sanitation systems, technology options, hygiene and health · sanitation alliance working group 4:...
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sustainable
sanitation
alliance
Sanitation Systems, Technology Options,Hygiene and Health
Durban, 16 Feb. 2008, Sandec / Eawag
Eawag/Sandec, SEI, BGR, TTZ, IWA, WSSCC, BOKU,
UNESCO-IHE, AEE/INTEC, GTZ, IWWA, IWA-SG, UN-
Habitat, UNDP, Ecosanlac, KfW
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sustainable
sanitation
alliance
Working group 4: Sanitation systems,
technology options, hygiene and health
The SuSanA Approved Statement, draft 05/2007
addresses health as a central issue for Sustainable
Sanitation:
“The main objective of a sanitation system is to
protect and promote human health by providing a
clean environment and breaking the cycle of
disease.”
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sustainable
sanitation
alliance
Working group 4: Sanitation systems,
technology options, hygiene and health
Goal is to raise awareness and knowledge by:
• launching discussion and debate on the
concept of sanitation system
• describing the wide variety of sanitation
systems and technology components available
with their advantages and disadvantages given
selected sustainability criteria
• describing their function towards reducing
health risk of stakeholders and downstream
affected populations by technical and non-
technical means
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sustainable
sanitation
alliance
Working group 4: Sanitation systems,
technology options, hygiene and health
Expected outputs:
• Factsheet on the importance to engage in a
system perspective, taking into account waste
products, processes/functions and
technologies
• Sourcebook of typical sanitation systems and
technologies with description on hygienization
processes and risk of exposure to pathogens
as well as case study descriptions
• ….
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sustainable
sanitation
alliance
Understanding sustainable sanitation system
and technology options
Understanding sustainable sanitation systems and
technologies means to address:
• Function of health risk reduction
• Technical appropriateness
• Economic viability
• Institutional appropriateness
• Socially acceptability
• Minimal environmental impact
• Minimal resource use and potential for maximal
resource reuse
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sustainable
sanitation
alliance
A Sanitation System – a multi-step process
By considering ‘sanitation’ as a multi-step process,
and not a single point, waste products are accounted
for from the point of generation to the point of
ultimate disposal.
Introducing the concept of waste inputs/products,
functions and technologies
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sustainable
sanitation
alliance
Use /
Disposal
Centralized
Treatment
Transport
Collection and
Storage / Treatment
A Sanitation System –
waste inputs, products and functions
Inputs
Flushwater Stormwater Greywater Organics
Excreta Urine FaecesAnal
cleansing
water
Dry
cleansing
material
Products BlackwaterFaecal
sludge
Compost /
Humus
Functional
groups
User Interface
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sustainable
sanitation
alliance
Typical System Templates
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sustainable
sanitation
alliance
Typical System Templates
Alternating Double Pit
Single Pit
Urine Separating
Twin Pit Flush
Flush and Decentralized Treatment
Settled Sewer
Simplified Sewer and Centralized Treatment
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sustainable
sanitation
alliance
Inputs User Interface Collection
and
Storage/Trt
Conveyance (Semi-)
Centralized
Treatment
Use and/or
Disposal
T9- Sed/ Thick
T10- Unplanted
drying beds
T11- Planted
drying beds
T12- Co-
Composting
T13- Biogas
Urine
Faeces
Anal Cleansing
Water
Faecal sludge
R11- Land
Application
R12-Surface
Disposal
R13- Incineration
C2- Human
Powered E&T
C3- Motorized
E&T
C7- Transfer
Station
System 1: Single Pit
S2- Single Pit
S3- Single Pit VIP
S4- Double Pit VIP
U1- Dry Toilet
Stormwater
drains
Greywater
Stormwater
R10- Disposal/
Recharge
R5- Irrigation
R8- Soak Pit
R10-Disposal/
Recharge
Greywater
treatment
R1- Fill and Cover
Products
Dry Cleansing
Material
Products
R5- Irrigation
R10- Disposal/
Recharge
R12-Surface
Disposal
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sustainable
sanitation
alliance
Inputs Collection
and
Storage/Trt
Conveyance (Semi-)
Centralized
Treatment
Use and/or
DisposalProducts Products
Urine
Faeces
Organics
R4- Compost/
EcoHumus
System 2: Alternating Double Pit System
S4- Double VIP
S5- Fossa Alterna
S12- (Composting
Chamber)
Stormwater
drains
Greywater
Stormwater
Greywater
treatment
Anal Cleansing
Water
Dry Cleansing
Material
Compost/
Humus
R10- Disposal/
Recjarge
R5- Irrigation
R8- Soak Pit
R10-Disposal/
Recharge
R5- Irrigation
R10- Disposal/
Recharge
R12- Disposal
User Interface
U1- Dry Toilet
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sustainable
sanitation
alliance
Inputs User Interface Collection
and
Storage/Trt
Conveyance (Semi-)
Centralized
Treatment
Use and/or
Disposal
Urine
FaecesR3- Application
R12- Disposal
System 3: Urine separation and disposal
S2- Single Pit
S3- VIP
S4- Double Pit
VIP
S7- Dehydration
Vaults
U2- UDDT
U3-(Urinal)
Stormwater
drains
Greywater
Stormwater
Urine
FaecesC2- Human
Powered E&T
R8- Soak Pit
Anal Cleansing
Water
Dry Cleansing
Material
Greywater
treatment
R12- Disposal
Products
Anal Cleansing
Water
R10- Disposal/
Recharge
R5- Irrigation
R10- Disposal/
Recharge
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sustainable
sanitation
alliance
Inputs User Interface Collection
and
Storage/Trt
Conveyance (Semi-)
Centralized
Treatment
Use and/or
Disposal
Urine
Faeces
System 4: Urine separation and application
U2- UDDT
U3- (Urinal)
Stormwater
drains
Greywater
Stormwater
Greywater
treatment
Urine
FaecesC2- Human
Powered E&T
R2- ApplicationS1- Storage
Tank
C1- Jerrycan
C3- Motorized
E&T
R3- Application
R12- Disposal
Anal Cleansing
WaterR8- Soak Pit
Dry Cleansing
MaterialR12- Disposal
Products
S2- Single Pit
S3- VIP
S4- Double Pit
VIP
S7- Dehydration
Vaults
R10- Disposal/
Recharge
R5- Irrigation
R10- Disposal/
Recharge
R5- Irrigation
R8- Soak Pit
R10-Disposal/
Recharge
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sustainable
sanitation
alliance
Inputs User Interface Collection
and
Storage/Trt
Conveyance (Semi-)
Centralized
Treatment
Use and/or
DisposalProductsProducts
Urine
Faeces
System 5: Twin-Pit Pour Flush Latrine
(U3- Urinal)
U4- Pour Flush
Stormwater
drains
Greywater
Stormwater
Greywater
treatment
Blackwater R4- Compost/
EcoHumus
S6- Twin-Pit Pour
Flush LatrineC2- Human
Powered E&T
Flushwater
Anal Cleansing
Water
Compost/
Humus
Dry Cleansing
MaterialR12- Disposal
R10- Disposal/
Recharge
R5- Irrigation
R8- Soak Pit
R10-Disposal/
Recharge
R5- Irrigation
R10- Disposal/
Recharge
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sustainable
sanitation
alliance
Inputs Collection
and
Storage/Trt
Conveyance (Semi-)
Centralized
Treatment
Use and/or
Disposal
Urine
Faeces
System 6: Decentralized effluent and (semi-)centralized faecal s ludge treatment
Stormwater
drains
Greywater
Stormwater
BlackwaterR8- Soak Pit
R9- Leach Field
S8- Settling Tank
S9- Septic Tank
S10- ABR
S11- Anaerobic
Filter
Flushwater
Faecal sludge
C3- Motorized
E &T
C7- Transfer
Station
Greywater
treatment
T1-WSP
T2-Aerated Pond
T3-FWS CW
T4-HSF CW
T5- VF CW
T6- Trickling Filter
T7-UASB
T8-Act. Sludge
T9- Sed/ Thick
T10- Unplanted
drying beds
T11- Planted
drying beds
T12- Co-
Composting
T13- Biogas
R11- Land
Application
R12-Disposal
R13- Incineration
Anal Cleansing
Water
Dry Cleansing
MaterialR12- Disposal
Products Products
R10- Disposal/
Recharge
R5- Irrigation
R8- Soak Pit
R10-Disposal/
Recharge
User Interface
U4- Pour Flush
Toilet
U5- Cistern
Flush
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sustainable
sanitation
alliance
Inputs User Interface Collection
and
Storage/Trt
Conveyance (Semi-)
Centralized
Treatment
Use and/or
Disposal
Urine
Faeces
System 7: Settled sewerage with (semi-) centralized treatment
U4- Pour Flush
Toilet
U5- Cistern
Flush
Stormwater
drains
Greywater
Stormwater
Blackwater
R5- Irrigation
R6- Aquaculture
R7- Macrophyte
R10- Disposal/
Recharge
Flushwater
Faecal sludge C3- Motorized
E&T
Greywater
treatment
C4- Simplified
Sewers
C5- Settled
Sewers
S8- Settling Tank
S9- Septic Tank
S10- ABR
T1-WSP
T2-Aerated Pond
T3-FWS CW
T4-HSF CW
T5- VF CW
T6- Trickling Filter
T7-UASB
T8-Act. Sludge
R11- Land
Application
R12-Surface
Disposal
R13- Incineration
T9- Sed/ Thick
T10- Unplanted
drying beds
T11- Planted
drying beds
T12- Co-
Composting
T13- Biogas
Anal Cleansing
Water
Dry Cleansing
MaterialR12- Disposal
R10- Disposal/
Recharge
R5- Irrigation
R8- Soak Pit
R10-Disposal/
Recharge
Products Products
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sustainable
sanitation
alliance
Products Collection
and
Storage/Trt
Conveyance (Semi-)
Centralized
Treatment
Use and/or
Disposal
Urine
Faeces
System 8: Sewerage system with (semi-) centralized treatment
Stormwater
drains
Greywater
Stormwater
Flushwater
Faecal sludge
C3- Simplified
Sewer
C5- Gravity
Sewer
T1-WSP
T2-Aerated Pond
T3-FWS CW
T4-HSF CW
T5- VF CW
T6- Trickling Filter
T7-UASB
T8-Act. Sludge
T9- Sed/ Thick
T10- Unplanted
drying beds
T11- Planted
drying beds
T12- Co-
Composting
T13- Biogas
Anal Cleansing
Water
Dry Cleansing
Material
R10- Disposal/
Recharge
R5- Irrigation
R6- Aquaculture
R7- Macrophyte
R10- Disposal/
Recharge
R11- Land
Application
R12-Surface
Disposal
R13- Incineration
Products Products
R12- Disposal
Blackwater
User Interface
U4- Pour Flush
Toilet
U5- Cistern
Flush
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sustainable
sanitation
alliance
• Inputs
• Application Level
• Management Level
• Description / Adequacy
• Technical appropriateness (Pros & Cons)
• Health aspects / Acceptance
• Maintenance
• (Cost)
• Further references
Technology factsheets
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sustainable
sanitation
alliance
• Prioritizing pathogens
Relate to systems and technologies
• Pathogen reduction function (technical and non-
technical barriers)
• Where are people exposed (pathways)
• Who is exposed
• How many are exposed and how frequently
Health Risk Facts
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sustainable
sanitation
alliance • Pathogen reduction function
• Exposure (when, who, how)
• Risk mitigation measures
Health risk aspects
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sustainable
sanitation
alliance
Lead: Eawag/Sandec, seconded by SEI (T.A. Stenström)
• Core group (5 persons) will work on the various sub-items
• Outline of outputs is defined by next SuSanA meeting
• Cross-communication occurs between this and other
groups, sp. 2 (costs), 5 (food security),7 (community
sanitation), 13 (O&M)
Logistics of the working group