sample outline with notecards - lake mills middle … outline with notecards ... and lacking the...

Sample Outline with Notecards

I. Introduction

A. Attention Grabber Pilots View of Mustang Source: Jablonski, E. (1982). America in the air war. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. Pages:98

Tags:quote,good plane (feelings of pilots)

• This outline includes all the notecards to show you how each notecard is like a puzzle piece of your paper.

• Notice that tags and page/paragraph number are included on

every notecard. • You MUST have a paraphrase on each card; direct quotations

are optional.

• Quote cards should include a draft sentence in which you practice working the quote into your paper.

• Including your in-‐text citations as you write is easy when you

have all the necessary information on each notecard. • The notecards on the first 14 pages or so have boxes around

them so they’re easier to read. (Don’t print this sample – it’s 42

pages!!)

Paraphrase: P-51 was a great airplane beloved by the men who flew it. "Flying it was a sensual pleasure."

History:Created: 02/13/13 07:37 PM Bomber losses 1943 Source: Michel, M. L. (2008). The P-51 Mustang: The Most Important Aircraft In History. Air Power History, 55(4), 46. Pages:4

Tags:early bomber losses,quote

Paraphrase: "The end came in October 1943, when Eighth Air Force Bomber Command flew four large unescorted bomber missions deep into Germany in seven days. During these four missions the command lost 148 bombers (and the 1,480 crewman on board), and had many bombers heavily damaged."

History:Created: 02/21/13 10:18 PM Luftwaffe Rule the Skies Source: Ludwig, P. A. (2003). P-51 Mustang Development of the Long-Range Escort Fighter. Birmingham, United Kingdom: Classic Publications. Pages:94

Tags:quote

Paraphrase: "The Luftwaffe was a potent force... the Bf 109 F was a formidable adversary in air fighting, but

when Germany introduced the Fw 190A, it tipped the balance of air superiority in favor of the Luftwaffe."

History:Created: 02/25/13 09:43 PM

B. Thesis- During World War II, the British, due to extreme shortages of fighter aircraft, contacted North American, an American aircraft company, and asked them to design and subsequently manufacture an innovative fighter plane that would be superior to all of the German opposition. The ensuing plane, the P-51 Mustang, became the most revered and feared escort fighter of the war, because of its extensive range, impressive aerodynamics that encouraged maneuverability and speed, and the deadly armament. The Mustang may be the most important and innovative fighter plane in history due to its impeccable combat record and sleek design. II. Inspiration due to Need

A. British Losses Brits Battle of Britian Source: Haggerty, A. (2010). The P-51 Mustang : A Case Study In Defense Acquisition. Defense AR Journal, 17(4), 508-519. Pages:511

Tags:contract

Quote: The Battle of Britain was at hand, and the Royal Air Force (RAF) was critically short of fighter aircraft to respond to the coming German onslaught. British industry was clearly unable to meet the RAF’s production needs, so a Purchasing Commission was sent to the United States in the hope of finding long-range fighter aircraft suppliers for its bomber escort missions.

Paraphrase: When the Battle of Britian began, the RAF was "critically short" of fighter planes to fend off the German advances. Since the British economy was already strained, the Air Ministry looked elsewhere for a plane manufacturer (a.k.a. America) that would build bomber escorts for the RAF.


B. Bomber Losses Bomber Losses Source: Rogers, F. (2011). Breaking in the Mustang. Aviation History, 21(4), 22. Pages:5

Tags:early bomber losses,escorts

Quote: The need for a long-range fighter to escort the B-17 Flying Fortresses and B-24 Liberators in their penetration of German airspace during daylight precision bombing had been reinforced by the heavy losses incurred in 1943.

Paraphrase: The AAF realized that the heavy losses incurred on bombers in 1943 stemmed from the lack of substantial, if any, fighter escorts. Because of this problem, precision bombing never reached its potential during the early stages of the war.


C. Contact and Contract

1. British agents talked to Cutiss Curtiss Contract Source: Haggerty, A. (2010). The P-51 Mustang : A Case Study In Defense Acquisition. Defense AR Journal, 17(4), 508-519. Pages:511

Tags:quote,contract

Quote: The RAF agents initially approached the dominant U.S. aircraft supplier, the Curtiss-Wright Corporation, with a request to place an order for more than 300 of their best fighters—the P-40 Warhawk—which was also the main fighter in U.S. Army Air Corps service. Curtiss-Wright turned the order down due to lack of factory capacity.

Paraphrase: "The RAF agents initially approached the dominant U.S. aircraft supplier, the Curtiss-Wright Corporation, with a request to place an order for more than 300 of their best fighters—the P-40 Warhawk — which was also the main fighter in U.S. Army Air Corps service. Curtiss-Wright turned the order down due to lack of factory capacity."

History:Created: 02/21/13 11:35 PM British Purchasing Commision Source: Ludwig, P. A. (2003). P-51 Mustang Development of the Long-Range Escort Fighter. Birmingham, United Kingdom: Classic Publications. Pages:35

Tags:contract

Paraphrase: Ludwig stated that "on 11 April 1940 the BPC signed a Letter of Intent to purchase '...400 aircraft, type NA-50B.'"

History:Created: 02/26/13 11:56 AM

2. North American designed P-51 British Contract to North American

Source: Jablonski, E. (1982). America in the air war. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. Pages:98

Tags:design,contract,allison engine

Quote: The history of the P-51's development began in April 1940 when British purchasing agent in America tried to buy an additional number of Curitss P-40D Warhawks to supplement several hundred P-40's already purchased for use by the RAF in North Africa. Curtiss was preoccupied, however, turning out P-40's for the AAF (they were used in Africa and Asia until the P-38 and P-40 made them obsolete). Hearing of the impasse, James E. Kindleberger, president of North American Aviation, countered with an offer to build a better fighter around the same liquid-cooled Allison engine that the P-40 used and to have it ready within an astoundingly short time of six months. The British agreed. The AAF took delivery of a couple of the new aircraft for its own evaluation; they were designated the XP-51's.

Paraphrase: When British agents asked Curtiss to build them P-40 Warhawks, Curtiss was forced to turn them down due to other orders. However, North American offered to build a similar but better aircraft centered around the same Allison engine. The British accepeted the idea.

History:Created: 02/13/13 08:02 PM Contract Source: Haggerty, A. (2010). The P-51 Mustang : A Case Study In Defense Acquisition. Defense AR Journal, 17(4), 508-519. Pages:511

Tags:contract

Quote: The desperate British then turned to a small California company, North American Aviation, which specialized in building training aircraft. The British asked North American to consider a

licensed production deal with Curtiss to build the Warhawk in their factory. The company’s president, “Dutch” Kindelberger, asked for time to consider the offer. He knew that the P-40 Warhawk was a relatively old design that was tough and heavily armed, but slow and lacking the maneuverability and combat performance to go against the German Luftwaffe in air-to-air combat.

Paraphrase: Once Curtiss turned down the British contract, the British, frantic by this time, asked North American to build a new fighter. The North American president, "Dutch" Kindleberg, realized it would be easy to build a better performing aircraft than the P-40.

History:Created: 02/21/13 11:30 PM Contract-good for NA Source: Haggerty, A. (2010). The P-51 Mustang : A Case Study In Defense Acquisition. Defense AR Journal, 17(4), 508-519. Pages:512

Tags:contract

Quote: fighter of far greater capability, while at the same time leapfrogging Curtiss-Wright and establishing their tiny company at the forefront of the international aviation industry.

Paraphrase: North American realized that this could ba a giant leap for their company if they built such a fighter.

History:Created: 02/21/13 11:32 PM 120 Days Source:

Haggerty, A. (2010). The P-51 Mustang : A Case Study In Defense Acquisition. Defense AR Journal, 17(4), 508-519. Pages:513

Tags:contract,design

Quote: Second, they had to design and produce the first prototype in less than 120 days!

Paraphrase: The British gave North American exactly 120 days to finish the first prototype- a very hard task to accomplish for any company, especially one as small as North American.

History:Created: 02/21/13 11:41 PM Edgar Schmued Source: Ludwig, P. A. (2003). P-51 Mustang Development of the Long-Range Escort Fighter. Birmingham, United Kingdom: Classic Publications. Pages:35

Tags:design,quote

Paraphrase: In 1940 NAA hired a team of recently graduated scientists from California Institute of Technology which included Mr. Edgar Schmued. Mr. Dutch Kindleberg, who was currently president of NAA, "did give Schmued credit for designing the Mustang" (Ludwig, 2003, p. 35).

History:Created: 02/26/13 12:03 PM III. Prototype XP-51 ignored

Source: Ludwig, P. A. (2003). P-51 Mustang Development of the Long-Range Escort Fighter. Birmingham, United Kingdom: Classic Publications. Pages:32

Tags:quote,design,transportation to england

Paraphrase: After the design of the XP-51, it was "ignored because it was a British project." The USAAF favored their own project the XP-46.


A. Uses

1. Low-level fighter/recconaisance First Use Source: Jablonski, E. (1982). America in the air war. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. Pages:98

Tags:good design,first use

Quote: The RAF used the plane initially for reconnaissance missions and cross-Channel hit- and- run sweeps against ground targets.

Paraphrase: The British were impressed by the low level capabilities of this aircraft and used it for reconaissance missions and strafing sweeps.


2. Low-level hit and run raids

Dive bombing and strafing Source: Sage Reinlie, L. (2013, January 27). World War II vet recalls P-51 missions.Northwest Florida Daily News (Fort Walton Beach, FL). Pages:10

Tags:job

Quote: Every day they ran dive bomb and strafing missions, scattering explosives across Belgium and Holland

Paraphrase: The P-51 had multiple roles during World War II that differed from air-to-air combat. This included spending time strafing and dive bombing German land based installations and enemy troops.


B. Design flaws

1. Jammed Guns Jammed guns Source: Jablonski, E. (1972). Airwar: Wings of fire (Vol. IV). Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company. Pages:51

Tags:armament,design flaws

Quote: When he jumped the first plane all four of his guns were operating, but by his third attack only two functioned: finally only one. This was an early problem that Mustang pilots faced.

Paraphrase: During crucial elements of a dogfight the machine guns of a P-51 Mustang tended to jam, a very dangerous and even fatal flaw in the operation of the aircraft.

History:Created: 02/13/13 10:53 PM Mustang guns Source: Rogers, F. (2011). Breaking in the Mustang. Aviation History, 21(4), 22. Pages:23

Tags:design flaws

Quote: Speaking personally, I never had an encounter with fully functioning guns in my Beantown Banshee. I did have some beautiful gun camera pictures showing the slewing effect with one outboard gun firing API (armor piercing incendiary), also mentioned in an Eagleston report. Several pilots recounted that the jamming came after "violent maneuvering," but Bob Weldon of the 356th Fighter Squadron and I both experienced failure after 3 or 4G coordinated turns.

Paraphrase: The Mustang, when forced into a hich G manuever, had the uncanny ability and tendency for its guns to jam.


2. Underpowered Allison engine, What should we do?

Source: Kennedy, P. (2013). Engineers of victory. New York, NY: Random House. Pages:121

Tags:allison engine

Quote: The problem was that the Allison-engined P-51 was not a great performer. Its original specifications had called for the design of a low-altitude interceptor, and it actually flew well in that respect, but the USAAF was (understandably) heading towards the much more powerful P-38 Lightning and P-47 Thunderbolt fighters, both of which were a match in the air against a Zero or a Bf 109, and the British were heading toward improvised Spitfires, Typhoons, and Beaufighters.

Paraphrase: Both the British and the USAAF had planes with potential, and at the time the P-51 was not the superb fighter it would later become.


3. Altitude Poor Altitude fighter Source: Jablonski, E. (1982). America in the air war. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. Pages:98-99

Tags:first use,design flaws

Quote: But the plane struck both British and American experts as being unfitted for work as a high-altitude fighter- it lacked sufficient power.

Paraphrase: Because the Mustang was underpowered, experts deemed it unsuitable for the role of a high- altitude fighter.


4. Crashes Takeoff Crashes Source: Rogers, F. (2011). Breaking in the Mustang. Aviation History, 21(4), 22. Pages:27

Tags:design flaws

Quote: One of the most serious problems we experienced in the early days was engine failure on takeoff or in flight. The poor visibility over the long nose forced a zigzag taxi, with a corresponding low speed on the engine. This fouled the plugs and caused many takeoffs to be aborted

Paraphrase: Chronic engine failure on takeoff in the early days of the Mustang's existence proved to be more than a nuisaince. In addition, the poor visibility from the cockpit in foggy conditions forced planes to implement a "zig-zag taxi" which tended to foul spark plugs.


C. Good Points Aerodynamics Puzzle Source: Kennedy, P. (2013). Engineers of victory. New York, NY: Random House. Pages:126-127

Tags:good design,aerodynamics

Quote: The tests by...........much less effort.

Paraphrase: Roles-Royce had run tests that had shown the Mustang needed "far fewer revs per minute" to climb to the same altitude or attain the same speed as the Spitfire, which was a far lighter plane. Essentially, the Mustang "got to where it needed to go with much less effort.

History:Created: 02/19/13 11:27 PM Impressed British Source: Jablonski, E. (1982). America in the air war. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. Pages:98

Tags:design,good design

Quote: The Mustang impressed the British more than it did the Americans- by its clean design, extensive protective armor for the pilot, large and leakproof fuel tanks, and good performance at low altitudes.

Paraphrase: The British thought highly of the Mustang while the Americans did not favor it. The Mustang protected the pilot well through extensive use of armor, flew well at low altitudes, and was able to stay in the air for a long time due to large and leakproof fuel tanks.

History:Created: 02/13/13 08:08 PM Self-Sealing Tanks

Source: Rogers, F. (2011). Breaking in the Mustang. Aviation History, 21(4), 22. Pages:50

Tags:good design

Quote: On December 13, 1943, during my first escort mission to Kiel, my Mustang was hit by a top turret gunner on a B-17.1 immediately began worrying about potential loss of fuel. The P-51 was the first aircraft with self-sealing tanks that most of us had flown, and we were skeptical about their effectiveness. To my great relief, that experience removed all my doubts about those tanks.

Paraphrase: The Mustang's self-sealing fuel tanks were a God send for many pilots- they would never have to worry about the loss of aviation fuel if their tanks were holed by enemy, or even freindly, ammunition

History:Created: 02/22/13 12:05 AM Lineup Source: Jablonski, E. (1982). America in the air war. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. Pages:110

Tags:armament,speed

Quote: Six wing mounted machine guns, a top speed of 437 mph and unmatched manueverability made the P-51 Mustang a brilliant fighter and one of the most famous planes of the War.

Paraphrase: Due to its armament, speed, and manueverability, the Mustang was one of the best and most important fighter planes of World War II.

History:Created: 02/13/13 10:20 PM IV. Redesign Need for escorts Source: Jablonski, E. (1982). America in the air war. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. Pages:103

Tags:escorts

Quote: Without the presence of the Little Friends, as bomber crews called escorting fighters, the Bandits (German fighters) would be back in even greater force to slice their planes to shreds.

Paraphrase: The bombers needed the fighter escorts if they were to survive the havardous trip into Germany and back to Britian. The escorts were able to drive away a good portion of enemy fighter planes: one of the bombers greatest threats.

History:Created: 02/13/13 10:15 PM Quote-develop/survive Source: Michel, M. L. (2008). The P-51 Mustang: The Most Important Aircraft In History. Air Power History, 55(4), 46. Pages:53

Tags:quote,replacement

Paraphrase: "Fortunately, because of a serendipitous series of events, the P-51 was developed and survived."


A. Men Harker, Test pilot, Who? Source: Kennedy, P. (2013). Engineers of victory. New York, NY: Random House. Pages:121

Tags:good plane (feelings),design flaws,allison engine

Quote: In late April 1942 the RAF liaison test pilot for Rolls-Royce Engines in Derbyshire, Ronnie Harker, recieved a phone call from the RAF's Fighting Development Unit, asking if he would come down to the Duxford airfield to test a problematic U.S. plane, designated Pursuit Fighter 51 (P-51).

Paraphrase: Harker, and experienced pilot was asked to test the P-51, and see if he had any solutions to the problematic plane.

History:Created: 02/17/13 10:58 PM Harker, First Flight Source: Kennedy, P. (2013). Engineers of victory. New York, NY: Random House. Pages:121-122

Tags:redesign,design flaws,allison engine

Quote: It turned easily, never stalled, and was fine at low to medium altitudes. Aerodynamically it was superb, that is, it had low drag, although neither he nor anyone else at the time could figure out

why. Harker's report finished with a sentence that, though laconic, caught the attention of anyone who read it: "The point that strikes me is that with a powerful and good engine like the Merlin 61, its performance should be outstanding, as it is 35 m.p.h. faster than the Spitfire 5 at roughly the same power."

Paraphrase: Harker didn't know what to make of the plane. It was a good performer, but underpowered. So, he reccomended using the Merlin 61 engine in it.

History:Created: 02/17/13 11:04 PM Blakeslee Ask, Not get Source: Hull, M. D. (2013). 'Patton In A P-51'. Aviation History, 23(5), 54-58. Pages:58

Tags:replacement,holdup,quote

Paraphrase: "When Blakeslee [an American wing Commander] began pressuring Kepner to reequip his squadrons with Mustangs, the general initially opposed the idea."


B. Idea Aerodynamics Puzzle Source: Kennedy, P. (2013). Engineers of victory. New York, NY: Random House. Pages:126-127

Tags:good design,aerodynamics

Quote: The tests by...........much less effort.

Paraphrase: Roles-Royce had run tests that had shown the Mustang needed "far fewer revs per minute" to climb to the same altitude or attain the same speed as the Spitfire, which was a far lighter plane. Essentially, the Mustang "got to where it needed to go with much less effort.


C. Fuel/drop tanks/range Distance of Mustang Source: Kennedy, P. (2013). Engineers of victory. New York, NY: Random House. Pages:133

Tags:quote,drop-tanks

Paraphrase: "By this time [September 1944] also, Blakeslee's [AAF Flight Commander and early advocate for the Mustang] P-51's with drop tanks could accompany the B-17 Flying Fortresses all the way to western Russia, a distance of a thousand miles. The same Mustangs would then escort the bombers back from Russia to Italian bases and hop over the Alps home to East Anglia. In that triangular flight pattern alone, one sees the Third Reich cornered."

History:Created: 02/20/13 10:09 PM P-51 better fuel than P-47 Source: Michel, M. L. (2008). The P-51 Mustang: The Most Important Aircraft In History. Air Power History, 55(4), 46. Pages:55

Tags:fuel_consumption

Quote: It also had longer range on internal fuel than the P-47 had with its centerline fuel tank, and the P-51B, unlike the P-47, was plumbed for external wing fuel tanks—and on small shackles that produced virtually no drag. Soon an 85 gallon fuel tank was installed behind the pilot and gave it even longer range.

Paraphrase: The P-51's exceptional range far outdistanced that of the P-47, and unlike the Thunderbolt, the Mustang had aerodynamic external wing fuel tank hard points that did not drastically raise drag.

History:Created: 02/21/13 10:53 PM Fuel Consuption Source: Kennedy, P. (2013). Engineers of victory. New York, NY: Random House. Pages:127

Tags:good design,fuel_consumption

Quote: But there was.........twice a Spitfire's range.

Paraphrase: The Mustang had an "astoundind fuel capacity" and when combined with its superior aerodynamics "produced a miracle" of fuel consumption. The Mustang held an astounding 269 gallons (when full), while a comparable plane, the Spitfire, held 99. Also the Mustang "consumed an average of 64 gallons an hour compared with the 144 for the P-38 [Lightning] and 140 for the P-47 [Thunderbolt]. When the Mustang was fully loaded with fuel, and complemented with two 108 gallon drop tanks, the Mustang's "combat radius was 750 miles." That more than doubled the range of the Spitfire.


Drop Tanks Source: Kennedy, P. (2013). Engineers of victory. New York, NY: Random House. Pages:127

Tags:drop-tanks

Quote: The drop tanks.........longer in the air.

Paraphrase: The invention of aluminum drop tanks by the Britsh allowed all the Allied fighters to stay in the air for longer. This especially augmented the Mustang's range, because of its low rate of fuel consumption. Drop tanks were in such a high demand, and fighter squadrons were so desperate for them, that the British "manufactured a 108 gallon fuel tank out of stiffened paper; it was actually lighter annd more capacious than the later metal versions." Consequently the paper drop tanks denied the Germans the chance of reusing the discarded metal tanks. Allied pilots actually favored the earlier British models and tried to scrounge them until the end of the war.

History:Created: 02/19/13 11:54 PM Redesign Win! Source: Jablonski, E. (1982). America in the air war. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. Pages:99

Tags:good design,redesign,good plane (feelings)

Quote: But with large internal fuel tanks, and fuel consumption about half of that of the P-38 and P-47, the Rolls-Royce-powered Mustang immediately struck the more prescient fighter leaders as the plane they had been looking for. Its range was phenomenal: With 108-gallon tanks under each wing, later models of the P-51 could make a 1,700-mile round trip.

Paraphrase: Due to the low fuel consimption of the Rolls-Royce engine and large internal fuel tanks, Mustangs could make a 1,700 mile round trip with the help of drop tanks under each wing.

History:Created: 02/13/13 08:35 PM Scourge luftwaffe Source: Hull, M. D. (2013). 'Patton In A P-51'. Aviation History, 23(5), 54-58. Pages:58

Tags:fuel_consumption

Quote: Meanwhile a new fighter had entered the war that would revolutionize the Allied air offensive over Nazi-occupied Europe and Germany itself: the P-51 Mustang. Mounting six wing machine guns and powered by a 1,500-hp Packard Merlin, the sleek P-51 was 35 mph faster than the Spitfire and had nearly twice the range (750 miles), even without external tanks. It could catch up with an Me-109 in level flight or a dive, and hold its own in a dogfight.

Paraphrase: When the P-51 Mustang entered the fray in the European thearter, it revolutionized air combat. With an exceptional range, speed, and armament it quickly became the scourge of Luftwaffe pilots flying the inferior Me-109.

History:Created: 02/22/13 09:27 AM Idea for Redesign Source: Jablonski, E. (1982). America in the air war. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. Pages:99

Tags:redesign

Quote: Then, sometime in late 1942, an American World War I Fighter pilot, Major Thomas Hitchcock, who was on duty as a military attache in the American embassy in London, learned that the RAF was experimenting with one of its Mustangs, combining the American Airframe with the more powerful nd efficient Rolls-Royce Merlin 61 engine. Hitchcock urged the Air Force to try the same combination. The result, he believed, would be an excellent high-altitude, long-range fighter. Despite the fact that Tommy Hitchcock was more famous as a world-class polo player than as an authority on airplane design, Hap Arnold thought Hitchcock's suggested aeronautical crossbreeding might make sense nd in November 1942 he gave the go- ahead.

Paraphrase: When Major Thomas Hitchcock, a former fighter pilot during World War I, found out that th British were replacing the Allison engine on the Mustang in favor of a Rolls-Royce Merlin 61, he reccommended the idea to Hap Arnold. Arnold approved the idea in November of 1942.


D. Redisign Holdup Reason AAF did push for P-51 Source: Kennedy, P. (2013). Engineers of victory. New York, NY: Random House. Pages:124-125

Tags:holdup,redesign

Quote: The push had to come from the USAAF itself. Eventually the Air Force did come around for two reasons. First was the Schweinfurt-Regensburg catastrophe of October 1943. Although the Air Force told the press that the lull in bombing Germany was simply due to the winter weather, as well as to a shift to bombing the Reich from newly acquired Italian airfeilds, both Arnold and Spatz now privately recognized their basic operational assumption was faulty:the bombers could not get through without fighter protection, and the existing fighters were too short-legged. By now, Arnold knew that even members of Congress were agitating. In his so-called Christmas address (given December 27, 1943) to air Force commanders in Britian and Italy, Arnold gave out the bluntest message: "Overlord and Anvil [a landing in the south of France] will not be possible unless the German Air Force is destroyed. Therefore my personal message to you-this

is a MUST- is to 'Destroy the Enemy Air Force wherever you find them, in the air, on the ground, and in the factories.'" But only an extremely nimble and long-range fighter, of a design recognized by Harker nineteen months earlier, could do that.

Paraphrase: The push from within the USAAF finally came, for two reasons. First was the Scheinfurt-Regensburg disaster that resulted in the high command realizing that fighter escorts were needed. Daytime bombing had such a high rate of attrition, which forced operations to almost cease, that even members of Congress were geting agitated. In addition Operations Anvil and Overlord, the Allied invasions of France, could not go through unless the Luftwaffe was eliminated. In short, the Allies needed total air supremacy. The second reason was the remarkable amount of pressure exerted by a small cluster of men in the middle echelons of the USAAF. Included among these were prominent flight leaders, Commander Donald Blakeslee of the Eighth Air Force, and Lieutenant General Jimmy Doolittle. In addition, Tommy Hitchcock, the American air attaché in London, and the U.S. assistant secretary for air, Robert A Lovett, put their weight behind the P-51. The momentum that these events and men built, was the force that pushed the P-51 to the front lines of the war, and of production.

History:Created: 02/18/13 12:25 PM Mustang Obstrucrtion Source: Kennedy, P. (2013). Engineers of victory. New York, NY: Random House. Pages:123

Tags:holdup,redesign

Quote: Then, inexplicably to Freeman, the scheme foundered. Sheer obstructionism on the American side now slowed down the mass production of the Merlin-engine Mustang. In the United States there were genuine rival claims being made on resources, and it was always going to be hard ot argue that the American output of Allied aircraft already in production should be curtailed for an unknown and essentially foreign newcomer. There was continous misunderstanding of HArker and Challier's point that the P-51 was good at all altitudes, and certain area commanders kept insisting that the plane was to be used according to the original specifications as a low-altitude tactical fighter, in which capacity it was just one of many. Then there were USAAF leaders who

could not acccept any claims of the MUstang's superiority becaus they wer devoted to the P-38 Lightning and the P-47 Thunderbolts, both of which had well-tried combat records. There were also powerful objections in the Air Force procurement offices and among rival manufacturers. Freeman, who followed American production figures as anxiously as he did Britian's own, was warned by Roosevelt's personal and very Anglophilic advisor, Harry Hopkins in September of 1942 that the USAAF had no fewer than 2,500 P-49 Kittyhawks, 8,800 P-39 Airacobras, and 11,000 P-63 Kingcobras, all of them hopeless against the formidable Focke-Wulf 190 fighter that was beginning to dominate the European skies, but each of these underperforming aircraft had its own significant backers. Additionally, the Mustang surely needed further testing and improvements.

Paraphrase: The P-51 Mustang development and manufacture was stalled because of opposition among prominent USAAF and USAF generals. They were already committed to certain aircraft that had already been tested in combat, with relative success, and the Mustang was an untried foreign idea that seemed and sounded ridiculous.

History:Created: 02/18/13 09:33 AM American feelings of superiority Source: Kennedy, P. (2013). Engineers of victory. New York, NY: Random House. Pages:123-124

Tags:holdup

Quote: What was less understandable was the sheer relentless anti-Britishness of key members of the all-powerful Air Production Board under the stiff-necked Major General Oliver Echols. Hopkins was only half joking when he told Freeman that many Americans believed that they naturally flew better than the British and always built better planes than the British. Since the P-51 had been ordered by the RAF, it had not gone through the normal channels of engineering scrutiny, and many officers devoted to the system fed Echols disparaging detyails when they inspected some of the early models. Essentially the atitude was "not invented here."

Paraphrase: The American Air Production Board, which was biased against the Mustang because it had been

ordered by the British, was determined to slow down, if not totally stop, the porduction of all P-51's.

History:Created: 02/18/13 12:09 PM Blakeslee Ask, Not get Source: Hull, M. D. (2013). 'Patton In A P-51'. Aviation History, 23(5), 54-58. Pages:58

Tags:replacement,holdup,quote

Paraphrase: "When Blakeslee [an American wing Commander] began pressuring Kepner to reequip his squadrons with Mustangs, the general initially opposed the idea."

History:Created: 02/22/13 09:32 AM Luftwaffe Rule the Skies Source: Ludwig, P. A. (2003). P-51 Mustang Development of the Long-Range Escort Fighter. Birmingham, United Kingdom: Classic Publications. Pages:94

Tags:quote

Paraphrase: "The Luftwaffe was a potent force... the Bf 109 F was a formidable adversary in air fighting, but when Germany introduced the Fw 190A, it tipped the balance of air superiority in favor of the Luftwaffe."


Adversary to Mustang from America Source: Kennedy, P. (2013). Engineers of victory. New York, NY: Random House. Pages:122-123

Tags: holdup,redesign

Quote: Freeman also started nudging Churchill to write to Roosevelt, since everyone in the United Kingdom realized that if this Anglo-American hybrid was to be produced speedily and in sufficient numbers to alter the aerial balance, it had to be done in American factories. It was like the cavity magnetron story all over again: Britian was overstretched, but the United States still possessed enormous capacity for additional aircraft and engine production.

Paraphrase: The British realized that their factories were filled up and Winston Churchill tried to nudge Roosevelt into forcing the U.S. manufacturers to build the Mustang.

History: Created: 02/18/13 09:15 AM

E. Transportation to battle Transportation to England Source: Kennedy, P. (2013). Engineers of victory. New York, NY: Random House. Pages:127-128

Tags:transportation to england

Quote: But the American.........Allied Transport Comand

Paraphrase: Mustangs were ferried across the pond on the decks of American escort carries, which had been released from their anti-submarine duty. These new Mustangs complemented the unending stream of American bombers being shuttled across the Atlantic Ocean by the Allied Transport Comand.


F. Aerodynamics Variations in later models-good Source: Weider History, G. (2011). Long Range Luftwaffe Killers. World War II, 25(6), 66-67.

Tags:escorts,design

Quote: The Mustang's design incorporated state-of-the-art features, including a narrowed fuselage and flat rivets, to reduce drag and thus increase fuel efficiency. A few critical improvements on earlier variants perfected the D model's fighting performance

Paraphrase: Due to a more streamlined body and drag reducing variations, the P-51 maximized the speed to be harnessed by the amount of horsepower available.

History:Created: 02/14/13 12:19 PM V. Legacy Other things first Source: Kennedy, P. (2013). Engineers of victory. New York, NY: Random House.

Pages:136

Tags:legacy,quote

Paraphrase: "The RAF and AAF were able to inflict that damge only because other, more important things happened first."

History:Created: 02/20/13 10:15 PM Best Plane Source: Michel, M. L. (2008). The P-51 Mustang: The Most Important Aircraft In History. Air Power History, 55(4), 46. Pages:1

Tags:quote,legacy

Paraphrase: "Without the P-51 the American daylight bombing of Germany would have heen impossible in the spring of 1944; the German fighter force would not have been decimated and the Allies would not have achieved air superiority over Germany. And without air superiority, D-Day would have been either postponed or delayed."


A. Effect on Luftwaffe Luftwaffe Replacements Source: Kennedy, P. (2013). Engineers of victory. New York, NY: Random House.

Pages:130

Tags:luftwaffe replacements,luftwaffe losses

Quote: Actually, many more.........of aircraft factories.

Paraphrase: Even though their was an ample supple of German planes in production, the effectiveness of the Luftwaffe was hampered by a severe shortage of aviation fuel, and above all, the "loss of fighter pilots and crews." Newly trained recruits had so few flight hours, and had such a distinct lack of training, that "Mustang pilots who chased their prey to the ground reported that many German planes were unable to avoid crashing into a pylon, tree, or high building."

History:Created: 02/20/13 12:19 PM Luftwaffe Losses Source: Kennedy, P. (2013). Engineers of victory. New York, NY: Random House. Pages:130

Tags:luftwaffe losses,quote

Paraphrase: "Monthly losses, which included most of the experienced German fighter pilots, averaged 450 in the first five months of 1944; by the end of May, 2,262 had been killed. By the 24 May 1944, only 240 of Germany's single-engine day fighters remained operational.

History:Created: 02/20/13 12:10 PM Goering Quote Source: Weider History, G. (2011). Long Range Luftwaffe Killers. World War II, 25(6), 66-67.

Pages:1

Tags:escorts,quote

Quote: "When I saw Mustangs over Berlin, I knew the jig was up."

Paraphrase: When Aliied fighter planes appeared over Berlin, it signified the start of the end.

History:Created: 02/14/13 12:13 PM Luftwaffe Cracks Source: Kennedy, P. (2013). Engineers of victory. New York, NY: Random House. Pages:130

Tags:quote,luftwaffe losses

Paraphrase: "Aound this time, in late spring of 1944, that the Luftwaffe cracked; its exhausted pilots could take no more."

History:Created: 02/20/13 12:05 PM Breakthroughs of Air War Source: Kennedy, P. (2013). Engineers of victory. New York, NY: Random House. Pages:137

Tags:quote,legacy

Paraphrase: "The two great breakthroughs in the strategic air offensive against Germany, or so Hastings argues, were American: the introduction of the long-range Mustang fighter to weaken the Luftwaffe and then, near the end, the campaign against enemy fuel production and distribution."

History:Created: 02/20/13 10:18 PM American and German Losses Source: Kennedy, P. (2013). Engineers of victory. New York, NY: Random House. Pages:129-130

Tags:losses

Quote: The Americans lost.........Germany's aerial defense systems.

Paraphrase: The Allied air war effort took a severe beating in the early spring campaigns of 1944, with many of their most experienced and "best bomber and fighter pilots killed maimed or captured by a desperate German resistance." However, the Luftwaffe fared far worse: to balance out the astronomical losses to American and British fighters, the Luftwaffe pulled many of the crews from the Eastern front (Russia), which gave the Soviets an advantage with air superiority for the first time ever, and the Luftwaffe also recalled most of the Mediterranean air groups back in defense of the motherland. Even this influx of Axis pilots in Germany could not stem the tide of the Aliied bombing campaign. In short, the Luftwaffe was being bled dry of all its experienced pilots and crews. There was no other reserve left.

History:Created: 02/20/13 12:09 AM Luftwaffe Pilots Feelings of Mustang Source: Hull, M. D. (2013). 'Patton In A P-51'. Aviation History, 23(5), 54-58. Pages:58

Tags:quote,air supremacy,good design

Paraphrase: "Luftwaffe pilots would come to regard the Mustang as the best Allied fighter of the war."


B. Saved Bombers Bomber losses 1943 Source: Michel, M. L. (2008). The P-51 Mustang: The Most Important Aircraft In History. Air Power History, 55(4), 46. Pages:4

Tags:early bomber losses,quote

Paraphrase: "The end came in October 1943, when Eighth Air Force Bomber Command flew four large unescorted bomber missions deep into Germany in seven days. During these four missions the command lost 148 bombers (and the 1,480 crewman on board), and had many bombers heavily damaged."

History:Created: 02/21/13 10:18 PM Flawed Stategy Avoided Source: Mets, D. R. (2010). P-51 Escorts. Air & Space Power Journal, 24(1), 101. Pages:17

Tags:legacy

Quote: In the counterfactual early 1944 without the P-51, Eighth Air Force would not only have had to execute a flawed strategy, but would also have had to try to execute the strategy with flawed fighter escorts because neither the Republic P-47C/D Thunderbolt nor the twin-engine Lockheed P-38H Lightning were up to the task.

Paraphrase: Thanks to the superior performance of the radically innovative Mustang, the Eighth Air force was not compelled to adopt a flawed strategy that would have resulted in disaster for the USAAF. Instead, the Eighth Air Force implemented a plan that devasted the german economy and war machine.

History:Created: 02/21/13 10:34 PM Resumption of Daylight Bombing Raids over Germany Source: Kennedy, P. (2013). Engineers of victory. New York, NY: Random House. Pages:127

Tags:quote,escorts

Quote: The newly equipped.........long-range fighters.

Paraphrase: In early 1944 the Allied bombing campaign (Operation Pointblank) "resumed with vengeance" and started to execute thier goal of "the 'progressive destruction and dislocation' of the enemy's" capability to resist. The breakthrough in 1944 was a consequence of the USAAF pounding the Germans with daylight raids, with increasing amounts of fighter escorts to protect them from airborne threats.

History:Created: 02/20/13 12:01 AM American and German Losses

Source: Kennedy, P. (2013). Engineers of victory. New York, NY: Random House. Pages:129-130

Tags:losses

Quote: The Americans lost.........Germany's aerial defense systems.

Paraphrase: The Allied air war effort took a severe beating in the early spring campaigns of 1944, with many of their most experienced and "best bomber and fighter pilots killed maimed or captured by a desperate German resistance." However, the Luftwaffe fared far worse: to balance out the astronomical losses to American and British fighters, the Luftwaffe pulled many of the crews from the Eastern front (Russia), which gave the Soviets an advantage with air superiority for the first time ever, and the Luftwaffe also recalled most of the Mediterranean air groups back in defense of the motherland. Even this influx of Axis pilots in Germany could not stem the tide of the Aliied bombing campaign. In short, the Luftwaffe was being bled dry of all its experienced pilots and crews. There was no other reserve left.

History:Created: 02/20/13 12:09 AM Escorts-Germany Source: Holritz, R. T. (1997). Air force--the quest for autonomy. Flying Safety, 53(9), 12

Tags:escorts

Quote: In the years 1941 to 1945, the planes of the Army Air Force constantly pounded the enemy's war-making capabilities. B-17s, escorted by the new P-51 Mustang long-range fighters, boldly flew precision daylight bombing missions, destroying military targets such as aircraft plants and ball bearing factories. By 1944, the allied air forces operated with impunity over the skies of Europe, breaking the back of the German war effort.

Paraphrase: P-51 enabled U.S. Airforce to fly daylight bombing raids

• Defended bombers • Outfought German fighter planes

Bombers were able to bomb in relative sfaety • Precision bombing • Bombers destroyed German war machine • Strangled German war effort

History:Created: 02/04/13 12:20 PM Ability of Mustang as escort Source: Jablonski, E. (1972). Airwar: Wings of fire (Vol. IV). Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company. Pages:48

Tags:escorts

Quote: The paradox, simply stated, was this: although Allied heavy bomber strength by the middle of January 1944 made it posible to strike at Germany several times a week with immense bobmer formations and the advent of the P-51 Mustang made escorted missions inside Germany possible German war industries did not crumble even under repeated blows, and Germany, therefore, did not crumble either.

Paraphrase: The P-51 Mustang was very important to the Allied bombing campaign against Germany because they were able to escort the bombers all the way to and from the target.

History:Created: 02/13/13 10:47 PM Other things first Source: Kennedy, P. (2013). Engineers of victory. New York, NY: Random House. Pages:136

Tags:legacy,quote

Paraphrase: "The RAF and AAF were able to inflict that damge only because other, more important things happened first."


C. Effectiveness Mustang effectiveness Source: Kennedy, P. (2013). Engineers of victory. New York, NY: Random House. Pages:129-130

Tags:good design

Paraphrase: By March 1944, Mustangs were downing three to five times more Axis fighters than the P-47 Thunderbolts, although all Allied fighters were doing damage to the German war machine.

History:Created: 02/20/13 12:23 PM Kill Rate Source: Michel, M. L. (2008). The P-51 Mustang: The Most Important Aircraft In History. Air Power History, 55(4), 46. Pages:56

Tags:quote,kills

Quote: Early in 1944 Mustangs were just 10 percent of the escorts, but scored 30 percent of the kills. As

an example of how the P-51 impacted air-to-air combat results, the 4th Group had about 75 kills in P-7s from March 1943 to February 1944 when they received P-51s. By mid-March 1944, the group had scored its 400th victory—350 in a month and a half in P-51s compared to the 75 in eleven months in the P—47.

Paraphrase: Early in 1944 Mustangs were just 10 percent of the escorts, but scored 30 percent of the kills. As an example of how the P-51 impacted air-to-air combat results, the 4th Group had about 75 kills in P-7s from March 1943 to February 1944 when they received P-51s. By mid-March 1944, the group had scored its 400th victory—350 in a month and a half in P-51s compared to the 75 in eleven months in the P—47.

History:Created: 02/21/13 11:00 PM Mustang aerobatics Source: Jablonski, E. (1982). America in the air war. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. Pages:99

Tags:good plane (feelings of pilots),quote,replacement

Quote: As one member of the 4th put it, the P-51 was "a sure footed filly," the Thunderbolt "a bull-necked, unweildystallion."

Paraphrase: Fighter pilots loved how versatile and responsive the P-51 Mustang was when compared to the P-47 Thunderbolt.

History:Created: 02/13/13 08:40 PM Speed and Armament Source: Jablonski, E. (1982). America in the air war. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books.

Pages:97-98

Tags:speed,armament

Quote: It proved mechanically dependable, was very fast (440 miles an hour at 30,000 feet), had plenty of firepower with its standard armament of six .50-calibers and could often surprise unwary Luftwaffe Formations because it resembled the Me-109.

Paraphrase: The P-51 Mustang was equiped with enough horsepower to enable it to effortlessly duel the Luftwaffe for control of the skies. It also had an astounding amount of firepower that made it a feared and revered aircraft.

History:Created: 02/13/13 07:51 PM Lineup Source: Jablonski, E. (1982). America in the air war. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. Pages:110

Tags: armament,speed

Quote: Six wing mounted machine guns, a top speed of 437 mph and unmatched manueverability made the P-51 Mustang a brilliant fighter and one of the most famous planes of the War.

Paraphrase: Due to its armament, speed, and manueverability, the Mustang was one of the best and most important fighter planes of World War II.

History: Created: 02/13/13 10:20 PM

D. Uses

P-51 use after redesign Source: Kennedy, P. (2013). Engineers of victory. New York, NY: Random House. Pages:126-127

Tags: legacy,air supremacy

Quote: The other great complementartity......... greater flight distances.

Paraphrase: The contribution that the Mustang gave to the Allied war effort did not solely win the war, but it also "did not make redundant the Spitfires, Thunderbolts, and Lightnings, but augmented their efforts, especially at the greater flight distances."

History:Created: 02/19/13 11:17 PM Dive Bomber Role Source: Sage Reinlie, L. (2013, January 27). World War II vet recalls P-51 missions.Northwest Florida Daily News (Fort Walton Beach, FL).

Tags: quote,job

Quote: "We'd go up 14,000, 15,000 feet and roll over and turn down towards it and let our bombs loose," Shiff said recently at his home in Fort Walton Beach. "We scattered bombs all over those two countries," he added before joking: "We occasionally hit the target."

Paraphrase: P-51 Mustangs may have been prestigous air-to-air combat planes, but they were ill suited for filling the role of dive bomber.

History: Created: 02/14/13 11:59 AM Replaced Lightning Source: Jablonski, E. (1982). America in the air war. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. Pages:97

Tags: replacement,escorts

Quote: Shortly after the first P-38 groups became operational, a small, sleek and unfamiliar aircraft began to appear at Eighth Air Force fighter bases. This was the P-51 Mustang, which would brilliantly fill the need for a long distance fighter; it had the range to equal any bomber but not of the P-38's flaws.

Paraphrase: When the P-51 came onto the scene in Europe, they quicky replaced inferior planes and became the primary fighter escort for the big boys (bombers).

History: Created: 02/13/13 07:44 PM

E. Pilots feelings Quote Pilot Source: Stewart, D. R. (2012, March 10). P-51 Mustang helped win war. Tulsa World (OK).

Tags: quote, pilots feelings

Quote: The Mustang "was pleasant and forgiving to fly. Best of all, it went like Hell,"

Paraphrase: "The Mustang impressed the pilots who flew it because of its speed and beautiful features."

History: Created: 02/14/13 12:25 PM Pilots View of Mustang Source: Jablonski, E. (1982). America in the air war. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. Pages:98

Tags: quote,good plane (feelings of pilots)

Paraphrase: P-51 was a great airplane beloved by the men who flew it. "Flying it was a sensual pleasure."

History:Created: 02/13/13 07:37 PM Authors feeling best plane Source: Michel, M. L. (2008). The P-51 Mustang: The Most Important Aircraft In History. Air Power History, 55(4), 46. Pages:2

Tags:legacy,quote

Paraphrase: "This makes the P-51 the most important aircraft in history. I define most important as 1) the aircraft that provided a major change in the direction of a major war and (2) one that was irreplaceable; no other aircraft could have provided this critical capability at that critical juncture."

History:Created: 02/21/13 10:14 PM VI. Conclusion

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