san diego zoo global plant conservation and native seed ... · (fremontodendron mexicanum) us...
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San Diego Zoo Global Plant Conservation and Native Seed Banking
Joyce Maschinski
Center for Plant Conservation and San Diego Zoo Global
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The State of Plant EndangermentThe Planet • Over 350,000 plant species• New species are being described daily. • 20% threatened with extinction
United States and Canada • 4400 plant species at risk of extinction
San Diego County• 19 US Endangered &Threatened• 79 Globally rare (G1 & G2) • 133 California Rarest (CNPS 1B.1, 8%)
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Low recruitment Habitat loss Invasive plants
What factors threaten plant populations?
Inappropriate Fire Frequency
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San Diego Zoo Global FIGHTs against extinction of animal AND PLANT species
• Ex-situ Conservation• Seed Bank
• Conservation Collections
• Living Gene Banks
• Frozen Garden (Cryopreservation)
• Germplasm
• Recalcitrant species
• Research• Plant Genetics
• Population Studies
• Conserving Genetic Diversity
• Germination Studies
• Propagation Studies
• Restoration• Seed Bulking
• Reintroductions
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Where?
How many?
How arethey doing? What is the problem?
Solutions:Research
Ex situ collection
Reintroduction &Restoration
Remove threats
Follow up
Full Spectrum Conservation for Species’ Recovery
What?
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Processing, Testing and Storing Seed Long-Term
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Otay Mesa Mint (Pogogynenudiuscula) US Endangered
California Orcutt grass (Orcuttia californica) US Endangered
spreading navarretia(Navarretia fossalis) US T
willowy monardella(Monardella viminea), US Endangered
Orcutt’s bird’s-beak (Dicranostegia orcuttiana), CA 2.B; common elsewhere
San Diego thornmint(Acanthomintha ilicifolia)US Threatened
salt marsh bird’s-beak (Chloropyron maritimum spp. maritimum), US Endangered
Mexican flannelbush(Fremontodendron mexicanum)US Endangered
little mousetail(Myosurus minimus ssp. apus) County Sp of concern
Short-leafed dudleya(Dudleya brevifolia)CA Endangered
SANDAG Funded Target Rare Plant Collections
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Conservation Collections• Follow Center for Plant
Conservation Guidelines to maximize the genetic diversity in the collection
• 50 mother plants/ population
• from at least 5 populations
• Capture diversity across space, time, appearance & ecology.
• Have conservation mandate –support species’ survival in wild
San Diego Thornmint Seeds, Photo by John MacDonald, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden
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San Diego thornmint(Acanthomintha ilicifolia)US Threatened; CA Endangered; Global Rank = G1• Annual In 2009 55 occurrences
San Diego County• 13 in Mexico (though status of
populations is unknown)
Rare Plant Collection Targets
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San Diego Thornmint Genetic Analysis by Elizabeth R. Milano USGS
Genetic ClustersK=5
Mem
ber
ship
Pro
bab
ility
0
1
1253 15
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The Link Between the SDZG Native Seed Bank and Restoration
• Safeguard populations
• Provide propagules for research and restoration
• Improve ecosystem health through restoration
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Seed Bulking With SANDAG Funding Reintroductions to Vernal Pools in 2018 & 2019 with CollaboratorsMission Trails Regional Park & Chaparral Lands Conservancy
Species Location of collection
Approximate Number of
Seeds
Number of Maternal
Lines
San Diego thornmint
DenneryRanch
14300 20
San Diego thornmint
Mission Trails 2025 34
California Orcutt’sGrass
DenneryCanyon
49670 27
Little MousetailDennery Canyon
1,215,838 80
Orcutt’s bird’s beakDennery
Ranch0 0
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Understanding Propagation Requirements of Rare Species is Essential Prior to Restoration
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Restorations Dec 2018 & Jan 2019
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Ending Plant Extinction in San Diego County
• Prioritizing and collecting strategically across breadth of the species range
• Collecting across time to capture years of good population growth that follows good rainfall.
• Maintaining healthy seed collections
• Using seeds to seed or bulk and grow to restore wild populations
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It Takes a Village!
Thanks to SANDAG for funding support, CPC and SDZG Plant Conservation Team and partners at City of San Diego, Mission Trails Regional Park, & Chaparral Lands Conservancy.