCerdnen, cxenebidan Camosxdnen, irgvliv dadgnen, simRera SemosZaxes, taSi daukres da lekuri dauares. sazogadoeba aRtacebaSi modis da mravali aTasi kaci taSs ukravs mowonebis niSnad... gansacvifrebelia isic, rom miuxedavad maTi grZeli samosisa, isini cekvaven kidevac. maTi moZraobebi damuxtulia da mgrZnobiare. isini xan Tavisi qarbuqisebri siCauqiT da mixvra-moxvriT gvancvifreben, xan fexebisa da muxlebis qnevis eniT auRwereli groteskulobiT...~.

cekvis Semdeg iwyeboda naRdi warmodgena – Cexva, TarCia, yabaxi da jiriTi. yvelas akvirvebda gaWenebul cxenebze gurulebis ,,dgomi~, ,,piraRma da pirdaRma yabarduli~, ,,dayudeba~, ,,cali fexis yabarduli~, ,,kisris yabarduli~, ,,win da ukan gadarebuli yabarduli~, ,,cxvirsaxocis ataci~, ,,uzangidan calfexgamoRebuli gadmoxtoma~, ,,dakidebuli yabarduli~, ,,fexebiT Camokideba~ da mravali sxva. cnobilia agreTve triuki, romelsac erTeulebi asrulebdnen, roca gaWenebul cxenze mxedari ixsnida aRkazmulobas, miwaze agdebda, Semdeg aseTive siCqariT miwaze dayril nivTebs Cauqrolebda, saTiTaod krefda da Tan cxens kazmavda. yvelaferi es keTdeboda Coxa-axaluxSi an mefis jaris Cveulebriv samxedro tansacmelSi gamowyobili da iaraRasxmuli mxedrebis mier. am dros mxedars xSirad kbilebiT grZeli xmalic ekava. am da sxva triukebis damadasturebeli suraTebiT uxvad iyo ilustrirebuli mojiriTeebis saxelmZRvaneloc.

amonaweri sxva werilebidan: ,,sakvirveli mxedrebi arian! avstraliis da amerikis mindvrebSi vyofilvar, asobiT da aTasobiT vicnobdi cxenosnebs, magram magaTi msgavsi ki araferi ar minaxavs. es kacebi, ase ggonia, cxenze amosulebi ariano. ver gagvirCevia: sad Tavdeba kaci da sad iwyeba cxeni, albaT, imaT qveyanaSi kargi cxenosnobis skolaa gamarTuli... sakvirvelia! ai,


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meqsikelebmac, exla rom vnaxeT, cxenze kargi jdoma ician, magram am mTielebis Sno, simkvircxle da yoCaRoba ki ara aqvT. marTals ambobT: cxenosnobis skolaSi kaci ver Seiswavlis aseT karg mxedrobas. aq xangrZlivi erovnulis cxovrebis tradicia sCans. sakvirveli kia da~.

,,kazakebi cxenebs saSineli siCqariT daaWeneben... Tavdayira Camokidulni, miwidan iReben patara sagnebs, asruleben gaugonar da TavzexelaRebul triukebs, mSvenivrad xmaroben TavianT specifiur iaraRebs, Tofs, pistolets da gansakuTrebiT simarjviT xmals.~

veluri dasavleTis cnobili mkvlevari da istorikosi di brauni werda: ,,cxenze jiriTi rodeoSi Semoitanes TavzexelaRebulma kazakebma. kazakebis Tavbrudamxvevi triukebiT dainteresebulma kovboebma es gaiTavises da Semdgom Taviseburi varianti warmoadgines amerikul rodeoSi”. mojiriTeebis saxelmZRvanelos avtori frenq dini aRniSnavsL,,rodesac kazakebi SeerTebul StatebSi Cikagos msoflio gamofenaze Camovidnen, amerikelebma maTgan sxvadasxva ileTebi da naTeli ideebi gadmoiRes”. kovboebi gurulebis Camosvlamdec dainteresebulni iyvnen triukebis keTebiT, zogi unagirzec ki dgeboda, magram mxolod qarTveli cxenosnebis teqnikam da manamde arnaxulma, saocarma ileTebma misca biZgi im sayovelTao bums, rac Semdeg mTel amerikaSi gavrcelda.

mojiriTeebs Soris qalebic iyvnen. 1844 wels erT-erT JurnalSi gamoqveynda saubari frida mgalobliSvilTan. igi ambobs, rom jiriTi specialurad ar uswavlia:

,,yvela triuks vakeTebdi gasarTobad da sxvadasxva SejibrebebSi, romelic Cems samSobloSi tardeboda.

... Cven, kazaki (?) qalebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom xmis ufleba ara gvaqvs da ar vmoRvaweobT iurisprudenciasa da medicinaSi, ufro Tavisufalni varT, vidre Tqveni amerikeli qalbatonebi...

Cems qveyanaSi kacebsac da qalebsac TiTqmis erTnairi wes-Cveulebani gvaqvs. qalebi TiTqmis iseve ewevian sasiamovno rbil Tambaqos (?), romelic Cvenve mogvyavs an ki TurqeTidan Camogvaqvs. isini aseve Tavisuflad svamen mSvenier kavkasiur Rvinos...


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Cven varT Rvinis da ara aryis msmelebi. rusebisagan gansxvavebiT Cven Zalze fxizeli xalxi varT, loToba TiTqmis ucnobia CvenSi...

albaT Cveneburi klimatia damnaSave im harmoniisa, rac CvenSi sufevs, sufTa haerze cxovreba sawindaria Cveni janmrTelobisa...

Cven marTlmadideblebi varT da iseve, rogorc kaTolikebs, gvaqvs bevri wminda dResaswauli...

davuSvaT Tqven CaxvediT kavkasiaSi, iq ar dagWirdebaT sarekomendacio werilebi. Tqveni stumrobiT moxarulebi iqnebian yvelaze saukeTeso ojaxebi, iq icxovrebT imden xans, ramdenic mogesurvebaT da yvelaferi rac ki saxlSia Tqvens gankargulebaSi iqneba...”

werili bevr SekiTxvas badebs, aq mravlad aris albaT Jurnalistis mier damatebuli pasaJi mkiTxvelis interesis gasaZliereblad, magram mTlianobaSi saucxood aris gadmocemuli guruli xasiaTi, gamoucnobi da momxiblavi, ukve amerikelTaTvisac gasagebi.

gurulebsac Zlier moswonebiaT amerika. ,,cnobis furcelis~ korespondenti werda ,,mere saubridan Sevityve, rom am gurulebs mTeli SeerTebuli Statebi Tavidan bolomde sul mouvliaT da Statebis yvela didi qalaqebi unaxavT. gavige isic, Tu rogor WkuaSi mosvliaT SeerTebuli Statebis wyobileba, dawesebulebani, zne da cxovreba. amerikelebis ganaTlebas, simdidres, mxneobas da saqmianobas Zlier gauSterebia gurulebi. Statebze aRtacebiT laparakoben, Tumca ki did qalaqebSi wvrimal saqmis kacTa gaiZveroba da Tavxedobac SeuniSnavT. yvelaze Zlier kalifornia moswonebiaT. iq havac, xilic da stumarTmoyvareobac yvelaferi Cven sayvarel samSoblos gvaxsenebdao”. zogierTi mojiriTe SemdgomSi amerikis moqalaqe gaxda da acxadebda, rom, Tu samSobloSi dabrundeboda, am demokratiul principebs da kanonebs Tavis qveyanaSic daamkvidrebda.

ukmarobis niaRvari 900-iani wlebidan guria TiTqmis mTlianad

socialur, revoluciur brZolaSi gadaerTo. obieqturad, rogorc marqsistebs miaCndaT, amis mizezi mciremiwianoba iyo da, amis gamoc, codnic miRebis dauokebeli wyurvili,


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revoluciuri centrebis (baTumi, foTi, quTaisi) siaxlove. istorikosebi axsnian mtruli garemocviT da ojaxSi iaraRis Senaxvis aucileblobiT. es obieqturi garemoebebia. magram aseve iyo saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi. an iqneb ,,am warmtaci qveynis“ hava da landSaftia yvelafris Semoqmedi. zRvis donidan ori aTasi metris simaRlidan Tu CahyvebiT guriis mdinareebis natanebis, gubazoulis, sufsis, bJuJis xeobas, Tvalwin gadageSlebaT ,,didebuli suraTi mTisa da baris walkotisa, suraTi mTebidan mowyvetili da zRvisken momqrolavi mdinareebis STambeWdavi musikisa” (mose gogiberiZe) da swored amitom „arsad ise ar mRerian, rogorc aq, am qveyanaSi” (galaktioni).

,,lamazi kuTxea guria saqarTvelosi. misi landSafti sammuxovani sivrce-gaSlili sinTezia: moqnili mTebi, baxmarosaken TandaTan zviadobiT amarTuli, Tvaluwvdeneli Waladi, samegrelosaken ZlevamosilebiT gafenili. moSorebiT Savi zRva, es uxvad gamdnari muqi zurmuxti. guriaSi moiZebneba iseTi punqti, saidanac adamianis mWvreti Tvali sammuxovan landSafts erTs estetiur sarkmelSi gaatarebs mZafri sitkboebiT. gansacvifrebelia guriis neli sirbile: aq ver monaxavT vercerTs ,,myvirala” fers, iq ver ixilavT verc erT uxeS xazs. iq yoveli nakvTi rbilia, nazi, mCate, narnari. TviTon mTebic ki guriaSi mkacri natexobiT ki ar aris amarTuli, aramed xaverdovani sirbiliT. gansakuTrebiT keklucia Caqvisaken maxlobeli midamo, xolo es sikekluce ufro rbilad modunebulia, vidre imeruli xtomiT nayari” (gr. robaqiZe).

,,guriaSi Tavadaznauri da kaZaxi erTnairaT cxovroben da verafriT gaarCevT maT erT-meoresgan Tu ar wodebiTa. qarTlSi ro iZaxian: ,,me TavadiSvili var da Sen glexi, Tayvani mecio”, aq es ar arsebobs. rac kaZaxia, is keTilSobilia. erTi SemTxveva iyo aqa: erTi aznauriSvili kaZaxs Sexvda da kaZaxi udieraT moeqca aznauriSvilsa, romelic cxenze brZandeboda. cxenosanma iwyina da SeuZaxa: kaZaxo, rava mibedav, xedav amaso da maTraxi aswia zeviT, rom gauSalos saxeSi, magram sanam maTraxs aiRebda keTilSobili, kaZaxma fiSto itaca welidgan da cxenidgan gadmouZaxa keTilSobili. amisTana


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magaliTebi mravalia aq mxolod amisaTvis, rom gaerTeba srulebiT sufevdes xalxSi” - werda eTnografi k.gvaramaZe 1901 wels [7].

da aseTi xalxis damorCileba surdaT rus saldaTebs? cxadia, es SeuZlebeli iyo. ganadgureba iqneb SeeZloT, iseve rogorc sxva mcire xalxebisa – webeldelebis, ubixebis, afxazTa udidesi nawilisa – muhajirobas rom emsxverplnen, magram damorCileba? – es SeuZlebeli gaxldaT!

gurulebi verasdros eguebodnen Tavisuflebis SezRudvas, patara usamarTloba sakmarisi iyo, ujanydebodnen mTavrobas da garbodnen tyeSi ,,firalad”. glexTa ajanyebebi ki Tavisi masStabebiT gamoirCeodnen. 1905 wlis ,,janyi guriaSi” istoriaSi Sevida rogorc ,,nasakiralis brZola”, SeiaraRebuli glexebis brZola ruseTis regularul jarTan.

ra Zala aqvs mcirericxovan ers dampyrobelis winaaRmdeg, romelsac imdeni zarbazani aqvs, ramdenic mTlianad aris qarTveli, romelic mxolod aseTi kategoriebiT azrovneba ,,Сила есть, ума не надо”. aseT ,,Сила”-sTan SesaZlebelia ibrZolo mxolod farTo socialuri moZraobiT, samwuxarod mxolod sisxlisRvriT, ngreviT, revoluciiT, imperiis damangreveli revoluciiT, mxolod mTlianad ruseTis imperiis Cagruli erebTan da glexebTan erTad. sxva gza ar iyo. amas pirvelad guriaSi mixvdnen da swored amitom iyvnen ase mravlad gurulebi Cabmulni social-demokratiul moZraobaSi, grigol robaqiZemac zustad miagno gurulebis am fenomens.

da ai, XIX saukunis miwuruls saqarTveloc ebmeba organizebul, Teoriul da praqtikul brZolaSi ruseTis TviTmpyrobelobis winaaRmdeg – erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis nacvlad socialuri Cagvris uRlis mocileba, rogorc pirveladi amocana, rasac Semdeg erovnuli Rirsebis aRdgenac Tan mohyveba. guriam da mTlianad saqarTvelom miiRo socializmis idea.

me-20 saukunis dasawyisisTvis glexobis mRelvareba TandaTan eufleboda mTel ruseTs. propagandistebi yovel Rones xmarobdnen, raTa ,,bnel glexobas gaeRviZa”


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da mimxvdariyvnen, rom arsebuli saxelisuflebo wesrigi ar iZleoda miwis samarTlianad sargeblobis SesaZleblobas. glexebi ikribebodnen Tavyrilobebze da moiTxovdnen damfuZnebelTa krebas, romelic mowveuli iqneboda sayovelTao, pirdapiri da faruli kenWisyriT. glexoba imedebs amyarebda ara mefis xelisuflebaze, aramed saxalxo damfuZnebelTa krebaze. magram damfuZnebeli krebis arCevis SesaZlebloba xom isev xelisuflebaze iyo damyarebuli. iqmneboda fsiqologiuri, logikuri winaaRmdegoba, romlis gadalaxva marTlac iZleoda saxelmwifos normaluri ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas, aRniSnuli winaaRmdegobis mSvidobiani meTodebiT daZlevis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc es ZiriTadad ganxorcielda kidec evropis qveynebSi da rogorc amas iTxovdnen social-demokratiuli partiis zomieri frTis warmomadgenlebi. magram ruseTSi sxva mdgomareoba iyo. aq ar iyo farTo saganmanaTleblo muSaobis SesaZlebloba, glexoba ZiriTadad bnel masas warmoadgenda, romlisTvisac martivi lozungebi iyo gasagebi. amasTan, Tavisi siduxWiris mizezis (konkretuli mebatonis) siZulvili sxva qvena grZnobebsac iolad aRviZebda da glexobis moZraobas mTlianad ruseTSi stiqiur xasiaTs aniWebda.

gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba iyo saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT guriaSi, sadac glexobis moZraobas gansakuTrebiT Zlieri, Segnebuli, organizaciuli forma axasiaTebda. glexTa ukmayofilebas guriaSi, erovnul sakiTxTan erTad, mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri mizezebic hqonda. glexoba aq metad mciremiwiani iyo. umetesoba erT desetina an ufro nakleb miwas Tu flobda. iSviaToba iyo 2 desetina, an ufro meti miwis mflobeli glexi. miwis ZiriTadi nawili, tyeebi, memamuleTa xelSi iyo, romlebic glexebs miwas arendiT aZlevdnen. arendis odenoba xSir SemTxvevaSi mZime gadasaxdeli iyo (mosavlis naxevari nayofieri miwisTvis, mesamedi _ unayofosTvis). im droindeli soflis meurneobis teqnikuri aRWurviloba (Toxi da bari) ar iZleoda ojaxis saWiroebisaTvis sakmarisi mosavlis aRebas, amisaTvis mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi Tavdauzogavi Sroma iyo saWiro.


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1901-1902 wlebi guriaSi mousavliani iyo, desetina miwa iZleoda 20-30 fuT siminds, nacvlad Cveulebrivi 80-120 fuTisa. glexobis mdgomareoba sazareli gaxda. amas emateboda mravali gadasaxadebi, pirdapiri Tu iribi, sxvadasxvagvari begara, rac glexobis mdgomaroebas marTlac autanels xdida

me-19 saukuneSi guria Rvinis didi mwarmoebeli mxarec iyo da mxolod kaxeTs CamorCeboda moweuli Rvinis odenobiT. aq 60 Zvirfasi jiSis vazi xarobda (klarjuli, TeTri, Savi kamuri...) Zveli mogzaurebi gurul Rvinos saukeTeso frangul Rvinoebs adarebdnen. mogvianebiT guris meRvineobaSi iolad mosavleli jiSi _ ,,adesa~ gabatonda (iseve, rogorc `rqawiTelisa~ da `saferavis~ teqnikuri kulturebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi). ,,adesa” anu ,,izabela~ arc aris qarTuli jiSis Rvino, misi nergebi 1832 wels Camoutania espaneTidan niko maris mamas. 1905 wlis revoluciis gamo guriis aklebisa da zvrebis gadawva-ganadgurebis Semdeg Cakvda guruli Rvinis mrewveloba, gurulebi guls veRar udebdnen meRvineobis Sromatevad saqmianobas _ maTi goneba mTlianad socialuri usamarTlobis aRmofxvris gzebis ZiebiT iqna Sepyrobili.

memamuleebis umetesoba am mdgomareobas ar iTvaliswinebda da iseTive gadasaxads iTxovda rogorc Cveulebriv. mRvdlebi damarxvasa da qorwinebisaTvis 15 maneTs iTxovdnen, xelisuflebac zrdida gadasaxadebs. glexoba qalaqebs miawyda, gansakuTrebiT baTums. magram 1902 wels baTumSi gaficvis gamo muSebs iTxovdnen samsaxuridan. socialisturi propagandiT glexebi igebdnen Tu rogor unda daiZlios socialuri usamarTloba: kerZo sakuTreba borotebaa, miwa ekuTvnis mTel xalxs, maSasadame miwiT unda isargeblos man, vinc miwas amuSavebs. glexobam yrilobebze saijaro gadasaxadis Semcirebis moTxovna daiwyo, memamuleebma mTavrobaSi iCivles, rom glexoba bunts awyobs, mazraSi kazakTa razmebi gaigzavna wesrigis dasamyareblad. ,,buntovSCikebi~ - molaparakebaze misuli glexebi daapatimres, magram amiT, cxadia, wesrigi ar damyarda. samarTlianobisTvis unda aRiniSnos, rom zogierTi Tavadi da qarTveli samRvdeloeba Tanaxma iyo


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daekmayofilebinaT glexobis moTxovnebi, wasuliyvnen daTmobebze, magram quTaisidan Camosulma gubernatorma mkacri politikis gatareba moiTxova, glexebs apatimrebdnen, mazraSi egzekucia Caayenes.

900-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi matulobs muSaTa gaficvebi da demonstraciebi. maisobis aRsaniSnavad glexobis memamuleebTan Setakebebi xdeba. agraruli moZraoba sul ufro farTovdeba da revoluciur xasiaTs Rebulobs, policias uWirs mravalricxovan, ukve SeiaraRebul glexobasTan gamklaveba. glexebs organizebaSi is muSebic exmarebian, romlebic gaficvebis gamo qalaqebidan soflebSi gaasaxles. 1902 wels glexoba masobrivad uars ambobda begaris gadaxdaze goris mazraSi, TiTqmis mTel guriasa da samegreloSi, Semdeg imereTSi da aWaraSi, kaxeTSi, TiTqmis mTel saqarTveloSi.

glexobis winaaRmdegoba sul ufro Zlierdeboda. teroristebma Tavadi gurielic mokles imis gamo, rom igi glexebis dasamorCileblad gubernatorisagan jars iTxovda. xelisufleba mimarTavs represiebs, glexebs apatimreben, urC soflebSi egzekuciebs ayeneben, mravals cimbirSi asaxleben, magram represiebi kidev ufro aZlierebs mtrobas da siZulvils, yalibdeba glexTa da miwis muSaTa komitetebi, romlebic aRar emorCilebian xelisuflebas, irCeven rwmunebulebs da TviTve wyveten adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebs. mazrebis xelisufleba da policia ver bedavs soflebSi Sesvlas, mwifdeba revoluciuri situacia.

guruli glexoba aRar emorCileboda xelisuflebas, airCies sakuTari mmarTveloba da faqtobrivad damoukideblad uZRvebodnen soflis marTvas. TviTon Rebulobdnen gadawyvetilebebs da adgendnen samarTals. SeiniSneba, rom im periodSi Sewyda qurdoba da mosaxleobis Zarcva. soflis sasamarTloebs Tavadaznaurobac mimarTavda, radgan darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom saqmis garCeva swrafad da samarTlianad ganxorcieldeboda. im dros guriaSi saxelmwifo momrigebeli sasamarTloebis funqcionireba TiTqmis Sewyda.


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1903 wels mTel guriaSi daiwyo memamuleTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli sayovelTao gaficva. guruli glexebi saocrad swrafad da iolad iTvisebdnen socialistur ideebs. es miT ufro saocari iyo, rom glexoba saqarTveloSi, maT Soris guriaSi proletarebi ar iyvnen. isini yvelani kerZo mesakuTreni gaxldnen, marTalia mciremiwiani e.w. wvrili mesakuTreni, magram mainc mesakuTreni da, maSasadame, social-demokratiuli moZRvrebis Tanaxmad isini socializmisadmi mtrulad unda yofiliyvnen ganwyobilni, an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, gulgrilad. ,,Tu Teorias faqtebi ar adasturebs, miT uaresi faqtebisTvis~. xom unda gadarCes klasobrivi brZolis Teoria da – marqsistebi aseT daskvnas akeTeben: marTalia, guruli glexebi mesakuTreni arian, marTalia guriaSi ar aris msxvili sawarmoebi, sadac momuSave gurulebi koleqtiuri brZolis suliskveTebiT ganimsWvalebodnen (muSaTa klasi xom yvelaze ufro Segnebuli da organizebuli Zalaa), magram gurulebi iseTive daundobel Cagvras ganicdian eqsploatator memamuleTa klasisagan, rogorc proletarebi kapitalistebisgan; glexebi mixvdnen, rom maTi gadarCena SesaZlebelia mxolod socializmiT, socialisturi revoluciiT. rogorc Cans marqsistebi Tvlian, rom aseTi axsniT gadarCa klasobrivi brZolis Teoria, romelic dogma ki ar aris, aramed SemoqmedebiTad ganviTarebadi moZRvreba. aseTi iyo marqsistebis pozicia, romlis simyifes TviTonac kargad grZnobdnen da amitom mTeli ZalebiT aRvivebdnen glexobaSi klasobriv siZulvils. es msjeloba savsebiT marTebuli iyo ruseTis glexobasTan mimarTebaSi. rusi glexi carizmis pirobebSi sruliad uuflebo, daCagruli da uqoneli iyo, ufro metic, igi damonebuli, pirutyvis donemde dayvanili adamiani gaxldaT.

saqarTvelos glexobaze amas ver vityviT. wodebrivi gansxvaveba saqarTveloSi arasdros yofila TvalSisacemi. amas Tundac ZiZis institutic metyvelebs, TavadiSvili Tavisi ymis ojaxSi iseve izrdeboda, rogorc mSobliur ojaxSi, xolo ZiZiSvilebTan misi urTierToba adamianuri urTierTobiT etaloni gaxlavT dResac. wodebrivi gansxvavebis miuxedavad waSlili iyo yovelgvari zRvari


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rCeulobisa da aRmatebulobisa erTi wodebisa meoreze, piriqiT, damkvidrebuli iyo erTgulebis da erTmaneTisTvis Tavganwirvis ideali [8]. qarTvelobam vefxistyaosanic kargad icoda da mas, maT Soris glexobas, avTandil-Sermadinis damokidebulobac kargad moexseneboda.

buntis mizezi sxva iyo. ekonomikuri gaWirveba da xepruli rusuli Cinovnikobis mmarTveloba diaxac iyo buntis safuZveli, magram mTavari pirovnuli Rirsebis dacvis survili gaxldaT. amayia qarTveli kaci, vaglaxad ar SeirCens Seuracxyofas, Tavs Seaklavs Seuracxmyofels. amas jer kidev vaxuSti batoniSvili aRniSnavda - ,,amayni, laRni, saxelis maZiebelni (esreT, rameTu TvisTa saxelTaTvis ara sdeben qveyanasa da mefessa Tvissa).~ qarTvelTa es Tviseba centralizebuli saxelmwifos Seqmnasac uSlida xels da, erTgvar, feodalur demokratias qmnida.

siamayis grZnoba gansakuTrebiT gamorCeulia guriaSi, rasac mravali mkvlevari SeniSnavs, magram yvelaze zustad da xatovnad galaktionma igrZno:

,,arsad, arsad ar arsebobs brZolis Jini, brZolis qari,

arsad ise ar gadmoxeTqs ukmarobis niaRvari, ... rogorc... - aq, am warmtac qveyanaSi!~

SeiZleba swored amitomac social-demokratiuli ideebi yvelaze ukeT guriaSi gavrcelda. sul socialisturma moZraobam sami komunisturi manifesti icis da erT-erTi maTgani baxSi daweres. gurulebs eamayebodaT _ Cvenma manifestma lenini gadaria, uTqvia Turme – sakacobrio movlenaao.

da swored amitom guruli glexebi upasuxod ar tovebdnen Zaladobis an Seuracxyofis TiTqmis arc erT SemTxvevas. policielebi, straJnikebi, boqaulebi da sxv. guriis saidumlo komitetis msxverpli xdeboda dauyovnebliv. saidumlo komiteti afrTxilebda moZalades samsaxurisTvis Tavi daenebebina. Tu Cinovniki gadadgeboda, mas Tavs anebebdnen, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, daaxloebiT erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi mas mokluls poulobdnen. mazris administracia iseT panikaSi iyo


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Cavardnili, rom moxeleebi mTliani SemadgenlobiT tovebdnen samsaxurs. 1905 wlis dasawyisSi mazris ufrosma da misma TanaSemwemac dastoves postebi, rogorc amas guriis saidumlo komiteti moiTxovda, Semcvleli am Tanamdebobaze ver iqna napovni. komitetis saqmianoba sastik xasiaTs Rebulobda, rac iqamdec ki midioda, rom krZalavdnen xelisuflebis warmomadgenlis dakrZalvasac ki, maT mier moklulis [9]. baTumSi mokles Tavadi gurieli, Jandarmeriis oficeri, imis gamo, rom igi piradad iRebda monawileobas muSaTa gaficvis darbevaSi. guriis komitetma daadgina, rom igi ar damarxuliyo. Tavadma nakaSiZem, romelic im dros guriis mazris ufrosi iyo, daamarxina komitetis mier mokluli Tavadi gurieli, magram Semdeg, komitetis moTxovniT, amis gamo TviTonac dastova Tanamdeboba.

didi xnis Semdeg gurulebi ukve ase ixumreben: ,,xenwife imiza CamovagdeT, katlets rom Wamdao... aba? ase iyo – dadiodnen Turme agitatorebi soflebSi da xalxs eubnebodnen: Tqven rom sacivsa da Romze xarT, mefe katlets Wamso... rao, katlets Wamso? ... aba, magas vuCvenebT seirso da.. ajanyda guria. gamoucxades memamuleebs boikoti _ Tqvens yanebs aRar davamuSavebTo. vinc mainc gabedavda da amas izamda, gaugzavnidnen qaRalds, zed exata Toxi, xanjali, da kubo... morCenili iyo mere am kacis saqme – gaasaRebdnen”.

15 Tebervals guria-aWaraSi samxedro mdgomareoba gamocxadda da sisastikiT cnobili generali alixanov-avarskis daevala wesriigis damyareba saeqspedicio korpusiT. saqarTvelos sazogadoebis (i. WavWavaZis) moTxovniT mTavarmmarTeblis movaleobis Semsrulebelma generalma malamam sadamsjelo operacia SeaCera da Tavisi specialuri warmomadgeneli sulTani krim girei gaagzavna glexobasTan mosalaparakeblad. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gaigzavnen qarTveli generlebi i. amilaxvari da z. WavWavaZe. glexebi iTxovdnen miwas, Tavisufal TviTmmarTvelobas, qarTul enaze swavlas, skolebs.

1905 wlis TebervlisaTvis guria faqtobrivad Tavisufali iyo. Tbilisidan, quTaisidan da baTumidan gamoqceuli revolucionerebi gurias afarebdnen Tavs, aq


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isini samSvidobos iyvnen. xelisufleba srulebiT uZluri iyo aRedgina wesrigi da mTavarmmarTebelma generalma malamam regularuli jaris gamogzavna ganizraxa. dasavleT saqarTveloSi generel alixanov-avarskis meTaurobiT gaigzavna kidec damsjeli razmi mZime SeiaraRebiT, artileriiT, rac mTlianad guriis gaCanagebas moaswavebda. qarTvelma sazogado moRvaweebma ilia WavWavaZis meTaurobiT daarwmunes malama damsjeli razmis (карательный отряд) gamoxmobis aucileblobaSi, rom es yvelaferi ozurgeTis administraciis Secdomebia da rom araviTari ajanyeba guriaSi ar aris. ,,winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Cven yvelani iq wavalT da Cvens ZmebTan erTad ,,костьми ляжем” (sityva iliam rusulad warmoTqva) [10].

malamam jari SeaCera da sulTan krim-girei gaagzavna guriaSi realuri viTarebis Sesaswavlad. sulTan krim-gireim moxibla gurulebi, igi dacvis gareSe Cavida guriaSi da TviT glexebma miuCines saimedo dacva, raTa vinme provokaciis mizniT ar dasxmoda Tavs maTs ,,stumars~, rogorc mas gurulebi uwodebdnen. sulTan krim-gireim Semoiara soflebi da gaocebuli darCa gurulebis ganaTlebis doniT, maTi moTxovnebis logikuri argumentaciiT. es pirveli SemTxveva iyo, rodesac saxelmwifo moxele glexobas Sexvda ukmayofilebisa da mRelvarebis mizezebis gasagebad. mizezebi mkafiod da konkretulad iqna Camoyalibebuli. glexobis yvela moTxovnis dakmayofileba SeuZlebeli iyo, magram mTavar sakiTxSi SeTanxmeba mainc iqna miRweuli. memamuleebi daTanxmdnen mieRoT mosvlis erTi meaTedi nacvlad erTi mesamedisa, rogorc manamde iyo da mdgomareoba Cawynarda, Tumca droebiT. cota xniT guria moasvenes. noember-dekemberSi iq SedarebiT siwynare sufevda

soflad arsebuli mdgomareoba wargzavnilma komisiebma realurad aRweres, miuTiTes soflis mZime ekonomikuri da socialuri mdgomareoba, Cinovnikebis Zalmomreoba da a.S. maT isic SeamCnies, rom kosmetikuri, mcire cvlilebebi xalxs aRar daakmayofilebda da saWiro iyo wesrigis aRdgena samxedro ZaliT an seriozuli daTmobebiT da glexobis FfarTo ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri moTxovnebis dakmayofileba.


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sxvaTaSoris, guriaSi kargad icodnen, rom xelisuflebas ar hqonda unari daekmayofilebina glexobis moTxovnebi da amitom maTTan Casuli krim greis warudgines ,,baxvis manifesti” (Sexvedra sofel baxvSi Sedga), sadac is auwyes mTavrobas, rom solidarobas ucxadeben mTlianad ruseTis mSromelebs da Cveni moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas mxolod demokratiulad arCeuli mTavroba SeZlebso. xelisufleba daTmobebze ar wavida, zafxulidan daiwyo sadamsjelo operaciebi, magram glexoba ukve seriozulad iyo SeiaraRebuli, Camoyalibebuli iyo e.w. ,,wiTeli razmebi”, jarTan Setakebebs sastiki xasiaTi hqonda, didi iyo msxverpli.

zafxulis ganmavlobaSi guriaSi siwynare iyo, faqtobrivad Tavisufleba sufevda, arCeuli mosamarTleebi soflis saqmeebs uZRvebodnen da kviraSi erTxel soflis yrilobaze mosaxleobas sakuTari saqmianobis Sesaxeb angariSs abarebdnen. guriaSi maSin Sekrebisa da sityvis sruli Tavisufleba iyo, amave dros ruseTis centrSic sawynare iyo, mTavroba avrcelebda xmebs, rom ajanyebulebi rogorс wesi ,,инородцы~ arian, romlebsac ruseTidan gamoyofa surT, isini ebrZvian ,,матушка Россия~-s, rac jariskacebSi saTanado velikoderJavnikul ganwyobilebas Tesavda ganapira koloniebis winaaRmdeg. viTareba mogvianebiT Seicvleba, roca ruseTis glexobac aujanydeba Tavis mTavrobas. amas guruli glexebic kargad grZnobdnen, isic kargad icodnen, rom Tavisuflad yofnis uflebas maT xelisufleba ar SearCenda da mouTmenlad elodnen movlenebs centraluri ruseTidan. saqarTvelos glexobis Tavisufleba mTlianad ruseTis imperiis Cagruli fenebis TavisuflebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli.

am dros gamocxadda nikoloz II-is 17 oqtombris manifesti, jari soflebidan ukan gaiwvies, dainiSna arCevnebi ,,dumaSi~ _ saxelmwifo saTaTbiroSi. xalxs pirdebodnen politikur Tavisuflebas, konstitucias. oqtomberSi mTel ruseTSi da saqarTveloSic sayovelTao politikuri gaficva moewyo, romelSic TiTqmis mTeli sazogadoeba Caeba, opoziciuri partiebi, mosaxleoba. manifesti aRiarebda pirovnebis xelSeuxeblobas, sityvis, krebebisa da kavSirebis ZiriTad politikur


47

Tavisuflebas. opoziciur Zalebs es ukve aRar akmayofilebdaT. glexoba am aqtisadmi gulgrili darCa, mTavrobas glexebi aRar endobodnen da iaraRis Segrovebas agrZelebdnen. mdgomareoba ukve umarTavi iyo. viTareba sul ufro mwvavdeboda.

amis gamo, rodesac guriaSi gaiges, rom moskovSi rkinigzis muSebi gaificnen, rasac mTlianad ruseTi gamoexmaura, maSinve gadawyda sayovelTao gaficvis dawyeba. guriaSi gaficva 15 oqtombers daiwyo, mraval adgilas aafeTqes sarkinigzo xidebi, CamoWres satelegrafo kavSiris xazebi. mazris ufrosi Svelas iTxovda, artileriiT SeiaraRebuli jaris gamogzavnas. magram Sikrikebs guruli wiTeli partizanebi iWerdnen. 19 oqtombridan maT kazakTa 130 kaciani razmi daamarcxes da ukve ozurgeTis SturmiT aRebas apirebdnen. am dros cnobili gaxda 17 oqtombris manifestis Sesaxeb. manifests gurulebi bolomde ar endobodnen, Tumca isic ver warmoedginaT, rom manifestis gamoqveynebis Semdeg mTavroba damsjel operaciebs ganaxorcielebda da amitom maT SeaCeres sabrZolo moqmedebebi. ozurgeTSi dabanakebulma 700 kacianma jarma ki SurisZieba daiwyo. 22 oqtombridan kazakebma daiwyes ozurgeTis garSemo ganlagebuli soflebis dawiokeba, xocavdnen ganurCevlad yvelas, saxlebs wvavdnen, xalxi tyeSi garboda, kazakebma erT dReSi 90 saxli dawves. amasTanave baTumidan guriaSi mravalricxovani jari daiZra, samTo artileriiT SeiaraRebuli. jaris guriaSi Sesvlis SeCerebas cdilobdnen saqarTvelos sazogado moRvaweni, agreTve quTaisis gubernatori vladimer staroselski, igi am mizniT piradad eaxla kidec mefisnacvals TbilisSi, magram, yvelaferi amao iyo. mZime teqnikiT SeiaraRebulma jarma general alixanovis meTaurobiT rkinigza daikava da rkinigzis irgvliv ganlagebuli soflebis ganadgurebas Seudga, guria mTlianad cecxlis alSi gaexvia. staroselski ki ajanyebuli qarTveli glexobisadmi gamosarClebis gamo daiTxoves da revoluciis CaxSobis Semdeg saqarTvelodanac gaasaxles.

gurulebis amboxi buneba imperatoris karzec mivida. 1905 wlis amboxebis CaxSobis dros mTlianad guria ganixileboda mefis mowinaaRmdege mxared. imdenad


48

gaWirda guriis damorCileba, rom imperators misweres kidec mTeli guriis cimbirSi gadasaxlebis winadadebiT. general Salva maRlakeliZis mogonebiT, mas, rodesac igi saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublikis dros aRmosavleT saqarTvelosa da Tbilisis general-gubernatori iyo, unaxavs dokumenti, sadac guriis gasaxlebis sakiTxi seriozulad ganixileboda [11].

guriaSi SeWrisa da gamarjvebis Semdeg alixanovma mazris ufrosad daniSna vinme zakusovi, polkovniki. imdroindeli kanonis Tanaxmad gubernators SeeZlo uSualod mefisTvis miemarTa, gamoetovebina mefisnacvali, Tu CaTvlida, rom ar iyo sasurveli misi Setyobineba farTod yofiliyo cnobili. zakusovis raportSi pirvel punqtad ewera, rom Гурийцы как племя преступны, по природе, по своему рождению! meore muxli Как племя преступные и неисправимые со всеми семьями должны быть выселены в отдаленные губернии Сибири. gubernatorma slavoCinskom ar acnoba am moxsenebis Sesaxeb mefisnacval voroncov-daSkovs da moxseneba uSualod imperator nikoloz II-s gaugzavna. rogorc Cans, imperators ar moswonebia es werili da aseTi rezolucia daado ,,Дяде Иллариону от Ника”. nikoloz II voroncov-daSkovis sasaxleSi iyo aRzrdili da Tavis maswavleblad miaCnda. nika imitomac miawera, rom am moxsenebas arc gaecnoba Дяде Илларион -is gareSe. voroncov-daSkovma, ,,diadia ilarionmac” saTanado pasuxi gasca zakurovis raports.

,,Фельдфебел Закусов находясь на посту уездного начальника называет племенем гурийцев, не знает даже, что гурийцы такие же грузины, как все остальные, может быть даже лучше, потому что они говорят общим литературным грузинским языком, а не на диалекте, хотя имеются диалекты сванский, мингрельский, тушинский”

dabolos _ ,,Фельдфебел должен быть отстранен за незнание, за неумение управлять”. maRlakeliZis azriT, feldfebelic imitom uwoda voroncov-daSkovma zakusovs, rom amiT misi gaunaTlebloba da CamorCeniloba aRniSna.

magram, dro Seicvala da mefis susti, gaubedavi xelisuflebis nacvlad sul male saqarTveloSic bolSevikuri tirania damyarda. xalxis saxeliT mosulma bolSevikurma xelisuflebam pirvel rigSi swored xalxis


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damoneba daiwyo. 1924 wels saqarTveloSi kvlav ifeTqa ajanyebam, Tumca ki winaswar ganwirulma marcxisTvis - `bolSevikebi xom sul sxva masalisgan arian agebulni”.

1924 wlis ajanyebac, mxolod guriaSi ganxorcielda masStaburad, ZiriTadad ozurgeTisa da Coxatauris raionebSi. AsaqarTvelos sagangebo komisiisaTvis cnobili iyo, rom social-demokratebi (romlebsac sabWoTa istoriografia ,,menSevikebs” uwodebda) da sxva opoziciuri politikuri partiebi da dajgufebebi emzadebodnen SeiaraRebuli ajanyebisaTvis. es informacia maT jer kidev 1924 wlis dasawyisSi hqondaT. ivlis-agvistoSi daapatimres kidec sazRvargareTidan saqarTveloSi specialuri davalebiT Camosuli ajanyebis Tavkacebi. AmaT gankargulebaSi iyo ajanyebisaTvis mzadebis dawvrilebiTi cnobebi. miuxedavad amisa ajanyeba mainc daiwyo, Tumca araerTdroulad da ara yvelgan. Aar gamarTlda imedi, rom ajanyebaSi Caebmebodnen CrdiloeT kavkasielebi da azerbaijanelebi. A saqarTveloSic mxolod ramdenime raionSi hqonda adgili SeiaraRebul gamosvlebs. 28 agvistos diliT WiaTura daikaves ajanyebulebma, romlebic ukve meore dRes gandevnes qalaqidan. 29 agvistos ajanyebulTa Setevebi moigeries zugdidisa da senakis raionebSi. SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebi gagrZelda saCxereSi 31 agvistos, Semdeg vanis raionis ramdenime sofelSi, sviris, quTaisis, baRdadis zogierT TemSi, goris raionSi, romlebic sastikad iqna CaxSobili or-sam dReSi.

gansakuTrebuli masStabi ajanyebam guriaSi miiRo. ajanyebis meTauris, general yaralaSvilis dapatimrebamac ar Seanela sabrZolo ganwyobileba. ficxi da brZanebebisadmi Znelad yurismimgdebi guruli glexoba, romelic amis gamo, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos udisciplinoa, saocari organizebulobiT dairazma da Tavdauzogavad ekveTa mters. rodesac mizani gasagebi da misaRebia, gurulebi zedmiwevniT organizebulni da gankargulebaTa saukeTeso Semsrulebelni arian, arc WirdebaT zedmeti brZaneba, TviTonve ukeT ician rogor imoqmedon swrafad Secvlil pirobebSi. mizani uzenaesi iyo – samSoblosa Tavisufleba, TavisuflebisTvis ki guruli Tavs daufiqreblad gaswiravs. ajanyebul razmebs


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meTaurobdnen: maTiTaSvili, muxaSavria, WanuyvaZe. ibrZoda yvela – didi da patara, kaci da qali. ajanyebulTa xelSi iyo xidisTavi, nagomari, sajavaxo. 31 agvistos ajanyebulebma ieriSi miitanes ozurgeTze, romelic sagangebod gamagreba ukve moeswroT okupantebs. baTumidan da samtrediidan Camoswrebulma wiTelma razmebma ukuaqcies ajanyebulTa ieriSebi. 2 seqtembers ajanyebulebma ukan daixies da tyeebsa da mTebSi gaixiznen.

ajanyebulebs amarcxebda saokupacio xelisulebis SeiaraRebuli Zala – regularuli rusuli jari. adgilobrivi qarTveli komunistebisgan amboxebulebs seriozuli winaaRmdegoba ar SexvedriaT, isini, rogorc wesi ubrZolvelad yridnen iaraRs. ramdenime dRe mimdinareobda omi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, ajanyeba praqtikulad CaxSobili iyo, sastiki represiebis Jami damdgariyo.

sruladDdaujerebelia, magram 29 agvistodan 2 seqtembramde, 5 dRis ganmavlobaSi guriaSi ajanyebulebi warmatebiT umklavdebodnen mZime teqnikiT SeiaraRebul rusis jaris uzarmazar Zalas. rodesac ajanyebis saerTo marcxi aSkara gaxda, xalxi gasaocari organizebulobiT gaixizna surebisken. Aramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi guriis didi nawili Tavisufali respublikis wesebiT cxovrobda, soflebSi tardeboda Tavisufali mitingebi. AnaTeli gaxda, rom praqtikulad mTeli guria, garda komunistebisa, sabWoTa mTavrobis winaaRmdegi iyo. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom ajanyebulebs dapatimrebuli hyavdaT 1800-mde komunisti, aravin dauxvretiaT, ramdenime odiozuri likvidatoris garda, Tumca xalxisgan gaismoda moTxovna maTi xelmZRvanelebis daxvretis Sesaxeb.

guriaSi ajanyebis aseTi farTo masStabis mizezi is ,,ukmarobis niaRvari” iyo, rac gansakuTrebiT mwvaved iTxovs pirovnebis Tavisuflebas.

XXI saukuneSi pirovnebis Tavisufleba metnaklebad uzrunvelyofilia. dro gvaCvenebs rogor warimarTeba guruli xasiaTi qveynis aRmSeneblobis saqmeSi, ramdenad moixmaren gurulebi Tavis bunebriv niWierebas sakuTari Tavisa da qveynis sakeTildReod.


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1. vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, Tbilisi, 1941

2. „da ganrisxna guliswyromiT ufali israelsa zeda da aguriobna (anu axetiala) igini udabnosa zeda ormeoc wel“ (ricxvTa, 32,13). „rameTu Suri sixeneSisa daabnelebs keTilsa da guriobaman gulisTqumisaman cvalos goneba umankoTa (sibrZne solomonisi, 4,12).

3. don qristoforo de kasteli, cnobebi da albomi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Tbilisi, 1976 w

4. gr.robaqiZe “guria da socializmi”, 1917 w. 5. k.gvaramaZe. krebuli ,,guria“, 1996 w 6. e.garayaniZe “guruli musikaluri dialeqtis Sesaxeb”. krebuli

,,guria“, 1996 w. 7. krebuli ,,guria“, 1996 w. 8. ak. wereTeli ,,Cemi bavSvoba~, ,,gamzrdeli~, leo qiaCeli ,,haki

aZba~ da sxv. 9. Sh. Gortsev. Kak gruzinskie krestiane boryutssia za svobodu.

Knigoizdatelstvo “Molodaia Rossia”. Populiarnaia biblioteka, № 4, Moskva, 1906

10. i. zurabiSvili, warsulis anarekli. ilia WavWavaZe, saiubileo krebuli, 1939 w. g. lasxiSvili, memuarebi, 1934 w.

11. qarTvelebi germanuli droSis qveS meore msoflio omSi. viqtor rcxilaZis redaqciiT, 1994.

Giorgi Bagaturia

Feature Story about Gurija

Summary

Georgia – an amazing place on the globe, all its corners the unique

multifigurativeness create fantastic harmony. One of such fantastic regions,

present Eden, Gurija where lives the courageous and melodious people.

For contemporaries the phenomenon of Gurija is not clear. How

happens, that this small corner is so abounded with talent? The Gurians by

the nature is capable to penetrate into sacrament of the phenomena and subjects, to distinguish falseness. Akaky Tsereteli noticed that anywhere in

the world not to find so live and mobile people, as Gurians. And Jacob

Gogebashvili noticed boldness and erudition of Gurians, Tedo Sahokija

specified in their beauty. According to one of legends of Gurija - this is the

place of angels («Gurii, Xurii») which have decided to remain in this place.


52

According to Niko Mar – Gurija are meant by "the son of the sun». And here

according to Vakhushti Bagrationi, Gurija - «dwelling of unruly» people

which does not submit to authoritative board.

Gurians are allocated with the erudition. As medieval travelers in

Gurija long since mark there was a set of hand-written books, basically

church; the set of unique manuscripts was stored in churches and

monasteries. Churches and monasteries besides were the educational centres;

in the end of a XIX century in Gurija there was a set of libraries, it is more

than in all Georgia, and in each village - schools.

Gurians are well-known for unique sings, the analogue to which is not

present all over the world.

Gurians perfectly owned the weapon and were virtuosos in riding; the

art horsemen - Gurians in 19 century have literally subdued Europe and

USA. Gurians are famous for unselfishness, boldness and the aggravated

self-respect that was a basis of their rebelliousness and mass insubordination

of the power - simple peasants for the slightest insult revenged noblemen and

officials, escaped in woods and struggled against the power. Their people

named not robbers, and a specific word «pirali» (hidden).

Fidelity to an oath and fighting courage of Gurians which they at all

do not advertise is especially marked. As an example the modest life of the

first national hero of independent Georgia (1918) can serve V.Goguadze

which heroism is somehow forgotten.

Rebelliousness, the pride, the aggravated sense of justice - all these

qualities of Gurians have led to that Gurija has appeared the most ready to

reception of social democratic ideas, and Gurians have entirely joined in

revolutionary struggle against the Russian empire, a lot of Gurians were

outstanding figures of social democratic movement ("Mensheviks"), and

after an establishment of the Soviet power Gurians most actively participated

in anti-Soviet revolt of 1924.

Keywords. “Sun’s Child”; “Abode of Iindefatigables”; “Gurioba”; “Stream

of Vital Energy”; Library; Gurian Sings; Horsemen; Social Injustice; Pride;

“Pirali”; Socialism; “Manifest of Bakhvi”; “Revolt in Guria”; The Battle of

Nasakirali; “Menshevik”; The Mutiny of 1924.


53

Reviver : Professor Otar Kochoradze, Georgian Technical University

Багатурия Георгий Шотаевич

Очерки о Гурии

Резюме

Грузия – изумительное место на земном шаре, все ее уголки

своей неповторимой многообразностью создают сказочную гармонию.

Одним из таких сказочных уголков, настоящим Эдемом, является

Гурия, которая населена смелым и певучим народом.

Для современников непонятен феномен Гурии. Как случилось,

что этот маленький уголок так изобилует талантом? Гуриец по природе

способен вникнуть в таинство явлений и предметов, распознать

фальшь. Акакий Церетели отмечал, что нигде в мире не найти столь живых и подвижных людей, как гурийцы. А Яков Гогебашвили замечал

смелость и образованность гурийцев, Тедо Сахокия же указывал на их

красоту. Согласно одной из легенд Гурия -это жилище ангелов («Гурии,

Хурии»), которые решили остаться в этом месте. По мнению Нико

Марра – Гурия означает «сын солнца». А вот согласно Вахушти

Багратиони, Гурия -«жилище неугомонных», народа, который не

подчиняется авторитарному правлению.

Гурийцы выделяются своей образованностью. Как отмечают

средневековые путешественники в Гурии издавна было множество

рукописных книг, в основном церковных; в церквях и монастырях

хранилось множество уникальных рукописей. Церкви и монастыри к тому же были центрами образования; в конце XIX века в Гурии было

множество библиотек, больше чем во всей Грузии, а в каждой деревне -

школы.

Гурийцы знамениты уникальным пением, аналога которому нет

во всем мире.

Гурийцы прекрасно владели оружием и были виртуозами в

верховой езде; своим искусством всадники- Гурийцы в 19 веке

буквально покорили Европу и Америку. Гурийцы славятся

бескорыстием, смелостью и обостренным чувством собственного

достоинства, что явилось основой их непокорности и массового

неподчинения власти - простые крестьяне за малейшую обиду мстили

дворянам и чиновникам, убегали в леса и боролись против власти. Народ их называл не разбойниками, а специфическим словом «пирали»

(скрытый - secret).

Особенно отмечается верность клятве и боевая отвага гурийцев,

которую они сами совершенно не афишируют. Примером может


54

служить скромная жизнь первого национального героя независимой

Грузии (1918 г.) В.Гогуадзе, героизм которого как-то позабыт.

Непокорность, гордость, обостренное чувство справедливости -

все эти качества гурийцев привели к тому, что Гурия оказалась

наиболее готовой к приему социал-демократических идей, и гурийцы

всецело включились в революционную борьбу против российской

империи, множество гурийцев стали выдающимися деятелями социал-

демократического движения («меньшевики»), а после установления

советской власти гурийцы наиболее активно участвовали в

антисоветском восстании 1924 г.

Ключевые слова: «Сын солнца»; «Жилище неугомонных»; «Гуриоба»;

«Поток неудовлетворенности»; Библиотека; Гурийское песнопение;

Всадники; Социальная несправедливость; Чувство гордости; «Пирали»;

Социализм; «Бахвийский манифест»; «Бунт в Гурии»; «Насакиральская

битва»; «Меньшевики»; Воостание 1924 г.

Рецензент: професор Кочорадзе Отар Георгиевич, Грузинский



55

Tengiz grigolia

ruseT-TurqeTis urTierTobis geopilitikuri

aspeqtebi

ruseTi da TurqeTi regionalur geopolitikur TamaSebSi XVI saukunidan arian CarTulebi. maT urTierTobas mravalsaukunovani istoria gaaCnia. xan-grZlivi drois manZilze ruseTi da TurqeTi erTmaneTs Soris brZolas awar-moebdnen raTa gabatonebuli yofiliyvnen balkaneTSi, kavkasiaSi, Savi zRvispi-reTsa da xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi.

pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg ruseTis saxelmwifos xelisuflebaSi mos-ulma bolSevikurma xelisuflebam da TurqeTis respublikis saTaveSi Camdgarma mustafa qemal aTaTurqma ruseTTan mWidro, TiTqmis samokavSireo urTierToba daamyara. sabWoTa ruseTi 1921 wlis qemalistur TurqeTs daumegobrda. sabWoTa ruseTma daxmareba aRmouCina TurqeTs dasavleTis saxelmwifoebTan konfli-tSi, TurqeTi ruseTTan garkveul teritoriul daTmobaze wavida. TurqeTis sam-xedro politika aRniSnul periodSi ganixileboda antiimperialisturi mebr-Zoli Zalebis ,,mokavSired”, magram sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis gaTvlebi ar gama-rTlda, qemalisturma TurqeTma kursi dasavluri Rirebulebebisken aiRo. Tur-qeTma miaRwia evropis wamyvan saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobis normalizacias, sabWoTa-Turqulma urTierTobebma gauareseba daiwyo. II msoflio omSi Turqe-Tma Tavi aarida ssr kavSiris winaaRmdeg omSi Cabmas. Mmagram 1941-1945 wlebSi TurqeTis pozicia ssr kavSirisadmi ar iyo keTilmezobluri, radgan sabWoTa kavSirma II msoflio omis sawyis periodSi scada geopolitikuri upiratesobis mopoveba TurqeTis xarjze, magram iZulebuli gaxda uari eTqva Tavis ambici-bze. 1945 wlidan daiwyo TurqeTis daaxloeba amerikis SeerTebul State² €. antihitleruli koaliciis mxareze omSi Cabmis formalurma aqtma TurqeTs misca SesaZlebloba 1945 wlis sanfranciskos konferenciaze gaeros erT-erTi damaarsebeli wevris statusi mieRo. 1945 wels gaeros SeqmnisTanave axlo aRmosavleTis Svid damoukidebel saxelmwifosTan erTad TurqeTi gaeros wevri qveyana gaxda. [1. 235]


56

msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdgom pirvel sam weliwadSi, 1945-1948 wlebSi TurqeTma amerikisagan daxmarebis saxiT miiRo 81 milioni dolaris moculobis daxmareba, xolo 1949 wlidan 1952 wlis CaTvliT ,,marSalis gegmis” gaTvaliswinebiT man 778 milioni dolaris ekonomikuri daxmareba miiRo. aRniSnuli daxmarebidan mas 500 milioni dolari samxedro daxmarebis mizniT mieca. 1945 wlidan sabWoTa samxedro strategia TurqeTis mimarT SeteviTi politikis xasiaTs atarebda.

molotov-ribentropis xelmowerili paqtis (1939 wlis 23 agvisto) safuZvelze TurqeTs hqonda imis SiSi, rom ssr kavSiris Tavis mokavSireebTan erTad bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebze saxmeleTo da samxedro sazRvao bazebi ar Seeqmna. ankarisaTvis ssr kavSiris eqspansiuri politika SiSis momgvreli iyo. dasavleTma ssr kavSirs araorazrovnad agrZnobina, rom isini ar dauSvebdnen sabWoTa eqspansias TurqeTis teritoriaze.

1947 wlis seqtemberSi ZalaSi Sevida TurqeT-amerikas Soris SeTanxmeba samxedro Tavdacvis Sesaxeb. amerikis samxedro misia valdebulebas iRebda imaze, rom isini kontrols ganaxorcielebdnen TurqeTis samxedro programaze.

amerika-TurqeTis mier xelmowerilma samxedro SeTanxmebam amerikelebs misca SesaZleba TurqeTis teritoriaze 26 samxedro baza Seeqmna. 1952 wlis 16 Tebervals TurqeTi natos wevri qveyana gaxda. aman kidev ufro daZaba urTierToba ssr kavSirsa da TurqeTs Soris. 1949 wels TurqeTi evrosabWoSi gawevrianda. 1952-1963 wlebSi TurqeTis teritoriaze birTvuli iaraRi inaxeboda. 1955 wels TurqeTma did britaneTTan, iranTan, pakistanTan da erayTan erTad daarsa ,,baRdadis paqti”, romelTac daxmarebas uwevda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi.

XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis TurqeTis faqtobrivi neitraliteti mkveTrma prodasavlurma orientaciam Secvala. i.stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg sabWoTa mTavrobam uari ganacxada yovelgvar teritoriul pretenziebze TurqeTis mimarT. [4. 421]


57

XX saukunis 90-ian wlebamde Savi zRvis auzi aRmoCnda ssr kavSiris ,,Caketili areali”. Savi zRvis siaxloves xmelTaSua zRvaSi natos interesebs aSS-is me-6 flotebi icavda. natos strategias regionSi warmoadgenda ssr kavSiris eqspansiis SeCereba axlo aRmosavleTsa da samxreT evropis sazRvrebisken. xmelTaSuazRvispirTSi ssr kavSiris interesebi mimarTuli iyo axlo aRmosavleTisa da balkaneTisken, garda amisa ssr kavSirs surda natos samxedro Zalebis gandevna axlo aRmosavleTidan da samxreT evropis sanapiro zolidan am mizniT xmelTaSua zRvaSi ganlagebuli iyo ssr kavSiris sazRvao Zalebis me-5 eskadra. regioni aRniSnSnul periodSi yvelaze militarizebuli zona iyo. [3. 55]

XX s. 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sabWoTa kavSirsa da TurqeTs Soris urTierTobis gaumjobesebis mizezi gaxda kviprosis mimarT ssr kavSiris poziciis dafiqsireba. moskovi kviprosis damoukideblobis momxred gamovida, rac TurqeTis interesebs Seesabameboda. 1967 wels ssr kavSirsa da TurqeTs Soris xelmowerli xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad ssr kavSirma TurqeTis teritoriaze miiRo monawileoba metalurgiuli, navTobgadamamuSavebeli, aluminis qarxanisa da sxva mZime mrewvelobis sawarmoebis mSeneblobaSi.

1974 wels kviprosze kunZulis eTnikuri Turquli Temis dacvis sasargeblod TurqeTis armiam kunZulis Crdilo nawili daikava, dakavebuli teritoriis farTobma kunZulis 36,2% Seadgina. Seqmnilma situaciam urTi-erToba ara marto saberZneTsa da TurqeTs Soris gaamwvava aramed, gaauaresa urTierToba TurqeTsa da amerikas Soris.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg (1991 w. 31 dekemberi) urTierToba ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris iseTi situacaSi aewyo roca maT Soris sazRvari moi-Sala, ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris buferi saqarTvelo darCa . saqarTvelosaTvis ki buferis rolis Sesruleba Zalian mZime gaxda. miuxedavad, amisa TurqeTsa da ruseTs Soris darCa bevri saerTo ekonomikuri geopolitikuri interesebi, mraval sakiTxSi iyo interesTa Tanxvedra.

XX s. 90-ian wlebSi ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris warmoiSva uTanxmoeba, romelic gamowveuli iyo


58

bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebze satransporto da sanaosno gemebis gasvlaze reglamentis dawesebiT. morigi uTanxmoeba ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris warmoiSva kaspiuri navTobsadenis baqo-Tbilisi jeihanis TurqeTis teritoriaze gatarebis gamo. ruseTi kaspiuri navTobis gatarebas navTobsadeniT novorsibiskamde varaudobda Semdeg igi mas tankerebiT unda gaetana sazRvargareT.

ruseTisa da TurqeTis urTierToba ukanasknel periodSi, rogorc dapirispirebiT ise TanamSromlobiT xasTdeba. ukanaskneli 20 wlis gan-mavlobaSi ruseTi da TurqeTi udides mniSvnelobas aniWeben regionaluri TanamSromlobis ganviTarebas.

es gamowveulia, rogorc regionSi gavlenis gamdidrebis, ise ekonomikuri sargeblobis miRebis mizniT. mniSvnelovania TanamSromloba bisekis farglebSi, gazrdilia ormxrivi vaWroba, ruseTis ekonomikaSi aqtiuria Turquli investiciebi. TurqeTi ruseTisagan energo resursebs Rebulobs. ekonomiuri urTierTobebis miuxedavad or qveyanas Soris mainc arsebobs garkveuli winaaRmdegobebi. ruseTs aSinebs TurqeTis rolisa da gavlenis gazrda kavkasiisa da centraluri aziis regionebSi. ruseTs ar unda, rom milsadenebis TurqeTis teritoriaze gavlam qveyanas regionSi hegemonis roli ganumtkicos. 1987 wlidan TurqTi evrokavSiris asocirebuli wevria da cdilobs aRniSnul organizaciaSi gawevrianebas.

kviprosis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ruseT-TurqeTis poziciebi sakmaod ga-nsxvavebulia. aRniSnul sakiTxze ruseTi yovelTvis saberZneTisa da kviprosis poziciebs Tanaugrnobda. [5. 98]

XX s. 90-iani wlebidan ruseTis sagareo politika mimarTuli iyo iqiTken, rom mas ssr kavSiris daSlis Semdeg kvlav aRedgina Tavisi gavlena yofil sabWoTa respublikebze, rac iwvevda TurqeTis gaRizianebas da igi aRniSnul faqts aRiqvamda, rogorc Tavisi erovnuli interesebis sawinaaRmdegos. TurqeTi gamodioda ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis somxeTsa da saqarTveloSi bazi-rebisa da ganlagebis winaaRmdeg. TurqeTisaTvis miuRebeli gaxda kviprosis demilitarizaciis sakiTxi, ruseTi ki mxars uWerda kunZulis militarizacias.


59

TurqeTi winaaRmdegi iyo mTian yarabaRSi calmxrivad mxolod rusuli sam-Svidobo Zalebis ganlagebaze.

rac Seexeba sakiTxs TurqeTis teritoriaze qurTebis da ruseTis teritoriaze CeCnur separatizms orive qveyana teritoriuli mTlianobis momxred gamodis. qurTebis sakiTxs ruseTi TurqeTis Sinaur saqmed miiCnevs, xolo TurqeTi CeCneTs ruseTis ganuyofel organul nawilad ganixilavs. qurTistans muSaTa partiis lideri abdula odjalani ruseTs afarebda Tavs, man ruseTSi ver miiRo TavSesafari da iZulebuli iyo daetovebina ruseTis teritoria amis Semdeg ruseTis specsamsaxurebma igi keniaSi daapatimres. amave dros mravali CeCeni imaleboda da mkurnalobda TurqeTis teritoriaze. TurqeTis teritoriaze arsebobs mravali organizacia, romelic TanaugrZnobs da daxmarebas uwevs CeCneTis patriotul Zalebs.

Tanamedrove periodSi ruseT-TurqeTis ekonomiuri urTierToba gaumjo-besebas ganicdis, ruseTis vaWrobis wili TurqeTSi gazrdilia. dReisaTvis ruseTi da TurqeTi cdiloben moaxdinon msxvili rusuli proeqtis realizeba, rogoricaa ,,cisferi nakadi”. 2007 wels dadebuli SeTanxmebisa da xel-Sekrulebis safuZvelze TurqeTma ruseTisagan 30 miliardi kuburi metri gazi unda Seisyidos. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa sistemaSi TurqeT ruseTis daaxloeba erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtia. dRevandeli monacemebiT ruseTi TurqeTis erT-erTi savaWro partnioria. politikuri urTierTobebis daTboba or saxelmwifos Soris samxedro strategiul sakiTxebSic aisaxa. ruseTisa da TurqeTis interesebis Tanxvedra 2006 wels yvelasaTvis TvalSi sacemi gaxda. Savi zRvis akvatoriasTan dakavSirebiT, roca ruseTma natos Savi zRvis akvatoriaSi antiteroristuli sazRvao operaciis Catarebis ufleba ar misca. ruseT-TurqeTis daaxloebis faqtad SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omis dros TurqeTma amerikis SeerTebul Statebis mier gagzavnil or samxedro humanitarul gems bosforisa da dardanelis sruteSi Sesvlis ufleba ar misca im motiviT, rom amerikuli gemebis moculoba 1936 wlis montros


60

konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul normebs ar Seesabameboda. aSS-ma aRniSnuli gemebi mcire zomis gemebiT Caanacvla.

amrigad ruseTi da TurqeTi oriveni cdiloben kavkasiaSi gavlenis sferoebi gadaanawilon, magram dasavleTi imedia TurqeTsa da ruseTs marto ar datoveben. ruseTisa da TurqeTis gabatoneba kavkasiaSi dasavleTis interesebSi ar Sedis.


1. r. jafariZe, axlo aRmosavleTi sivrce, xalxi da politika. Tb. .2003.

2. Злобин Н. Второй новый Миропорядок М.2009

3. Полическая География М. 2001

4. Ланцова С. Ачкасова В. Мировая политика и междуно.

5. Современие международые отношения- учебник под редакций

А.В Топкинова М. 1999

Tengiz Grigolia

Russia Turkish geopolitical relations

Summary

Russia Turkish relations counts many years. During many years the

wars have distributed between Russian and Turkish powers to take in hands

the powers over Caucasus, Black Sea and Mediterranean Seas. Foam 1945

Turkey begins to establish close relationships with USA. Between 1945-

1948 Turkey received 8 million dollars help from the USA.

After abolishing Soviet Union, the relations hip between Turkey

and Russia become calm. Turkey is NATO member state and Russia should

consider it as a friendly country. Movement of economical relations between

Russia and Turkey notably established in 1995.

Russia’s and Turkey’s governance over Caucasus doesn’t support sup interests in this region.

Keywords: Difference; Relation; Turkey; Russia; Role; Agremment;

Influence; Building; Politic; Respublic .

Reviewer – professor Dogonadze Shota , Georgian Technical University


61

Григолиа Тенгиз Бондоевич

Геополитические аспекты Росийско-Турецкиx отношений

Резюме

Внешная политика России и международные отношения на

ближнем и среднем востоке имеют многовековую историюю.

Длительное время Росстя т Турцтя вели между совои борбу на

Балканах, Кавказе в чорноморском басеинах.

После II мировой войны началис сближение Турции

Соединенными штатами Америки. 1945-1948гг. Турция получила

американскую помош в обьеме 81 млн. долл. 1952г. Турция стало членом Нато, это ухудшило Советско-Турецкие отношения.

В начале 1960-х гг. начало улучшения Советско-Турецких

отношений, было подписано «Соглашение о поставках

оборудования, материалов и оказания услуг Советским Союзом для

строительства некоторых промишленних предпрятий и об условях

их оплаты ».

К середине 1990-х гг. между Россией и Турцией возникли

разногласие. Политика Росии было направлена на своего влянтя в

бывших советских республиках. Турция виступила против

размешения Россйских воружених сил в Армении и Грузии.

Экономические отношение между России и Турции течение 1990-2008-х гг. продолжается улучшат.

Сближение России и Турции несомнено представляет из

себя одну из весма значимых и интересных реалий на

современнои международной арене.

Ключевые слова: Разногласие; Отношение; Турция; Россия; Роль;

Вляние; Строительствo; Республика .

Рецензент – профессор Догонадзе Шота Акакиевич, Грузинский

технический университет


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rusudan dauSvili

evropis saxelmwifoebi da qarTuli emigracia

XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi

1921 wlis saqarTvelos okupaciis Semdeg evropaSi qarTuli emigraciis pirvel talRis (3.00-4.000) ltolvilTa miRebasa da elementaruli pirobebis Seqmnaze izrunes: saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dros Seqmnilma qarTulma warmomadgenlobebma, sakonsuloebma da TviT evropis qveynebis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma, Tumca ki am qveynebis damokidebuleba qarTuli emigraciisadmi 20-30-ian wlebSi araerTgvarovani da cvalebadi iyo. am mxriv dasavleT evropaSi yvelaze gamokveTili iyo safrangeTis, inglisisa da Sveicariis pozicia.

saqarTvelos mTavrobis sruluflebian elCs evropaSi, akaki Cxenkels, rwmunebis sigelebi mieca parizis, londonisa da romisTvis. elCi parizSi 1921 wlis 13 Tebervals Cavida, roca ruseTis Tavdasxma ukve dawyebuli iyo. rwmunebebi safrangeTis prezidents 25 Tebervals warudgina maSin, roca saqarTvelos jarma da mTavrobam Tbilisi datova. prezidentma milieranma saqarTvelos saelCos wevrebi didi pativiT miiRo da amgvarad gamoxata Tavisi protesti okupantTa mimarT (1). oficialuri miRebis Semdeg, elCma rwmunebis sigeli Caabara da meore dRes londons gaemgzavra.

inglisma saqarTvelo 1921 wlis 27 ianvars cno, magram elCs gulgrilad Sexvdnen. loid-jorjis mTavrobas sabWoTa ruseTTan daaxloeba hqonda dawyebuli, rac 1921 wlis 16 marts savaWro xelSekrulebiT damTavrda. saqarTvelos elCi mxolod amis Semdeg, 17 marts miiRo sagareo saqmeTa ministrma lordma kerzonma. rwmunebis sigelis gadacema premier-ministrisaTvis SeuZlebeli gaxda, radgan saqarTvelos mTavroba ukve emigraciaSi iyo. kerzonma mxurvale TanagrZnoba gamoTqva da elCs daxmarebac aRuTqva, magram londonis, genuis, haagis, lozanis konferenciebze gamoCnda, rom inglisi upiratesobas `rusul politikas~ aniWebda. sagareo saqmeTa saministros aRmosavleTis ganyofilebis gauqmebis Semdeg saqarTvelo CrdiloeTis, ruseTis departaments miaweres. Axali, bonar lous


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kabineti aseT prorusul tendenciebs ar amJRavnebda da saqarTvelos saelCos mdgomareoba londonSi gaumjobesda, magram amiT saqarTvelos mimarT inglisis pozicia ar Secvlila (2).

aprilSi romSi Casuli elCi Tbilad miiRes sagareo saqmeTa ministrma jorjio sforcam da kerZo audienciaze _ mefe viqtor-emanuil III. jiolitis kabinetis faqtas kabinetiT Secvlam da inglisis gavlenam saqarTvelos mimarT italiis samTavrobo wreebis gagulgrileba gamoiwvia. interesi arc musolinis kabinets gamouCenia, Tumca rogorc italiis, aseve inglisis samTavrobo Tu arasamTavrobo wreebSi saqarTvelos bevri megobari da mxardamWeri hyavda, raSic gansakuTrebuli Rvawli saelCos pirvel mdivnebs mixeil sumbaTaSvilsa da giorgi maCabels miuZRodaT (3).

akreditaciis yvela miRebuli wesiis Sesruleba marto safrangeTSi moxerxda da elCi diplomatiuri korpusis namdvil wevrad Cairicxa. mxolod parizis saelCo sargeblobda yvela uflebiTa da upiratesobiT. londonisa da romis saelCoebi Sekvecili uflebebiT gaixsna. okupaciis Semdeg ak. Cxenkeli sruluflebiani ministri gaxda. roca elCi adgilze ar iyo, saelCos gamged pirveli mdivnebi iTvlebodnen.

Sveicariis mTavrobas saqarTvelo iuridiulad ar ucvnia. Tumca iq saqarTvelos bevri megobari hyavda da presac mxurvaled uWerda mxars. 1918 wels bernSi daarsebuli saqarTvelos warmomadgenloba da qarTuli presis biuro, romelic ucxour Jurnal-gazeTebs saqarTveloze informacias regularulad awvdida, 1920 wels JenevaSi, erTa ligis rezidenciaSi gadaitanes. legaciis wevri x. SaviSvili erTa ligasTan saqarTvelos mudmivi, Tumca araoficialuri warmomadgeneli gaxda. mas erTa ligis sabWo, samdivno da yrilobebze Casuli delegatebi saqarTvelos sakiTxiT unda daeinteresebina (4).

yvelaze myari mdgomareoba saqarTvelos mTavrobas safrangeTSi gaaCnda. parizis saelCo sruli uflebebiT sargeblobda da yvelaze met TanagrZnobasac qarTvelebisadmi safrangeTi iCenda. okupaciis Semdeg brianma Jordanias TavSesafari TviTon SesTavaza, Tumca


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ki elCis, abel Sevalies TanxlebiT parizSi Casul mTavrobis wevrebs safrangeTis oficialur pirTagan aravin daxvedria. miuxedavad amisa, safrangeTma ltolvilTa didi nawili miiRo, maT SromiT mowyobazec izruna da saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani politikuri mxardaWera gauwia, rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve saerTaSoriso arenaze. ssr kavSirTan Tavdausxmelobis paqts mxolod 1932 wlis 29 noembers moawera xeli da yvelaze gvian, 1933 wlis aprilSi cno. sabednierod, saqarTvelos mTavrobis legaciisa da saelCos gauqmebiT safrangeTis sazogadoebrivi azri da politikuri wreebis Sexeduleba saqarTvelos damoukideblobaze ar Secvlila (5). safrangeTis mTavrobam qarTveli ltolvilebi calke gamoyo, legaciis nacvlad `ltolvilTa ofisi~ Seqmna, SveicariaSi, italiaSi, germaniasa da stambolSi ki saelCoebi òfisis~ filialebad gadakeTda. òfisis~ direqtorad dainiSna legaciis pirveli mdivani sosipatre asaTiani, moadgiled _ axalgazrda diplomati aleqsi mdivani. òfisma~ muSaoba germanuli okupaciis wlebSic ganagrZo da arsebobis manZilze ara marto qarTvelTa, aramed saqarTvelodan ltolvil sxva erTa, gansakuTrebiT ki ebraelTa dacvisa da gadarCenis saqmeSi udidesi roli Seasrula.

emigraciis pirvel wlebSi saerTaSoriso pirobebi araxelsayreli iyo; saqarTvelos sakiTxi pirveli msoflio omisSemdgomma politikur-ekonomikurma sirTuleebma daCrdila. saqarTvelos evropaSi mravali mxardamWeri hyavda. mis uflebriv mdgomareobas saerTaSoriso samarTlis araerTma specialistma uZRvna naSromi: 1918 wels germanelma fon der listma (6), 1920 wels _ belgielma otfrid nipoldma (7), 1932 wels _ frangma lui le furma (8), magram Seqmnili viTarebis gamo saWiro iyo axal TanamgrZnobTa da mokavSireTa moZieba. saqarTvelos mTavroba xelisuflebis dabrunebasa da ruseTisagan qveynis daxsnas omSi gamarjvebul antantis saxelmwifoTa daxmarebiT cdilobda, amitom bolSevikTa jaris Semosevaze memorandumi maT okupaciisTanave daugzavna. did imeds amyarebda mzard socialistur moZraobasa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebze, gansakuTrebiT _ II internacionalsa da erTa ligaze.


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okupaciis pirvelive dReebSi saqarTvelos dasacavad gamovidnen gamoCenili socialistebi: karl kaucki, ramzei makdonaldi, evgeni grenie, kamil hiusmansi, pavel aqselrodi da sxvebi, vropis qveynebis socialisturma da muSaTa partiebma ki protesti gamoxates. ltolvili mTavroba da saparlamento socialistur partiaTa sazRvargareTuli biuroebis wevrebi xvdebodnen Tanamoazreebs, moxsenebiT gamodiodnen socialistTa sxdomebze, monawileobdnen II internacionalis konferenciebsa da kongresebSi. yvelgan iRebdnen TanagrZnobasa da saqarTvelos mxardamWer rezoluciebs. qarTul da evropul presaSi saqarTveloze aqveynebdnen werilebs, beWdavdnen wignebs, broSurebs da a.S. (9)

cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos miRebis sakiTxi erTa ligaSi 1920 wels daisva, magram uaryofiTad gadawyda. 1921 wels es sakiTxi albaT dadebiTad gadawydeboda, magram saqarTvelo ukve okupirebuli iyo. miuxedavad amisa, am organizaciasTan didi muSaoba Catarda. 1921-22 wlebSi erTa ligas saqarTvelos okupaciis Sesaxeb weriliTa da memorandumiT mimarTes ak. Cxenkelma, e. gegeWkorma, z. avaliSvilma. saqarTvelos gamoesarCla belgiis delegati de brukeri. 1922 wels erTa ligam mis wardgenil rezoluciaze imsjela da 50 saxelmwifos saxeliT daadgina, rom yvelaferi gaekeTebinaT qveynisaTvis normaluro mdgomareobis dasabruneblad. 1923 wels JenevaSi arsebulma `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetma~ erTa ligis mTavar mdivans mowodeba gadasca, romelSic saqarTvelos umZimes yofas aRwerda. 1924 wlis agvistos ajanyebis mxecuri angariSsworebis Sesaxeb erTa ligis me-15 sxdomaze safrangeTis delegatma Jan polbonkurma belgiis, safrangeTisa da didi britaneTis delegaciebis mier SeimuSavebuli proeqti Seitana, romelic 1922 wlis rezolucias imeorebda. kamaTSi gamosulma delegatebma: ingliselma makdonaldma da mureim, italielma bonin-longarma, belgielma de brukerma, frangma bonem rezolucias mxari dauWires. meore dRes saqarTvelos mTavrobis delegaciam erTa ligas nota gadasca (10). 1925 wels qarTveli eris saxeliT, 1924 wlis ajanyebasTan dakavSirebiT, erTa ligas a. Cxenkelma da x. SaviSvilma mimarTes.


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saqarTvelos dasacavad gamovidnen bonkuri, makdonaldi, murei, de briukeri da rezolucia miiRes, romliTac 1922 wlis rezolucia daadastures (11).

1934 wels erTa ligaSi ruseTis miRebis sakiTxs gansakuTrebuli aRSfoTebiT Sveicariisa da inglisis gazeTebi Sexvdnen. aseT viTarebaSi saWiro iyo qarTuli gaaqtiureba da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis amuSaveba. iseTi saxelmwifos aRmoCena, romlis delegati erTa ligas saqarTvelosaTvis micemuli dapirebebis Seaxsenebda da misi damoukideblobis sakiTxs daayenebda. am mizniT qarTulma organizaciebma Seqmnes komisia, romelmac erTa ligis delegatebSi dasarigeblad moxsenebebi moamzada: `saqarTvelo damoukideblobis xanaSi~, `qarTveli xalxis brZola damoukideblobisaTvis 1921 wlidan dRemde~ da `saqarTvelos sakiTxi erTa ligis winaSe~, `saqarTvelos uflebani~. amuSavda presa, saqarTvelosadmi TanagrZnobas yvela qveyana gamoTqvamda. yvelaze metad aqtiurobdnen Sveicariis (romelmac ar cno ssr kavSiri) Jurnal-gazeTebi, gansakuTrebiT ki `Journal de

Geneve~ da misi direqtori Jan marteni (12). ruseTis miRebis gamo 1934 wlis 6 seqtembers

mSvidobis me-20 kongresma lokarnodan erTa ligas mimarTva gaugzavna, saqarTvelos sakiTxi da rezolucia Seaxsena. gagzavnes generaluri mdivnis arman karmaniolasa da saqarTvelos damxmare saerTaSoriso asociaciis xelmZRvanelis alber malSis adresic. x. SaviSvilma erTa ligis me-15 sxdomis Tavmjdomare sanderss miarTva adresi, saqarTvelos mTavrobis saprotesto gancxadeba. mas azerbaijanis, Crdilo kavkasiis, saqarTvelos, Turqestanisa da ukrainis warmomadgenelTa xelmowerili protestic gadaeca (13). sesiaze ki saqarTvelos Sveicariis sagareo saqmeTa ministri juzepe mota gamoesarCla. Sveicarias mxari dauWires portugaliam da holandiam. gamoqveynda saqarTvelos Sesaxeb erTa ligis me-15 yrilobis TavmjdomarisaTvis gagzavnil werilze xelmomwerTa siac. miuxedavad amisa, me-16 sxdomaze sabWoTa ruseTi erTa ligis wevrad miiRes. amiT `saqarTvelos sakiTxi ar moxsnila saerTaSoriso asparezidan _ mxolod gadaido~,_


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motas am sityvebs fexze wamomdgari delegatebi taSiT Sexvdnen (14).

erTa ligaSi saqarTvelos rom mravali mxardamWeri hyavda, es Semdgom wlebSic gamoCnda. magaliTad, 1936 wels erTa ligis me-17 sxdomas kavkasiis erebma memorandumi warudgines. meore mimarTvas xels awerdnen kavkasielebi, Turqestanelebi, ukrainelebi (15). 1937 wels erTa ligis me-18 yrilobis Tavmjdomare aRa xans memorandumi azerbaijnis, Crdilo kavkasiis, saqarTvelos, TurqmeneTis, ukrainis warmomadgenlebma miarTves da a.S. (16).

saqarTvelos mTavroba cdilobda yvela im saerTaSoriso kongressa da konferenciaSi mieRo monawileoba, sadac I msoflio omisSemdgom problemebi, saerToevropuli sakiTxebi wydeboda da saqarTveloze sazogadoebrivi azris Seqmna SeiZleboda.

rogorc aRvniSneT, safrangeTma saqarTvelos didi mfarveloba gauwia saerTaSoriso asparezze _ 1921 wlis ianvarSi londonis konferenciaze saqarTvelos Suamdgomlobda inglisTan da osmaleTTan. 1922 wlis ianvarSi saqarTvelos mTavrobam kanis konferencias notiT mimarTa, saqarTvelodan ruseTis jarebis gayvana da eris samarTliani uflebebis aRdgena moiTxova. TebervalSi saqarTvelos sakiTxi vaSingtonis konferenciazec daisva. april-maisSi Catarebul genuis konferenciaze inglisis premier-ministrma loid-jorjma ruseTis daSveba moiTxova, brianma saqarTvelos sakiTxi daayena. safrangeTis mTavrobis meTaurma puankarem kanis dadgenilebas gverdi ver auara da saqarTvelos mTavroba genuaSi ar miiwvia, Tumca ki orjer ganacxada, rom ruseTs saqarTvelos saxeliT laparakis ufleba ara aqvs. saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis werilisa da svaneTis ajanyebaze dokumenturi masalebis wardgenam genuaSi yvelaze didi STabeWdileba moaxdina, magram saqarTvelo konferenciaze ar miiwvies _ aziaSi mdebareobso, ruseTma ki Tavis delegaciaSi budu mdivnis CarTva moaxerxa. safrangeTis deputatma utreim uaryo ruseTis survili _ yofiliyo mis mier okupirebul saxelmwifoTa warmomadgeneli. puankarem ganacxada, rom Tu `de iured~ cnobili saqarTvelo konferenciaze daSvebuli araa, verc sxvebs darTavda nebas. puankarem inglisisa da italiis


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mTavrobebs mimarTa lozanis konferenciaze saqarTvelos erovnuli mTavroba miewviaT. kerzonsa da Sars uari ar uTqvamT, magram saqarTvelos faqtobrivi mTavrobis mowvevac moiTxoves. ase rom, erovnuli mTavroba 1923 wels arc lozanis konferenciaze miiwvies, Tumca sruteebis sakiTxis ganxilvas saqarTvelo unda daswreboda, rogorc SavizRvispira qveyana. ruseTis delegaciam ganaaxla cda _ saqarTvelo da ukraina `protokolidan moexsna~. raki konferenciaze erovnuli mTavroba ar eswreboda, CiCerinma budu mdivani Caiyvana da Seecada saqarTvelos saxeliT elaparakaT, magram maT amis ufleba ar misces. marTalia, konvenciaSi saqarTvelo da ukraina naxsenebi ar iyo, magram es debuleba bolo dRes xelmoweril proeqtSi Seitanes da `qarTuli abzaci~ uwodes. konvencia saqarTvelos adgils im dromde utovebda, sanam Tavisuflad moqmedebas SeZlebda (17). roca 1936 wels montros konvenciam 1923 wlis sruteebis Sesaxeb lozanis konvencia Secvala da sruteebis sakontrolo komitetSi saqarTelo-ukraina aRar iyvnen, ak. Cxenkelma konferenciis Tavmjdomares, stanlei bross 4 punqtad Camoyalibebuli protesti gadasca (18).

saqarTvelos sakiTxis msoflio politikis arealSi mosaqcevad didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda saerTaSoriso organizaciebs, romlebSic saqarTvelo Sedioda rogorc asociacia an seqcia. aseTi iyo `erTa ligis damxmare saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba~, romelic aerTianebda mis wevr saxelmwifoebSi Seqmnil asociaciebs. organizaciis Tavmjdomares erTa ligis sxdomebze daswrebisa da sityvis warmoTqmis ufleba hqonda. raki saqarTvelo erTa ligis wevrad ar miiRes, gadawyda misi paraleluri organizaciis wevri mainc gamxdariyo. 1919 wlis bolos TbilisSi Catarebul krebaze daarsda `qarTuli sazogadoeba erTa ligisaTvis~. airCies gamgeoba: Tavmjdomared _ aleqsandre lomTaTiZe, moadgiled _ vaxtang RambaSiZe. saqarTvelos okupaciis Semdeg sazogadoebis wevrTa umravlesoba sazRvargareT aRmoCnda. maT parizSi ganagrZes muSaoba. asociaciaTa gaerTianebis generaluri sabWos wevri gaxda xariton SaviSvili. 1921-33 wlebSi saerTaSoriso ligis kongresebma da yrilobebma saqarTvelos mxardamWeri araerTi rezolucia miiRo.


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qarTulma sazogadoebam muSaoba ki mas Semdeg gaaZliera, rac ssrk erTa ligis wevri gaxda, mis damxmare organazaciaSic scada SeRweva da arasasurveli wevrebis _ saqarTvelos, ukrainis, ruseTis emigrantTa moSoreba. 1936 wels glazgos kongresze miiRebuli axali statutiT _ erTa ligis wevri vinc ar iyo, mis damxmare sazogadoebasac avtomaturad tovebda. erTwliani brZolis Semdeg, 1938 wels, londonSi, krebaze, wevrma asociaciebma saqarTvelos mimarT Tanadgoma rezoluciiT gamoxates, imave wels kopenhagenSi Catarebul asociaciaTa wliuri yrilobaze saqarTvelo-ukrainis asociaciaTa Zvel, srul uflebebSi aRdgenas mxari bevrma dauWira da asec moxdeboda 1939 wels niu-iorkSi dagegmil yrilobaze II msofli omi rom ar dawyebuliyo (19).

okupaciis Semdeg saqarTvelom `adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso ligis“ mxardaWerac moipova _ 1922 wels n. Jordaniam ligas arsebuli viTareba Seatyobina. 1924 wels ligis mdivnis, alisa menar-doranisa da vice-prezident alfons olaris mxardaWeriT, k. gvarjalaZis TavmjdomareobiT `adamianis uflebaTa dacvis qarTuli seqcia“ Seiqmna (20). 13 wlis ganmavlobaSi seqciis muSaobis wyalobiT saerTaSoriso ligam saqarTvelos sakiTxze rezolucia 3-jer miiRo.

`mSvidobis saerTaSoriso biuro“ belgieli senatoris la fontenis TavmjdomareobiT, gars ikrebda pacifistur sazogadoebebs. 1926 wlidan is saqarTvelos damcveli gaxda. imave wels parizSi Seqmnili qarTuli seqcia `mSvidobis (zavis) saerTaSoriso biuro saqarTvelos sasargeblod~ saerTaSoriso biuros saqmianobaSi CaerTo (21), romelmac 57 saxelmwifos monawileobiT 1929-39 wlebSi yovelwliuri ganiaraRebis kongresebi Caatara. kongresebze qarTvelebi saqarTvelos sakiTxs ayenebdnen, kiTxulobdnen moxsenebebs saqarTvelos damoukideblobaze, mis brZolaze, iRebdnen mardaWeras da rezoluciebx erTa ligaSi gzavnidnen.

am 3 qarTuli seqciis garda mravlad iyvnen saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, romlebic saqarTvelos daxmarebas uwevdnen. magaliTad, `wiTeli jvari~ gustav adoris, `Sromis saerTaSoriso biuro~ albert tomasis, `ruseTis emigrantTa damxmare~, e.w. `nansenis komiteti“


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lulonis, `erTa ligis ltolvilTa damxmare amerikuli komiteti“ komisar jonsonis xelmZRvanelobiT da a.S. yvela am saerTaSoriso organizaciis garda qarTul emigracias mxarSi uangarod edgnen da misi problemebis gadawyvetas cdilobdnen `saqarTvelos damxmare~ da `megobarTa~ komitetebi.

`saqarTvelos damxmare komiteti“ yvelaze adre, 1921 wels, okupaciisTanave, varlam CerqeziSvilis ZalisxmeviTa da ser s.e. morisis TavmjdomareobiT Seiqmna inglisSi (22). komitetis wevrebi: silvia lindi, filip snoudeni, eTel snoudeni, ramzei makdonaldi, n. draihorsti, s. bolsi, e. diuhami, van kobden-envini da sxvebi saqarTvelos aqtiurad uWerdnen mxars erTa ligis sxdomebze, socialisturi internacionalis Sekrebebze, saerTaSoriso konferenciebsa da kongresebze.

1924 wels JenevaSi xariton SaviSvilisa da Jan martenis iniciativiT daarsebuli `saqarTvelos damxmare internacionaluri komiteti“ prezidentad `Journale de

Geneve“-s redaqtori Jan marteni airCies, vice-prezidentad _ alber malSi (23). 1930 wels 40-mde axali wevri miiRes, rac saqarTvelosa da komitetisadmi simpaTiis zrdis maCvenebeli iyo. J. marteni sapatio prezidentad datoves. axal prezidentad Jenevis kantonis ganaTlebis ministri alber malSi airCies, vice-prezidentebad _ profesorebi JorJ verneri da edgar milo (24). komitetma didi roli Seasrula saqarTvelos sakiTxis gaxmaurebaSi _ iwvevda qarTvel politikur moRvaweebs, yovelwliurad aRniSnavda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dRes 26 maiss, iwvevda mravalricxovani sazogadoebas, sityviT gamodiodnen cnobili mRvaweebi. stumrebze waruSlel STabeWdilebas axdenda qarTuli simRerebi da cekvebi.

SveicariaSi meore organizaciac arsebobda `frangul-aRmosavleTis komitetis“ seqcia `kavkasiis, TurqmeneTisa da ukrainis erebis megobarTa komiteti“. saqarTvelos warmoadgenda a. Cxenkeli. komitetis mizani iyo leqciebiT, SexvedrebiT da sxva RonisZiebebiT am erTa daaxloeba. mas surda dasavleT evropaSi ssr kavSiris yvela `Cagruli eris~ centri gamxdariyo (25). amiT igi aRmosavleT evropaSi, poloneTSi moqmed `promeTes“ uaxlovdeboda, masTan mWidro urTierToba


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hqonda da erTobliv RonisZiebebsac awyobdnen _ kiTxulobdnen moxsenebebs, romlebic `Cagrul erebs“ Seexeboda, awyobdnen gamofenebs, Sexvedrebs, koncertebs, sadac erovnul cekvebsa da simRerebs asrulebdnen. komiteti saprotesto politikur ganacxadebsac akeTebda: 1936 wels memorandumi, sabWoebis mier daCagruli erebis interesebis dasacavad, erTa ligis me-17 krebis Tavmjdomares gadasca (26), 1938 wels ssrk axali konstituciis gamo, romelmac kidev ufro SezRuda erovnul saxelmwifoTa uflebebi, yvela saxelmwifos mTavrobebs memorandumi daugzavna (27).

1928 wlis 25 Tebervals parizis socialur muzeumSi Catarebul krebaze, romelsac 140 kaci eswreboda daarsda `saqarTvelos megobarTa asociacia“. prezidentad airCies safrngeTis iusticiis ministri, qarTvelTa Zveli megobari abel Sevalie; vice-prezidentad _ princesa aSil miurati (salome dadiani); sapatio Tavmjdomareebad _ g. risleri (socialuri muzeumis direqtori), Jan marteni (saqarTvelos damxmare saerTaSoriso komitetis Tavmjdomare JenevaSi) da baroni de bai _ saqarTvelos siZveleTa aRmweri; generalur mdivnad _ studentTa sazogadoebis mzrunveli Teliko koke-nikolaZisa (Semdeg _ miSel florizoli, saqarTveloSi italiis yofili konsuli); xazinadrad _ kredit lion bankis direqtori pere. mdivnad _ erovnuli biblioTekis biblioTekari arnaul dandiu. asociaciis wevrebi iyvnen: jon vilemsi, Jiul klaini, generali patei, alber demoloni, viqtor babe, georg risleri, pier foresti, jeims stefensi. asociaciis mizani iyo qarTvelebTan urTierTobis gaRrmaveba da maTi mxardasaWeri saqmianobis gaaqtiureba, leqcia-moxsenebebi, gamocemebi, informacia, studentTa daxmareba da sxva (28). asociacia wm.ninos pativsacemad yovelwliurDixdida wirvas, 1932 wels parizSi wm.ninos saxelobis qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis daarsebis Semdeg atarebda ninoobis dResaswauls, saqvelmoqmedo mejlisebs, qarTul saRamoebs, konferenciebs.

safrangeTis kvaldakval 1928 wels `saqarTvelos megobarTa sazogadoeba“ inglisSic Seiqmna da pirveli RonisZiebad londonis xelovnebis akademiaSi saqarTveloze axalgazrda mogzaurisa da mwerlis,


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uiliam alenis leqcia Caatara (29). aseTive sazogadoeba senatorebisa da deputatebisagan senatis Tavmjdomaris, fridrix soukupis xelmZRvanelobiT CexoslovakiaSic Seiqmna da melin gamiC-polkanis xelmZRvanelobiT _ poloneTSi, romlebic aqtiurad TanamSromlobdnen adgilobriv qarTul koloniebTan da sxva msgavs da saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan.

Aam organizaciaTa wyalobiT saqarTvelo axal mxardamWerebsa da TanamgrZnobebs ara marto evropis samTavrobo wreebSi, aramed sazogadoebis farTo fenebSic iCenda (30) qarTvelTa aqtiurobis, evropuli presis, organizaciebis, cnobil saxelmwifo moRvaweTa saprotesto gancxadebebis miuxedavad, ruseTma erTa ligaSi mainc SeaRwia, Tumca saqarTvelos sakiTxi saerTaSoriso asparezidan ar moxsnila. marTalia, evropis saxelmwifoTa mxardaWera, erTa ligis, samSvidobo, ekonomikuri Tu sxva saerTaSoriso kongresTa da konferenciaTa rezoluciebi saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso iuridiul subieqtad tovebdnen, magram mas ruseTidan Tavis daxsnaSi ver Svelodnen. literatura References:

1. asaTiani s. mcire mogoneba _ Jurn. `kavkasioni~, XII, parizi, 1968,

gv.108

2. cxovrebaZe g. akaki Cxenkelis memuari `saqarTvelos demokratiuli

respublikis mTavrobis diplomatiuri muSaobis Sesaxeb 1921-22 ww.~,

qarTuli diplomatia, t. II, Tb. 1995, gv.25-41

3. giorgi maCabeli – Jurn. `damoukidebeli saqarTvelo~, parizi, 1935,

#112, gv.12-13

4. SaraZe g. xariton SaviSvili, ucxoeTis cis qveS, t. III, Tb. 1993,

gv.39-57 5. aRar aris saelCo – Jurn. `damoukidebeli saqarTvelo~, 1933, #91,

gv.1-3

6. List F. Die Volkerechtlichee Stellung der Republik Georgien,

Berlin, 1918

7. Nipold O. La Georgie du point de vue du droit international, Paris,

1920

8. Fur L. La Georgie et la droit des Gens, Paris, 1932


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9. gvarjalaZe k. saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli partiis muSaoba

sazRvar-gareT, parizi, 1936

10. zurabiSvili iv. saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba, parizi,

1936

11. JenevaSi, erTa ligis V yrilobaze – gaz. `damoukidebeli

saqarTvelo~, parizi, 1925, #3, gv.17-31

12. ucxoeTis presa – Jurn. `damoukidebeli saqarTvelo~, 1934, #105,

gv.8-9

13. nota erTa ligis me-15 yrilobis Tavmjdomare sanderss – Jurn.

`damoukidebeli saqarTvelo~, 1934, #106, gv.9

14. Sveicariis Rirseba (werili Jan martinisa, romelic daibeWda mis JurnalSi 1936 w. 3 maiss) – Jurn. `damoukidebeli saqarTvelo~, 1936, #126,

gv.5-6

15. daCagruli erebis mimarTva erTa ligis me-17 krebis Tavmjdomares

– Jurn. `damoukidebeli saqarTvelo~, 1936, #129, gv.5-6

16. memorandumi, mimarTva erTa ligis me-18 yrilobis Tavmjdomare

aRa xans – Jurn. `damoukidebeli saqarTvelo~, 1937, #140, gv.6-7, #141,

gv.9-10

17. gvarjalaZe k. Cveni muSaoba – Jurn. `mebrZoli saqarTvelo~,

parizi, 1952, #1, gv.10-12

18. dauSvili r. saqarTvelos sakiTxi XX s. 20-30-iani ww. saerTaSoriso

kongresebsa da konferenciebze _ Tspu msoflio istoriis kaTedris krebuli, miZRvnili vaxtang nanitaSvilisadmi, 2004, gv.54-57

19. dauSvili r. erTa ligis damxmare saerTaSoriso komitetis qarTuli

seqcia _ krebuli miZRvnili m.mamforiasa da g.simoniZis xsovnisadmi, Tsu,

V, 2005, 193-202

20. adamianis uflebaTa ligis qarTuli seqcia – gaz. `damoukidebeli

saqarTvelo~, 1926, #3, gv.4

21. zavis saerTaSoriso biuro saqarTvelos sasargeblod – Jurn. `mebrZoli


22. saqarTvelos sakiTxi ucxoeTSi, saqarTvelos megobrebi inglisSi _

Jurn. `brZola~, parizi, 1925, #1, gv.30-32

23. SaraZe r. xariton SaviSvili, xariton SaviSvilis statia `alber malSi~,

Tb. 2004, gv.35-36 24. saqarTvelos damxmare internacionaluri komiteti _ Jurn.

`damoukidebeli saqarTvelo~, 1930, #58, gv.7

25. megobrobis komiteti _ Jurn. `damoukidebeli saqarTvelo~, 1934,

#103, gv.16

26. erTa ligis kreba da kavkasiis erebi _ Jurn. `damoukidebeli

saqarTvelo~, 1938, #128, gv.3-5

27. memorandumi _ Jurn. `damoukidebeli saqarTvelo~, 1938, #143,


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gv.15

28. saqarTvelos megobarTa sazogadoeba _ Jurn. `damoukidebeli


29. moxseneba saqarTveloze londonSi – Jurn. `damoukidebeli


30. dauSvili r. saqarTvelos damxmare da `megobari~ organizacebi,

qarTuli emigracia 1921-1939 wlebSi, Tb. 2007, gv.80-91

Rusudan Daushvili

European Nations and Georgian Emigration in 20-30-ies of the 20th

century

Summary

After occupation of Georgia in 1921, the Georgian representative

institutions, consulates set up during the independence period and also

European countries ensured the settlement of the first wave of emigration,

providing them with minimum living conditions. However, in 20-30-ies, the

attitude of these countries toward Georgian emigration differed. In this

respect, France, England and Switzerland had the most determined positions.

Although, England acknowledged the independence of Georgia on

January 27, 1921, it gave priority to the “Russian Policy”. The Swiss

government had never recognized Georgia legally. However, both in England and Switzerland, Georgia had many friends and ardent support from

the press. Georgian government had the most solid support in France.

Georgian Embassy in Paris was entitled to exercise full rights and France

showed the most compassion –accommodated the major part of the refugees,

ensured their employment and provided Georgia with important political

support both in France and internationally.

Although, Georgia did not become a member of the League of

Nations, it carried out a comprehensive work with this organization.

“Georgian case“ was discussed at the international congresses and

conferences, where general European issues were settled. International

institutions and their Georgian sections, such as: International Community

for Support of the League of Nations (Georgian community for the League of Nations), International League for Human Rights (Human Rights

Georgian Section), International Peace Bureau (International Peace Bureau

for Georgia) played crucial parts in this respect. Georgia was supported by

the Red Cross, international Labor Bureau, Committee for Russian Refugees

(Nansen committee), American Committee for Refugees of the League of

Nations, etc.


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Georgian emigration was assisted by the Committees for Georgia

established in London and Geneva, as well as Committees of Friends of

Georgia founded in Switzerland, France and England. Through this

organizations, Georgia gained more and more supporters not only among the

European government circles, but also among general public.

Although, the European nations supported Georgia and the resolutions

adopted by the League of Nations, international organizations, congresses

and conferences recognized Georgia as an international legal subject, they

could not provide help to regain independence from Russia.

Keywords: The European states, League of the Nation, the Georgian emigration,

refugees, « the Georgian question », the international organizations, the international

congresses, the international conferences.


Даушвили Русудан

Европейские государства и грузинская эмиграция в 20-30 годы ХХ

столетия

Резюме

После оккупации Грузии в 1921 году в Европе начались

проблемы с приемом и обеспечением элементарных условий для

первой вольны грузинской эмиграции: созданые в период

независимости Грузии грузиигрузинские представительства и

консульства, а также европейские страны по разному воспринимали и оценивалиее независимость и грузинскую эмиграцию 20-30 годов.

Отношение к ней постоянно мениалось. В Западной Европе найболее

определенную позицию занимали Франия, Англия и Швейцария.

Англия признала Грузию 27 января 1921 года, но

придерживалась «русской политики». Правительство Швейцарии

юридический Грузию не прмзнало, хотя в Англии и Швейцарии Грузия

имела много друзей и пресса ее горячо поддерживала. Найболее

твердой позиции в отношении к правительству Грузии проявляла

Франция. Посол в Париже ползовался всеми дипломатическими

правами и Франция больше остальных стран в отношении Грузии

проявляла сочувствие: приняла найбольшее число беженцев, заботилась об их трудоустройстве и оказывала значительную

политическую поддержку как внутри страны, так и на международной

арене.


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У Грузии Европе было много сторонников. Несмотря на то, что

Грузия не стала членом Лиги Нации, с этой организацией она

провадила большую работу и была тесно связана. «Грузинский вопрос»

стоял на всех международных конгрессах и конференциях, где

обсуждались международные вопросы и где возможно было созданые

общественного мнения в отношении Грузии. На оказания в ареале

мировой политики «Грузинский вопрос» большое значение имели

международные организации и их грузинские секции:

«Вспомогательное международное общество Лиги Нации» (грузинская

общество для Лиги Нации), «Международная Лига защиты прав

человека» (грузинская секция защиты прав человека), «Международное бюро мира» (международное бюро мира в пользу Грузии). Грузии

оказывали помощ: «Красный крест», «Международное бюро труда»,

«Комитет помощи русским эмигрантам» (Комитет Нансена).

«Американский комитет Лиги Нации по оказание помощи беженцам» и

т.д. На стороне грузинской эмиграции стояла и питались решить ее

проблемы «Комитеты помощи Грузии» созданые в Лондоне и Женеве и

«Комитеты друзей Грузии» существовавшие в Швейцарии, Франия и

Англия. Благодаря этим комитетам Грузия прообретала новых

сторонников и сочувствующих не только правительственных кругах

Евроры, но и среди широкой общественности.

Европейские государства, Лига Нации, международные организации, конгрессы и конференции продолжали считать Грузию

международным юридическом субьектом, но все это не поиогало

избавить Грузию от России.

Ключевые слова: Европейские государства, Лига Нации, грузинская

эмиграция, беженцы, «Грузинский вопрос», международные

организации, международные конгрессы, международные

конференции.




77

oTar qoCoraZe

menejmentis erovnuli skolebi

`veranairi ekonomikuri situacia ver iqneba imdenad uimedo, rom mTeli xalxis mtkice neba da patiosani Sroma ver moerios mas”.

ludvig vilhelm erhardi

axdens Tu ara erovnuli kultura zegavlenas marTvis stilze? Tu marTvis stili warmoadgens ekonomikuri aucileblobis produqts? gasuli saukenis 70-ian wlebSi menejmentisadmi miZRvnil literaturaSi gaCnda cneba “menejmentis erovnuli Taviseburebebi”, romlis meoxebiTac daiwyes im TviTmyofadi, Taviseburi da ganumeorebelis aRniSvna, riTac xasiaTdeba mocemuli qveyans marTvis sistema da procesi, xelmZRvaneleba. menejmentis erovnuli skola ganpirobebulia qveynis ganviTarebis istoriiT, misi kulturiT, tradiciebiT, wes-CveulebebiT, zneobrivi faseulobebiT. marTvis erovnuli stilis kvlevis gacxoveleba gamoiwvia Semdegma faqtorebma: _ marTvis sxva stili _ es aris sarke, romelSic airekleba sakuTari stili. daxelovnebisaTvis saWiroa raTa SegeZloT Sedareba. _ erovnuli menejmentis Seswavla _ niSnavs aiTviso ganumeorebeli mmarTvelobiTi gamocdileba, gadaRebuli iyos is faseuli, risi transformirebac aris SesaZlebeli mocemuli qveynis pirobebisaTvis. _ ucxouri gamocdilebis sistematuri Seswavla warmoadgens “sakuTari” marTvis srulyofis erT-erT aucilebel mimarTulebas. _ sxva qveynis teritoriaze sawarmos warmatebuli marTvisaTvis saWiroa marTvis sakuTari stilis SeTavseba im qveynisaTvis damaxasiaTebel stilTan.

menejmentis germanuli modeli SedarebiT kvlevebSi ZiriTadad gamoyofen menejmentis germanuli modelis Semdeg Taviseburebebs: menejmentis germanuli modelis Tavisebureba TvalnaTliv Cans profesiul-teqnukuri ganaTlebis


78

erovnul sistemaSi, romelic gamoirCeva sainJinro saqmisadmi, teqnikuri swavlebisa da xelobisadmi mzardi yuradRebiT. eqspertTa SefasebiT igi saukeTesoa evropaSi. yovelive amis saTave ki erovnul kulturul memkvidreobaSi Zevs. rasac Tavis droze ilia WavWavaZem miaqcia yuradReba da werilSi “sateqniko da saxelosno saswavleblebis Sesaxeb” (tfilisi, 25 noemberi, 1898 w.) aRniSna, rom: “1870 welsa, roca germaniam Tavs-zari dasca manmade TiTqmis uZlevels safrangeTsa da saca Sexvda, bre gaadina, sTqves, rom germaniis skolis maswavlebelma sZlia safrangeTsa da daamarcxao, amiT imis Tqma undodaT, rom uxvad mofenilma da kargad mowyobilma skolebma da swavla-ganaTlebam germaniisam misca ers is sulieri da xorcieli Zal-Rone, romelmac Sehmusra safrangeTio. mas aqeT germanium axla sxva gzaze iCina Tavi Tavisi Zlevamosiloba da winsvla imave RonisZiebebiT. aqac, rogorc etyoba, mizezi Zlevamosilebisa igive skolis maswavlebelia, igive swavla da ganaTlebaa. am ocs ukanasknel weliwadSi xelosnoba da erTob vaWroba-xelosnoba ise win wamodga germaniaSi, rom yvelasaTvis saocebeli gaxda. winaT am mxriT susti da uRono germania bevrad Camouvardeboda imisTana samrewvelo qveyanas, rogoric safrangeTia da Sori-axlosac ver daudgeboda ingliss, romelic mrewveloba-vaWrobiT yvela qveynebze win iyo. exla germania am oc Tu met-nakleb weliwadSi mrewveloba-vaWrobaSi safrangeTs TiTqmis win uswrobs da lamis ingliss gaesworpiros da msoflio bazarSi ciloba gauwius. aseTma siswrafem garmaniis warmatebisam gancvifrebuli yuradReba miiqcia mrewvel-movaWre qveynebisa, rogoric inglisia, belgiaa, da Crdilo amerikis Statebmac-ki yurebi acqvites gaocebisagan da imis gamosarkvevad, Tu ra Zali da Rone ixmara germaniam, rom misi vaWroba-mrewveloba ase gaZlierda da gadidda, komisiebi daniSnes. ai es komisiebi ras amboben: “igi upiratesoba germaniisa, romelic wlidan wlamde ufro da ufro Tavs iCens, saqonlis sikeTiTa da bazrebis gandidebiTa, samarTliani jildoa im zedmiwevniT asrulebuli programisa, romelic samis


79

sityviT gamoiTqmis: saero ganaTlebis warmateba. es qveyana mkis imas, rasaca sTesavs. Tu sxva qveynebs hsurT mis vaWrobas da mrewvelobas gaumklavdnen, ise unda moiqcnen, rogorc igi, da imave mxneobiTao”. marto erTi prusia, da am mxriT igi sxva germaniis qveynebze dabla sdgas, sateqniko swavla-codnis gavrcelebisaTvis weliwadSi hxarjavs milion naxevar maneTsa imisda gareiTad, rasac am sagnisaTvis swiraven qalaqis gamgeobani, saxelmwifo dawesebulebani da calke kacni. “TviT mefabrikeni da meqarxneni, hxedven-ra, ra sargeblobaa, roca swavluli da mcodne xelosnebi da muSebi hyavT, inaxaven skolebs Tavisi sakuTaris xarjiT da zogjer mTavrobac hSvelis fuliT am saqmeSi cotad Tu bevrad. am saxiT gamarTuli 248 skolaa da Sig moswavleni arian 11.000 ymawvili. “yovelis calke xelobisaTvis calke skolebia. xelosenebisaTvis, romelnic Senobebs garedan da SignioT hxataven da alamazeben, prusiaSi 32 calke skolaa. xarazebisaTvis _ 9, dercikebisaTvis _ 16, xabazebisaTvis _ 20, yasbebisaTvis _ 6, mWedlebisaTvis 26 da sxvani. “badenis did sahercogos sul naxevar milionze naklebi mkvdari hyavs da sateqniko skolebze-ki weliwadSi hxarjavs 180.000 maneTsa. hesenis did sahercoghoSi. romelsac sul erTi milioni mkvdari hyavs, 9 saxelosno skolaa, 43 samrewvelo da 82 samxatvro. yvelaze win aris saqsonia, romelic Tumca didi qveyana ar aris, magram as TerTmeti sateqniko skola aqvs, saca aswavlian yovelgvar xelobas da xelovnebas. amasTan saqsoniaSi 10 skolaa sakuTriv mowaTmoqmedebisa da 40 savaWro saswavlebeli”. inglisis komisia ambobs: “yovelgvar samrewveloSi muSis gasamrjelo matulobs germaniaSi, xani samuSao dRisa ganuwyvetliv klebulobs da patara ymawvilebis muSaoba TiTqmis moispo. inglisis mefabrikeTa tyuilada hgoniaT, viTomc warmatebas mrewvelobisas germaniaSi sxva ram mizezi hqondes da ara marto upiratesoba da aRmatebuloba sayovelTao saero ganaTlebisa da saspecialo-sateqniko swavla-codnisa”...


80

...nurvin ityvis, rom ama Tu im ersa vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis niWi da buneba ara aqvso. am ocisa da oc-da-aTis wlis wined germaniis vaWroba da mrewveloba TiTqmis saxsenebelic ar iyo. gavida es xani da dRes germaniam, vxedavT, msoflio bazari TiTqmis mTlad xelT epyra uciloblad. ram moaxdina es saswauli? saspecialo da satteqniko swavla-codnis mofenam da warmatebam. sCans, aq niWi bevrs arafers SuaSia, saqme swavla-codna yofila. an vaWroba da mrewveloba ra imisTana saqmea, rom gansakuTrebuli niWi ram undodes? yovel orTa-Sua kacs sakmao Wkua da goneba aqvs, rom vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis saqmes miswvdes, Tu, ra sakvirvelia, amaebis swavla-codnac xelT eqmneba. xolo gvetyvian: Tu egrea da gansakuTrebuli niWi ar sdomebia, bevrni ucodinarni da uswavlelni win ras mihyavs vaWrobasa da mrewvelobaSi, Tu ar niWsa? marTalia, amis aSkara magaliTebs bevrsa vxedavT, nametnavad Cvens dalocvils qveyanaSi, da amas ara erTi da ori ixvevs xelze imis sabuTad, viTomc aq erTi raRac gansakuTrebuli niWiereba moqmedebs im mdgomisa, romelsac CvenSi ufros-erTi vaWrebi ekuTvnian. am samocisa Tu metis wlis winad germaniis ebraelnic swored amasve ambobdnen TavianT Tavze da afolebdnen germanias. drom da Jamma daamtkica, rom es ase ar aris da germanelma cota ar iyos frTa Seakeca am tyuilad gaberils Tavmowonebas”. [1]. profesiul-teqnukuri ganaTlebis erovnul sistema germaniaSi uzrunvelyofs axalgazrdebis (16-21 weli) momzadebas (3 wlis ganmavlobaSi) da saxelmwifo diplomas miRebas. saswavlo procesi gulisxmobs rogorc samuSao adgilze momzadebas (4 dRe kviraSi), aseve Teoretikul swavlebas (kviraSi 1 dRe). profesiul-teqnukuri ganaTlebis erovnul sistemaSi saganmanaTleblo programebis Sinaarsi mtkicdeba sami institutis _ mTavrobis, damsaqmebelTa asociaciebis da profkavSirebis mier. saerTo xelmZRvanelobas axorcieleben adgiobrivi savaWro-samrewvelo palatebi. germanuli sawarmoebis saSualo wliuri samuSao Zalis minimum 5%-s Seadgenen profesiul-teqnukuri ganaTlebis sistemis msmenelebi. samrewvelo sawarmoTa muSebis daaxloebiT 70% gaiara es sistema da Caabara


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kvalificiuri gamocdebi, romlebic iTvaliswinebdnen dargobriv specifikasa da konkretuli sawarmos moTxovnilebebs. [msgavsi kvalifikacia aqvT: niderlandebSi _ muSebis 40%, aSS-sa da inglisSi _ 30%-s.] kvalificiuri samuSao Zalis momzadebaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba damrigeblebis institutes. germanul sawarmoebSi damrigebelTa 2/3 aqvs ostatis sertifikati. germanul firmebSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs agreTve profesiuli ostatobis zrdis stimulireba. gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebamde menejmenti germaniaSi ar iTvleboda calkeul samecniero dargad, Sesabamisad, Sesabamisi saswavlo disciplinebi warmoadgendnen iSviaTobas. germanelebs miaCndaT, rom menejmentma, rogorc damoukidebelma samecniero disciplinam SeiZleba warmoSvas egoizmi, araloialuroba, produqciis xarisxisadmi agdebuli damokidebulebis tendencia. biznes germanulSi Sesaqebad ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba Tandebuli internehmerisch

(iniciativiani, moxerxebuli), vidre managerhaft (mmarTvelobiTi). cnobili holandieli mecnieris gert hofstedes (holand., Geert Hofstede) azriT, sainteresoa agreTve isic, rom germaniaSi menejeri ar warmoadgens kulturul gmirs, es statusi aq inJinerisaTvis ufro upriani iqneboda. germaneli menejerebis, ostatebisa da damrigeblebisaTvis ufro tipiuria umaRlesi teqnikuri ganaTleba. isini TavianT Tavs ganixilaven, rogorc teqnikur eqspertebsa da specialistebs, romlebsac SeiZleba mimarTon xelqveiTebma sawarmoo problemebTan dakavSirebiT. maTma umravlesobam gaiara profesiul-teqnukuri ganaTlebis sistema. profesionaluri kriteriumebi (profesionaluri unar-Cvevebis done, sawarmoo staJi) warmoadgenen yvelaze mniSvnelovan komponents warmoebaSi dasawinaureblad. specialistebisa da mmarTvelebis maRali donis teqnikuri ganaTlebis gamo, menejmenti germaniaSi naklebad aris daSorebuli sawarmoo-teqnologiuri procesisagan, rogrc es aris inglisurenovan qveynebSi. saSualo rgolis menejerebi teqnikur kompetenturobas


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ganixilaven, rogrc TavianTi Zalauflebrivi uflebamosilebis yvelaze mniSvnelovan Semadegnels. samrewvelo sawarmoebis germanel menjerTa umravlesoba, maT Soris marTvis umaRlesiArgolis, kargad arian orientirebulni sawarmoo menejmentis sakiTxebSi, faqtiurad mudmivad imyofebian sawarmoTa saamqroebSi. maTTvis gaugebaria amerikeli menejerebis qceva, romlebic upiratesobas aniWeben finansur angariSebTan muSaobas, imis magivrad, rom siRrmiseulad Seiswavlon warmoebis sawarmoo procesebi. germaneli menejeri darwmunebulia, rom ekonomikuri efeqtianobis maCveneblebisaTvis daxvewili teqnikuri procesi da umaRlesi xarisxis produqcia ufro mets niSnavs, vidre sxva faqtorebi. germanul kulturaSi gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs profesionalizmi da kompetenturoba, romelic moiTxovs mniSvnelovan TviTdisciplinasa da TviTkontrols. germaneli menjerebi afaseben maRal kvalifikacias da yovelTvis cdiloben axlos iyvnen saamqrobTan da sawarmoo qvedanayofebTan. aseTi damokidebuleba qmnis urTierTmisaRebi Sidaorganizaciuli urTierTobebis, germanuli organizaciis saStabo da saxazo stuqturebs Soris efeqturi komunikaciis potencials. marTvis germanuli sistema gulisxmobs sainJinro-teqnikuri da administraciul-mmarTvelobiTi personalis mJidro kavSiris arsebobas. germanul kompaniebSi marTvis aparatis TanamSromelTA avtoriteti ufro metad dafuZnebulia maT profesionalur unar-Cvevebze vidre samsaxureobriv ierarqiaSi dakavebul adgilze. profesionalui kvalifikaciis maRali done germanel menejerebs saSualebas aZlevs imoqmedon ufro brtyeli ierarqiis meSveobiT da gaafarTovon sakuTari kontroli. sakadro politikis, karieruli zrdis, kvalifikaciis amaRlebis da sxva msgavsi sakiTxemisadmi germanuli midgoma mdgomaerobs imaSi, rom samsaxurSi miRebisaTvis mniSvnelovan moTxovnas wrmoadgens Sesabamisi teqnikuri momzadeba (ganaTleba). SemdgomSi winsvlis mTavari piroba xdeba sawarmoo staJi. amasTan sawrmoo da mmarTvelobiTi kariera mibmulia funqcionalur


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valdebulebebTan da winsvla SedarebiT neli gamodis. rac Seexeba top-menjerebs, maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia ufro maRali saganmanaTleblo done. Tu saxazo personali flobs maRal kvalifikacis, maSin mas naklebad sWirdeba kontroli da daxmareba administraciul-mmarTvelobiTi aparatis mxridan, romlis xvedriTi wili germanul firmebSi ufro naklebia, vidre inglisisa da safRangeTis analogiuri xasiaTis organizaciebSi. gert hofstede xazs usvamda, rom maRali kvalifikaciisa da pasuxismgeblobis mqone germaneli muSakebis “motivaciisaTvis” ar aris savaldebulo amrikuli tipis (“jeneralisti”) menejeri. maT miaCniaT, rom xelmZRvanelma an ostatma maT unda daavalos amocana da iyos eqsperti teqnikuri problemebis gadawyvetaSi. germanel menejerebSi naklebad aris gavrcelebuli samuSao adgilis cvla da sesabamisad maRalia korporatiuli loialurobis done. germaniaSi erT sawarmoSi muSaobis saSualo staJi Seadgens 8 wels, xolo amerikasi _ 3 wels. r. stiuartis gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad 30 gamokiTxuli germaneli marTvis aparatis warmomadgenlidan 20 erT sawarmoSi muSaobda 5 welze met xans, xolo 6 maTgani _ 20 welze mets. ingliselebisa da amerikelebis Tanaxmad erT sawarmoSi muSaobis aseTi xandrZlivi staJi aris an SeiZleba gzdes damRupveli efeqtis mizezi. germanelebs ki miaCniaT, rom erT adgilze muSaobis xangrZlivi staJi saSualebas iZleva miRweuli iyos teqnikuri kompentenciis aucilebeli done. bevr germanul sawarmoSi iyeneben moadgileebis, anu “Crdilovani muSakebis” princips. msgavs organizaciebSi menejeri arCevs da aswavlis Tavis moadgileebs. es ki uzrunvelyofs gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesis uwyvetelobasa da Tanmimdevrulobas. Svebulebis, avadmyofobisa da sxva msgavs SemTxvevaSi samsaxureobriv movaleobebs asruleben moadgileebi. germanuli kompaniebis ZiriTad mizans da konkurentul upiratesobas warmoadgens produqciis xarisxi, misi drouli mitana da gayidvisSemdgomi momsaxureba. germanel momxmarebelTa maRali Semosavlebi saSualebas aZlevs maT gadaixadon maRali xarisxisaTvis.


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bazarze sakuTari konkurentuli poziciebis SesanarCuneblad da gasamtkiceblad germanelebi iyenebdnen da dResac iyeneben teqnikuri srulyofisa da inovaciebis strategias. msgavsi strategiis realizacia SeiZleba ganxorcieldes Semdegi gziT: gaerTianeba da STanTqma, erToblivi sawarmoebis Seqmna, patentebisa da licenziebis Sesyidva, samecniero-kvleviT da sacdel-sakonstruqtoro samuSaoebis investireba (R&D - Research &

Development). es ukanaskneli midgoma aris yvelaze gavrcelebuli germanul kompaniebSi, romlebic sxva qveynebis firmebTan SedarebiT sakuTari Semosavlis arsebiTad did nawils xarjaven R&D-s finansirebaze. da kidev erTi saintereso momenTi: germanelebs miaCniaT, rom krizisul wlebSi es wili kidev ufro didi unda iyos. [Research & Development, anu samecniero-kvleviT da sacdel-sakonstruqtoro samuSaoebi _ RonisZiebaTaA kompleqsi, igi Seicavs rogorc samecniero kvlevebs, aseve produqciis sacdeli da mcireseriuli nimuSebis warmoebas, romlebic win uswreben samrewvelo warmoebaSi axali produqtis an sistemis gaSvebas. R&D–ze gaweuli xarjebi warmoadgenen kompaniis inovaciuri saqmianobis umniSvnelovanes maCvenebels.

Battelle Memorial Institute-s kvleviTi institutes monacemebis mixedviT 2008 wels msoflioSi R&D-ze daixarja 1,12 trilioni dolari. R&D-is moculobis mixedviT pirvel adgilze aria aSS (382,6 miliardi dolari), meoreze – iaponia. [2].

germanuli kompaniebi aqtiurad TanamSromloben universitetebTan, samecniero-kvleviT institutebTan da organizaciebTan, romlebsac mxarSi udgas ganaTlebisa da samecniero kvlevebis fedaruli saministro. [Max-

Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften, MPG _ maqs plankis saxelobis samecniero kvlevebis sazogadoeba, aris samecniero-kvleviTi organizaciebis qseli, romlis saTao ofisi imyofeba berlinSi, xolo marTvis filiali miunhenSi. masSi Sedis 78 instituti da samecniero-kvleviTi qveganyofileba. warmoadgens msoflioSi aRiarebul da wamyvan samecniero-kvleviT organizacias fundamentaluri samecniero kvlevebis sferoSi. MPG-s


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kvlevis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebia: sabunebismetyvelo, socialuri da fsiqologiuri mimarTulebebi. marTalia igi TanamSromlobs universitetebTan da saganmanaTleblo sruqturebTan, magram inarCunebs damoukidebel statuss.]

kidev erT germanul fenomens warmoadgens VDMA – mwarmoebelTa asociacia manqanaTmSeneblobaSi. masSi Semavali sawarmoebi da organizaciebi ixdian TaviaTi wliuri Semosavlis 0,5% kvleviT fondSi, romlis saxsrebi xmardeba dargobriv R&D-s. germanuli ekonomikisaTvis mastabilizirebel faqtors warmoadgens stabiluri da mdgradi urTierTobebi menejerebs, profkavSirebsa da muSaTa sabWoebs Soris. mesakuTreebis, menejerebisa da muSakebis xangrZlivi TnamSromlobisa da partniorobis idea sakmaod nayofierad xorcieldeba germanul sazogadoebaSi. germaneli menejerebi mniSvnelovan yuradRebas aniWeben SromiTi funqciebisa da procedurebis aRweras. SedarebiT maRalia formalizaciis xarisxi instruqciebis, wesebis, valdebulebebis da sxva saxiT. menejerebi urCevniaT naklebad mimarTon improvizacias da ufro metad imoqmdon wesebisa da instruqciebis Sesabamisad. rolisa da wesebis zusti gansazRvris es Tavisebureba gansakuTrebulad aris kultivirebuli saxelmwifo dawesebulebebsa da mxvil korporaciebSi. germaneli mmarTveli did yuradRebas uTmoben dagegmarebas. da Tu situacia mosalodnelze ufro garTulda, germanelebi cdiloben gaaqtiuron gegmiuri saqmianoba (ingliselebma am dros SeiZleba Seamciron dagegmarebis ganyofileba). germanuli menejmenti gamoirCeva gansakuTrebuli stiliT, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda Suasaukuneebis amqrobebisa da savaWro gildiebis tradiciebis gavleniT. amave dros germaneli menejerebi ganTqmulni arian perspeqtivis xedviTa da momavalze orientaciiT. paeqrobis germanuli stili SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc mkacri, magram TviT sastiki dapirispirebac ki miznad ar isaxavs konkurentebis ganadgurebas. kompaniebiebi konkurireben erTmaneTan,


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magram ar arian dainteresebuli bzarze monopoliuri dominirebiT, maT ainteresebT bazris sferoebis gayofa an sulac saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazarze sakuTari gansakuTrebuli niSis Seqmna. germanuli kompaniebi zizRiT uyureben fasebiT konkurenciis praqtikas da mas mimarTaven mxolod ukiduresi aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi. konkurenciis germanuli stilis mTavar ganmasxvavebel niSans warmoadgens Leistungswettbewerb

(miRwevaTa Sejibri), paeqroba ufro maRali xarisxis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis. mTavar prioritetebs warmoadgenen produqciis xarisxi da produqciis momsaxureba. germaneli menejeri darwmunebulia, rom produqcia TviTon yidis Tavis Tavs, amitomac, surs ra, rom misi kompania iyos ukeTesi, miiswrafvis raTa srulyofilebamde daiyvanos gamoSvebuli produqciis xarisxi. produqciisadmi yuradReba upirveles yovlisa niSnavs yuradRebas misi warmoebis procesisadmi. amitom nebismieri donis germaneli menejeri brwyinvaled erkvevn damzadebis teqnologiSi, praqtikulad icnobs warmoebis yvela etaps da orientirebuli aris uSualo mwarmoeblebTan mWidro kontaqtze. germaneli menejerebi darwmunebuli arian, rom saboloo maRali maCveneblebis misaRwevad mTavars warmoadgens kargad awyobili warmoeba da produqciis maRali xarisxi. germanuli menejerisaTvis umniSvnelovanes amocanas warmoadgens saxelmwifosTan TanamSromloba da sakuTari saqmianobis koordinacia saxelmwifosTan. germanul cnobierebaSi mtkiced aris damkvidrebuli Semdegi idea: kerZo iniciativa unda ganviTardes mkafio saxelmwifo regulirebis farglebSi. aqedan gamomdinare, germanuli ekonomika tradiciulad, mWidrod TanamSromlobs saxelmwifosTan. germaneli menejerebi didi yuradRebiT ekidebian saxelmwifo standartebs, politikasa da regulirebas. germanuli samrewvelo standartebi (germ., Deutsche Industrie Normen - DIN) SemuSavebuli aris im molaparakebebisa da konsultaceibis procesSi, romelSic monawileobas iRebdnen mTavrobis, mrewvelobis, menejerTa asociaciis, savaWro-samrewvelo palatebis, profkavSirebis warmomadgenlebi.


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menejmentis germanuli stilisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia kolegialoba, SeTanxmebisaken swrafva, produqciasa da xarisxze orientireba, erTi kompaniisadmi erTguleba da misi xangrZlivi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebisadmi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba. [3] germanelebma DIM-s (decision-information-motivation)

realizaciiT _ anu gadawyvetilebis miRebis Tavisufleba sabazro informaciisa da motivaciis sistemis safuZvelze _ Seqmnes socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomika (ger., Soziale Marktwirtschaft), egreT wodebuli “germanuli ekonomikuri saswauli”. misi Seqmna ukavSirdeba germaniis ekonomikis ministris ludvig vilhelm erhardis saxels.

[ლუდვიგ ვილჰელმ ერჰარდი (გერმ.: Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard) (დ. 4

თებერვალი 1897 — გ. 5 მაისი 1977) - გერმანელი მეცნიერ-ეკონომისტი, პოლიტიკური მოღვაწე, გერმანიის ეკონომიკის მინისტრი (1949-1963), ბუნდესკანცლერი 1963-1966 წლებში

ქრისტიან-დემოკრატიული კავშირიდან]. 1946 wels germaniis mdgomareoba katastrofuli iyo: samrewvelo wamoebis moculoba Seadgenda omamdeli donis 33%-s, foladis warmoeba Semcirda 7-jer, qvanaxSiris _ 2-jer, soflis meurneoba ukugdebuli iqna 30 wliT ukan; germaniam dakarga sakuTari teritoriis 25%, 12 milionamde adamiani gamosaxlebuli iqna warTmeuli teritoriebnidan da aRmoCndnen ltolvilebis mdgomaerobaSi, yoveli meore germaneli iyo umuSevari, sacxovrebeli saxlebis 20% iyo ganadgurebuli, 25% dazianebuli. germanuli marka gaufasurebuli iyo, inflaciam Seadgina omamdelTan SedarebiT 600%-ze meti, da igi arafers aRar niSnavda. qveyanaSi gabatonebul Sav bazarze mosaxleoba angariSsworebas axdenda valutiT, sigaretebiTa da yaviT. qveyana iyo srul ekonomikur kolafsSi. saokupacio zonebSi moqmedebda mkacri administarciuli kontroli da sabaraTo sistema. qveynis mosaxleoba balansirebda SimSilis zRvarze _ amerikul zonaSi mas aZlevdnen TveSi 6 kilogram purs, 12 kilogram kartofils, 400 gram cxims, weliwadSi 1 naWer sapons da 1 wyvil fexsacmels 12 wlis ganmavlobaSi. qveyanaSi gamefebuli SimSilis xasiaTze TvalnaTliv metyvelebs imdroindeli erTi “xumroba”: “saWmeli Zalian


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bevria imisaTvis, rom mokvde, magram Zalian cotaa imisaTvis, rom icocxlo”. am periodis germaniis saerTo suraTi ki erTma Jurnalistma ase daaxaasiaTa: “germania _ es aris nagvis grova, romelSic 40 milioni mSieri germaneli fuTfuTebs”. “nagvis grovidan” germaniis amiyvanas daexmara ramodenime faqtori, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia: “civi omi”, evropis mzardi moTxovnileba germanul qvanaxSirSi, konrad adenaueri da ludvig vilhelm erhardi. marSalis gegmis mixedviT germaniam 1948-1951 wlebSi miiRo 1,6 miliardi dolari, romelic uaRresad efqtianad iqna gamoyenebuli. ukumogebam TiToeuli dolaridan Seadgina 10-dan 20 dolaramde. germanias daxmareba miewodeboda sasaqonlo miwodebebis saxiT, romelTa realizaciidan miRebuli saxsrebi ideboda ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis gankuTvnil fondebsa da bankebSi. ludvig vilhelm erhardi (bavariis ekonomikis ministri) jer kidev 1946 wels moiTxovda reformebis gatarebas, magram saokupacio administracia ar Cqarobda. 1948 wlis martSi igi daniSnes dasavleT germaniis gaerTainebuli zonebis ekonomikis ministrad. igi iyo ekonomikis sabazro modelis mxurvale propagandisti. konrad adenauerma 1948 wels igi miiwva, raTa qristian-demokratiuli partiis saxeliT gamosuliyo. 1949 wels gamarTul arCevnebSi gaimarjva qristian-demokratiulma partiam, kancleri gaxda konrad adenaueri, ekonomikis ministri _ ludvig erhardi, mecnier-ekonomisti, romelmac brwyinvaled gamoiyena Tavisi codna praqtikul saqmianobaSi. amavdroulad igi iyo didebuli oratori, SeeZlo ubralo adamianisaTvis aexsnaAmTavrobis ekonomikuri politikis arsi. yovelive ams igi aniWebda uzarmazar mniSvnelobas, bevrs werda gazeTebSi da sajarod gamodioda. SemdgomSi, sakuTari ekonomikuri programis warmatebis Sesaxeb man ganacxada: “me warmatebas imitom mivaRwie, rom zepirad da werilobiT mivmarTavdi TiToeul germanels, varwmunebdi mas Cemi qmedebebis marTebulebaSi”. socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis erhardiseuli xedvis safuZvels warmoadgenda: kerZo


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sakuTreba, Tavisufali fasebi, antimonopoliuri regulireba, dabali gadasaxadebi. social;uri amocanebis gadawyveta gulisxmobda saxelmwifos mier aqtiurad gatarebul socialuri mxardaWeris maqsimizacias mosaxleobis dasaqmebis efeqturi pirobebis Seqmnia gziT. amavdroulad axali ekonomikuri wesrigi harmoniulad moicavda Tavis TavSi sabazro Tavisuflebas, saxelmwifo regulirebas, individualisms, socialur pasuxismgeblobas “sayovelTao keTildReobis” misaRwevad. saxelmwifos roli dayvanili iyo Semdeg prioritetebze: ganviTarebis prioritetebis gansazRvra, zedamxedveloba da regulireba, maqsimalurad xelsayreli sainvesticio da samewarmeo garemos Seqmna, xolo rig SemTxvevebSi, magaliTad binaTmSeneblobis programis gadawyvetisas, sakmaod masStaburi Carevis gamoyeneba. administrirebuli ekonomikidan Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikaze gadasasvlelad saWiro iyo Semdegi nabijebis gadadgma: mtkice fulis Sesaqmnelad fuladi reformis ganxorcieleba; fasebis saxlmwifo regulirebisagan ganTavisufleba; kerZo mewarmeobis stimulireba. warmatebis ucilobel winapirobas warmoadgenda qveyanaSi arsebuli sabazro institutebi: bakebi, birJebi, samarTlebrivi sistema, kerZo sakuTreba warmoebis saSualebebze da miwaze. omis Semdeg Seiqmna kolosaluri Sida da sagareo moTxovnileba, rac Tavis mxriv qmnida ekonomikis maRali tempebiT ganviTarebis karg pirobebs. saxeze iyo kvalificirebuli samuSao Zala (omis dros ganTavisuflebuli samxedro samsaxuridan). warmatebis mniSvnelovan faqtors warmoadgenda agreTve sakuTari samxedro xarjebis arqona da kargad awyobili adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis sistema. reformebis momzadebas axorcielebda muSa jgufi axalgazrda amerikeli ekonomistis edvard tonenbaumis xelmZRvanelobiT. amerikelebis gegma aqcents akeTebda mxolod monetarul faqtorze _ myari valutis Semotana. 1948 wlis 17 ivniss amerikelebma moiwones reformebis gegma da 18 ivniss saqmis kursSi Caayenes erhardi. ludvid erhardma gadawyvita wasuliyo ufro Sors. 20 ivniss, kviradRes, rodesac yvela saxelmwifo dawesebuleba


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umoqmedod aris, erhardi gamodis radioTi da auqmebs fasebze saxelmwifo kontrols saqonlis umetes dasaxelebaze, agreTve moxsna aqamde moqmedi administraciuli miTiTebebis umravlesoba da sruli Tavisufleba misca bazars. yvelaze mtkivneul RonisZiebas warmoadgenda fuladi refofrma. 1948 wlis 21 ivnisis Rames gamocxadebuli iqna axali valutis _ doiCemarkis SemoReba. yvela moqalaqem miiRo 40 axali marka, SemdegSi maT daemata kidev 20 marka. pensiebi, xelfasi, sabinao gadasaxadebi gadaiTvleboda kursiT 1:1. naRdi fulis naxevari da anabrebi, agreTve sawarmoTaAyvela veldebuleba gadaxurdavdeboda kursiT 1:10, meore nawili droebiT gayines, SemdgomSi 1:20 kursiT gadaxurdavebiT. yvela sawarmom miiRo saxsrebi pirveli xelfasis gasacemad, SemdgomSi maT unda emuSavaT sakuTari mogebis xarjze. yovelive aman myisierad daubruna fuls fasi da mkveTrad Seamcira fuladi masis odenoba. Tavisufali fasebis SemoRebasTan erTad, saxelmwifom miiRo kanoni fasebis TviTneburi amaRlebis winaaRmdeg, gamoqveynebuli iqna egreT wodebuli misaRebi fasebis kaatlogebi. fasebi gaizarda, magram ara umniSvnelod. [XX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan germanuli marka gaxda evropuli savaluto sistemis “sayrdeni valuta”]. frangma ekonomistebma Jak zuiefma da andre pietrma ase aRweres reformis warmateba: “Savi bazari uecrad gaqra. vitrinebi gaivso saqonliT, aboldnen fabrika-qarxnebis milebi, quCebSi amoZravdnen satvirTo manqanebi. jer kidev guSin arsebuma nangrevebis mkvdarma siCumem adgili dauTmo saamSeneblo moednebis xmaurs. erTi dRiT adre germanelebi uazrod daborialebdnen qalaqebSi, raTA didi gaWirvebiT moepovebinaT mwiri sakvebi. meore dRes yvela fiqrobda imaze, rom raime ewarmoebinaT. saRamos yvela saxe gamoxatavda gausazrisobas, xolo diliT mTeli eri imediT uyuyrebda momavals”.[4]

socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis politikas safuZvlad daedo “fraiburgis skolis” warmomadgenlebis valter oikenisa da vilhelm repkes koncefcia daAalfred miuler-armakis Sromebi sabazro


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ekonomikis pirobebSi socialuri jgufebis mdgomareobis gamosworebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomika (ger., Soziale Marktwirtschaft) _ ekonomikuri sistema, organizebuli sabazro TviTregulirebis dvritaze, romlis drosac qmedebebis koordinacia xorcieldeba bazarze Tavisufali kerZo mewarmeebisa da Tavisufali individualuri momxmareblebis urTierTqmedebis safuZvelze. socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikuri modelis amosaval debulebas warmoadgens moTxovna, rom arc saxelmwifosa da arc kerZo bizness ara aqvs ufleba hqondes sruli kontroli ekonomikaze. Sereuli ekonomikis am nairsaxeobaSi, iseve rogorc sabazro ekonomikaSi, resursebis ganawilebis struqturas gansazRvravs mxolod momxmareblebis, resursebis mimwodeblebisa da kerZo firmebis gadawyvetilebebi. amavdroulad, ekonomikurad ufro Zlierebi valdebuli arian daexmaron ufro sustebs. saxelmwifos roli mdgomareobs SemdegSi: TamaSis yvela monawilis urTierTpasuxismgeblobis grZnobis ganviTareba, usamarTlo tendenciebis koreqtireba konkurenciaSi, vaWrobasa da Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi. es sistema ganixileboda, rogorc “Laissez-faire”-is, kapitalizmisa da socializmis alternativa. [frang., Laissez-faire _ daanebeT-akeTos, ekonomikuri doqtrina, romlis Tanaxmadac saxelmwifos Careva ekonomikaSi unda iyos minimaluri. ZiriTadi argumenti _ ekonomika aris iseTi TviTregulirebadi meqanizmi, romelic Tavad naxulobs efeqtiur wonasworobas, xolo saxelmwifos Careva amaxinjebs ekonomikuri agentebis mier miRebul signalebs da efeqtiur wonasworobis miRweva xdeba SeuZlebeli. aq saxelmwifo gamodis “Ramis darajis” rolSi _ bazarze ekonomikuri agentebis urTierTqmedebis wesebis dadgena da maT aRsrulebaze Tvalyuris devna, da ara rogorc bazris damoukidebeli subieqti. Tanamedrove mecnieruli azri “Laissez-faire”-s miiCnevs idealur goniT konstruqciad, romelic ar gvxvdeba realur cxovrebaSi, magram warmoadgens baziss, romelzec aigeba mikroekonomikuri Teoria].


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ludvig vilhelm erhardis iniciativiT, germaniis mTavrobasTan, Seiqmna eqspertTa sabWo, romelic ufro cnobilia “brZenTa sabWos” saxeliT. yovelwliurad, Sobamde 6 kviriT adre, xuTi avtoritetuli mecnier-ekonomisti sazeimod gadascems germaniis kanclers solidur naSroms “eqspertTa sabWos daskvna mimdinare wels qveynis saxalxo meurneobis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb”, romlis mizania _ saxalxo meurneobis ganviTarebis obieqturi analizi da SeTavazebuli RonisZiebebis savaraudo socialuri da politikuri Sedegebis gansazRvra. germanul mrewvelobaSi mtkiced aris dafuZnebuli marTvis demokratiuli principebi. 1951 wels miRebuli kanonis Tanaxmad, umsxvilesi kompaniebis direqtorTa sabWoebSi adgilebis 50% ekuTvnis muSakebis warmomadgenlebs. marTvis kolegialuri meTodi, partniorobis principis realizacia axdens dasaxuli mmarTvelobiTi, ekonomikuri da socialuri amocanebis miRwevisaTvis muSakebis dainteresebis stimulirebas, rac Tavis mxriv TvalnaTliv aisaxa Sedegze: samrewvelo warmoebis moculobis mixedviT germanias ukavia I adgili evropaSi da III adgili msoflioSi. marTvis germanuli sistemis ZiriTadi postulatebi: _ saxelmwifo marTvis ZiriTadi amocana mdgomareobs sabazro meqanizmebis efeqturi funqcionirebis, rogorc qveynis ekonomikuri sistemisa da misi moqalaqeebis keTildReobis safuZvelis, uzrunvelyofaSi. konkurentuli urTierTobebi xels uwyoben ekonomikur progressa da Sromis nayofierebis amaRlebas; _ saxelmwifoebrivi ekonomikuri strategia unda iyos socialurad orientirebuli da asrulebdes “socialuri gamosworebis” funqcias, radgan didma sxvaobam SemosavlebSi SeiZleba gamoiwvios socialuri da politikuri problemebi, “mdidrebi ufro mdidrdebian, xolo Raribebi ufro Raribdebian”. es principi winaaRmdegobrivia Tavissave arsSi, vinaidan sabazro urTierTobebis Tavisufleba gulismobs agreTve sabazro moRvaweobis Sedegebis ganawilebis Tavisuflebas; _ warmoebis ganviTarebisaTvis Semosavlebis didi nawili unda darCes mwarmoeblis xelSi, da ar unda


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moxdes misi amoReba saxelmwifos mier gadasaxadebisa da mosakrebis saxiT. mwarmoebeli Tavad zrunvas sakuTari biznesis ganviTarebasa da ojaxis keTildReobaze, da Sesabamisad, SezRuduli unda iyos socialuri qvelmoqmedebis funqciebi da dotaciebisa da SeRavaTebis saxelmwifoebrivi ganawileba; _ sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis zrdasTan erTad unda Semcirdes socialuri daxmarebis odenoba. TiToeulma adamianma TviTon unda agos pasuxi Tavis Tavze da uzrunvelyos sakuTari momavali aqtiuri moRvaweobis wlebSi, daagrovos danazogi an gamoiyenos sapensio dazRvevis sistema.

daskvna daskvnis saxiT gvinda moviyvanoT ilia WavWavaZis Semdegi mosazreba:

“...germanels da sxvas misebr mixvedril kacs codna da swavla-ganaTleba samkaulad ki ara aqvs miCneuli, rogorc buzmenti CoxisaTvis, an Zewkvi gul-mkerdisaTvis. igi codnasa da ganaTlebas uyurebs, rogorc aucilebel saWiroebas, rogorc arsebiTs pursa, da amitomac, roca sarCo-sabadebelisaTvis iRwvis, maSin welebzedac fexs idgams, rom Svilis gasazrdeli xarjic moimaragos. germaneli purs daiklebs, Rvinos daiklebs, SimSils, wyurvils ar SeuSindeba da Svilis gasazrdelad ki Tavis monagars groSs gadasdebs, Svilis mcodne kacad qcevisaTvis arafers dahzogavs da yvelafers gaimetebs. germanelma icis, rom Svilis kacad gamosvla, maZRrad yofna da utkivrad rCena swavla-ganaTlebazed aris damokidebuli, icis, rom codna venaxzed ukeTesi venaxia, xodabunze ukeTesi xodabunebia, ufro momcemi, ufro saimedo da dausetyvavi. am saxiT, raki germanelisavis codna, swavla-ganaTleba aucilebeli saWiroebaa, mis saekonomio angariSSi, mis saRvawosa da saamagoSi Svilis gasazrdelad saxarjos mopovebas TiTqmis upirvelesi adgili uWiravs. jafas, garjas iorkecebs da, Tu amiT veras gamxdara, sxvagan iklebs da am saxarjos ki hmatebs.

meore mizezi imisi, rom germanels ar uWirdeba Svilis skolaSi gamosazrdeli xarji, is aris, rom germanels cotad Tu bevrad codna aqvs risame: an


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swavlulia da amiT hSobobs cxovrebis sagzalsa, an xelovania raSime, an xelosania. igi saca midis, yvelgan hpoulobs saqmes, da raki codna aqvs, mravalkecad iadvilebs xelidam aclis saqmesac da lukmasac, Zal-momreobiT da unamusobiT ki ara, pirispir omiT, pirispir brZoliT, erTis sityviT _ im faqizisa da wminda iaraRiT, romelsac codna hqvian da romelic cxovrebis moedanzed yovelTvis uZlevelia da gamarjvebuli.[5] literatura: References 1. ilia WavWavaZe. sateqniko da saxelosno saswavleblebis Sesaxeb. rCeuli

nawarmoebebi xuT tomad, tomi IV, publicisturi werilebi. gv. 291-294.

2. R&D Spending in U.S. Expected to Rebound // The Wall Street Journal,

21.12.09].

3. http://www.executiveplanet.com

4. Иван Измайлов, Шок не по-нашему, 'Энергия промышленного

роста', ? 4 [5] Апрель 2006, http://www.epr-

magazine.ru/vlast/foreign_exp/german_miracle/

5. ilia WavWavaZe. isev ganaTlebis sakiTxebze. tfilisi, 27 oqtomberi, 1889

w. rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad, tomi IV, publicisturi werilebi. gv. 272-273.

6. Людвиг Эрхард. Благосостояние для всех.

http://eklit.narod.ru/erhsod.htm

7. "Национальная система политической экономии". Сочинение д-ра

Фридриха Листа, перевод с немецкого под редакцией К.В. Трубникова.

С.-Петербург, 1891 г., Издание А.Э. Мартенс//Национальная система

политической экономии..Москва: Европа, 2005.- 400 с.

Otar Kochoradze

National schools of management

Summary

“At all times and everywhere intellectual development, morals and

activity of citizens were in a full parity with well-being of the nation, and

the riches increased or decreased proportionally to these qualities; but never

work and thrift, spirit of an ingenuity and enterprise of separate persons did

not create anything great there where they did not find a support in civil

freedom, establishments and laws, in the state administration and foreign

policy, and mainly, in national edinst.

http://www.executiveplanet.com/


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The person only owing to the nation and in bowels of the nation

reaches safety and well-being. The nation as the association of people in the

isolated territory, formed by means of solidarity of intellectual and material

interests, making one independent whole which is recognized above itself

with authority of the law, possesses natural freedom in relation to other a

similar sort to associations.

The nation with its especial language and the literature, with its own

origin and history, with its especial customs, laws and establishments, with

its rights to existence, to independence, progress, at the existing world order

can provide the independence only with own forces and will”. In our

opinion these words Friedrich List is better reflect an essence of given clause.

Keywords: The nation, national schools of management, German model of

management, public welfare, the state economic policy, socially focused

market economy, reforms, stimulation, professionalism, quality and

innovations, quality of production, well-being of the nation, the state

administration, civil freedom.


Кочорадзе Отар Георгиевич

Национальные школы менеджмента

Резюме

«Во все времена и повсюду умственное развитие, нравственность

и деятельность граждан находились в полном соотношении с

благосостоянием нации, и богатство увеличивалось или уменьшалось

пропорционально этим качествам; но никогда труд и бережливость,

дух изобретательности и предприимчивости отдельных лиц не

создавали ничего великого там, где они не находили опоры в

гражданской свободе, учреждениях и законах, в государственной администрации и внешней политике, а главным образом, в

национальном единстве и могуществе.

Человек только благодаря нации и в недрах нации достигает

безопасности и благосостояния. Нация, как ассоциация людей на

обособленной территории, образованная посредством солидарности

умственных и материальных интересов, составляя одно

самостоятельное целое, которое признает над собой авторитет закона,


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обладает естественной свободой по отношению к другим подобного

рода ассоциациям.

Нация с ее особенным языком и литературой, с ее собственным

происхождением и историей, с ее особенными нравами и обычаями,

законами и учреждениями, с ее правами на существование, на

независимость, прогресс, при существующем мировом порядке может

обеспечить свою самостоятельность и независимость только

собственными силами и волей», на наш взгляд эти слова Фридриха

Листа лучше всего отражают суть данной статьи.

Ключевые слова: Нация, национальные школы менеджмента,

немецкая модель менеджмента, общественное благосостояние,

государственная экономическая политика, социально ориентированная

рыночная экономика, реформы, стимулирование, профессионализм,

качество и инновации, качество продукции, благосостоянием нации,

государственная администрация, гражданская свобода




97

p r a q t i k a

akaki ratiani

turizmi da misi damxmare infrastruqturis

ganviTarebis problemebi

bolo periodSi turizmi iqca saerTaSoriso masStabis socialur-ekonomikur movlenad, romelic adamianebis masobrivi dainteresebis sagania. turizmis ganviTarebas xels uwyobs saxelmwifoTa da xalxTa Soris urTierTobebis mowesrigeba, adamianebis survilis zrda eziaros sxva xalxis kulturas, gaecnos mis warsuls, yofasa da bunebriv simdidres. Tavis mxriv turizmis ganviTareba xels uwyobs adamianebis Tvalsawieris gafarToebas, damegobrebasa da kulturul-ekonomikuri gacvlis stimulirebas. ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT turizmi aris turistebis mier materialuri keTildReobis, momsaxureobis moxmarebis gansakuTrebuli saxe, romelic gamoiyo meurneobis gancalkevebul dargad da uzrunvelyofs turists yvela saWiro saSualebiT: transportiT, kvebiT, ganTavsebiT, kulturuli, yofiTi Tu gasarTobi RonisZiebebiT, aseve savaWro qseliT. bevri qveynisTvis, maT Soris iseTi saxelmwifosTvis, rogoric saqarTveloa turizmi nacionaluri ekonomikis ereTerT perspeqtiul da sargeblian dargad unda miviCnioT. amasTan, turizmi ara mxolod ekonomikis mniSvnelovani dargia, aramed is adamianebis cxovrebis nawiladac SegviZlia ganvixiloT, ramdenadac moicavs adamianebis urTierTdamokidebulebas garemomcvel samyarosTan. mniSvnelovania is faqtic, rom turizmi ar aris erTgvarovani movlena, misi subieqtebisa da am subieqtTa moTxovnilebebis sxvadasxvaobis gamo miRebulia turizmis garkveuli tipologia. pirobiTad eqvs jgufTan gvaqvs saqme:

1. wynari dasvenebis moyvarulebi; 2. siamovnebis moyvarulebi; 3. aqtiuri dasvenebis moyvarulebi; 4. sportuli dasvenebis moyvarulebi;


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5. SemecnebiTi turizmis mimdevrebi; 6. Tavgadasavlebis moyvarulebi.

Sesabamisad farToa turizmis saxeobebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen turistTa aseTi tipologiis dakmayofilebas Sesabamisi SeTavazebebiT. dRevandeli ganxilvis Tema swored aseTi midgomebidan gamomdinareobs. turizmis sxvadasxva formebi damokidebulia moTxovnebze da misi mravalferovnebac swored amiTaa ganpirobebuli, magram aq Cven am sakiTxze ar SevCerdebiT. saerTo yvela saxisa da formis turizmisaTvis aris infrastruqtura, romelic uzrunvelyofs turistis aucilebeli moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas. didi kvleva ar aris saWiro imisaTvis, rom ganvsazRvroT ramdenad aucilebelia im qveynisaTvis, romelic turizmis industrias anviTarebs kvebis organizacia. saTanado donis kvebis obieqtebi, romlebic turistebs moemsaxureba unda emTxveodes turistuli marSrutebs sqemebs, moicavdes respeqtabelur kvebis obieqtebidan dawyebuli, swrafi kvebis obieqtebiT damTavrebuli yvela tipis obieqts, amasTan mniSvnelovani yuradReba unda daeTmos nacionaluri kvebis organizaciasac. am sakiTxis gadawyveta damokidebulia bevri problemis mogvarebasTan maT Soris:

- xarisxiani mSenebloba; - saTanado interieris mowyobis saSualebebi; - Sesaferisi dgam-avejiT uzrunvelyofa; - Sesaferisi, xarisxiani WurWliT

uzrunvelyofa, maT Soris erTjeradi moxmarebis sagnebiT; - saWiro ekologiurad sufTa produqtiT

momagareba ( aq sakiTxi dgas soflis meurneobisa da gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaze);

- saTanadod momzadebuli personalis mozidva da a.S. cnobilia ra didi Zalisxmeva dasWirda iseTi mimzidveli kuTxis aRorZinebas, rogoricaa qiziyi. ganaxlda da damSvenda qalaqi siRnaRi, igi garegnuli ieriT evropis patara da lamaz qalaqebs daemgvana. moewyo dasasvenebeli kuTxeebi, sagamofeno darbaziT,


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muzeumiT da a.S. am qalaqma turistebis didi nakadi miizida ara marto sva qveynebidan, aramed saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebidan, maT Soris dedaqalaqidanac. samwuxarod siRnaRelebma naklebad izrunes saTanado infrastruqturis ganviTarebaze. restornebi da kafeebi, romelTa garegnuli ieri praqtikulad Seesabameba Tanamedrove moTxovnebs, ver pasuxobs momxmarebelTa momsaxureobis amocanebs. produqtis asortimenti, kerZebis momzadebisa da momsaxureobis xarisxi rbilad rom vTqvaT uketesis survils badebs. aseve saqmes ver Svelis TiTo-orola maRali klasis, magram saqarTvelos sinamdvilisaTvis Zviri sastumro. amitomacaa, rom qalaqi SebindebisTanave nel-nela icleba, maSin rodesac dResaviT ganaTebulia lampionebiTa da dekoratiuli ganaTebebiT. turistebs ar Tavazoben arc saTanado gasarTobs, iSviaTad tardeba e.w. quCis zeimebi da sxva. bunebrivia sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi Znelia saxelmwifo organoebs mosTxovo yvelaferi is razedac Cven SeniSvnebs gamovTqvamT, Tumca urigo ar iqneba qalaqis mesveurebma garkveuli nabijebi gadadgan am mimarTulebiT, ramdenadac es qalaqis biujeTs damatebiT Semosavals gauCens. aqve avRniSnavdiT imis Taobazec, rom adgilobrivma organoebma meti iniciativa unda gamoiCinon turistuli infrastruqturis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. iqneba es keTilmowyobiTi samuSaoebis Catareba, momsaxureobis mcire biujetiani mSenebloba Tu svadasxva iniciativebi da waxalisebebi biznesmenebisaTvis, raTa maT stimuli mieceT am mimartulebiT investiciebisaTvis. turistuli infrastruqturis ganviTarebaSi didi roli eniWeba sastumroebisa da turistuli bazebis ganviTarebas. Bbunebrivia qalaqebisaTvis, maTi ganviTarebisaTvis metad mimzidvelia marali klasis sastumroebis mSenebloba, magram turistruli biznesis ganviTarebaSi, gansakuTrebiT iseTi qveynisaTvis, rogoric saqarTveloa, didi rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia patara da komfortuli sastumroebis qselis ganviTarebas, gansakuTrebiT iseT ubnebSi, romlebic istoriuli Rirebulebis mqone dasaxlebis siaxloves mdebareobs. qalaqebis arqiteqturulma samsaxurebma SesaZlebelia


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sakuTari iniciativiT Seadginon saproeto winadadebebi da proeqtebic ki da qalaqis xelmZRvanelobam gamoacxados konkursebi aseTi nagebobebis ijarasa Tu Sesyidvaze mSeneblobisa da eqsploataciis mizniT. aranakleb mniSvnelovania transportisa da avtoteqmomsaxurebis sakiTxebis mogvareba. saWiroa iseve mogvardes satransporto infrastruqturis ganviTarebis sakiTxi, rogorc es q. TbilisSia gadawyvetili, aq nebismier kuTxeSi SesaZlebelia saqalaqo transportis misvla. amavdroulad saSuri saqmea turistebisaTvis specialuri satransporto saSualebebis Seqmnisa da eqsploataciis sakiTxis gadawyveta. ramdenad lamazi iqneboda, magaliTad, q. Tbilisis istoriul ubnebSi 19 saukunisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli garegnuli ieris mqone Tanamedrove transportis moZraoba (droSka, diliJansi, etli da sxva). turizmis ganviTareba warmoudgenelia saavtomobilo gzebis ganviTarebisa da transportis sxva saSualebebisaTvis saWiro infrastruqturis ganviTarebis gareSe (Tanamedrove aeroportebi, sarkinigzo da avtosadgurebi, saremonto da kompleqtaciis sawarmoebi). am mimarTulebiT bolo wlebSi saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadaidga. aSenda axali, Tanamedrove tipis aeroporti, Sendeba rkinigzis sadguri, ZiriTadad gadawyda saavtomobilo trasebis mowesrigebis sakiTxi, didi tempebiT Sendeba avtobani. albaT Sors ar aris is dro, rom satanado yuradreba mieqceva avtosadgurebis mSeneblobasa da mowesrigebas. avtosadgurebis gavliT ara marto saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, aramed turistTa sakmaod didi nakadi sargeblobs. mniSvnelovania iseTi problemebis mogvarebac, rogoricaa sayofacxovrebo obieqtebis drois Sesaferis mdgomareobaSi moyvana da ganviTareba (samrecxaoebi, qimwmendis obieqtebi, abanoebi da sxva). turizmis jerovan ganviTarebaze zrunva es niSnavs izruno sportuli da gasarTobi obieqtebis gamravlebasa da keTilmowyobaze, baRebis, skverebisa da xeivnebis gaSenebasa da movla-patronobaze.


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turizmi warmoudgenelia am biznesisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri menejmentis Seswavlisa da srulyofis gareSe. aq dgas amocana, rom umaRlesma da sxva tipis saswavleblebma, saxelmwifo da arasamTavrobo organizaciebma uzrunvelyon swavlebebisa da kursebis organizacia. turizmis ganviTareba da saqarTvelos, rogorc turistTaTvis momxiblav qveynad gadaqceva dakavSirebbulia Cveni istoriuli warsulis movla-patronobasTan. saWiroa samuzeumo da sagamofeno qselis gafarToeba, zrunva materialuri da kulturuli Zeglebis aRdgenasa da mowesrigebaze, mecnier-konsultantebisa da gidebis momzadebaze. turistebs, romlebic Cvens qveyanaSi Camovlen da maTac, vinc SidaturizmiT aris dainteresebuli saSualeba unda hqondeT SeiZinon saqarTvelosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli suvenirebi, romlebic aqve arsebul sawarmoebSi damzaddeba. am CamonaTvlis gagrZeleba Tavisuflad SeiZleba. bevrjer gagvigonia, rom mavans saqarTvelos momavali warmoudgenia muq ferebSi, qveyanad, romlis mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili sxvisi momsaxureobiT aris dakavebuli. es SeiZleba sworic iyos Tu Cvens Zalisxmevas ar movaxmarT erovnuli mecnierebis, industriisa da kulturis ganviTarebas. warmoudgenelia, rom yvela zemoTCamoTvlili sakiTxi qarTuli mecnierebis, kulturis, mrewvelobis, transportis, soflis meurneobis, medicinis da sxva dargebis ganviTarebis gareSe ganxorcieldes, an vivaraudoT, rom es Cvens gareSe, sxva ZalebiT gakeTdeba. mimaCnia, rom saxelmwifos, xelisuflebis, sazogadoebis Zalisxmeva mimarTuli unda iqnes saqarTveloSi turizmis ganviTarebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli infrastruqturis srulyofisaTvis, rasac Cveni ZalebiT, megobari qveynebis daxmarebiT unda gavwvdeT.


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1. revaz javaxiSvili; nana oqruaSvili. marketingi.

2. nana kacitaZe. reklama.

3. saqarTvelos ekonomika (Jurnali 2008 w.)

4. r.gafrindaSvili; m.banZelaZe. reklamis fsiqologia.

5. g.SublaZe; l. dolikaSvili; a.qitaSvili. turizmis marketingi.

6. g.jolia. saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebiю

Akaki Ratiani

Tourism and problems of development of its auxiliary infrastructure

. Summary

In recent period, tourism became international social-economic

event that is the subject of mass interest of people. Tourism development is

supported by regulation of relations between states and peoples, development

of peoples’ will of introducing the culture of the different people, their past,

present and natural wealth. In its part, tourism development supports

extension of worldview of people, their friendship and stimulation of

cultural-economic exchange.

According to economic viewpoint, tourism is a special view of

material welfare and service by tourists, which was separated as the special

view of economy and provides a tourist with all necessary means: transport, food, accommodation, culture, standing or entertaining measures and trade

network as well. Tourism should be considered as one of the perspective and

profitable branches of national economics for the country as Georgia.

The article is about such approaches that varieties of tourism are

extensive and diverse, they are depended to requirements and its diversity is

conditioned just by above. Among the tasks are before tourism development,

the principal are:

- Qualitative construction;

- Facilities of arrangement of proper interior;

- Provision with proper furniture;

- Provision with proper, qualitative dishes, including things of single

application; - Supply with necessary ecologically pure product (this is an issue

about improvement of situation of agriculture and re-process industry);

- Attraction of qualified personnel and etc.


103

Role of the state is the most important in order to settle problems of

tourism development, which should direct its effort to tourism development

in Georgia and improvement of infrastructure related to it.

Reviewer: Professor Genadi Iashvili, Georgian Technical University

Keywords: Tourism, infrastructure, ecology, culture, being, historic

inheritance, role of the state, building, food organization, infrastructure of

hotels, rest.

Ратиани Акакий Акакиевич

Туризм и проблемы развития его вспомогательной

инфраструктуры

Резюме

Туризм – важное социально-экономическое явление, являющееся

предметом массового интереса людей. Развитие туризма способствует

расширению мировоззрения людей, стимулированию дружбы и

культурно-экономичского обмена.

С экономической точки зрения туризм – особый вид материального благополучия, потребления услуг туристами, который выделился в

отдельную отрасль хозяйства и обеспечивает туриста необходимыми

средствами: транспортом, питанием, размещением, культурными,

бытовыми и развлекательными мероприятиями, а также торговой

сетью. Для многих стран, в том числе таких государств, как Грузия, -

туризм можно считать одной из перспективных и выгодных отраслей

национальной экономики.

Статья вытекает именно из такого подхода, что широки и

многообразны виды туризма, они зависят от потребностей и его

многообразие обусловлено именно этим. Из задач, стоящих перед

развитием туризма, самыми приоритетными признаны:

- качественное строительство;

- средства создания должного интерьера;

- обеспечение соответствующей мебелью;


104

- обеспечение соответствующей качественной посудой, в том

числе, предметами одноразового употребления;

- снабжение экологически чистыми продуктами (это касается

вопроса улучшения сельского хозяйства и перерабатывающей

промышленности);

- привлечение должным образом подготовленного

персонала и т.д.

Для решения проблемы развития туризма важнейшая роль

принадлежит государству, усилия которого должны быть направлены

на развитие туризма в Грузии и совершенствование связанной с ним

инфраструктуры.

Соответственно, разнообразны виды туризма, обеспечивающие

удовлетворение подобной типологии туристов путем соответствующего

предложения.

Тема настоящего рассмотрения вытекает именно из подобного подхода.

Различные формы туризма зависят от потребностей и его разнообразие

обусловлено именно этим, но мы не будем останавливаться на этом

вопросе. Все виды и формы туризма объединяет инфраструктура, которая обеспечивает туриста удовлетворением необходимых

потребностей.

Рецензент: Профессор Иашвили Геннадий Иванович, Грузинский


Ключевые слова: туризм, инфраструктура, экология, культура, быт,

историческое наследие, роль государства, строительство, организация

питания, гостиничная инфраструктура, отдых.


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s a z o g a d o e b a badri cxadaZe

wanarebi da `wanarul~ qor, qorepiskoposNsaxelTa

istoriuli urTierTmimarTebisaTvis

wanarebis warmoSoba, maTi saqarTvelos

istoriis asparezze gamoCena da gaqroba qarTul-kavkasiur samyaroSi moxda. vin iyvnen isini, sad iyo maTi Tavdapirveli sacxovrisi, rogor gansaxldnen, gaZlierdnen da aRzevdnen da asimilirdnen, mravali mecnieris cdis miuxedavad, mainc burusiTaa moculi. samecniero literaturaSi wanarTa warmomavlobis ornairi versia arsebobs: 1. araqarTuli, 2. qarTul-qarTveluri. Cven am meore versias vemxrobiT da am werilSi mis zogierT faqtobriv da niuansobriv gamovlinebaze SevCerdebiT.

qarTveli mecnierebi n. mari da s. kakabaZe wanarebs, eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT, qarTvel tomad, svanebad miiCneven. Nn. maris axsniT, sityva wanar-i svanuri enis kuTvnilebaa: wan-ar, sadac –ar mr. ricxvis niSania. misive TqmiT, toponim erwoSi gamoiyofa -wo fuZe, romelic war’is saxesxvaobaa, xolo er- adgilis aRmniSvneli prefiqsia. misi daskvniTve, erwo niSnavs wanarTa qveyanas. mkvlevari iqve ganixilavs eTnonim wo-ra’s. am saxels uwodeben xunZebi kaxelebs, romlebmac daikaves is adgilebi, sadac uwin wanarebi cxovrobdnen. n. mari wanarTa kvals xedavs kavkasionis samxreTi ferdobebidan uReltexilamde [1, 1397-1398].

sxva naSromSi n. mari wanars svan eTnonimTan aigivebs _ es saxeli svaneTis erT-erTma mTam Semoinaxao. misi azriT, eTnonimi wanari aris swori svanuri forma mravlobiTi ricxvisa da nawarmoebia wan- fuZidan [2, 32].

s. janaSias Tumca eWvi Seaqvs n. mariseul axsnaSi, magram specialurad am sakiTxs ar exeba [3, 29]. misi fiqriT, Wanebi, canebi, acanebi da wanarebi erTi fuZidan nawarmoebi terminebia [3, 15]. marTlac, lingvisturad, qarTveluri enebis fonetikuri


106

procesebis Sesabamisad s _> W //c // w. Sdr. qarT. wabli, megr. Wuburi, svan. topon. Wuberi [=`wabliani~] (soflis saxelwodeba svaneTSi). gvarsaxeli WumburiZe (=`wablaZe~). Sdr. imer. iwkupa<_ iskupa, wkupobia<_skupobia, wkupi <_ skupi... samagierod s. kakabaZem gaiziara n. maris Sexeduleba wanarTa warmoSobisa da eTnikuri kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb. wanari, svanurSi, misi axsniT, tipuri satomo saxelia. misive mtkicebiT, TiTqos qarTvelebi svanebs wanarebs uwodebdnen (es arc erTi werilobiTi Tu folklorul-zepirgadmocemiTi `ZegliT~ ar mtkicdeba, b. cx.). avtoris msjelobiT, wanarebis tituli `qorikozi~ svanur enaze niSnavs `ojaxis ufross~. wanaruli qorikozis variaciuli formaa svan. `qora xoSa~ anu `ojaxis ufrosi~ [4, 111]. misive dakvirvebiTve, XVI-XVIII ss. rusul dokumentebSi aragvis saerisTavo `son~-adaa saxeldebuli da gadmonaSTis saxiT unda gvqondes Zveli saxelwodeba Tergisa da aragvis xeobis zeda dinebisa. es saxeli Semoinaxa Crdilo kavkasielma mosaxleobam, zogierTi maTgani ki XVI s-Si SeiTvisa rusulma enam [4, 122-113]. aRsaniSnavia, rom s. kakabaZis axsna-etimologia ar gaiziara n. berZeniSvilma [5, 623]. wanarebs svanur tomTan aigivebs istorikosi T. mibCuanic. mkvlevari amis samtkiceblad araerT sityvasa da toponims ganixilavs [6]. r. TofCiSvilsac wanarebi svanurenovan tomad miaCnia. `wanarebi SesaZloa dRevandel svanebTan sruliad identuri ar iyvnen, aramed maTTan axlos mdgomi tomi yofiliyoo~ [7, 58-59]..

aqve SevniSnavT, rom, etyoba, s. kakabaZe ise gaitaca wanarebis svanurma warmomavlobam da masze fiqrma, rom sruliad miaviwyda qor sityvis ZvelqarTuloba. werilobiTi Zeglebi, qarTulenovani bibliuri teqstebi cxadyofen am sityvis siZveles (Zneli safiqrebelia, rom Zvel qarTul enaSi s. kakabaZes am sityvis arseboba ar scodnoda). marTlac, Zvel qarTulSi qori `zeda saxls, zeda sarTuls~ niSnavs, xolo qorakandeli `WaRs~, qoredi `qorian, zeda sarTulians~, romlis erTgvar sinonimad


107

`zedaqorebi~-c gvxvdeba. Zvel qarTulSive `qorebi zakqoBsa~ saWurWles, xazinasac aRniSnavs [8].

qori =zeda saxli, zeda sarTuli: `gaCuenos Tquen qori dagebuli~, didi~ (l. 22,12); àRiyvanes igi qorsa mas zeda~ (saq. moc. 9,39); ìyvnes sanTelni qorsa mas zeda~ (saq. moc. 20,8); `jda qorsa mas sazafxulosa martoB (M. msaj. 3,20); `qori igi moqmna oqroBTa~ (M, II. neSt, 3,9); àR{da qorisa mas zeda mis bWisasa~ (0, II mef. 18,33); ùqmneT magas qori mcirT da daudgaT mun cxedari da tablaB da savarZeli (0, IV. mef. 4,10); `Sevida qorsa mas da daiZina~ (0, IV mef. 4,11); `sarkumelni misni iyvnes ganRebul qorsa mas missa winaSe ierusalTmsa~ (0, dan. M. I. neSt. 6, 10); `qorebi farTovebi, ganwesebuli sarkumlebiTa~ (I. ierem, 22, 140;

qorebi zakqoBsa = xazina, saWurWle: `misca..saxe... qorebisa mis sakqoBsa misisa~ (M. I. neSt. 28,11); Sdr. zedaqorebi.

qorakandeli = WaRi: `misces.. sasyidlad qorakandelTa~ (i-e 22, 23,17); ìxila man (taZrad) qorakandeli vecxlisaB didi, romeli ze ekida~ (Q_240, 100);

qoredi = qoriani, zedasarTuliani; `zedaqorebi~: ìyo.. saxlsa mas qoredsa, romel iyo saxlsa Sina uflisasa~ (I. ierem. 20,2); `ganumzada ufalsa winadRiT saxli qoredi~ (Ath. _ 11, 97V); àrdabagebi, qoredebi egreTve~._ `samoTxvelni maTni zedaqorebisani egreve~ (0, ezek. 42, 5); [8].

qor saxeli Cven mier Sekrebili Zveli qarTuli enis masalebSic aRmoCnda, romelic (qor fuZiani qored da sxva –ed sufiqsiani saxelebi) Cvens sakvalifikacio naSromSi (ix. paragrafi §17 –ed sufiqsiT Nnawarmoebi saxelebi) gvaqvs ganxiluli. Cvenive gamokvlevis mixedviT, qoredi, qoreTi da qorebi urTierTis monacvlea, rac imis mimaniSnebelia, rom –ed sufiqss Zvel qarTulSi mravlobiTobis gageba aqvs: Sdr. qor-ed-i: `da daadgres saxlsa Sina qoredTa~ (p. qarTv. A. 239, 14-15); Sdr. qor-eT-i: `Sevqmen... qoreTi saxli~ (qisk. 40, 21); qor-eb-i: `da esreT Rirs iqmna qorebs Sina xilvad uflisa (swavlani. 5, 17-18); rogorc maSin davaskveniT, -ed


108

sufiqsi masalobriv da zogjer funqciuradac -eb sufiqsTan erTad erTi odenobaa. ed’s da –eT’s geografiul saxelTa mawarmoebelTa funqcia mravlobiToba-krebiTobis gamoxatvaa, romelic imavdroulad gulisxmobs mqoneblobis Sinaarsis arsebobasac: qoredi // qoreTi `qorebiani~, `mravalsarTuliani~ [9, 111-112]. Qqori rom ara marto svaneTSi, aramed Zvel saqarTveloSi, kerZod, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos barsa da mTianeTSi rom unda arsebuliyo, mowmobs TuSeTSi dRemde SemorCenili ritualur-sanaxaobiTi terminadqceuli sityva qorbeRela. igi TuSuri terminia (TuSuri warmoTqmiT

qorbeRela¯i) erTgvari saferxulo cekvisa, romelic sruldeba laSaris jvris xatobaze, asruleben mamakacebi orsarTuliani ferxuliT (qorbeRelas sinonimuri variantia saferxulo cekva da misi saxeldeba zemyrelo= zedmiw. `zeviT asayreli~). TuSTa rwmeniT, vinc qorbeRelaSi monawileobas ar miiRebs, ubedureba SeemTxveva. qorbeRelas ritualisas TuSi Tavis momavals winaswarmetyvelebda: Tu qorbeRela aiqceoda an qorbeRelas sagalobeli aireoda, maSin es saqonlis, miwis mosavlisa da adamianis zians moaswavebda [10, 100]. cnobili eTnografis v. bardaveliZis SefasebiT, qorbeRelasTan dakavSirebuli mkiTxaobis Sinaarsi da qorbeRelas sagalobelSi aRbeWdili mimarTva mosavlianobis, saqonlis, da adamianis gamravlebaze imas moaswavebs, rom qarTveli xalxis uZvelesi sarwmunoebrivi SexedulebiT aRniSnul sakulto obieqtebs cxovrebis nayofierebis da gamravlebis Zala miewereboda [11, 33]. a. TaTaraZis axsniT ki qorbeRela orsarTuliani nagebobis aRmniSvneli terminia, TviT qorbeRela ki unda gamxdariyo safuZveli sarTulebis principiT gadawyvetili sabrZolo Sinaarsis ferxulisa [12]. g. cocaniZis ganmartebiT, qorbeRela, garda zemore ganmartebisa, TuSurSi kidev or sagans aRniSnavs: 1. moris mokle-mokle gadanaWrebisagan erTimeoreze kvadratrulad wyobiT agebuli svetebi, romlebsac saxlis saxuravis xidebis Tav-boloebi eyrdnoba, 2. SeSis damzadebis adgilze sqeli naWrebis male


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gaSrobis mizniT amgvarive saxis nawyobi [12, 226]. misive

TqmiT, TuSuri beRela¯i qoris anu saxlis zeda sarTuls niSnavda. TuSur dialeqtSi tyeSi

gasaSrobad beRlurad nawyob SeSaze qorbeRela¯ termini, albaT, mas Semdeg gadavida, rac beRlis Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba daiCrdila. misi

mtkicebiTve, qorbeRela¯ terminis gamoyeneba ferxulis aRsaniSnavad meoreuli Cans. saxeldeba moxda, albaT, asociaciuri metonimiis niadagze _ orsarTuliani ferxulis wyoba iwvevs Zelis gadanaWrebisagan agebuli `qorbeRelas~ asociacias [12, 226-227]. qorbeRelas ritualis sruli aRwerisagan amjerad Tavs SevikavebT, magram imas ki vityviT, rom rogorc g. cocaniZec fiqrobs, qorbeRela cixis simboloa (SuaSi mdgom kacs mecixovne hqvia. qorbeRelaSi mdgomTa mizania, rom dauSlelad miitanon igi jvaris karamdis. Tu qorbeRela gzad daiSleba, es imis maniSnebelia, rom saymom raRac samsaxuri daaklo salocavs da man misi ZRveni ar Seiwira _ Tem-sofels xifaTi elis. Tu qorbeRela dauSlelad mivida xatis karze, es imas niSnavs, rom saymos ZRveni da samsaxuri miRebulia da mfarvelma RvTaebam gadmoavlina maze Tavisi wyaloba _ ganamtkica sazeimo cixe [12, 227]. qorbeRelas adrindeli, Tavdapirveli daniSuleba TiTqos miCqmalulia, Tumca cixisa simbolizeba da erT-erTi

`meqorbeRela¯es~ mecixovneoba imas migvaniSnebs, rom igi adre meomrul-sabrZolo xasiaTis iyo. da bolos, ratom moviyvaneT da davaxasiaTeT ase vrclad

qorbeRela¯i? ara marto imitom, rom am kompozitur sityva-terminSi qor leqsemas beRel sityvasTan erTad didi funqcia akisria, aramed imitomac, rom iqneb kaxeTs da kaxeTis mTianeTs SenivTuli wanarebis kvalic dagvelanda da dagvenaxa am saxalxo ZirZvel ritualSi? cxadia, es specialuri kvlevis sagania da aq am sakiTxs sxva dros SevexebiT...

qor-i rom Zvelad dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, mTianeTSi arsebobda, aSkaraa. Mmis ZirZvelobas da sacnaurobas cxadyofs kidev iseTi ori termini, rogoricaa qorepiskopos-i da glonoqor-i.


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qorepiskoposis Sesaxeb T. papuaSvili aRniSnavs, rom am institutis warmoSobis fesvebi jer kidev winafeodaluri xanis qarTlis samefos wiaRSia saZebni. iberiis mefeTa xelisufleba didxans atarebda Teokratiul xasiaTs, radgan mefis socialur dasayrdens didxans qurumebi warmoadgendnen [13]. manve yuradReba miaqcia, `moqcevaB qarTlisaBs~ cnobas, sadac aRniSnulia, rom `mefobda mirdat da mTavarepiskoposi iyo glonoqor. da ese mTavarepiskoposi erisTavadca iyo qarTls da hereTs~ (moqc. qarTl. gv. 92.) sainteresoa, rom am cnobis mixedviT, qarTlis eklesiis meTauri (kaTalikosoba jer ar arsebobda) gvevlineba saero moxeled _ hereTis erisTavad. hereTi VIII s-is pirvel naxevarSi kaxeTis SemadgenlobaSia. maSasadame, manamde sanam kaxeTis samTavros qorepiskoposi Caudgeboda saTaveSi, kaxeTSi saero da sasuliero xelisuflebis erTi piris xelSi moqcevis tradicia ucxo ar yofila. glonoqori erTgvari winamorbedia kaxeTis qorepiskoposisa [13, 173]. zogi mkvlevris TqmiT, xSirad wanarebi gvevlinebian kaxeTis saxelmwifoebriobis Semqnelebad [14, 147], [15, 53]. am mxriv marTebulad gveCveneba arqeolog d. mindoraSvilis SeniSnva, rom wanarebis roli ramdenadme gadaWarbebulia [16].

SeniSvna 1: mkvlevari Tavisi disertaciis (`xevi Sua saukuneebSi. istoriularqeologiuri gamokvleva~, Tb., 2001) meoTxe TavSi, romelic `xevis Sua saukuneebis sakiTxebs~ exeba, wanarebs pirvelsave paragrafs uZRvnis [16, 122-135]. (aq dawvrilebiTaa gadmocemuli yvela is ZiriTadi mosazreba da varaudi, rac dRemde mkvlevrebs gamouTqvamT, zogi gamonaklisis garda (ratomRac mkvlevars `wanarebTan~ dakavSirebiT T. mibCuanis zemoT dasaxelebuli cnobili gamokvlevis [6] ganxilva saWirod ar miuCnevia.

cxadia, kaxeTis samTavros Seqmna-CamoyalibebaSi wanarebs sakmaod didi wvlili miuZRviT, rogorc mniSvnelovan samxedro Zalas, romelsac kaxeTis samTavros mesveurebi saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi aqtiurad iyenebdnen, magram wanarebis politikur asparezze


111

gamoCenamde gacilebiT adre kaxeTi ukve warmoadgenda savsebiT Camoyalibebul da dasrulebul saxelmwifo organizms [13, 147]. amrigad, irkveva, rom qor sityva wanarebis mosvlamdec arsebobsa kaxeTsa da hereTSi. qorepiskoposi imdroisaTvis sruliad uCveulo sityvaTSexamebaa, neologizmia (Sdr. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos MmTianeTSi xevisberobis ritualSi arsebuli `qristianuli~ termini dekanozi), rac imas metyvelebs, rom qori TavisTavadi, arqauli sityva yofila, romlis meSveobiT qarTul enaSi SeiZleboda Cvens winaprebs axal-axali sityvebi da terminebi ewarmoebinaT. rac Seexeba glonoqors, isic Cvens yuradRebas iqcevs im mxriv, rom am rTuli aRnagobis sityvaSi erT-erTi sityva `qor~ -ia (cxadia, aseve asaxsnelia glono-c). misi (gnoloqor-i) etimologiuri Zieba da warmomavloba dasadgenia da specialur kvlevas moiTxovs (Sdr. sakuTari saxelebi (odindeli metsaxelebi): gnol-ia, glon-a..., toponimidan warmomdgari `gvarsaxeli~ glonisTavel-i (topon. glonisTav-i).

SeniSvna: 2. rogorc Cans, s. kakabaZiseul zemore axsnas emyareba m. lorTqifaniZe, roca wers: XVI-XVII ss. rusul sabuTebSi aRniSnuli `sonis erisTavi~ sxva araferia, Tu ara sionis erisTavi, amis safuZvelze wanarTa politikur centrad sofel sioni unda miviCnioTo [14, 156-157]. m. lorTqifaniZis es axsna ar Seiwynara r. ramiSvilma, romlis azriT, sioni ar ukavSirdeba sons; son-san-wan fuZiani toponimebis arseboba xevSi da saerTod aragvis xeobaSi, e. i. iq, sadac ivaraudeba wanarTa pirvelsacxovrisi, migracia-gadaadgilebis areali, angariSgasawevi faqtia. am toponimTa SeqmnaSi marTlac unda vigulvoT dasavlur-qarTuli eTnikuri masis monawileoba (laxato, sondisvela, sondis mTa da xati da sxv.). gvxvdeba iseTic, romelic megrul-Wanuris gareSe ver aixsneba (mag., maqarTa, neZixi, WiWaxevi da sxv.) Sdr. aragvis xeobis toponimebi: ebn-isi, xev-Sa, xamu-Sa, xirou-Sa, lau-Sa da sxv. Tu am toponimTa SeqmnaSi wanarebsac miuZRvis wili, maSin safiqrebelia, rom isini svan-kolxur samyarosTan axlos iyvnen, an aq


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enobrivi erTobis droindeli mosaxleobis narevia warmosadgeni [17, 130-133]. r. ramiSvilis daskvniT, svanur-zanuri toponimebi saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, TeTri aragvis xeobaSi unda gavrcelebuliyo centraluri kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT ferdobebze gansaxlebuli `yobanuri~ kulturis matarebeli tomebis mier.

SeiZleba davaskvnaT: `wanaruli~ qorikozi anu qorepiskoposi hibriduli kompozituri terminia, romelic imdroisaTvis neologizmia (qarTuli da berZnuli). masSi qor saerTo qarTuli (qarTuli, svanuri...) ZirZveli sityvaa, romelic SemorCenili gvaqvs TuSur qorbeRela saritualo-sacekvao terminSi (sxva leqsemebSic: qorbuda (iremi), Sdr. qorwili...., topon. qoreTi. araa gamoricxuli, qorbeRelas sabrZolo Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, igi mecixovneobasTan, cixis mSenebleb-amgebebTan, brZolasTan da wanarebTan iyos kavSirSi. agreTve sabolood gasarkvevia glonoqor da qor (qorepiskopos) terminTa Tavdapirveli urTieTmimarTebac.


1. Марр Н.Я. К истории передвижения яфетических

народов с юга на север Кавказа. ИИАН., СПб., 1916 (Russian) 2. . Марр Н.Я. Из поездок в Сванетию. ХВ. Т. II. Вып. 1.

СПб., 1913 (Russian) 3. janaSia s., Sromebi. t. III, Tb., 1959 (Georgian)

4. Какабадзе С.Н. О племени цанар.sm. w. III. tf., 1928

(Russian) 5. berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, wigni VIII,

Tb., 1975 (Georgian)

6. mibCuani T., dasavleT saqarTvelos qarTvel mTielTa

eTnogenezis, gansaxlebisa da kulturis istoriidan, Tb., 1989 (Georgian)

7. TofCiSvili r., moxeuri gvarsaxelebi, Tb., 1988 (Georgian)

8. abulaZe i., Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni (masalebi), Tb.,

1973 (Georgian)

9. cxadaZe b., afiqsuri sityvawarmoeba Zvel qarTulSi,

sadoqtoro disertacia. Tb., 1989 (Georgian) (Georgian)


113

9. aslaniSvili S., narkvevebi qarTuli xalxuri simRerebis

Sesaxeb. II, Tb., 1956 (Georgian)

10. Бардавелидзе В. В.. Древнейшие религиозные

верования и обрядовое графическое искусство грузинских племен.

Тб., 1957 (Russian)

11. TaTaraZe a., qarTul cekvaTa ganmartebani, Tb., 1984

(Georgian)

12. g. cocaniZe, ferxulebi da saferxulo simRerebis teqstebi

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi. Tbilisis eqvTime TayaiSvilis saxelobis kulturisa da xelovnebis saxelmwifo universitetis samecniero

Sromebis krebuli. t. I. Tb., 2003 (Georgian)

13. papuaSvili T., ranTa da kaxTa samefo, Tb., 1982

(Georgian)

14. lorTqifaniZe m., feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri

gaerTianebis istoriidan (kaxeTis samTavro VIII-XI ss). mski, nakv. 31,


15. meliqiSvili g., feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri gaerTianeba

saqarTveloSi da feodalur urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis zogierTi sakiTxi,


16. mindoraSvili d., xevi Sua saukuneebSi (istoriul-

arqeologiuri gamokvleva), sadoqtoro disertacia, Tb., 2001(Georgian) 17. ramiSvili r., mTisa da baris urTierTobis zogierTi sakiTxi

aragvis xeobis axali arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT. Jinvalis

eqspedicia (meore samecniero konferenciis masalebi), Tb., 1981

(Georgian)

Badri Tskhadadze

About historical interrelations Tsanarians and tsanarskih words of

Kor, Korepiskopos

S u m m a r y

Our final concluding considerations and comments are the following: the research trend, which is indicated in the Georgian

scientists’ works, and according to which conversation goes about

Georgian origin of Tsanarians, appear to be a definite step forward. In

this regard each of them made an appropriate contribution in the

clarification of Tsanarians’ origin (N. Marr, S. Kakabadze, M.

Lortkipanidze, T. Papuashvili, J. Gvasalia, B. Silagadze, G.

Rcheulishvili, V. Itonishvili, R. Ramishvili, R. Topchishvili, T.

Mibchuani, D. Mindorashvili and others). It is revealed, that:


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1. Tsanarians lived in the mountain part of Kavkasioni

(Greater Caucasus) (over Kavkasioni mountains, up to Southern passage

of Kavkasioni mountains).

2. We don’t share opinion about proclamation of Tsanarians

as solely Svan tribe (N. Marr, S. Kakabadze, R. Topchishvili, T.

Mibchuani…). Tsanarians are western Kartvelian (Kolkhidian-Svan)

tribe, carrier of northern Caucasian, Kobanian culture, which were

resided from the very beginning in the mountain part of Georgia

(Mtianeti), in the Caucasian mountains (on those and on this side);

3. Toponyms, which are reflecting linguistic (speech) layer of

Tsanarians (Tsaneri, Tsilkani, Tselkani and similar), indicate that their language and speech should not be neither only Svan, nor only Zan

(Megrelian-Chan), as well as not only Georgian. They spoke some of the

archaic dialects of Kartvelian languages, which were much closer to

Megrelian-Chan, Svan and Georgian languages, than it takes place today

between those (Kartvelian) languages. Thus, search and ascertainment

of certain Tsanarian language (Svan, Zan) is not serious to some

extent…, and will be difficult enough.

They are Georgian hill-people, mountain Kartvelian tribe,

which were always ready to sacrifice themselves for their “Georgian

nature” and therefore they were able to assimilate painless with

Georgians (in Khevi they turn into Mokhevians, in Gudamakari – into Gudamakarians, in Mtiuleti – into Mtiuls, in Kartli – in Kartlians, in

Kakheti – into Kakhetians).

4. It is necessary to agree with Greek authors’ data and

researchers’ considerations that ancient Kolkhidian-Kartvelian tribes

before Greeks’ coming were lived on the Black Sea coast and

Mediterranean Sea coast. Kolkhidian, i.e. Svan-Zan tribes should be

expanded and settle in the mountain part of Georgia (Mtianeti), in the

White Aragvi gorge by means of migration of our ancestry – Kartvelian

ethnos, carrier of “Kobanian” culture, settled aslope, to the north of

Central Greater Caucasus.

5. Korikoz or Korepiskopos are hybrid composite terms,

which were neologisms (Georgian and Greek) at that time. In these

words kor is common Georgian (Georgian, Svan…) ancient word,

which is preserved on our end in Tushetian ritual and dance terms of

Korbegela (as well as in other lexems: Korbuda (deer), comp. with

Kortsili (wedding)…, topon. Koreti. It is not conceivable, that

proceeding from military content of Korbegela, it was connected with

erection of fortresses, with builders, which had erected fortresses, as


115

well as with battles and Tsanarians. It is also necessary to ascertain

interrelation of terms Glokonor and Kor (Korepiskopos).

Keywords: the Georgian scientists’ works, Tsanarians,

Kavkasioni (Greater Caucasus, Kavkasioni mountains, Svan tribe,

western Kartvelian (Kolkhidian-Svan) tribe, Kobanian culture, Georgia

(Mtianeti), Tsaneri, Tsilkani, Tselkani, kor, Korikoz or

Korepiskopos, Glokonor, Korbegela , . Koreti, Korbuda, (Zan

(Megrelian-Chan, the archaic dialects of Kartvelian languages,

(Kartvelian) languages, mountain Kartvelian tribe, Georgians (in Khevi

they turn into Mokhevians, in Gudamakari – into Gudamakarians, in Mtiuleti – into Mtiuls, in Kartli – in Kartlians, in Kakheti – into

Kakhetians), Kolkhidian-Kartvelian tribes, Greek authors, the Black

Sea, the White Aragvi, Svan-Zan tribes, Kartvelian ethnos.

N. Marr, S. Kakabadze, M. Lortkipanidze, T. Papuashvili, J.

Gvasalia, B. Silagadze, G. Rcheulishvili, V. Itonishvili, R. Ramishvili,

R. Topchishvili, T. Mibchuani, D. Mindorashvili.

Reviewer- Professor – Temur Todua, Georgian Technical University.

Цхададзе Бадри Андреевич

О историческом взаимосвязи Цанаров и цанарских слов Кор,

Корепископ

Резюме

Наши окончательные заключительные соображения и

замечания следующие: определенным шагом вперед

представляется то направление исследования, обозначенное в

работах грузинских ученых, согласно которому разговор идет о

грузинском происхождении цанаров. В этой связи каждый из них

внес соответствующий вклад в выяснение происхождения цанаров

(Н. Марр, С. Какабадзе, М. Лорткипанидзе, Т. Папуашвили, Дж.

Гвасалиа, Б. Силагадзе, Г. Рчеулишвили, В. Итонишвили, Р.

Рамишвили, Р. Топчишвили, Т. Мибчуани, Д. Миндорашвили и др.). Выясняется, что:

1. Цанары проживали в горной части Кавкасиони

(Большого Кавказа) (за горами Кавкасиони, до южного перевала

гор Кавкасиони).

2. Не разделяем мнение об объявлении цанаров только

лишь сванским племенем (Н. Марр, С. Какабадзе, Р. Топчишвили,


116

Т. Мибчуани...). Цанары являются западно-картвельским

(колхидско-сванским) племенем, носителем северо-кавказской,

кобанской культуры, которые с самого начала селились в горной

части Грузии (Мтианети), в кавказских горах (по ту и по эту

сторону);

3. Топонимы, отражающие языковой (речевой) пласт

цанаров (цанери, цилкани, целкани и под.) указывают на то, что

их язык и речь не должны были быть ни только лишь сванскими,

ни только занскими (мегрельско-чанскими), а также ни только

грузинскими. Они говорили на каком-то из архаичных диалектов

картвельских языков, который был гораздо ближе к мегрельско-чанским, сванскому и грузинскому языку, нежели это имеет место

на сегодняшний день между этими (картвельскими) языками.

Таким образом, поиск-выяснение какого-либо языка цанаров

(сванского, занского) в какой-то степени несерьезно..., и будет

весьма трудным. Они являются горскими грузинами, племенем

горского картвельского рода, которые готовы были сложить головы

за свое «принадлежность к грузинам» и поэтому так безболезненно

ассимилировались с грузинами (в Хеви превратились (предстали

перед нами) в мохевцев, в Гудамакари – в гудамакарцев, в

Мтиулети – в мтиулов, в Картли – в карталинцев, в Кахети – в

кахетинцев). 4. Необходимо согласиться со сведениями греческих

авторов и соображениями исследователей о том, что древние

колхидско-картвельские племена до прихода греков жили на

побережье Черного моря и Средиземного моря. Колхские, т.е.

сванско-занские племена должны были распространиться и

обосноваться в горной части Грузии (Мтианети), в долине Белой

Арагви путем миграции наших предков – картвельского этноса,

носителя культуры «кобанцев», расселенных на склонах, севернее

Центрального Кавкасиони.

5. Корикоз или Корепископ являются гибридными

композитными терминами, которые для того времени были

неологизмами (грузинскими и греческими). В них кор –

общегрузинское (грузинское, сванское...) древнее слово, которое

сохранилось у нас в тушетских корбегела ритуально-танцевальных

терминах (и в других лексемах: корбуда (олень), ср. корцили

(свадьба)..., топон. корети. Не исключено, что, исходя из военного

содержания корбегела, оно было связано с возведением крепостей,

со строителями, возводившими крепости, битвами и цанарами.


117

Ключевые слова: происхождения цанаров, горной част

Кавкасиони (Большой Кавказаз), Кавкасиони, Сванский племен,

Цанары _ западно-картвельский (колхидско-сванский) племен,

Кобанская культура, горной част Грузии (Мтианети), Картвельские

языки, Архаичный диалект картвельского языка, мегрельско-

чанский, сванский и грузинские языки, Горские Грузини, Хеви ,

мохевцы, гудамакарцы, мтиулцы, карталинцы, кахетинцы, древний

колхидско-картвельские племен, миграция, картвельский этнос,

Корикоз, Корепископ, Кор, Корети, корбегела, корбуда (олень),

Гудамакари, Мтиулети,Картли,Кахети,Белый Арагви, северный

Центральный Кавкасиони, греческие авторы, Н. Марр, С. Какабадзе, М. Лорткипанидзе, Т. Папуашвили, Дж. Гвасалиа, Б.

Силагадзе, Г. Рчеулишвили, В. Итонишвили, Р. Рамишвили, Р.

Топчишвили, Т. Мибчуани, Д. Миндорашвили.

Рецензент - профессор Тодуа Темур Тариелович, Грузинский



118

CONTENTS

THEORY

Maia Amirgulashvili

Political and moral responsibility-----------------------------------------3

Tamaz Nutsubidze

Globalization and Democracy ----------------------------------------------12

HISTORY

Giorgi Bagaturia Feature Story about Gurija--------------------------------------------------20

Tengiz Grigolia Russia Turkish geopolitical relations--------------------------------------54

Rusudan Daushvili

European Nations and Georgian Emigration in 20-30-ies of the 20th

century--------------------------------------------------------------------------61

Otar Kochoradze National schools of management------------------------------------------76

PRACTICE Akaki Ratiani

Tourism and problems of development of its auxiliary infrastructure

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------96

SOCIETY

Badri Tskhadadze

About historical interrelations Tsanarians and tsanarskih words of

Kor, Korepiskopos------------------------------------------------------------104


119

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

ТЕОРИЯ

Амиргулашвили Майя Ушангиевна

Политическая и моральная ответственность--------------------------3

Нуцубидзе Тамаз Шалвович

Глобализация и демократия-------------------------------------------------12

ИСТОРИЯ

Багатурия Георгий Шотаевич

Очерки о Гурии-----------------------------------------------------------------20

Григолиа Тенгиз Бондоевич Геополитические аспекты Росийско-Турецкиx отношений -----54

Даушвили Русудан

Европейские государства и грузинская эмиграция в 20-30 годы ХХ

столетия---------------------------------------------------------------------------61

Кочорадзе Отар Георгиевич

Национальные школы менеджмента------------------------------------76

ПРАКТИКА

Ратиани Акакий Акакиевич

Туризм и проблемы развития его вспомогательной

инфраструктуры-----------------------------------------------------------------96

ОБЩЕСТВО

Цхададзе Бадри Андреевич

О историческом взаимосвязи Цанаров и цанарских слов Кор,

Корепископ-----------------------------------------------------------------------104


120

avtorebi

maia amirgulaSvili saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori

giorgi baRaTuria

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori

Tengiz grigolia saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori

rusudan dauSvili Tbilisis zaqaria faliaSvilis saxelobis operisa da baletis saxelmwifo akademiuri Teatris muzeumis direqtori, profesori.

Tamaz nucubiZe saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis

profesori akaki ratiani saqarTvelos teqnikuri

universitetis magistranti oTar qoCoraZe saqarTvelos teqnikuri

universitetis profesori badri cxadaZe SoTa rusTavelis sax. Teatrisa da

kinos universitetis profesori


121

Authors

Maia Amirgulashvili Professor of Georgian Technical University

Giorgi Bagaturia Professor of Georgian Technical University

Tengiz Grigolia Professor of Georgian Technical University

Rusudan Daushvili Director of a museum Tbilisi State Academic Opera

and Ballet Theatre

Tamaz Nucubidze Professor of Georgian Technical University

Akaki Ratiani Post graduate student of Georgian Technical

University

Otar Kochoradze Professor of Georgian Technical University

Badri Tskhadadze Professor of Shota Rustaveli University of Theatre and

Cinema


122

Авторы

Амиргулашвили М.У. Профессор Грузинского технического университета

Багатурия Г.Ш. Профессор Грузинского технического университета

Григолиа Т.Б. Профессор Грузинского технического университета

Даушвили Р. Директор музея Грузинскиого театра оперы и

балета им. Палиашвили, профессор

Нуцубидзе Т.Ш. Профессор Грузинского технического университета

Кочорадзе О.Г. Профессор Грузинского технического университета

Ратиани А.А. Магистрант Грузинского технического

университета

Цхададзе Б.А. Профессор университета театра и кино им. Шота

Руставели


123

Jurnalis redkolegia rudiger andreseni - berlinis universitetis profesori

ekonomikis dargSi, saqarTvelos teqnikuri

universitetis sapatio doqtori

nana avaliani - saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros sagangebo

davalebaTa elCi, istoriis

mecnierebaTa doqtori

meufe abraami

(garmelia)

dasavleT evropis mitropoliti

evgeni baraTaSvili - saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori,

ekonomikisa da biznesis marTvis departamentis

xelmZRvaneli

giorgi baRaTuria - saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori

oTar baRaTuria - pasuxismgebeli mdivani, saqarTvelos

teqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti

vaxtang guruli - ivane javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis profesori

SoTa doRonaZe - mTavari redaqtori, saqarTvelos teqnikuri

universitetis profesori, saxelmwifo

marTvis mimarTulebis xelmZRvaneli

harald vertci - sorbonas universitetis `pari-8~-is

profesori informatikis dargSi.

genadi iaSvili - saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori

sergo lominaZe - saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori

roin metreveli - saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi

qeTi qoqraSvili - saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis

profesori, administraciis xelmZRvaneli

oTar qoCoraZe - mTavari redaqtoris moadgile, saqarTvelos

teqnikuri universitetis profesori

rusudan quTaTelaZe - saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis

profesori, humanitarul-socialuri

fakultetis dekani

maia CxeiZe - saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis

profesori, ucxo enebisa da komunikaciebis

departamentis xelmZRvaneli

ia xubaSvili - ivane javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis profesori


124

EDITORIAL BOARD RUDIGER ANDRESEN – Professor of Economics of Berlin

University, Doctor of Honour of

Georgian Technical University

NANA AVALIANI – Ambassador at large MFA of Georgia, PhD of History

His Eminence ABRAHAM

(GARMELIA)

– Metropolitan of Western Europe

EVGENI BARATASHVILI – Professor of Georgian Technical University, Head of Department of Economics and Business Managemnt

GIORGI BAGATURIA – Professor of Georgian Technical University

OTAR BAGATURIA – Responsible Editor, Doctoral Candidate of Georgian Technical University

MAIA CHKHEIDZE - Professor of Georgian Technical University , Head of the Department of Foreign Languages and Communication

SHOTA DOGONADZE - Chief Editor, Professor of Georgian Technical University, Head of Public Admimstration Department

VAKHTANG GURULI - Professor of Ivane .Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

GENADI IASHVILI - Professor of Georgian Technical University

IA KHUBASHVILI - Professor of Ivane .Javakhishvili

Tbilisi State University

KETI KOKRASHVILI - Professor of Georgian Technical University, Head of the Administration

OTAR KOCHORADZE - Deputy Editor-in-Chief, Professor of Georgian Technical University

RUSUDAN KUTATELADZE - Professor of Georgian Technical University, Dean of Humanitarian-

Social faculty

SERGO LOMINADZE - Professor of Georgian Technical University

ROIN METREVELI - Academy of Science of Georgia, Academician

HARALD WERTZ - Professor of Informatics of Sorbona University ”Pari-8”


125

РЕДКОЛЛЕГИЯ

НАНА АВАЛИАНИ - Посол по особым поручениям МИД Грузии,

доктор исторических наук

Владыко АВРААМ (ГАРМЕЛИЯ) -Митрополит Западной Европы

РУДИГЕР АНДРЕСЕН - профессор экономики Берлинского

университета, почетный доктор Грузинского

технического университета

ГЕОРГИЙ БАГАТУРИЯ - профессор Грузинского технического


ОТАР БАГАТУРИЯ - ответственный секретарь, докторант

Грузинского технического университета,

ЕВГЕНИЙ БАРАТАШВИЛИ - профессор Грузинского

технического университета, руководитель

департаменгта экономики и управления

бизнесом

ХАРАЛЬД ВЕРТЦ - профессор информатики Сорбонского

университетета «Пари-8»

ВАХТАНГ ГУРУЛИ - профессор Тбилисского государственного

унивесритета им. Ив.Джавахишвили

ШОТА ДОГОНАДЗЕ - главный редактор, профессор Грузинского

технического университета, руководитель

направления государственного управления

КЕТЕВАН КОКРАШВИЛИ - профессор Грузинского технического

университета, глава администрации


ОТАР КОЧОРАДЗЕ - заместитель главного редактора, профессор

Грузинского технического университета

РУСУДАН КУТАТЕЛАДЗЕ - профессор Грузинского технического

университета, декан гуманитарно-

социального факультета

СЕРГО ЛОМИНАДЗЕ - профессор Грузинского технического


РОИН МЕТРЕВЕЛИ - академик АН Грузии

МАЙА ЧХЕИДЗЕ - профессор Грузинского технического

университета, руководитель департамента

иностранных языков и коммуникации

ИЯ ХУБАШВИЛИ - профессор Тбилисского государственного

унивесритета им. Ив.Джавахишвили

ГЕННАДИЙ ЯШВИЛИ - профессор Грузинского

технического университета

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