sand fly, md. abdul alim, chittagong veterinary and animal sciences university, bangladesh
DESCRIPTION
Sand FlyTRANSCRIPT
Get Ready…………
700 species have been described Originated about 120 million years ago before mammals Six genera
Lutzomyia*** BrumptomyiaWarileya
Phlebotomus**Sergentomyia* Chinius
Pest Vector importance
Family: PsychodidaeSand Fly
New world(Green colour)
Old world(Ash colour)
Diptera
NematoceraBrachycera
Cyclorrhapa
Arthopoda
Insecta
Order
Sub-Order
Family
Class
Phylum
Psychodidae
S/F: Phlebotominae S/F: Psychodinae
Lutzomyia BrumptomyiaWarileya PhlebotomusSergentomyia Chinius
Genus
Zoological Classification of sand fly
Family: PsychodidaePsychodids: small nematoceran flies
Long antennae Pendulous palps hairy bodies and wings wing venation: more or less parallelLongitudinal veins, radial vein 3 or 4 branched and the media
4 branched
Phlebotomus spp (sand Fly)Psychoda spp (Moth Fly)‡e‡j
gvwQ
Wing of PsychodidWing of Phlebotomine (sand fly)
Antennae: 16 segmentPliose type (in male, female)Palp: recurved, hairy , 5 segmented, 3rd segment bears sensiliaOld world species: 5th palpal segment longestNew old species: 3rd palpal segment longest
S/F: Phlebotominae S/F: Psychodinae
Family: Psychodidae
Phlebotomine sand fly:Brownish, long legged, narrow bodymoderately long mouth partsPalps: 5 segmentedWell developed mandiblesFemale are haemtophagus Mandible absent in male Lanceolate wings Wing held erect above the bodyWing: the fork of R2+3 and R4 occurs
about the middle of the body Distribution: Mostly Warmer areas
Psychodids: (majority) Dark, Squat flies Mouth part not piercing type Don’t fed on blood Broad oval wings Held roof like over the body at rest Wing: the fork of R2+3 and R4 occurs at the base of the wing Larvae have posterior siphon Secondary annulations on tergal plate
Life cycle
Larva
Exarate Pupa
Caudal Hairs
Spiracle: on Prothorax & 8th abdominal segment
Intersegmental setae
PPP: 5-6wks
pseduopod
P. Papatasi = 40-80 eggs at a timeRequired tem>150 C
Bionomics of Phlemotominae: Distribution: Old world phlebotomines are savanna and desert species ( low rainfall)
Population increases after rainy seasons but P. papatasi and P. argentipes (India): se in monsoon and se in dry season
New world phlebotomines are mainly inhabitants of forests ( high rain fall)
Host Range: Mostly broad host range L. gomezi: Feed on Birds and mammals L. vespertilionis: Bats P. papatasi : man and dog P. argentipes: man and cattle
Breeding place places: dark, cool, humid niches like cracks, crevices
of soil, manure, rocks, tree hollows, nests, tree crotches, animal burrows, (e.g. burrow of rodent), stables, livestock pens, well or any moist places
Feeding : Feed on plant sap, Nectar, honey dew and blood Feed on mammals: mainly Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia Sand fly feed on exposed areas of skin Feeding is mainly nocturnal and Crepuscular P. argentipes feed on midnight (11pm to 03am) in India but in Srilanka after 2am to 6am)
P. orientalis feed on human after sunset, ceased below 160C P papatasi also feed during day under shaded condition in doors
Most of the species Exophilic zoophilic A few species: Endophilic and Anthopophlic
Phelobotomus papatasi (Meditterian and Middle East) Phelobotomus sergenti (Iran) P. argentipes (India)Lutzomyia longipalpis (Brazil)
Exophilic and Endophilic P. longipes (cave dwelling species)
(Ethiopia, cattle, Addis Ababa People near cattle shed)Append most of the time in animal Sheds, dark corners of houses
P. orientalis (Ethiopia, exophilic but markedly Antrhopophilic) P. papatasi breeds in cattle sheds
Blood meal is required for most of the species except Autogeny occurs in P. papatasi and L. gomeziFlight range: 100-200m up to 1 Km Flight is inhibited by wind and rain (e.g. don’t fly >15kph)
Nuisance L. verrucarum causes sleep difficulty, 300 bits per night (In a study) Biting: pink or red papule (2-3mm), itching Prolong exposure: Desensitization or no reaction to bites
Medical and Veterinary Importance
Disease Causal agent Distribution Reservoir Vector
Vesicular Stomatitis
Vesicular stomatitis virus
Tropical & sub-tropical region,
Monkey, horse, Swine, Cattle
Lutzomyia spp
Bartonellosis/Carrion’s disease/Oroya fever
Bartenella bacilliformis
Peru, Columbia None Lutzomyia sppL. verrucarumL. peruensisL. columbiana
Disease Causal agent Distribution Reservoir Vector
Sand Fly fever/Papatasi fever
Sand fly virus Tropical & sub-tropical region, Asia
Rodent Phlebotomus papatasi,(transovarian transmission)P. chinensis P. perfiliewi, P. Perniciosus
Cutaneous Leishmaniosis (Old world)
Leishmania majorL. tropica
Tropical & sub-tropical region, Asia
Monkey, Rodent, dog
P. papatasi, (Bangladesh)P. Major (Bangladesh)P. longipes P. Sergenti P. caucasicus
Cutaneous Leishmaniosis (New world)
L. brazilienseL. Columbiensis
Tropical & sub-tropical region, America
Monkey, rodents mongoose, canine etc.
Lutzomyia gomezietc
Visceral Leishmaniosis (Old world)
Leishmania donovani Tropical & sub-tropical region, Africa, Europe, America,
Canine, rats P. orientalisP. argentipes (india)P. chinensis (chinia)P. caucasicus
Visceral Leishmaniosis (New world)
Leishmaniachagasi
Do Opossums, canine
L. cruziL. evansi, L. longipalpis
leishmaniosis
Espundia/MCL
PKDL=re-occurance of Leishmaniosis
Ref: WHO
Distribution of leishmaniosis
Verruga Peruana
Bartonellosis or
Prevention:
Alternative Repellent•Any citrus juice •Eucalyptus oil •Coconut oil •Avocado oil mixed with Dettol •Baby oil mixed with Dettol •Chinese herbal oil •Essential lavender oil •Tea tree oil •Listerine •Tiger Balm (Red, White, Ultra) •Eucalipto •Vinegar
DEET (N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide,) application on skin or clothsInsect repellent, effective against Mosquitoes, tic, mite or other insect
Control: o Removal of dense vegetationo DDT (100-300mg/ft2 ) recommended by WHO, protection form 2 yearso HCH…….
Prepared by DR. Md. Abdul AlimAssistant Professor
Department of Pathology and Parasitology, CVASUand PhD fellow, James Cook University, Australia
email: [email protected]
References1. D.S., Kettle (2000). Medical and Veterinary Entomology, CAB International,2nd
edi,pp…
2. Gary and Lance, (2009). Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 2nd Edn, Elsevier, Inc, pp…