GROUNDWATER POLLUTIONCURRENT SITUATION IN INDONESIA

By :IIM IBRAHIM

Section Head of Water Pollution Control for Processing Industries

THE MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY, REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

REGULATIONS RELATED TO GROUNDWATER

1. National Constitution No.32 Year of 2009, concern of EnvironmentProtection and Management.

2. Government Regulation No.121 Year of 2015, concern of Water ResourcesManagement.

3. Government Regulation No.43 Years of 2008, concern of Groundwater.4. Government Regulation No.69 Years of 2014, concern of Use Water Right.5. Decree of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 1451 Year of

2000, concern of Technical Guidelines on the Implementation ofGovernment Tasks in Groundwater Management.

GROUNDWATER PROBLEMS

Institutional Problems (Hendrayana, 2003) :1. Many of Institutions / Agencies involved in the handling of

groundwater and responsible for groundwater.2. Institutions / Agencies were responsible to in charge of

groundwater has not coordination yet with stakeholders3. Groundwater research still not coordinated so well and many

duplications of research results4. Less of data and information related to groundwater especially

groundwater pollution.5. Has not been drawn up of legal drafting for groundwater pollution

standards6. Lack of community knowledge on groundwater issue, especially

groundwater pollution7. Human resource capabilities that address the issue of

groundwater are insufficient

Technical Problems (Solichin, 2015) :1. In several big cities such as Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, Surabaya,

Medan, Makassar, Denpasar and centers of industrial in Java,extraction of groundwater has been so intense.

2. Many industries or hotels that has a lots of production wells, thereis even a company that has more than 20 wells with extractionmore than 8,000 m3 per day.

3. Decline in quantity and quality of groundwater has occurred in thearea of ground water extraction.

Sources of Groundwater Pollution :1. Domestic activities (Non Point Sources)2. Industrial activities (Point Sources)

POTENTIAL OF WATER RESOURCES IN INDONESIA

1. Nationally, the availability of water in Indonesia reached 694billion cubic meters per year. This is basically the amount ofpotential that can be exploited, but the fact that currently onlyabout 23% that has been utilized for various purposes.

2. About 20% are utilized to meet the needs of domestic raw water,municipal and industrial activities, the other 80% is used forirrigation needs (Hartoyo, 2010).

Number Area (Km2) Volume (Million m3)

1 Sumatera 65 270,656 109,926 2 Java 80 80,936 41,334 3 Kalimantan 22 209,971 68,473 4 Bali 8 4,381 1,598 5 Nusa Tenggara 47 41,425 10,139 6 Sulawesi 91 37,768 20,244 7 Maluku 68 25,830 13,174 8 Papua 16 52,662 43,400

397 723,629 308,288

No. Locations (Island)Groundwater Basin

Total

GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL IN INDONESIA

Source : Ministry of Environment, Republic of Indonesia, 2008.

CASE STUDY

Allegations of Groundwater ContaminationDue To Illegal Dumping of Hazardous Waste By Industrial Activities

at Mojokerto District, East Java Province

Complaint Report of Local People and NGOs to The MoEF Minister

• There is a local people witnessthat the factory has illegaldumped of hazardous wasteduring constructions activities.

• Itchy skin disease has occured tothe local people.

• Local people accused that a skindisease caused by contaminatedwater come from illegal dumpedby the industry.

• Complaint letter issued by NGOsdelivered to MoEF Minister.

• Local people and NGOs askedthat to the minister in order tofollow up on these issues.

Case Location

ALLEGED LOCATION EMBANKMENTS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE REPORTED BY LOCAL PEOPLE AND NGOs

1. Coordination with East Java Province Local Government, MojokertoDistrict Local Government, Laboratory, NGOs, Industry.

2. The initial meeting in the framework of disscussed for field verification(MoEF, East Java Province Local Government, Mojokerto District LocalGovernment, Laboratory).

3. Field Verification :• Coordination meeting• Collecting of existing secondary data• Field survey for determination of groundwater sampling sites• Groundwater sampling (2 periods : 3-5 June 2016 and 14-15 June

2016)• Records and documentation• Drafting and signing of minutes of meeting related to result of

groundwater sampling

5. Laboratory analysis6. Analysis and discussed of results of groundwater quality sampling7. Internal presentation related to results of groundwater quality

sampling analysis8. Expose of the results of the sampling analysis (letter issued by DG)9. Socialization sampling analysis results to the stakeholders (local

people, NGOs, Province and District Local Government).

Coordination meeting for groundwater sampling preparation

(MoEF, NGOs, Local People, Province and District Local Government,

Industry)

Coordination meeting for determination of groundwater

sampling sites (MoEF, NGOs, Local People, Province and District Local

Government, Industry)

DETERMINATION OF SAMPLING SITES

• Based on existing reports, hydrogeologic data, geographic andtopographic situation.

• There are no specific quality standard for groundwaterpollution. In case of the equal water quality, we use thestandard compared to the water quality standard ofGovernment Regulation No.82 Year 2001 (Class 1 for RawWater for Drinking Water), Minister of Health Decree No. 416Year 1990 (Clean Water Quality), Minister of Health DecreeNo.492 Year 2010 (Drinking Water Quality)

• Test of parameters using the full parameters.• Full parameters are used in order to find out the possibility of

various pollutant sources, so if there is an high concentration ofindustrial parameters (such as Cr+6, Cd, Cu, … ect) , that isindication of groundwater pollution. Then it can be traced thegenerating polluters.

LIST OF PARAMETERS TEST

1. Temperature2. TDS3. TSS4. Turbidity5. pH6. BOD5

7. COD8. DO9. Total Phosphat (P)10.NO2

11.NH3-N12.Co

13. Cd14. Cr+6

15. Cu16. Fe17. Mn18. Zn19. Hg20. Cl21. F22. Nitrate (N)23. Sulphate24. Pb

27. Cn28. Cl229. H2S30. CaCO3

31. KMnO4

32. Fecal Coliform33. Total Coliform34. Oil and Grease35. MBAS (Detergen)36. Phenol

Source : PT. Geospasia Wahana Jaya (2014)

GROUNDWATER FLOW DIRECTION MAP

Source : PT. Geospasia Wahana Jaya (2014)

Remarks :ILLUSTRATION OF GROUNDWATER

Groundwater Sites Sampling

Groundwater Sites Sampling

SITUATION OF GROUNDWATER SAMPLING

SAMPLING METHODEMethode of sampling use purging system (Joseph F. Keely and KwasiBoateng (1987), DHV Consultants BV & DELFT HYDRAULICS (1999), USGS(2006), and SNI 6989.58:2008 concern of Groundwater Sampling Methode.(pH, TSS, DO, Turbidity)

Purging System or Clean Up of Deep Well Groundwater :• Ensure the well protected and free of water contaminant• Make sure of purging system is free of pollutants• Performed with discharge pumping arranged so that the

decline gradient of water table between 15-30 cm.Suction point 15 cm below that level.

• Conducted of purging gradually from the top to thebottom (refer to image)

• At each position the pumping made up to 1 times purgingas total as volume of well water volume

• At No. 3 and 4 make sure the discharge pumping does notturbulence. If there is turbulence.

• In position 4 pumping made up to 2 times the volume ofwater wells. Last volume with discharge of 0.5 liters /minute.

MINUTES OF MEETING SIGNED

LABORATORY ANALYSIS RESULTS

Groundwater Quality (Before Purging)

Minister of Health Decree No.416 Year1990 (Clean Water) and Government Regulation No.82 Year 2001 (Raw Water for Drinking Water)

Minister of Health Decree No.492 Year 2010 (Drinking Water)

Groundwater Quality (After Purging)

ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY

1. There is a significant difference between the results of theanalysis of the water quality before and after purging

2. Refering to the Minister of Health Decree No. 416 Year 1990(Clean Water) : (Community deep wells and Industry controlwells)– TDS : SBNS1B and SBBI1B– Mn : LB1B and SP1B– Sulphat : SBNS1B, SBBI1B, SP1B, SP3B– Hardness : SBNS1B, SBBI1B, LB1B, SBNT2B , LB4B– Organic : SP2B– Total Coliform : LB2B, SBNS1B, SBRI2B, SBBRI1B, SBNT2B,

SP1B

3. Refering to the Minister of Health Decree No.492 Year 2010 (DrinkingWater) : (Community deep wells and Industry control wells)– TDS : all of deep wells– Mn : LB1B, SP1B, SP2B– Sulphat : SBNS1B, SBBI1B, SP1B, SP3B– Hardness : SBNS1B, SBBI1B, LB1B, SBNT2B , LB4B– Organic : SP2B– Fecal and Total Coliform : all of deep wells (LB1B no data)

4. The spatial pattern of parameters concentration which is exceededthe quality standard at point 2 and 3 do not have a consistent patterncompared to groundwater flow pattern from the industry.Concentration of parameters tend to increase from the SBNS1B toSBBI1B, whereas in the middle areas of sampling points (SBRI2B andSBBRI1B), concentrations of parameters below the standards.

5. Based on the analysis parameters, skin diseases were reported bylocal people and NGOs are not significant with the effects ofparameters whose concentration exceeded the quality standard.

CONCLUSION• The concentration parameters at the sampling points are

local characters• The existence of Total and Fecal Coliform is a strong indication

came from fecal contamination from humans and animals(cattle, including the use of manure) these are locally.

• Complained locations of contaminated groundwater, itsdifferent hydrological connection compared to the location ofsuspected pollution sources.

• High of result for parameters concentration of Sulphate andChloride, caused by natural factors (Lithology condition).

• Industrial parameters character has not detected from all ofthe control deep wells in industry.

• If there are any pollutant in the wells, it takes a long time toreach at the location of the suspect complained, its caused ofthe hydrological slope and the permeability of the aquifer inthe sorrounding areas.

EXPOSED OF THE RESULTS OF THE SAMPLING ANALYSIS(LETTER ISSUED BY DG)

FOLLOW UP BY THE GOVERNMENT

• The government (MoEF, Local Government) needs to proventhe existence of the hazardous waste illegal dumped in thefactory areas beyond of groundwater sampling analysis.

• Currently, the government have been carrying out toinvestigate of the existence of the hazardous waste illegaldumped in the factory areas.

• If the government can be proven of the illegal dump based onthe result of investigation, it will be continue to theadministrative sanction, and the factory must be clean up /remediation of the contaminated areas.

• If the government can’t be proven of the illegal dumped, thegovernment will be announce / expose to the public that theillegal dumped does not occur.

THANK YOU