Vol. 54, No. 17 August 23, 2002Managed by Lockheed Martin for the National Nuclear Security Administration

Sandia/UNM collaborations may lead to new ways todiagnose, prevent illnesses using microarray technologyMicroarray scanning, computing technologies used in two collaborative projects

Seven metro areas benefiting fromSandia security assessments

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6

California site’s first weaponintern class graduates

The opera singer is a physicist —or the physicist is an opera singer

ACG ‘Thinkfest’ provides broadperspective on global future8

MICROARRAY SCANNER — Sandia researcher Mike Sinclair designed and, with the help of Jeri Timlin and GaryJones, built the Hyperspectral Microarray Scanner for Microarray Analysis to scan glass slides containing DNA. Thescanner provides huge amounts of information that is analyzed using Sandia-developed algorithms and software.

(Photo by Randy Montoya)

Collaborations between Sandia and the Uni-versity of New Mexico (UNM) may lead to agreater understanding of genomics and ulti-mately to new ways to diagnose, treat, and pre-vent illnesses.

George Davidson (9200) and David Haaland(1812) have been working with UNM researcherson two different pro-jects using several ofthe same microarrayscanning and comput-ing technologies.

One researchendeavor — initiallyfunded through aninternal Sandia Labora-tory Directed Research and Development (LDRD)award and followed by grants from the W.M. KeckFoundation and National Institutes of Health(NIH) — involves Sandia, the UNM CancerResearch and Treatment Center (CRTC), and UNMHigh Performance Computing Education andResearch Center (HPCERC). Using Sandia-devel-oped software and computing capabilities, they areevaluating thousands of genes from some of the100,000 tissue samples from leukemia patientsmaintained at the CRTC.

Eventually, higher throughput in these studieswill be achieved with new Sandia microarray scan-ning technology. The goal is to determine patho-logical gene expressions in these cancer cells. This

By Chris Burroughs

(Continued on page 4)

For Sandians at the Yucca Mountain Project,‘the real challenge is ahead of us’

the Yucca Mountain site for development as a pro-posed repository for the nation’s spent nuclear fueland high-level waste.

The action clears the way for the next process— submission of a license application by DOE tothe Nuclear Regulatory Commission to obtain

Presidential, congressional approvals mark major milestone forproposed Nevada repository, 35 Sandia project members By Will Keener

MINERS COMPLETED this 1.7-mile cross-drift tunnelin October 1998. The tunnel was built for scientificstudies near the potential repository area.

(Continued on page 5)

New compound mayimmobilize AIDS virusand some radionuclides

A compound that could potentially immobilizethe AIDS virus or selectively extract radionuclidesfrom nuclear wastes at various US high-level storagesites has been developed by a Sandia researcher whowasn’t even looking for it.

An article in the Aug. 9 Science describes charac-teristics of the newly discovered, extremely activecompound, called niobium heteropolyanions(hetero-poly-an-ions) orHPAs.

“It wasn’t difficultto synthesize, it wasluck,” lead researcherMay Nyman (6118)says of her discovery.“I wasn't going after itintentionally, but afterI found it, I realized Ihad something newand exciting.”

May found the right conditions to synthesizethe first niobium HPA, and then tweaked to createan assortment of them.

The entities became the first niobium HPAsever reported, formed inexpensively at the relativelybenign and easily achievable temperature and pres-sure of boiling water.

Unlike other HPAs, niobium HPAs are basicrather than acidic, which means they can survivelonger and possibly even thrive in the generally

‘Something new and exciting’found serendipitouslyBy Neal Singer

(Continued on page 6)

“I wasn't goingafter it intention-ally, but after Ifound it, I realizedI had somethingnew and exciting.”

12

It’s been an interesting year for a contingent ofSandians, hunkered down below the political hori-zon and working hard on Nevada’s Yucca Moun-tain Project. Although this fight is far from over,Sandia’s efforts have earned high marks from anumber of sources.

“This is a perfect example of exceptional servicein the national interest,” says Andrew Orrell, whoheads Sandia’s Yucca Mountain Project Dept. 6850.“There are not many programs that are singularlyreviewed with such scrutiny and directly approvedby the President himself and by the Congress.”

The process of recommending the site to Presi-dent Bush from Secretary of Energy Abraham andentertaining a debate in Congress over the issuehas taken much of the year. But July 9, the US Sen-ate added its approval to that of the House, votingin favor of proceeding with the project. The con-gressional joint resolution was signed as expectedby President Bush July 23, effectively designating

Happily, Sandia has been largely spared in the recent spate ofpublicity about misused government purchasing privileges. Interestingly,while trolling for a list of Staff Augmentation contractors, CharlesShirley (9623) ran across a list cataloging various things Sandia doesn’tbuy “through its buyers in its Procurement Organization.”

Not too surprising, actually, that Procurement buyers don’t dealin bail bonds, herbs, or cemetery plots, or with furriers, tailors,health clubs, or undertakers. But refusing to procure amusements,meditation, wineries, tour guides, or party supplies sure leaves ustwisting in the wind when it comes to the important stuff.

To see all the other things you can’t get Procurement to buy foryou, check out the list at www.sandia.gov/supplier/docs/dontbuy.pdf.

* * *Don’t collapse from hysterical happiness or hurt your rotater cuff

applauding, now, but if you commute to work through the Eubank Gate,construction crews start making your life easier Monday (Aug. 26). Ofcourse, there’ll be a little messiness first. Hmmmm. . . maybe aboutthree months’ worth.

Just keep telling yourself that when it’s all over, there’ll bemore traffic lanes, sidewalks, and a bike lane. The project is scheduledto wind up Dec. 2.

* * *The note here last time about the guys locating underground

utilities near Medical with divining rods caught John Quentin Kirkland’sinterest. John, who retired in 2000, wrote that he pooh-poohed the “art”until he discovered he could do it himself, and added, “I am not a witchor warlock.”

“I have many examples of dowsing’s usefulness and it’s fun,” hewrote. “We had fun with it at Sandia, looking for solder contaminationof lab floors for ES&H requirements. It worked!”

One particularly fun dowsing experience, he recalled, happenedwhen he stopped at a Ft. Scott, Kan., historical site during a vacationtrip. Watching for a while as site rangers and city workers used their“electronic toys” to find underground wiring, John finally asked: “Youwant me to dowse the lot for you?” They did, and after he found theelectric lines, the lost sewer, and a gas line, “this masked man thenrode off into the sunset.”

* * *From the What-Are-We-Called-Now department, an uncharacteristically

shy Sandian sent a note with a copy of a shipping label. The note read:“Maybe instead of putting us under the new Homeland Security Departmentthey could assign us to the Department of the Interior.”

The destination listed on the shipping label: San Dia National Park.* * *

Practical jokes — know any really good ones?. . . will disguisenames to protect the gullible, but pass ’em along and we’ll share.

— Howard Kercheval (844-7842, MS 0165, hckerch@sandia.gov)

Sandia National Laboratories

http://www.sandia.gov/LabNewsAlbuquerque, New Mexico 87185-0165Livermore, California 94550-0969Tonopah, Nevada ● Nevada Test Site ● Amarillo, Texas •Carlsbad, New Mexico • Washington, D.C.

Sandia National Laboratories is a multiprogram laboratory operatedby Sandia Corporation, a subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporationand a prime contractor to the US Department of Energy.

Ken Frazier, Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505/844-6210Bill Murphy, Writer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505/845-0845Chris Burroughs, Writer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505/844-0948Randy Montoya, Photographer . . . . . . . . 505/844-5605Nancy Garcia, California site contact. . . . . 925/294-2932

Contributors: Janet Carpenter (844-7841), John German(844-5199), Neal Singer (845-7078), Larry Perrine (845-8511),Howard Kercheval (columnist, 844-7842), Will Keener (844-1690),Iris Aboytes (Milepost photos, 844-2282), Rod Geer(844-6601), Mike Lanigan (844-2297), Michelle Fleming(Ads, 844-4902)

Lab News fax ................................................505/844-0645Classified ads ................................................505/844-4902

Published on alternate Fridays by Media Relations andCommunications Dept. 12640, MS 0165

What’s WhatNobel laureate Smalleyto give Truman Lectureat Sandia Aug. 29

Nobel laureate chemist Richard Smalley willgive the next Harry S Truman DistinguishedLecture at Sandia,Thursday, Aug. 29.

Smalley, co-recipi-ent of the 1996 NobelPrize in chemistry forthe discovery of carbonatoms bound in theform of a ball — calledfullerenes or buckyballs— will speak in theSteve Schiff Auditoriumat 9:30 a.m. on “Band-Gap Fluorescence fromIndividual Single-Walled Carbon Nan-otubes.” All Sandians are invited.

His lecture will be preceded at 9 a.m. byrefreshments in the auditorium lobby and fol-lowed at 10:30 by his participation with SandiaPresident and Labs Director Paul Robinson andLos Alamos National Laboratory Director JohnBrowne in the signing of a Memorandum ofUnderstanding between Sandia and Los Alamos.The MOU defines the two labs’ equal partner-ship in developing and operating the newlyannounced Center for Integrated Nanotech-nologies (CINT, Lab News, Aug. 9).

Smalley will par-ticipate in CINT as amember of the Gover-nance Board that ischarged through theMOU with overseeingthe joint laboratory

partnership and successful operation of CINT. Smalley is the Gene and Norman Hacker-

man Professor of Chemistry at Rice Universityand also University Professor at Rice. In addi-tion to his Nobel Prize, he was recipient ofDOE’s E.O. Lawrence Award in 1992 and of theAmerican Physical Society’s Irving LangmuirPrize in Chemical Physics in 1991. He is amember of the National Academy of Sciences.

Smalley will be hosted by CINT DirectorTerry Michalske (1040).

The Truman Distinguished Lecture Serieswas established earlier this year (Lab News, Feb.8) to bring the best minds in science, technol-ogy, national defense, and social policy toSandia to speak to and interact with Sandians.The first Truman lecturer, on Feb. 14, wasNobel laureate chemist Alan Heeger (Lab News,Feb. 22) and the second, April 1 at Sandia/California, was former Defense SecretaryWilliam Perry (Lab News, April 5).

Douglas Bickel and Armin Doerry(both 2344): Error Correction for IFSAR.

Fernando Bitsie (9124) and Maarten DeBoer(1762): Electrostatic Apparatus for Measurementof Microfracture Strength.

Bryan Wylie (9227): Method Using a DensityField for Locating Related Items for Data Mining.

Paul Galambos (1769), Richard Givler (9114),Frank Peter (2614), and Kevin Zavadil (1832):Fluid Ejection Systems and Methods with Sec-ondary Dielectric Fluid.

Paul Galambos (1769), Richard Givler (9114),Frank Peter (2614), and Kevin Zavadil (1832):Electronic Drive Systems and Methods.

Paul Galambos (1769), Richard Givler (9114),Frank Peter (2614), and Kevin Zavadil (1832):Ink-Jet Print Head.

Daniel Aeschliman (ret.), Paul McWhorter(1700), William Miller (5913), M. Steven Rodgers,and Jeffrey Sniegowski (both 1749): Gas-DrivenMicroturbine.

Retiring and not seen in Lab News pictures:Robert Boyden (10511), 21 years; MarthaPadilla (10502), 32 years; Marlene Smith(2000), 20 years; Myrna Walla (10852), 37 years;Maurice Gauthier (14186), 31 years; andMargaret Coy (10000), 25 years.

Discoverer of ‘Buckyballs’ makesreturn visit to Labs

RICHARD SMALLEY

Richard SmalleyRice University

Thursday, Aug. 299:30-10:30 a.m.

Steve Schiff Auditorium

Lab News reader serviceThe Sandia Lab News is distributed in-

house to all Sandia employees and on-sitecontractors and mailed to all Sandia retirees.It is also mailed to individuals in industry,government, academia, nonprofit organiza-tions, media, and private life who request it.

Retirees (only): To notify of changes inaddress, contact Carol Wade, Benefits Dept.3341, at 505-845-9705, e-mail cawade@san-dia.gov, or Mail Stop 1021, SNL, Albu-querque, NM 87185-1021.

Others: To receive the Lab News or to changethe address (except retirees), contact MichelleFleming, Media Relations and Communica-tions Dept. 12640, at telephone 505-844-4902,e-mail meflemi@sandia.gov, or Mail Stop 0165,SNL, Albuquerque, NM 87185-0165.

Employees: To change the number ofcopies of the Lab News your Mail Stop isreceiving please call Honario Anaya, Mail Ser-vices Team 10268-4, at 844-3796. (At Sandia/California contact the Mail Room at 294-2427.)

Web Users: The Lab News is on the Webat www.sandia.gov/LabNews.

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Site’s first weapons intern class graduatesProgram aims to ensure there are experienced weaponeers to sustain and advance the stockpile

With a successful test flight in June of aPeacekeeper reentry vehicle (RV), six internsculminated their experiences in the firstWeapon Intern Program at the California site.

Part of Sandia’s Knowledge ManagementProgram, the program was launched in October1998 to ensure there are experiencedweaponeers to sustain and advance the stockpilefrom research and development throughproduction and support.

“It was a really good opportunity and a goodchallenge; I think I learned a lot,” says BruceBrunett (8233), who began as lead electricalengineer on the project in October 2000. TheInstrumentation Development Flight 3 (IDF-3)vehicle carried subsystems potentially usable in ajoint test assembly.“There was a signifi-cant risk of failure,”Bruce says, “but wehad many thingsgoing for us — theexperience of two pre-vious IDF designs andthe whole support staffin telemetry, drafting,the W87 group, andthe test assemblygroup” (TAG).

The uncertainty and hands-on experiencewere featured by design when the California siteprogram began. Like the New Mexico version, italso included class time. “It’s easy to sit in a classand know the result that’s supposed to emerge,”Bruce says, “and sometimes, depending on howthe class is taught, you can also know the judg-ment that went into the result. Every system isjust a collection of trade-offs.”

Developing wisdom born of experience in anew group of Sandians is part of the knowledge

management effort at Sandia that also seeksto preserve the collective judgment of retiringemployees who contributed to the existingstockpile. Prior to the California site program,Chrisma Jackson (8215), Jason Bowie (8254),and Robin Gilbert-O’Neil (8727) completed theNew Mexico class.

The students are mentored by more seniorstaff and have the opportunity to speak toretired weaponeers, as well as forming relation-ships across organizational lines when workingon the team project.

“I learned a lot it would have taken me yearsto pick up just through osmosis, if ever,” saysChristian Scholz (8221), who was the leadmechanical engineer and project liaison to otheragencies — the Air Force, TRW, and Raytheonamong them — as well. The group, he says, waswell-balanced — half electrical engineers, halfmechanical or civil, and evenly split betweengenders. Besides Bruce and Christian, the gradu-ates are Mike DeVay (8222), Judy Lau (8231),Yuki Ohashi (8727), and Beth Wichman (8222).

Christian found staff in TAG, telemetry,drafting, and the W87 systems group to be veryhelpful in overcoming hurdles. Christian wasconcerned that having new parts arrive late inthe design process would impact packaging anddistribution of mass and weight. Fortunately, allRV problems were resolved in time for the origi-nal launch date — unfortunately, the flight dateslipped six times due to events beyond thedesign team’s control.

Christian interfaced closely with TRW, thecontractor for the reentry vehicle aeroshell,regarding a few modifications that had beenmade to the external surfaces of the RV.

“In the end, there was some concernwhether it would behave exactly as a normalRV,” he says, “but no concern it would do any-thing drastically different.” In fact, there wasno discernible difference between the IDF-3performance and that of unaltered RVs.

The missile also flew vehicles by LockheedMartin and the Department of Defense. A spoton the missile is rare, Bruce says, and currentplans call for elimination of multiple reentryvehicles on ICBMs in the future. The group used

up almost the entire internal volume, packing in12 experiments and 78 cables linked to morethan 200 connectors.

Among the multiple experiments in Sandia’svehicle were the first two LIGA parts flown on atest flight (mechanical microsystems fabricatedunder Sandia direction), various transmitters,and distributed telemetry components. Thereal-time telemetry aspect was coordinated byDan Fonte (8222), who described IDF-3 as theperfect project for the first California internclass. Dan’s project created a moving map thatdisplayed the reentry vehicle following its pre-dicted path across the Western Test Range anddisplayed approximately 20 “quick look”telemetry parameters during the 30-minute,5,500-mile flight on June 3.

Dan, Beth, Christian, and Maulik Shah(8222) operated the real-time telemetry equip-ment the night of the test flight. Christian wasat Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islandswhere the flight ended; Beth was at a trackingstation in Kauai; and Dan and Maulik weremonitoring from the Visualization DesignCenter (relatively near the first of three trackingstations, north of the launch at VandenbergAir Force Base, at Pillar Point on the Californiacoast). Approximately 25 other Sandians“watched” the flight in the VDC the night ofthe launch.

“I was worried all the way up until the day Ileft for Kwajalein,” Christian says. The night ofthe flight, he monitored the test via computerand was on the phone to Beth and Maulik.Waiting for a hold-up to be cleared at Vanden-berg, he read a book and watched the screen.“I didn’t really think about the fact that it mightnot work,” he remarked. Once the flight tookoff, “Boring was good — we just kind of watchedthe data walk along. We got clear, sufficient dataall the way out to the end of the flight.”

Overall, Bruce adds, the internship “proba-bly exceeded my expectations.” He’s now work-ing on a larger telemetry project and feels almostright in the middle of the weapons program,where he had hoped for a career since joiningSandia as a summer student five years ago.

SANDIA LAB NEWS • August 23, 2002 • Page 3

By Nancy Garcia

“I learned a lotit would havetaken me yearsto pick up justthrough osmo-sis, if ever.”

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Key Recurring Questions

• 401K plan (9)• Traffic/parking (9) • Diversity (8)• SS# ID usage (5) • Pension plan (5)• Vacation plan (4)

Scorecard• 95 responses completed• 20 responses in-process• 41% returned in the 15 day allotted time• 22 days average response time• 16 questions have resulted in change or

pending change of corporate policy, process, orprinciple.

Year-to-date Feedback Program reportJanuary-June 2002

The Feedback program allows employees to submit ques-tions about the Labs through a neutral party, thus keepingtheir identity confidential. (See Feedback items on pages 7, 8,and 12 in this issue.) The questions are forwarded to directorsor subject-matter experts for a written response. Full informa-tion on the Feedback program, the complete Feedbackarchive and specifics on how to submit a Feedback are avail-able via the Internal web at www-irn.sandia.gov/ newscenter/news-frames.html. (Click on the “Feedback” button on theleft side of the screen.)

115 Questions received YTD in (12) categories

Data compiled by Feedback program administrator Mike Clough (12640)

SANDIA LAB NEWS • August 23, 2002 • Page 4

Microarray(Continued from page 1)

information will be useful for assigning patientsto different treatment protocols and may ulti-mately lead to the development of drugs specifi-cally targeted to these cancers.

In the other project, Dave and George arecollaborating with Maggie Werner-Washburne,a UNM biology professor, to improve microar-ray analysis techniques and the interpretationof data from microarray experiments. Focusingon yeast cells, the fundamental research is nowpromising to provide better understanding ofhow cells transition from a quiescent to a grow-ing state, which is involved in wound responses,cancer, and germination of spores, and the com-plex response of cells to bioagents. This moreapplied research is contributing to enhancedinstruments and sensors to combat bio-threats.

Werner-Washburne workThe work with Werner-Washburne came first,

emerging from discussions while she was the pro-gram director for Microbial Genetics at theNational Science Foundation (NSF) in Washing-ton, D.C. She returned to UNM to help create and

lead a group of like-minded researchers inter-ested in exploiting the genomics revolution andhelping New Mexico laboratories develop thesetechnologies.

George and Werner-Washburne began devel-oping strong ties between the biology departmentand Sandia, which included training students andbuilding the required equipment. The work waspartially funded by a three-year UniversityResearch LDRD grant that began in 1999.

The research had three objectives — the mostimportant being the establishment of viablebiotech research collaborations between the twoinstitutions. The second goal was to enable localmicroarray experiments and to develop the meth-ods and process controls necessary to achievehigh-quality results. The third was to research theissues of gene expression of yeast cells in quies-cence and during re-entry into the cell cycle.

“The collaborations between Sandia andUNM have been quite successful,” George says.“Importantly, we jointly developed the abilityto conduct and analyze microarray experimentsusing either commercial gene array membranesor arrays printed on glass slides at the UNMBiology Department.”

However, it became apparent that the com-mercial scanners for reading these arrays could begreatly improved, which led to David Haaland’sinvolvement.

“Maggie and I talked about our research whenwe would run into each other in our neighbor-hood park. At the time Maggie was workingwith microarray technology using two fluores-cent dyes to study gene expression of yeastcells, and I was doing hyperspectral imaging inthe infrared,” David says. “It became apparent

that the hyperspectral imaging could be use-ful in Maggie’s efforts.”

Werner-Washburne says that the Sandiacollaborations started during their walks in thepark have been particularly rewarding.

“As a result of our Sandia collaborations,we have been able to take a systems approachto this problem,” she says. “There are very fewlaboratories in the country that effectivelyincorporate biologists, computer scientists,chemists, mathematicians, and engineers atthis level. It is the future of genomics, and wehave a unique opportunity to make importantcontributions and have fun at the same time.”

W.M. Keck FoundationAbout a year into the Sandia/Werner-

Washburne project, the W.M. Keck Founda-tion of California awarded the UNM HealthSciences Center, which has the largestleukemia tissue repository in the world, and

Sandia a $1 million grant to apply microarrayresearch to leukemia.

George says that the “attractive part of theproposal was the combination of high-perfor-mance computing capability and instrumenta-tion technologies at Sandia with the unique tis-sue repositories at UNM.”

This potent combination is directed towardlearning what causes the cancer and which drugsand therapies might be tailored to each individualpatient for optimal treatment.

“It is our hope for the future that such stud-ies will allow us to develop specific and moreeffective therapies targeted to each individualpatient,” says Cheryl Willman, CRTC director andprincipal investigator of the Keck grant.

Of the $1 million, UNM received 70 percent,and George and David share 30 percent. TheCRTC handles all clinical interactions and thelaboratory preparations, including scanning theslides with commercial equipment. Those dataare then analyzed using new methods developedby George, David, Shawn Martin (9212), and thecomputer scientists from the HPCERC. David isalso developing a powerful hyperspectral imagingscanning device that will greatly improve on thecommercial scanner now in use.

VP1000 Al Romig says the collaborative workbetween UNM and Sandia is an example of a sci-entific win-win situation.

“Sandia’s high throughput methodology,from the microarray scanners to the mathemati-cal tools for data extraction, will have a majorimpact on a variety of bioscience and technologystudies, from basic research of disease to mitigat-ing the biothreat from emergent diseases and ter-

THE ARRAYER built by George Davidson and University of NewMexico students is capable of printing 100 glass slides at one time.

The genome microarray studies rely on twomajor enabling technologies: the arrays themselvesand the scanners that read the information fromthe arrays. The Keck-funded research uses commer-cially available arrays from Affymetrix, Inc., but lab-oratory arrayers give researchers the option to buildcustom arrays and to work with organisms forwhich commercial arrays are not yet available.

“One of our first steps was to get access to anarrayer. We ordered the parts and built it over abouta week with a group of undergraduates,” saysGeorge Davidson (9200). “This was a nice exampleof the benefits of collaborating with a ‘can-do’ orga-nization like Sandia.”

This initial arrayer has just been replaced witha faster commercial machine, but it served as themain research tool for developing all of the arrayingprotocols that are now standard in Maggie Werner-Washburne’s laboratory at the University of NewMexico. The instrument is a robot, which movesmetal pins, first dipping them into reservoirs ofDNA, one gene per reservoir, and then tapping thenanoliter quantities onto the surfaces of up to 100glass slides. Thousands of spots containing differentDNA genes are laid out in each array on 100-200micrometer centers.

After a slide is printed, samples of RNA fromthe target cells are prepared and translated intoDNA complementary to the gene that originallycoded the RNA molecule. These cDNA moleculesare tagged with a fluorescent marker and incubatedabove the spots of DNA on the array.

The cDNA find the corresponding gene printedon the array and bind together in a process calledcompetitive hybridization. Interrogation of thearray with a fluorescent scanning device measuresthe concentration of the cDNA (and hence theRNA) corresponding to each gene in the cell.

In a typical DNA microarray experiment, therelative expression levels of all protein-encodinggenes are compared between two states of a cell. Inthis type of experiment, cDNA, derived from RNAtaken from the two states (typically a control andan experimental condition), is labeled with two dif-ferent fluorescent molecules (Cy3 and Cy5). Thelabeled cDNAs are combined and hybridized to theDNA printed on the microarray. Then the micro-array is washed, dried, and read using green and redlasers in a commercial scanner to excite the twofluorophores.

Using specialized computer software, the inten-sity of the emission peaks of both Cy3 and Cy5 flu-orescent-labeled targets in each gene spot are visual-ized as green and red. The local area around thespot is used to determine the background value,which is typically subtracted for each target. Theresulting data are then analyzed with a variety oftechniques, including VxInsight, data-mining soft-ware developed at Sandia.

Werner-Washburne notes that her research“now has over $1.5 million in new funding from theNational Science Foundation and National Institutesof Health that wouldn’t have been possible withoutthe arrayer that George and our students built.”

Microarrayer important tool in research

Hyperspectral imagerBetter scanning technology is another product

of the University of New Mexico/Sandia collabora-tion; the result is a new kind of scanner called ahyperspectral imager.

David Haaland (1812) says the researchersfound many problems with the existing microarrayscanner technology, including a need for greatersensitivity for low-expressed genes and the fact thatcomparisons between microarray experiments arelimited due to poor reproducibility.

“But our main issue was slide fluorescencefrom impurities,” he says. “The slides had spectralinterferences that resulted in extraneous light caus-ing loss of quantitative accuracy.”

David needed a device that would eliminatethe influences of the impurities and provide muchmore accurate data that could be fed into the com-puters for analysis. He turned to Mike Sinclair(1812), known for co-inventing the Polychromatorthat uses a combination of optics and microelectro-mechanical systems (MEMS) to determine gastypes.

“David talked to me a long time, wondering ifsome aspect of the Polychromator could be used tosolve this problem,” Mike says. “The answer wasno. But I thought I could build a machine thatcould do the job.”

After analyzing several approaches to arrayscanning, he developed a design and built theHyperspectral Microarray Scanner for MicroarrayAnalysis primarily from commercial parts. Thescanner he developed is potentially more sensitivethan any commercial microarray scanners. Amongsome of its advantages: considerably greater accu-racy and improved rejection of stray light andimpurity emission.

Mike started the design of the new scanner inApril of last year and by late November he, withthe help of Jeri Timlin and Gary Jones (both 1812),had a working device that was providing almostpure data from the slides provided by UNM biol-ogy professor Maggie Werner-Washburne and theUNM Cancer Research and Treatment Center.

He can put what appears to be a clean slidewith only the DNA samples in the hyperspectralmicroarray scanner and after illuminating it withone or more lasers, see several impurities in theslide.

“I built this machine, but it is still amazing touse it and see all this information pop out on whatlooked like a clear glass slide,” Mike says.

The hyperspectral microarray scanner pro-vides Mike and Jeri with huge data files that theyput on CDs. David, Jeri, and George Davidson thenperform the analysis using Sandia-developed algo-rithms and software.

The new scanner uses proprietary multivariatesoftware developed in other hyperspectral imageanalysis projects at Sandia. The result is that theycan determine pure-component fluorescence spec-tra and DNA concentrations in each spot withoutthe use of standards.

Mike will soon be building a second,improved hyperspectral microarray scanner thatwill be used to study a seaborne bacteria, Syne-chococcus, as part of the recently announced DOE“Genomes to Life” project (Lab News, July 26).

(Continued on next page)

SANDIA LAB NEWS • August 23, 2002 • Page 5

Yucca construction authorization. The overall processis expected to take several years and will beplayed out to a background of lawsuits andprotests from various interests opposed to therepository, particularly the state of Nevada.

“We were confident that the project wouldbe approved based on the technical arguments,but considering the significant political andlegal maneuvering prior to the vote, we couldn’tbe certain of the outcome,” Andrew says of therecent stamp of approval. “It was a significantmoment for us and we’ve tried to emphasizethat in our employee recognition efforts. Thisdecision was based on two decades of work andthere are literally hundreds of people at Sandiawho contributed to it and who should be right-fully proud of the accomplishment.”

The challenge aheadWhile morale is high among Sandians on

the project, Andrew cautions, “We fully recog-nize the future environment is going to be stress-ful. The real challenge is ahead of us with thepreparation and defense of the license applica-tion. There is a tremendous amount of workahead.”

“Our customers are very demanding andrightly so,” says Cliff Howard, acting manager ofRepository Test and Analysis Dept. 6855. “They areunder a lot of pressure to deliver on schedule high-quality products that can stand up to the scrutiny ofoversight groups and critical review organizations.”

With its experience base from the Waste Isola-tion Pilot Project (WIPP) and technical supportfrom matrixed staff in other Labs organizations(including Geosciences Center 6100), Sandia ismaking a difference in the Nevada project. How-ever, unlike WIPP — where Sandia led the scientificeffort — this work is being done under DOE’s man-agement and operations contractor, the Bechtel-SAIC Company, supported by participants fromseveral national labs, the US Geological Survey, andcommercial contractors.

“We’ve been very successful in transferring ourexpertise and experience from WIPP to this project.Sandians are now routinely called upon for discus-sions regarding successful licensing strategies fortechnical, managerial, and organizational issues,”Andrew says. “It is a great pleasure to know ourSandia staff have this kind of impact on these first-of-kind projects.” Sandia was able to directly con-tribute to a substantial number of key documentsused by Secretary Abraham to recommend the siteto the President this year, he adds.

For the past two decades, Sandia has assisted inthe project’s site characterization effort in a numberof specific areas including technical management,field and lab-scale testing, data collection, modeling

and analysis for both engineered and natural sys-tems, and long-term performance assessment.

Sandia’s present workforce on the Yucca Moun-tain Project includes about 35 technical staff mem-bers, 15 support staff, and four managers, distrib-uted between Las Vegas and Albuquerque. PresentLabs budget for the project is about $14 million. Fif-teen of the staff and two managers are currently inLas Vegas.

Key Labs rolesThe Las Vegas contingent is co-located with

Bechtel-SAIC in Las Vegas, where several Sandiateam members hold key management and techni-cal roles in the project organization. Sandia hasearned kudos from the managing and operationscontractor for its technical contribution, qualitypractices and performance on cost and schedule.

Cliff’s department (6855) is located in LasVegas and focuses on laboratory and field-testing tosupply data needs for Sandia and other project orga-nizations. “Our work in testing always demandsinnovative engineering,” he says of the many first-of-a-kind, high-visibility tests his group conducts.

Albuquerque technical staff do everything fromanalysis of field test data to interpreting results ofmillion-year simulations of the entire repositorysystem. “The Albuquerque and Las Vegas depart-ments are really seamless and work well as a team,Andrew says. “The majority of our technical effort isaccomplished in Albuquerque, while other key

efforts are staffed in Las Vegas.”Hong-Nian Jow’s Subsystems

Performance Assessment Dept. 6852in Albuquerque works closely withCliff’s staff and other project partici-pants to take experimental data andbuild it into process and systemsmodels of the natural and engi-neered barrier systems. Uncertaintiesare inherent in estimates and obser-vations from a few years of test dataextrapolated to tens of thousands ofyears in model simulations. Modelsare often simplifications of vastlymore detailed information devel-oped by field and laboratory testingand complex component modeling,explains Hong-Nian. “We need to beable to describe the technical basisfor our models, defend their appro-priateness and be clear aboutacknowledging the uncertainty inour results.”

Finally, these models areadapted for use in various ways byPeter Swift’s Total Systems Perfor-mance Assessment Dept. 6851.Developing a scientifically soundanalysis of a system as large andcomplex as Yucca Mountain is amultilayered process, Peter explains.

“Work at each level of the process must meet thehighest standards, and must be integrated carefullywith the upstream and downstream users withinthe project.”

Peter sees the greatest challenge for his groupas “one of communication. Skeptical technicalaudiences, both within the project and externally,reasonably ask why they should trust our estimatesof system-level performance over hundreds ofthousands of years. Sound programmatic decisionsabout the site should be based on a full understand-ing of our uncertainty about how it will perform.We need to communicate that understanding to abroad range of audiences.”

Thank-you, staff“We’d like to thank all of the numerous

staff who have contributed to the successful sitedesignation for this nation’s proposed spentnuclear fuel and high-level waste repository.We especially want to recognize the staff whoendured the extraordinary challenges of thepast couple of years and who made the site rec-ommendation and subsequent site designationby the President a reality. Congratulations andwell-done!”

— Andrew Orrell, Cliff Howard, Hong-NianJow, and Peter Swift, Yucca Mountain ProjectManagement Team

Microarray rorism,” Al says. “It’s simply another example ofSandia’s expertise in physical science, engineer-ing, and computing applied to biological prob-lems. It represents a true scientific win-win.There are problems that are intractable with tra-ditional tools of bioscience, yet attacking themallows Sandia to nurture its own competenciesto the benefit of all of our national securityproblems.”

(Continued from preceding page)

A final step for both the Maggie Werner-Washburne and Keck projects is analyzing, archiving,and annotating the data to determine gene relation-ships. Many approaches have been taken in theseanalyses. For instance, researchers from the Universityof New Mexico are using the high-speed computers atComputing Education and Research Center (HPCERC)to analyze the data with statistical techniques,Bayesian networks, and vector support machines. TheSandia team uses tools from David Haaland’s chemo-metrics research, linear and nonlinear classifiers andvector support machines, and Sandia’s VxInsight data-

mining software, which has also been successfullyused at other genomic research centers.

“We’ve used VxInsight for a long time at Sandiafor various projects,” George Davidson (9200) says.“To make it applicable to genomics, however, the soft-ware had to be made even more sophisticated. Someof that development was the direct result of workingwith Maggie, other parts sprang from our collabora-tion with Stuart Kim at the Stanford Medical Schoolwho uses VxInsight for his genomic research, andmany of the recently added capabilities were requiredto analyze the leukemia data. These same techniques

will be useful in the new Genomes to Life researchthat has just been awarded.”

He believes the Keck project — well into its sec-ond of three years — has accomplished much and isthe start of bigger things.

“Sandia is poised to begin making major contri-butions in biology; the researchers in New Mexicoand California have a real opportunity now that wehave been awarded the Genome to Life grant,” Georgesays. “Certainly, the larger Sandia experience andcapabilities grew from many sources, but David’s andmy research benefited from the UNM collaborations.”

VxInsight data-mining software used to analyze data

AERIAL VIEW of Yucca Mountain looking south. Drill rigs at crest were conduct-ing coring research.

(Continued from page 1)

“America’s national, energy and homeland security, as well asenvironmental protection is well-served by siting a single nuclearwaste repository at Yucca Mountain. . . . Without Yucca Moun-tain, the nuclear waste simply stays where it is. However, bymoving the process forward, we have the opportunity to dispose ofnuclear waste that has piled up at 131 sites in 39 states.”

— Energy Secretary Spencer Abraham

ContributorsThe University of New Mexico and Sandia collabora-

tion involved many researchers.From Sandia: Joy Bemesderfer (1030), Craig Boney

(5712), Kevin Boyack (9212), George Davidson (9200),Steve Gentry (5712), David Haaland (1812), BruceHendrickson (9215), Nancy Irwin (6531), David Johnson(formerly 9223), Gary Jones (1812), Helen Koller (6531),Shawn Martin (9212), Chuck Meyers (1030), Mike Sinclair(1812), Mark Smith (5712), Justin Spain (9227), Ed Thomas(12323), Jeri Timlin (1812), and Mark Van Benthem, Joyce

Van Berkel, and Brian Wylie (9227).From UNM Department of Biology: Maggie Werner-

Washburne, Mary Ann Nelson, Monica Manginell, JuanitaMartinez, Jose Weber, Angelina Rodriguez, GabrielQuinones, Pat Dolan, and Anthony Aragon.

From UNM Cancer Research and Treatment Center:Erik Andries, Kerem Ar, Susan Atlas, Bruce Camitta, MyronChang, Paul Helman, Huining Kang, Marilee Morgan,Mónica Mosquera-Caro, Maurice Murphy, Gavin Pickett,Jeffrey Potter, Fred Schultz, Jonathan Schuster, IrinaSmirnova, Bob Verhoff, Cheryl Willman, Yuexian Xu, andXuefei Wang.

SANDIA LAB NEWS • August 23, 2002 • Page 6

New compound

MAY NYMAN accidentally discovered a compoundthat could potentially immobilize the AIDS virus orselectively extract radionuclides from nuclear wastesat various US high-level storage sites.

(Photo by Randy Montoya)

basic or neutral environments of radioactive wastesand blood, respectively.

Preliminary work with the Savannah River siteindicates that the new compounds do indeed selec-tively remove certain radionuclides from their wastesolutions.

To bind viruses, researchers have tested a hostof HPA compositions, says May. “In these exhaus-tive studies, it’s been found that HPAs with smallamounts of iron or niobium have an especiallystrong binding effect. Now we have HPAs that arecompletely niobium.”

HPAs in the form of oxides of vanadium, tung-sten, and molybdenum have been known toresearchers since the late 19th century. The com-pounds’ peripheries consist of voraciously activeoxygen ions. These have long intrigued researchersbecause of their capabilities to do much usefulchemistry, including bind viruses and large metalatoms such as some radionuclides.

Once such compounds bind with an AIDsvirus, the virus is no longer capable of entering a cellto damage it. HPAs may also bind with radionu-clides called actinides, which removes them fromthe mixture by phase separation for easier and saferstorage.

While previously known HPAs were madecheaply and easily at room temperatures and pres-sures, they were known to be stable only in acidenvironments.

This behavior means they cannot function wellin blood as antiviral agents, because blood is neitheracidic nor basic but instead is neutral.

Even worse, the liquid nuclear wastes at mostDOE waste sites — for example, Hanford, SavannahRiver, and Oak Ridge — are extremely basic. Theseenvironments attack acidic compounds and causethem to fall apart, says May.

May’s discovery of the base-stable HPA cameabout when Sandia was called upon by the Savan-nah River site to find the cause of a clogging prob-lem at the site’s attempts to extract a dangerouslyradioactive isotope of cesium. The extraction calledfor passing nuclear waste solution through a col-umn of pebble-sized materials called zeolites thatsequester cesium into tiny pores. She found thatthe zeolites contained small amounts of an impuritythat forms during manufacturing. The acidic manu-facturing treatment of the zeolites led to column-clogging behavior of the impurity. Identifying theproblem concluded her task, but scientific curiosityled her to attempt to create the compound as anindependent entity.

“I was curious to see if I could synthesize itpure, rather than leave it merely as a discoveredimpurity,” says May.

Her research on developing and utilizing HPAswill be soon be supported by two Laboratory

(Continued from page 1)

By this fall Sandia’s security experts will beadding to their list of risk-assessment tools a sci-entific methodology for making entire commu-nities more resistant to terrorism.

The new Community Vulnerability Assess-ment Methodology (CVAM) will join a familyof other Sandia-developed VAMs for govern-ment buildings, dams, power transmission sys-tems, chemical plants, and water distributionsystems that already have helped plug gaps inthe nation’s security apparatus.

The VAMs have been created in SecuritySystems & Technology Center 5800, drawingon expertise gained from Sandia’s years as thelead DOE lab for nuclear facility security.

CVAM has been in the works for more thantwo years, since long before Sept. 11, says pro-ject leader Gloria Chavez (5845). The project isfunded by the National Institute of Justice’sOffice of Science and Technology.

CVAM is being developed as part of aMemorandum of Understanding betweenSandia and Public Technologies, Inc., a non-profit technology organization of the NationalLeague of Cities, the National Association ofCounties, and the International City/CountyManagement Association.

Training the trainersSeven metro areas soon will have benefited

from the development and testing of the newmethodology, says Gloria.

Some two years ago Sandia began collabo-rating with community leaders in SterlingHeights, Mich., north of Detroit, to begin devel-oping a prototype assessment process. Develop-mental assessments of Bismarck, N.D., andDade County (Miami), Fla., followed.

Early this month, Sandia began pilot test-ing the CVAM prototype in a joint project withHennepin County, Minn. (the Minneapolis-St.Paul area). More pilot tests are planned for thisfall with Tucson, Ariz., Norfolk, Va., andRochester, N.Y.

By October, says Gloria, Sandia shouldhave CVAM copyrighted.

The Labs likely would license the method-ology to security training firms and train theirtrainers in its use. The security firms, then,would put the tool into the hands of hundredsof communities nationwide via their own train-the-trainer workshops, during which local com-munity leaders and security professionals learnto conduct the vulnerability assessments them-selves.

“We use the train-the-trainer methodbecause we don’t have the resources to conductall of the training needed to reach all the inter-ested communities,” says Gordon Smith, Man-ager of Public Safety Technologies Dept. 5845.

Identifying targetsThe CVAM process requires a commu-

nity’s leaders to first identify 10 to 20 facili-ties they feel are potential security targets,either because of their symbolic value orbecause of the possibility of severe conse-

quences if an attack were successful.Then CVAM takes the leaders, step-by-step,

through a scientific risk-assessment process thathelps them define threats, analyze conse-quences, and evaluate the effectiveness of cur-rent security measures.

After this risk assessment process is com-plete, the CVAM user has quantitative risk val-ues for each facility to help prioritize where tospend scarce security funding.

Following this rigorous, consistent processtypically reveals security vulnerabilities thecommunity didn’t know it had, says Gloria, aswell as potential security improvements forknown vulnerabilities.

Taking expertise to local levelTo kick off the Hennepin County pilot

assessment, Gloria, Ray Page (5845), SkipMetcalf, and Jimmy Woods (both contractors)ran a five-day workshop in early August forlocal officials, during which the Sandians pro-vided training on the VAM process and helpedthe officials prioritize critical facilities.

The Sandia team then conducted assess-ments of four facilities from Hennepin’s list oftargets. Local officials participated in the assess-ments and will conduct assessments on theirown of the remaining facilities.

The lists of facilities identified by commu-nities are sensitive, says Gloria, but they typi-cally include medical facilities, financial institu-tions, tourist attractions, gathering places,corporate offices, infrastructures, hazmat facili-ties, transportation centers (such as ports or rail-yards), and educational institutions.

“This training will bring some of the secu-rity expertise available at the national level tobear on public safety issues at the county andcity levels,” says Hennepin County Departmentof Corrections Planning Director Fred LaFleur,who also heads the County’s readiness group.

Consistent analysesThe real value of CVAM, says Gloria, is that

it provides a consistent method of analyzingand prioritizing real security risks, identifyingwhich facilities have the greatest threat poten-tials, and assigning appropriate resources to cor-recting vulnerabilities.

“It’s a tool to improve security before anattack occurs, not a response tool,” she says.“But how effective it is depends on how thor-oughly communities look at their facilities.”

Sandia tests new security assessmenttool with help from real communitiesSeven metro areas benefiting from Sandia-style security scrutinyBy John German

Directed Research and Development grants, as wellas the Environmental Management Science Projectout of the DOE Office of Science in collaborationwith the Savannah River site.

“One man’s trash is another’s treasure,” Maysays of her experience. “What used to be cloggingcolumns could now be taking out radionuclides, soit can be Savannah River’s and DOE’s treasure in theend, as well.”

May’s co-authors include Francois Bonhommeand Jim Krumhansl (6118), Todd Alam and BrianCherry (1811), Mark Rodriguez (1822), Tina Nenoff(6233), and Amy Sattler (former summer intern).

A SECOND PHASE ofniobium HPA linkedby titanium octahe-dra. This phase is effi-cient at extractingradionuclides by ionexchange. Sodium orpotassium (yellow)go into solution;radionuclides taketheir place, bindingto the niobium HPA.

“It’s a tool to improve securitybefore an attack occurs, not aresponse tool. But how effectiveit is depends on how thoroughlycommunities look at theirfacilities.”

Protecting workers from heavy debrishurtling away from high-speed rotating machin-ery is usually accomplished with lots of concrete,steel, and soil.

But Keith Snyder of Test Equipment DesignDept. 2955, faced with designing such a “sec-ondary containment system” for a large high-speed centrifuge at Sandia’s Weapons EvaluationTest Lab at the Pantex Plant in Amarillo, Texas,and doing it on a limited budget, had a better idea.

Keith combined several commercially availableproducts into a unique shielding system that is farless expensive and quicker to build than the 4-foot-thick concrete walls or underground test facilitiesnormally relied on for machine containment.

Furthermore, the system he designed andpatented has post-9/11 security applicationsbeyond the laboratory safety uses he originallyenvisioned.

Safety for lessKeith’s solution is sheets of polycarbonate

(clear plastic, often referred to as Lexan®, a com-mon brand name) glazed into frames made fromUnistrut®, commercially available pre-drilled steelbracings that, like pieces of a giant erector set, can

be combined in avariety of configura-tions. In industrialsettings, Unistrut isused to create over-head tracks for elec-trical conduit, racks,shelving, stairs, andother structures.

But Unistrut isn’ttypically used as abarrier. Therein liesthe commodity ofKeith’s idea. Hisnovel combination ofstruts, polycarbonatesheets, and windowglazing presentedsome intriguing newpossibilities.

For machine con-tainment, the impact-resistant transparentsheets provide theadvantage of allow-ing operators to safelysee the machinerybehind the barrierduring operation,says Keith, who stud-ied several glazingand Unistrut bracingconfigurations tomake sure the barriercould contain what-ever was flung at it bythe machine.

In particular, aseries of projectileimpact tests con-ducted at the South-west Research Insti-tute (San Antonio,Tex.) examined howload is transferred andabsorbed by the poly-carbonate and brac-ing system when thebarrier is struck by fly-ing objects in the worst-case centrifuge mishaps.

The first such barrier was installed around thePantex centrifuge about two years ago, after Keithmade the case that it was a viable alternative to

SANDIA LAB NEWS • August 23, 2002 • Page 7

SAFETY AND SECURITY — An inexpensive barrier system designed and patented byKeith Snyder (sheets of impact-resistant clear plastic glazed into Unistrut framing)has post-9/11 security applications beyond the laboratory safety uses Keith originallyenvisioned. (Photo by Randy Montoya)

Transparent shielding system designed to stop flying machine debriscould protect VIPs, cops, or buildings from rioters, bomb blasts, gunfireNewly patented design may find niche in cautious post-9/11 world

By John German

constructing a $300,000 concrete bunker aroundthe centrifuge to stop any flying debris thatescapes from the machine’s “primary contain-ment” (the safety shielding built into the cen-trifuge) — or stop the centrifuge itself — in aserious accident.

“We built the first barrier in four days forabout $30,000,” he says.

Crowd control, VIP protectionSept. 11 gave Keith some ideas about the

braced Lexan for security applications.Three-quarter-inch-thick Lexan is rated as

bullet-proof against small arms fire, he says, sothe Unistrut/polycarbonate combo would makegood guard booths, for instance.

He also envisions see-through, modular, easy-to-install barriers for public gatherings to shieldpeople from bomb blast shrapnel, protection forimportant functionaries who might be targets ofassassins or terrorist small-arms fire during publicappearances, and crowd-control walls to keeppolice safe and separate from rioting mobs.

More testing needs to be conducted toprove the validity of the barrier system for somesecurity applications, he says. In particular, lit-tle data exists regarding lower-velocity impacts,such as from grenade shrapnel or objects hurledin riot situations.

Sandia recently received a US patent on themodular shield system for both machine-contain-ment and security applications. Keith says he’d beinterested in sharing the shield design and per-forming testing to release this system for publicuse, should the need arise.

More about the project is available athttp://www.sandia.gov/security/Security_Barrier.

BARRIER around large centrifuge at DOE’s Pantex Plantprotects workers from flying debris if an accident wereto occur, yet allows them to see the machinery.

Q: Today, I read about the new Sandia videonewsmagazine “Impact.” It sounds like another greatway to communicate what’s going on at Sandia. Butunfortunately, I doubt if anyone in our organizationwill ever see it. We never get to see the LM1 videosthat Lockheed Martin puts out either. It’s been yearssince I’ve seen one. We have team meetings sporadi-cally, but these are never presented. I suspect this isthe rule, rather than the exception at the Labs. Itseems there are few Sandia TV monitors around theLabs to view them. Also, if you are interested inviewing them, you need to know the schedule.

The importance of good communication isstressed on the job. But each one of us represents theLabs to the public outside of work. If we all areinformed about what the lab does, we can all be betterambassadors. Those of us who read the Sandia LabNews, the Sandia Daily News, and LockheedMartin Today can keep up with most of what’s goingon within the corporation. But many folks prefer towatch a video clip rather than take the time to read anarticle. Eventually, will these videos be available onour desktop through video streaming?

A: Yes! An integrated effort has been under-way to investigate the latest video streaming tech-nologies, make a recommendation for a video

streaming solution that can be deployed Labs-wide,and implement the solution. The team consists ofmembers from Video Services, WebOps, Tech-Dev, Networking, and Education and Training.We are also coordinating with the KnowledgePreservation project. There are team membersfrom both California and New Mexico. The videostreaming system will be called Sandia VU, whichstands for “Sandia Video to You.” The Video Ser-vices Department will provide the content forSandia VU. “Impact” and “LM1” videos will defi-nitely be available for you to view at your conve-nience at your own desktop, as will other pro-grams of interest. Your question is very timely asAug. 29 is the date we kick off the Labs-wideimplementation. You might want to attend theone-hour info session on Aug. 29 at 2 p.m. in theSteve Schiff Auditorium (it will be video confer-enced to California at 1 p.m. PST). It will tell youhow to access the video streams and give you achance to ask any other questions you may have.Prior to the 29th if you would like to see “Impact”at your desk you can stream it from the Video Ser-vices homepage at the following address: www-irn.sandia.gov/organization/div12000/ctr12610.html. — Judy Hubbard (12610)

Video streaming coming to your desktop

A two-day “Thinkfest” organized bySandia’s Advanced Concepts Group(ACG) (16000) attracted participantsfrom a wide range of organizations exter-nal to the Laboratories as well as fromSandia.

The intent was to examine old con-cepts about global and national security,discard those waning in relevance, anddevelop new general areas of concentra-tion, in order to focus attention on whatVP and Chief Scientist Gerry Yonas calls“the next big thing.”

Warned one participant, “The rest ofthe world increasingly sees the UnitedStates as living by this motto: ‘We deserveeverything we get and if we don’t get it,somebody’s going to have to pay.’”

The ACG works to identify and pro-pose solution frameworks for perceptualand physical risks that might occupynational agendas in a 10- to 20-year timeframe. It seeks to derive system solutions withineconomic and political constraints, identify scienceor technology advances that might mitigate antici-pated problems, and look for contributions thatSandians might make.

According to a flyer describing the conference,“National and global security issues stem from trendsand events apparent through. . . the following fourperspectives: nations and their interactions. . . peopleand their institutions. . . the Earth and its resources. . .[and] technology and its applications. . . .

Among the group’s conclusions: • American and European “Winner Take All”

behavior with profound Western wealth and tech-nological competency — monopolized by a verysmall percentage of the global population — willprompt explosive innovation in ideological threatsto American and European dominance. Broadinstability and global confusion will ensue.

• Major climate changes could cause ‘the Motherof all market failures,’ with a presumably huge down-side risk; international institutions are not structuredto deal with either the problem or its fallout.

• Because there’s “no end to the damage thatcould be done,” the US public might be persuadedthat [more pervasive] British-style cameras, ID

cards, etc. are needed.• Utility grids are vulnerable to dis-

ruption. Can new technologies in wire-less communications, generators, andbatteries serve as the basis of a less vul-nerable infrastructure?

• Stresses posed by populationtrends are certain; economics andnational security merge; they cannot bemerely compartmentalized and dealtwith separately. Military capabilitiesmust be realigned to match economic,population, and ideological threats.

• First-strike arsenals risk systemicspillover/chain reactions.

• Methods are needed to reverse thegrowing trend toward fundamentalistextremism in many Arab countries.

• The pervasive nature of biologicalsciences causes many of the emergingopportunities and problems related tonations and their people. Biotechnologyadvances may cause demographic prob-lems, as well as dangerous macro organ-isms and deadly pathogens. On the other

hand, these innovations may have a tremendouslypositive effect on agriculture and offer huge solu-tion spaces for other problems.

Participants came from the CIA, the Washing-ton-based Center for Strategic International Studies,the New America Foundation, and the PotomacInstitute, in addition to Los Alamos National Labo-ratory, DOE-AL, and Sandia.

For a more complete summary of the viewsexpressed at Thinkfest, please visit the ACG websitehttp://www-irn.sandia.gov/organization/div16000/div16000.html, and click on“Workshops.”

SANDIA LAB NEWS • August 23, 2002 • Page 8

ACG ‘Thinkfest’ provides broad future perspectiveAdvanced Concepts Group-sponsored conference examines long-range global, national problems

By Neal Singer

A WHITE BOARD FULL OF IDEAS — Participants in the recent ‘Thinkfest’ sponsoredby Sandia’s Advanced Concepts Group keep track of a complex suite of interrelatedglobal issues via a tried-and-true method: the whiteboard.

Sharon Gordon (14186), a new student internin the “Shops” (Manufacturing Enterprise Depts.14181 and 14186) who switched careers tomachinist after being a nurse for 18 years, hasalready shown she’s a winner at the Labs.

In June, after working at Sandia for twomonths, she received the $5,000 Paul Pentz TrueLeader Scholarship Award during the annualSkillsUSA competition. Paul Pentz is the formerCEO of True Hardware and is involved in theselection of the scholarship winner.

Sharon, a TVI student who expects to earn herassociate degree in metals technology with a con-

centration inmachining nextApril, received theaward in front of allthe people participat-ing in this year’snational competition.

“I was impressedand flattered toreceive the award,especially in an arenafilled with over12,000 participants,”Sharon says.

Skills USA is anational organizationwith 266,000 highschool and collegestudent members andtheir chapter advisorswho serve as profes-sional members. Allare involved in train-ing programs in tech-nical, skilled, and ser-vice occupations,including healthoccupations.

Organization members participate in annualcompetitions that test their technical and leader-ship skills. Initial competitions are at the school.The top winners of the school competitions go onto compete at the state level. Then the top winnersof the state level compete at the national level.

Sharon learned about SkillsUSA after return-ing to school in 2000 to study welding. Afternursing for 18 years, she decided it was time to dosomething different.

Her interest in metals was peaked when herson, now 14, wanted a go-cart. She started takingclasses in welding at TVI. Along the way shebecame interested in being a machinist andentered the TVI program.

She immediately joined the TVI chapter ofSkillsUSA and soon became president of that

chapter and of the state SkillsUSA organization.She’s gone to the national SkillsUSA competitiontwice.

Also after enrolling at TVI she learned aboutSandia’s student intern program and applied forthat, coming to the Labs in April.

Sharon hopes to be at Sandia a long time.She’s already been tapped to participate in theLabs’ trades apprentice program after she obtainsher associate degree. Also, she plans on continu-ing school to obtain her BS and MS degrees — the$5,000 scholarship will be helpful there.

Paul McKey, Manager of ManufacturingProcesses and Services Dept. 14186, says Sharonbrings “lots of energy, excitement, and new ideasto our organization. She is very eager to learn newthings.” — Chris Burroughs

Machinist intern Sharon Gordon wins big with SkillsUSA

“SHOPS” STUDENT INTERN Sharon Gordon received the $5,000 Paul Pentz TrueLeader Scholarship Award during the annual SkillsUSA competition. The awardsprogram was started by Paul Pentz, former CEO of True Value hardware stores.

Q: Why are the pedestrian gate areas aroundTech Area 1 so dirty? I have noticed that since theguards have been replaced with the badge readers andturnstiles that there has been an increase of spiltdrinks and in some cases whole breakfasts andlunches around and in the turnstile areas.

This is not only disgusting, but also very embar-rassing when escorting visitors and new hires into thearea. Can’t a regular schedule be set up where theareas can be washed down?

A: Our Ground Services Department is cur-rently inputting into our work control systempreventive-maintenance work orders to cleanthese areas weekly. In addition, these areas will beplaced on a quarterly schedule to be powerwashed four times a year. This process [started] inearly June. In the interim, Grounds Maintenancegenerated work requests to have these gatescleaned through the Telecon + process. In theevent there is a food or drink spill, please callTelecon + at 844-4571 or try our new web-basedFacilities e-Services and we will respond to yourrequest. — David Corbett (10800)

Reader says Tech Areagates ‘embarrassing’

In understanding the structure and prop-erties of solids and molecules and their chem-ical reactivity at the most basic level, some-times less is more and more is less.

That insight lies at the heart of quantum-level Density Functional Theory (DFT), forwhich Prof. Walter Kohn of UC/Santa Barbarashared the 1998 Nobel Prize in chemistry (see“Kohn’s insight” below). Conventional calcula-tion of the properties of solids and molecules isbased on a simultaneous description of the col-lective behavior of all electrons in the moleculeor unit cell of a solid. Such methods are mathe-matically very complicated and becomeintractable even for a modest number of atoms.Kohn showed that it is not necessary to con-sider the detailed collective behavior of all theelectrons: it suffices to know the average num-ber of electrons located at each point in space.

Now, DFT — which in many cases offers apractical research alternative to the proven, butoften unwieldy, Schrödinger equation indescribing the properties of materials — isassuming a key role in, for instance, developingbetter materials descriptions in computational-based modeling and simulation, an area inwhich Sandia has obvious and urgent interest.

Kohn, as the father and leading light of thefield, was the honored guest and first speaker at aSandia-sponsored workshop last week in Albu-querque to explore new avenues in DFT. Otherspeakers and presenters at the workshop consti-tuted a who’s who of the international DFT com-munity. Sandian Ann Mattsson (1114), who didpostdoctoral work with Kohn on DFT, organizedthe workshop and presented, with colleagues, twopapers to the proceedings.

Sandia VP Al Romig, whose Physical andChemical Sciences Center 1100 co-sponsored theworkshop, noted that “something as focused andcollegial as this [workshop] is really quite special;it’s really a way to let us get at some fundamentalproblems we can grapple with . . . . It’s a wonder-ful way to advance the state-of-the-art.”

Al noted that to fulfill its mission, Sandiamust invest substantially in a science and tech-nology underpinning. DFT, he said, is a valuable— and likely to be an increasingly valuable —tool in helping the Labs advance the state ofknowledge in areas of computationally enablednanosystems, high-energy physics, and materials

science. As such, he said, “We thought that get-ting people [of your expertise] together wouldprovide us a real opportunity to get some cross-fertilization, to solve problems and discuss impor-tant issues in the field.”

Solving real problemsAl offered a personal anecdote about his early

experiences in modeling and simulation at Sandiain the early- to mid-1980s. Although his teamsucceeded in their efforts, Al says he would haveloved to have DFT-based tools available at thetime for the challenges he worked on.

“It’s exciting,” he said, “to see that the theory[DFT] has progressed to the point where it’s beingused to solve real problems.”

Senior VP Tom Hunter — his division includesthe Computer Science Research Institute (CSRI),the other cosponsor of the workshop — notedthat the Labs has “an awesome responsibility” tocertify the safety, security, and reliability of thenation’s nuclear weapons. As such, he said, thereis a profound sense of obligation for Sandia man-agement to “invest in understanding at the funda-mental level and the application level.” That sense

alone would justify the Labs’ interest in fur-ther refinement and advancement of DFT. Butthe Labs’ interest goes further: “We want to beleaders in the revolution in engineering,” Tomsaid. And that means a heavy reliance onadvanced modeling and simulation, and thuson tools — such as DFT — that make model-ing and simulation more effective.

Tom cited a well-known quote variouslyattributed to Yogi Berra, Casey Stengel, FreemanDyson, and even Niels Bohr: “Making predic-tions is hard — especially about the future.” Toemphasize the remaining challenge, Tomadvanced the corollary, “Simulation is hard,especially when it is dealing with reality.”

Tom offered a long list of issues for whichmore effective modeling and simulationwould be indispensable:

“We worry about a lot of things. Like,how do things age? Materials and desiccants;chemical reactions and their influence on cor-rosion; response to adverse environments.

“We worry about radiation effects, all theway from global effects to single-point eventsin silicon in integrated circuits. And we worryabout very small devices. Sandia’s largestinvestment for the future is about small,smart things — and they don’t always lend

themselves to macroscopic understanding. So wehave to worry about how small machines work,and particularly about how integrated systemswork that combine optical systems, chemical sen-sors, processors, and tiny machines. We careabout those things; and we intend to invest in[gaining an understanding of] those things.”

At the core of all these concerns, Tom said, isan underpinning of quantum mechanics.

“So now,” he said, “the challenge is toexplore what knowledge we have and ask how itcan open up new frontiers for us in better under-standing materials and their interactions.”

SANDIA LAB NEWS • August 23, 2002 • Page 9

Sandia workshop draws top theoretical thinkers inbid to improve understanding of materials behaviorNobel laureate Walter Kohn, father of density functional theory, speaks at Labs-sponsored event

NOBEL LAUREATE WALTER KOHN and Ann Mattsson (1114), orga-ganizer of a Sandia-sponored workshop on density functional theory,discuss Kohn’s latest ideas on the subject for which he won the 1998Nobel Prize in chemistry.

Kohn’s insight(Adapted from the official 1998 Nobel Prize

press release announcing that Walter Kohn andJohn Pople would share the Chemistry prize fortheir related, but autonomous work in quantumchemistry.)

The laws of quantum mechanics as for-mulated more than 70 years ago make it theo-retically possible to understand and calculatehow electrons and atomic nuclei interact tobuild up matter in all its forms. The task ofquantum chemistry is to exploit this knowl-edge to describe the molecular system. Thishas proved easier said than done. It was notuntil the beginning of the 1960s that devel-opment really started, when two eventsbecame decisive. One was the development ofan entirely new theory for describing the spa-tial distribution of electrons. . . . Walter Kohnshowed in 1964 that the total energy for asystem described by the laws of quantummechanics can be theoretically calculated ifthe electrons’ spatial distribution (electrondensity) is known. The question is only howthe energy depends on the density. Kohngave important clues based on what thisdependence looked like in an imaginary sys-tem with free electrons. It was to take severaldecades and contributions from manyresearchers, however, before the equation fordetermining the energy was sufficiently accu-rately mapped to permit large-scale studies ofmolecular systems. This has taken place partlythrough the adaptation of a small number ofvariables to experimental data. The methodKohn introduced came to be known as thedensity-functional theory. It is now used instudies of numerous chemical and materialproblem areas, from calculating the geometri-cal structure and properties of solids and mol-ecules to mapping chemical reactions.

SEN. JEFF BINGAMAN, D-N.M., asks Ruth Boyd (12345) about details of the Weapon Recovery DecisionSupport System, a tool used by DOE’s Accident Response Group. Bingaman visited the Labs’ new Interna-tional Programs Building earlier this month to receive briefings and demonstrations of Sandia-developed tech-nologies with homeland security applications. During the visit, Bingaman discussed with local news mediahis views on the proposed Homeland Security Department and about the roles the national labs may play incounterterrorism efforts. (Photo by Randy Montoya)

Sen. Bingaman views homeland security work

By Bill Murphy

New MexicoRichard Antepenko, from Team Leader in

Production StagingDept. 14405 to Man-ager of Analytical &Tritium TechnologiesDept. 14406. Richstarted work inAugust 1973 at the GENeutron DevicesDepartment, a DOEproduction plant, inLargo, Fla. He trans-ferred to Sandia/NewMexico in June 1994,

when the production mission for neutron gen-erators came to Sandia. Rich is an analyticalchemist, specializing in instrumental and wet-chemical methods of analysis. His new dutiesare managing a laboratory program that sup-ports the production and design of neutrontubes and neutron generators. Rich has a BA inchemistry and an MS in analytical chemistry.

Donnie Greene,from Central AlarmSystem Operator toTeam Lieutenant inProtective ForceDept. 3114. Don hasbeen a member ofSandia’s ProtectiveForce since he joinedSandia in March1991. He has a BS inpublic administration

from the University of Arizona.

Richard Cernosek, from PMTS in Microsen-sors S&T Dept. 1744 to Manager of Micro-Total-

Analytical SystemsDept. 1764. Richard hasworked in microsensortechnologies since join-ing Sandia in 1977. Heearned a BS and an MSin physics from TexasA&M University-Com-merce before coming toSandia, and then earnedhis PhD in electricalengineering from theUniversity of New

Mexico through Sandia’s Educational Aids Pro-gram.

Virginia Clark,from DMLS in Align-ment and IntegrationOffice Dept. 9902 toManager of Div. 5000Business OperationsDept. 5005. Ginnyjoined Sandia’s BenefitSystems and HealthCare Dept. 3545 inMarch 1987. For thepast nine years, she’sworked in program/

project management at the Labs. She has a BS indietetics from the University of Wyoming and aBA in accounting and an MBA in finance from theUniversity of New Mexico.

Scott Mitchell, from PMTS in ParallelComputing Sciences Dept. 9226 to Manager of

Optimization &Uncertainty Estima-tion Dept. 9211. Scottcame to Sandia inNovember 1992.Dept. 9211 is respon-sible for software andmethods for under-standing and improv-ing the performanceand variability ofdesigns. Scott has aBS in applied math,

engineering, and physics from the Universityof Wisconsin-Madison, and an MS and a PhDin applied math from Cornell University.

Mark Daniel (Danny) Rintoul, fromPMTS to Manager of Computational Biology in

Dept. 9212. Danny hasworked on many differ-ent aspects of algo-rithm design for com-putational sciencesince he joined Sandiain July 1997 as a mem-ber of ComputationalMaterial Science Dept.9225. He has a BS inphysics from Caltechand a PhD in computa-tional statistical

physics from Purdue.

Joseph Roesch, from Manager to Level IIManager of Transportation Safeguards and Surety

Programs Dept. 5850.Joe has worked in trans-portation security sys-tems engineering for thelast 15 years. He hasbeen involved in secu-rity systems for the pro-tection of nuclearweapons and/or specialnuclear material sincejoining Sandia in Janu-ary 1977.Joe has a BS and an MS

in mechanical engineering from the Universityof New Mexico.

CaliforniaSteve Carpenter, from PMTS in Distibuted

Information Systems Center 8900’s DISL Pro-gram Dept. 8904 toManager of Applica-tions and Systems Inte-gration Dept. 8945-1.Steve joinedSandia/California’sFacilities ManagementDepartment in October1983. He has workedin project and programmanagement at theLabs since then. Stevehas a BS and an MS in

civil engineering.

SANDIA LAB NEWS • August 23, 2002 • Page 10

VIRGINIA CLARK

RICHARD ANTEPENKO

SCOTT MITCHELL

RICHARD CERNOSEK

STEVE CARPENTER

DANNY RINTOUL

DONNIE GREENE

As a result of numerous requests, begin-ning with this issue the Lab News plans topublish notices of monthly promotions to themanagement ladder and within the manage-ment ladder. Thanks to HR Information Sys-tems Dept. 3051 for making the official infor-mation available to us as a starting point. Thebiographical information is supplied to us bythe employee. These are the Sandians receivingsuch promotions in May. Those for June, July,and August will follow.

Dear Nag: You’ve been telling us to turn offlights in the hallways and bathrooms, but what dif-ference does that make? It’s dark enough over herehaving to live without sunlight and watching fungusgrow under my fingernails. — Turning Sallow on theDark Side (the windowless side of Bldg. 810)

The Nag: There are 40 light fixtures in yourhallway, each with two 40-watt lights. So sup-pose you turn off the hallway lights on yourfloor when you make one of your dozen trips tothe well-lighted bathroom each day, and sup-pose some miscreant doesn’t come along andturn the lights back on for a while. Suddenly3,200 watts (3.2 kilowatts) of power is no longerconsumed. If that happens on three floors,that’s about 10 kilowatts, and roughly 20pounds of CO2 not dumped into the air everyhour, and just from one building at one obscurenational lab. Amazing!

* * * Dear Nag: Yesterday my wife threatened to

divorce me as I was changing out all the light bulbs athome with compact fluorescents. She can’t believe Ididn’t even wait for the old ones to burn out. — WellMeaning on the West Side

The Nag: The Nag is well aware of thedivorce-threatening that occurs when lights arechanged. (Just what IS it with women and com-pact fluorescent bulbs? They hate them.) The

Nag recommends that you do what he has donewith his wife, which is to threaten to walk aroundin underwear(only) unless sheagrees to simple,prudent, envi-ronmentallyresponsibleenergybehavior.

* * * Dear Nag:

On TV commer-cials, they showyou how deter-gents take outbloodstains. Ithink if you’ve gota T-shirt withbloodstains all over it, maybe your laundry isn’t yourbiggest problem. What do you think? —Low Temp-a-Cheer

The Nag: The Nag agrees. On the other hand,if said launderer is using cold water instead of hotwater to wash his or her clothes, and savingenergy in the process, he/she has some redeemingsocial value despite grinding his/her spouse in thewood chipper.

Dear Energy Nag: Saving energy athome, too

The average New Mexico house uses 700kW-hours per month. The Energy Nag’s houseuses 150 kW-hours per month. The difference isroughly 3.5 tons of CO2 not pumped into the

air, 7,000 gallons of water not used for cooling atthe generating station, and about $600 per yearin power bills, says The Nag.

Here are some things you can do to get yourhome power consumption down.

• Replace some bulbs with fluorescent onesor halogen fixtures.

• Turn up the temperature in your freezer soyou don’t freeze things beyond the sufficientstate of “frozen.”

• Clean your refrigerator coils once a season.• Turn off your swamp cooler or air condi-

tioner when you’re not in the house (and duringthe hottest part of the day when they don’t domuch good).

• Change your swamp cooler pads andheater filters periodically

• Look for vampire loads such as clocks, TVs,radios, answering machines, portable phones,etc. and physically unplug them if you aren’tusing them or don’t need them in the first place.

• Dry your clothes outside. Your clothes willlast much longer. [Note: The Nag still has someof his clothes from 1972.]

• Make sure you have good windows and, ifpossible, good insulation.

Management promotions

JOSEPH ROESCH

THE ENERGY NAG

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