DR. THRIVIKRAMJI K.P.PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY (Retd.)

UNIVERSITY OF KERALA

Temple and Pond- Padma theertham-Trivandrum

Noise & Dust Pollution

Scarred Surfaces

Modified water regimes & Stream network

Waste water

Stony waste land

Build a Green-belt along perimeter of propertywith strip planting of fast growing tree species to reduce large volumes of dust & noiseWetting potential patches of dust with water.Clarify waste water prior to releaseCareful mine planningRestore land to near-natural configurationLocate possible mining areas out of site of

community

SWM wave setup erodes and destroys beaches. Beach rebuilding in post erosion face lands offshore black sand on the beachesUpgrades black sand content in the newly built beachIRE gathers & Stock-pile sand with power shovels and trucksGathering cannot go below MSLNo drilling, No blasting, No water pollutionBack filling by SWM

Mining area: Ancient beach/Dune fields

No drilling, No blasting, No water pollution

Shoveled and loaded onto trucks to sand separation plants

Reject sand or gangue goes back to back filling

Abandoned tracts not nearly restorable

Modernisation of Indian SocietyWorld class infrastructure, Modern housing with water and power supply and sanitationInfrastructure: Multi-lane express ways, dedicated-high speed rail tracks and bridgesPorts and harboursModern runways & terminal buildingsSchools, Hospitals & PlaygroundsPower plants, transmission lines, etc .

Aggregates make 85% of cement concrete

Rail tracks of India consumed 1320.0 billion m3 or 232.0 billion tones of ballast

Maintenance consumes for at least 1/3rd of the above once in three years

Shelf sand

Manufacture aggregates from overburden and waste of strip and subsurface mines, slag and such other

Reprocess rubble of demolished buildings into aggregates.

0.25 1.5 or larger

6.5 38.0

0.001 -0.250.025 6.5

Intrusive rocks, Standard section,Upper continental crust (Wedephol,1969)

Others

Gabbro

Diorite

Quartz diorite

Granodorite

Granite & Quartz monzonite

Abundance, %

Rock type

Mineral abundance (%),Plutonic Igneous rocks (Wedephol,1969)

0.50.0.80.50.50.5Apatite

243222MagnetiteIlmenite

0.65.--------Olivine

2168------C.pyroxene

2163------O.pyroxene

611212131Amphibole

21--361535P.feldspar

21--2222127Quartz

415663534630Plagioclase

Up.crustGabbroDioriteQ.dioriteG.dioriteGraniteMineral

3 22

Road and Rail road network, India (website, GOI)

2,650,000

Rural & other

470,000Major Dist. Roads

128,000State highways

12617Double track66,590National Highways

62195Total track200Express ways

Length, km.Rail roadLength, km

Roads, Types

Tailing ridge, Kolachel, India

A talus of rubble readied for the crusher unit, Trivandrum Dist., India

Partial View of Crusher unit, Trivandrum, India

Old fashion house- no aggregate in use

Intensive aggregate use

A stonewall no aggregate or cement

Gathered river sand in stock pile

Sea around India- courtesy National Geographic

Silent Valley National Park, Grass land and forest stands, Western Ghats -India

Periyar Valley, WG, India -Reminds Yosemite Valley

Glacial Boulder Delta, near Syracuse New York

Interstate 90, Kansas state

Reptile House, Trivandrum Zoo, India

Natural History Museum, Trivandrum, Zoo

Kovalam Palace, Trivandrum, India

Ballast stock yard, Eraniel, India

West nada, Fort, Trivandrum, India

Crusher sand, Suburban Trivandrum, India

Brick wall using crusher sand, Suburban Trivandrum, India

Crusher sand used construction, Suburban Trivandrum, India

Crusher sand used construction, Suburban Trivandrum, India

- a close up

A modern building using crusher sand, Trivandrum, India

Another modern building using crusher sand, Trivandrum, India

Another modern building using crusher sand, Madurai, India

Temple gopuram- stone work, Madurai, India

Temple pond - stone work, Madurai, India

RESERVOIR IN CONTINENTAL SHELF

REGENERATED BY MONSOON WAVES

SAND COLLECTED SANS DRILLING & BLASTING

GEOLOGICALLY EROSION PRONE COAST

IMPLEMENT COASTAL REGULATION ZONE ACT & WELFARE OF DISPLACED FAMILIES

River turned pond after removal of sand, Tamil Nadu, India

Black sand & other rubble after Asian Tusnami-Dec.2004

Black sand & other rubble after Asian Tusnami-Dec. 2004

Black sand & other rubble after Asian Tusnami-Dec.2004

Black sand & other rubble after Asian Tusnami-Dec.2004

Bornhardt and Red sand deposits, foreground, TN, India