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INTRODUCTION

Referred as the “Spice Garden of India”, Kerala is a beautiful state with an excellent

landscape of palm-lined beaches, thick jungles, plantation-covered hills, andenthralling rivers and lakes. It is considered to be one of the cleanest and the most

peaceful parts of India, with the state remaining a major source of India's bananas,

rubber, cardamoms, coconuts, cashews, and ginger.

Kerala is rated by National Geographic Traveler as one of the

world's 50 must-see destinations -- is a seamless landscape of palm-lined beaches rising to

meet steamy jungles and plantation-covered hills, watered by no less than 44 tropical

rivers. Visitors come here primarily to unwind and indulge; this is, after all, where

succumbing to a therapeutic Ayurvedic massage is as mandatory as idling away anafternoon aboard a slowly drifting kettuvallam, or sipping coconut water under a tropical

sun before taking in a ritualized Kathakali dance. Eastward, the spice-scented Cardamom

Hills and wild elephants of Periyar beckon, while a short flight west takes you to the little-

known but sublime tropical reefs of the Lakshadweep islands. All of which make Kerala

not just a must-see on your southern India itinerary, but a major destination in its own

right.

A thin strip on the southwest coastline, sandwiched between the Lakshadweep Sea

and the forested Western Ghats that define its border with Tamil Nadu to the east, Kerala

covers a mere 1.3% of the country's total land area, yet its rich resources have long

attracted visitors from across the. Seafarers not only brought trade but built synagogues

and churches in the emerging port cities, while an entirely Muslim population set up shop

on the islands of Lakshadweep. Despite its religious cosmopolitanism.

Contemporary Kerala was created in 1956 from the former princely states of

Travancore, Kochi, and Malabar. Largely ruled by benevolent maharajas who introduced

social reforms emphasizing the provision of education and basic services, Kerala remainsone of the most progressive, literate, and prosperous states in post-independence India and

at the same time retains an untouched charm. In 1957, it became the first place in the world

to democratically elect a Communist government, and the first Indian state to introduce a

family planning program. Despite its high population density, Keralites have the country's

highest life expectancy and lowest infant mortality rates.



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Kerala is also considered one of the most peaceful parts of India, a claim substantiated by

its prosperity the state remains a major source of India's bananas, rubber, coconuts,

cashews, and ginger, and now, tourism .

If you're interested in experiencing a more authentic experience of the subcontinent,combine your trip with a few days in neighboring Tamil Nadu, the spiritual heartland of

southern India. But if all you're looking for is rejuvenation, head straight to the backwaters,

then wash up on some of the world's most beautiful beaches. "God's Own Country" is one

tourist slogan that really does deliver.

Festivals in kerala are an integral part of the social and cultural structure and every

community ,every religion has something to celebrate about all throughout the year. Kerala

wakes up to some festival or the other every day of the year

OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

In order to obtain answers for the research questions the following objectives are

formulated for the desired results

To study about different types of destinations and attractions

To study about the tourist arrivals and statistics To understand the developments in tourism sector

METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTION

Filed survey and personal interview with officials

Secondary data research included collection of news clippings from Newspaper ,

Travel journals, Internet with regard to tourism in kerala Books on Kerala tourism

Tourism websites



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MAJOR TRADITIONAL FESTIVALS IN KERALA

Onam Festival : Onam is a time for sports,

festivities and ritual celebrations in Kerala. The

Keralites celebrate this festival in memory of thegolden era of King Mahabali whose spirit is said to

visit the state at the time of Onam. Colorful aquatic

festivals are organized along the sacred River Pampa

as part of the celebrations. After three months of

heavy rains, the sky becomes aclear blue and the

forests a deep green. The brooks and streams come

alive, spouting a gentle white foam,the lakes and rivers overflow and lotuses and lilies are

in full bloom as if to welcome the spirit of the King. It is time to reap the harvest, tocelebrate and to rejoice.

Depending on the positioning of the stars and the moon, the festival is held at the end of

August or beginning of September, less than a fortnight after the Malayalam New Year,

Chingam begins. The biggest festival of Kerala, Onam is also the best time to plan one's

travel and tour in Kerala. The color, enthusiasm and celebrations associated with Onam are

enough to make you return again.

The celebrations begin within a fortnight of the Malayalam New Year and go on for tendays. The last day called the Thiruonam is the most important. All over the state, rituals

along with new clothes, traditional cuisine, dance and music mark this harvest festival.

Kerala Boat Festivals : The backwaters of kerala apart from being a major tourist

attraction are also venues for yet another

splendid attraction of God‘s Own Country-

Boat Races.The boat festival of Kerala are

one of the chief and popular festival of

Kerala that tourist must experience duringtheir travel Kerala. Kerala boat races are

an event that is as much part of the land‘s

ethos and is a sport that signifies the

excellent teamspirit,integration and amity

of the people.



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Vishu festival: Vishu is one of the most popular festivals of Kerala. Vishu falls on the first

of Medam (March-April), which is the Malayalam New Year's Day. Since it is considered

propitious to view good things on this day for year round good fortune, Vishu morning is

an important time. The heart of this festival of Kerala is the preparation of the kani (the

lucky sight or gift).

Thrissur Pooram Festival: Thrissur Pooram is the most spectacular festival of Kerala that

tourist must experience during their holidays in

Kerala. Introduced by the Maharaja of erstwhile

Kochi state, Sakthan Thampuran, Thrissur Pooram is

celebrated in Medom (April-May). The Thrissur

Pooram festival in Kerala parades the fulgent faces of

Kerala culture. With every passing year Thrissur

Pooram,the temple festival, attracts large masses of

devotees and spectators to Kerala. The best elephantsof the state from the various temples in Kerala are

sent to Thrissur to participate in the Pooram festival.

Payippad Jelotsavam Festival : Payippad Jelotsavam held in memory for the Prathista

ceremony of Haripad Subramanya temple and therefore has a religious significance. This

festival is celebrated for three days commencing from the Onam festival day. Snake boat

processions are taken out on the first two days and competitive boat race take place on the

third day.

Attukal Pongala Festival : Attukal pongala this is the one and the only temple festival in

the world where lakhs of women assembled together to make offerings by cooking a

pudding for the goddess in the attukal temple.It is taken home after the chief priest of the

temple will come and sprinkle the holy water and will shower the flowers. This festival

will come to an end in the evening with a procession from the temple.

Makaravillakku at Sabarimala Festival : For centuries, Sabarimala in Pathanamthitta

has been a major pilgrim center in kerala attracting lakhs of devotees from all over

India.The presiding deity is Lord Ayyappa known aas Dharma Sastha, a consideredsymbol of unity between Vaishnavites and Saivites.

Theyyam Festival: Theyyam is one of the popular

festivals of Kerala. It is the worship of the deity ; on the

other hand ,the dancer is also the deity.



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KUMARAKOM

Kumarakom, the famous backwater tourist destination in Kerala is

located about 12 kms from Kottayam. This place can be reached through a voyage from

Alappuzha. Kumarakom is undoubtedly the most fascinating paradise in Kerala, God'sown country. This rich green, sleepy little village of Kumarkom is located on the

Vembanad lake amidst mangrove forests and coconut groves.

Kumarakom backwater can be referred as the most beautiful of all backwater destinations

in Kerala without any doubt. It is a rapidly developing backwater region, especially for

tourism. The Vembanad Lake with its calm blue water and shades of the emerald green

floras together provides a pictorial beauty. Regular availability of motorboats as well

government managed houseboats running on the waterways of Vembanad Lake is an added

attraction for the tourists to watch the serenely beautiful backwater region with comfort.

The Kumarakom bird‘s sanctuary is another perfect addition to the heavenly enchanting

backwater region. Different species of birds like the native kingfisher, owl, parrot, etc. can

be seen here including the migrating ones like the Serbian crane, lark, and so on that comes

in flocks from far Himalaya as well Serbia.

The lush green meadows along with the line of coconut trees are truly the visions of an

artist. Kumarakom backwater region when looked at is like the paradise of earth bestowed

with all the beauty that God can gift. The sanctuary, lake, along with all other backwaterlagoons formed a never ending labyrinth which is a great source of marine faunas like the

famous Kumarakom Karimeen, tiger prawns, crabs and so on. Depending on this big

labyrinth and on its adjoined meadows, fishing and cultivation emerged as the most usual

way of living of this backwater area.

With growing identity of tourist destination, the Kumarakom backwater is trying to catch

the modern amenities. As a result of this, a number of well-equipped and luxurious resortshave already taken place in order to serve the tourists. Such resorts also include special

attractions like water games, scheduled boating, skiing, canoeing, etc. Likewise, one can

experience highly esteemed yoga, meditation practices, ayurveda body massage and so on.

Moreover, boat racing during their harvest festival Onam is another attraction for the

visitors. In a sentence, the Kumarakom backwater composed of evergreen valleys, calm

waterways, coconut groves, varieties of flora and faunas, mangrove forests, native people;

http://www.visit-kumarakom.com/kumarakom-bird-sanctuary.html






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forms the most beautiful panorama of an earthly Eden.The slender coconut palms standing

here, there and everywhere,itsnever ending paddy fields,meandering lagoons and

backwaters,mangroves nesting

birds of a hundred varieties can

peacefully calm and invigorate

your mind. On the scenic

Vembanad lake you will come

across plenty of traditional

countrycrafts or houseboats,

boats and canoes. The fresh

water of the lake runs into the

mainland making a labyrinth of

lagoons, brooks, canals and waterways. The backwaterhouses a variety of species of both

fauna and flora and marine life.

Kumarakom is also considered to be the gateway to the famousbackwaters of

Kuttanad. Kumarakom is also the home of various sprawling ethnic waterfront resorts.

These resorts offer comfortable accommodation and

exclusive leisure options like an Ayurvedic

massage, yoga, meditation, boating, fishing and

swimming. The adventurous could indulge in water

sports such as windsailing and waterskiing.

Kumarakom is also a center for houseboat cruises.

Kumarakom enjoys a well balanced tropical climate. The temperature ranges between

16.10 degree Celsius to 37.80 degree Celsius. There is always a cool, fresh breeze, which

makes even the warmest weather readily agreeable. The best time to visit Kumarakom is

from November to March.

HISTORY

Kumarakom is a minor destination comprised of a collection of small islands in the state of

Kerala. Before its popularity as a tourist town, Kumarakom was an area located near amarshy mangrove on the edge of the Vembanad lake. In 1878, George Alfred Baker, a

missionary from Essex, England, set about clearing the mangrove and replacing it with

coconut plantations. Baker was so taken aback by the beauty of Kumarakom that he

decided to make it his home and in doing so he became the catalyst for development in the

area.



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‗Development‘ however, is a term used very loosely because the greatest appeal of the area

is perhaps its underdevelopment or its lack of masses of manmade constructions that might

otherwise spoil its tremendous natural beauty. The potential of Kumarakom‘s bird

sanctuary has of course been realised; strict laws prevent the destruction of this area and

hence maintain its strict natural integrity.

Kumarakom can be found in Kerala, a state that wasn‘t officially established until

November 1956. The region‘s early history saw settlers such as the Negrito people focused

in three areas, then known as: Malabar, Cannanore and Kasargode. The Negrito people still

inhabit the mountainous areas in the south of the country today. After the Negritos came

the Austriches and then the Dravidians; the latter still having a significant effect on modern

culture in Kerala.After the Portuguese discovered the route to India from Europe by sea, a

wave of visitors arrived, some settling permanently into the area and contributing to

Kerala‘s mix of followers of Christianity, Islam and Hinduism. Keralites celebrate the

official recognition of the state on 1 November every year, a day they refer to as Kerala piravi meaning the 'Birth of Kerala'.

CLIMATE

Kumarakom's climate is moderate on account of its proximity to the ocean, with

temperatures rarely falling below 16ºC and rarely climbing higher than 38ºC, which in the

latter case is somewhat cooler than the 40-plus degrees that some parts of India

The monsoon season follows the summer and is quite short compared to that of otherregions,ends sometimes in August; although mild spells of precipitation can be expected

until the beginning of November. The cool, dry season follows and is the most popular

period for tourists as temperature is bearable and chances of rain are extremely low. The

winter season lasts from November till March.

HOW TO REACH

By Road : From the Cochin International Airport it is an 85 km, From the Trivandrum

International Airport it is a 175 km, From the Calicut International Airport it is 180 km

By Rail :From Bombay, Madras or Bangalore, you can take a train to Kerala. The best

place to alight is either Cochin or Kottayam

By Air : Cochin International Airport and the Trivandrum International Airport.



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WAYANAD

Wayanad is the famous hill station in Kerala. Wayanad is one of the district in Kerala that

has been able to retains its pristine nature. Wayanad covers an area of 2132 square kms and

situated at an altitude of 700 to 2100 meters

above sea level. Wayanad is known for its picturesque mist-clad hill stations, sprawling

spice plantations, luxuriant forests and rich cultural traditions. In Wayanad, the hills and

valley extend endlessly into the horizon and the waterfalls, paddy fields, fresh green

plantations of rubber, coffee, tea and pepper are in plenty. Lakkidi is the region in

Wayanad, near Kalpetta which receives the second highest rainfall in the world. The

gushing rivers and cascading waterfalls flows throughout the year. The weather is cool and

pleasant at Wayanad throughout the year due to its altitude and can be visited at any time

of the year

Wayanad means the land of paddy fields as Vayal is paddy and Naad is land in Malayalam.

This district in the north-east of Kerala was formed on November 1, 1980 as the 12th

district, carved out of Kozhikode and Kannur districts. Many indigenous tribes live in this

area. It is set lofty on the majestic Western Ghats with altitudes ranging from 700 to 2100

Metres above mean sea level. It is bounded on the east by Nilgigris and Mysore districts of

Tamilnadu and Karnataka respectively, on the north by Coorg district of Karnataka, on the

south by Malappuram and on the west by Kozhikode and Kannur. This district has the

added advantage of linking Kerala with the golden triangle of South India, namely, theBangalore, the Mysore and the Ooty.

The district has the largest adivasi population. It contributes about 36% of the adivasi

population of the state. This region consists mainly of the Paniyas, the Kurumas, the

Adiyars, the Kurichyas, the Ooralis, the Kadans, and the Kattunaikkans. Among them the

Kurichyars are the most developed community. Many of them are small land owners,

whereas the members of other tribes are mostly the labourers. Wayanad also has a small

jain community consisting of Gowders who came from Karnataka. They have built

beautiful temples all over the district. One fourth population of Wayanad is constituted by

Christians and many sects of Christianity are well represented in the district. The Muslims

constitute another one fourth population and the rest of the population belongs to the

Hindus.



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This high altitude of the district is characterised by the cultivation of perennial plantation

crops and spices. The major plantation crops include coffee, tea, pepper, cardamom and

rubber. The Coffee based farming system is a notable feature of Wayanad. Coffee is grown

both as pure crop and as well as mixed crop along with pepper. Pepper is grown largely

along with coffee in the north eastern parts of the district, especially in Pulpally and

Mullankolly areas. The rice fields of Wayanad are in the valleys formed by hillocks and in

majority of paddy lands and only a single crop is harvested. A variety of crops including

annuals and perennials are grown in these small holdings. The crops include coconut,

arecanut, pepper, vegetables, tuber crops, drumstick, papaya, etc. and fruit trees like mango

and jack.

Kuruva Island, Edakkal Caves, Wayand Wildlife Sanctuary, Begur Wildlife Sanctuary,

Lakkidi, Pookot Lake, Chembra Peak and Thirunelly Temple are the main tourist

attractions in Wayanad. Kalpetta, the administrative head of Wayanad, is surrounded by

the fascinating places like the natural Pookot Lake and the Tusharagiri Hills. The Edakkalcavesoffers a glimpse of the stone age paintings and inscriptions. The elephant training

centre in the Muthunga Wildlife sanctuary is also an interesting place in Wayanad. The

Kuruva Island is one of the several small islands in the region with a complex ecosystem of

rare plants and birds

HISTORY

The rajas of the Veda tribe ruled the region in the ancient times. Later, Wayanad was ruled

by the Pazhassi Rajahs of the Kottayam royal dynasty. Hyder Ali, the ruler of Mysore,invaded Wayanad and brought it under his way. During the reign of his son, Tippu Sultan,

Wayanad was restored to the Kottayam royal dynasty. The entire Malabar region was given

to the British after the Srirangapatnam truce. Then, there were frequent fierce encounters

between the British and the Kerala Varma Pazhassi Rajah of Kottayam. The Rajah waged

several battles even when he was driven to the wilderness of Wayanad. After his death, the

Wayanad completely fell into the hands of the British. The Britishers opened up the Plateau

for cultivation of tea and other cash crops. Even the roads were laid across the dangerous

slopes of Wayanad from Calicut to Telicherry.

When the state of Kerala was formed in 1956, Wayanad was the part of Kannur district.

Later South Wayanad was added to Kozhikode district in 1957 and the north Wayanad

remained with Cannannore district. By amalgamating the north Wayanad and south

Wayanad, the present Wayanad district came into being on the 1st November 1980

comprising of three taluks, the Vythiry, the Mananthavady and the Sulthan Bathery



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PLACES TO SEE

Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary : Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary is located 16 kilometers east

of Sulthaan Bathery. Here one can find freely roaming elephants and tigers. The best time

to visit is between June and October. Established in 1973, Muthanga Wildlife Sanctuary iscontiguous with the protected area network of Nagarhole and Bandipur of Karnataka on the

northeast and Mudumalai of Tamil Nadu on the southeast. Muthanga Wildlife Sanctuary,

Wayanad. This sanctuary spread over 345 sq km is rich with fauna and flora, and comes

under project

Various species of deer, monkeys, birds etc also live

here. The trees and plants in the sanctuary are typical of the south Indian moist deciduous

forests and west coast semi evergreen forests. A drive along the road to Muthanga and

further, offers chances to watch these roaming beasts. Elephant rides are arranged by the

Forest department

Waterfall : One can get a glimpse

of this lovely waterfall, one has to

trek a distance of around 4 km.

from Chethalayam. Wayanad

Wildlife Sanctuary, also known as

Muthanga Wildlife Sanctuary isanother tourist spot not to be

missed. Here you can see

elephants, spotted deer, guar, sambhar and sloth bear. About 15 km from Sultan's Bathery,

the Wildlife Sanctuary covers over 344 sq. km. and forms part of the area of Mudumalai

Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu and Bandipur Sanctuary in Karnataka

Sri Mahaganapathy Temple At Thiruvangoor : Thiruvangoor in Kozhikode district is

famous for the Sree Mahaganapathy Temple, dedicated to Lord Ganapathy. The annual

festival ‗Sivaratri Utsavam‘ here lasts for two days. Cultural and ritual art forms Kerala areperformed all nights during the festival. The ritual festival Theyyam is performed on the

second day. It is watched by a large gathering of devotees who in the end receive

‗blessings in person‘ from the ‗Theyyam‘.



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Edakkal Caves : The two caves

are located at a height of 1000 m

on Ambukutty Mala near

Ambalavayal. The New Stone

Age pictorial writings on the

walls of these natural caves at

Edakkal are evidence of the

civilization that existed in these

regions in prehistoric times.

Pookot Lake : This perennial fresh water

lake,nestled among the wooded hills, is the only

one of its kind in Kerala. The boating facilities,

children's park, handicrafts & spices emporium

and fresh water aquarium are some of the

attractions of this place.

Tholepetty Wildlife Sanctuary: Several species of animals like elephant , bison, spotted

deer, tiger, leopard, bear and wild boar are found in this sanctuary , which is just 100 kms

from Vythiri. The best season to visit is Dec-to May, when animals from the neighbouring

Bandhipur, Nagarhole and Mudamalai frequent this sanctuary due to scarcity of water

elsewhere. Day trips are organized from various resorts in Wayanad.



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CLIMATE

Wayanad district in Kerala has a pleasant climate for most parts of the year. High

altitude regions in Wayanad district experience severe cold. In Wayanad, the meanmaximum and minimum temperature are generally 29º C and 18º C respectively. Wayanad

and surrounding areas experience a high humidity which may go up to 95 per cent during

the south west monsoon period.

Generally, the weather of Wayanad is classified into four seasons- cold weather

(December-February), hot weather (March-May), South West Monsoon (June-September)

and North East Monsoon (October-November). The average rain fall in Wayanad district is

around 300 mm/year. Since the Weather of Wayanad remains pleasant for most parts of the

year, you can visit the place any time except the South West Monsoon period.

HOW TO REACH

By Air:

The nearest airport is located at Kozhikode, about 98 kms.

By Rail:

The nearest railway station is located at Kozhikode.

By Road:

Wayanad is well connected by road from Kozhikode, Kannur, Ooty and Mysore.



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TRIVANDRUM

Trivandrum is not only the capital city of ―God‘s own Country‖— Kerala, but it is also an

important center for the culture and heritage of the state. On the one hand you will come

across the lavish malls and bustle of the town, while on the other; you will find the old

palaces and ancient landmarks narrating the past. Home to fascinating beaches and

grandiose palaces, there are many tourist destinations in Trivandrum that make a tour of the

city a fascinating experience.

History

Thiruvananthapuram is one of the oldest cities in India, with periodic references in many

Greek and Roman literatures. However the city's position came forefront when the Venad

Dynasty came into power of Southern regions, after the Great Partition of Kerala Empire of

Cheras in 14th century. Though Venad rulers had their capital at Kollam (70kms north of

Thiruvananthapuram), the town was well considered as a major trading centre. The rise of

new Venad King, Maharaja Marthanada Varma and subsequently formation of Travancore

Kingdom in late 17th century proved a turning point for the city. The Raja, after formation

of the kingdom by annexing many small states and feudal principalites, dedicated the entire

kingdom to Lord Padmanabha, the presiding deity of Sree Padmanabhaswamy temple and

crowned as Emperor, making the royal family to rule in the name of the lord. This resulted

in making Thiruvananthapuram as the capital of new kingdom and the city started growing

around the temple. In 19th century, the entire administration was brought to

Thiruvananthapuram city from the Royal headquarters of Sree Padmanabhapuram Fort(50kms from Thiruvananthapuram city), which marked completion of first phase of

Thiruvananthapuram city.Travancore was one of the most powerful Indian Princely state

during British Raj, with the kingdom becoming 3rd most richest state among native states.

Thiruvananthapuram city, under the royal patronage grew into a major academic, cultural

hub of India, with many firsts to its credit. The Maharajas always cared to keep their

capital, one of the most greenest cities in India, which resulted in many praises for the

capital. As the power and wealth of Travancore Kingdom reached its peak during early

20th century, Thiruvananthapuram became a major prosperous city. With independence of

India, the Travancore chose to ascend into India Union. After formation of Kerala state in

1957, it was decided to retain Thiruvananthapuram as the capital city.

Being a capital and administrative city, it remains to be one of the hottest political center in

Kerala. The 3rd phase of the development came in early 1990s, when Kerala Government

decided to establish Technopark- a large IT Park. The growth of Technopark as the largest



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Information Technology park in South Asia, made a major impetus for the growth of city.

Today the city is on focus of making it as major IT/Bio-Technology hub.

PLACES TO SEE IN TRIVANDRUM

Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple: Thiruvananthapuram's most interesting temple i open to

Hindus only, and even they must wear wear a 'dhoti' or 'sari'. Still , it's worth visiting -even

if you are just passing through town-to see the temple's seven story carved gopuram

reflected in the nearby sacred tank.Constructed in the Dravidian style by a maharaja of

Travancore in 1733, the temple is dedicated to Vishnu, who reclines on the sacred

serpent, Anantha, which gives Thiruvanathapuram its name.

Kovalam Beach

Kovalam is just 16

kms away from Trivandrum.

This unique internationally

renowned wonderful beach

will get pride of place

amongst the loveliest beaches

in the world has been a

favourite haunt of tourists

since the 1930s. Today

Kovalam has become one of

the most popular beach

hangouts in India. Kovalam means a grove of coconut trees and truly the coconut trees

along the beaches gives it a ravishing look.

The palm-fringed bays in secluded coconut groves, promise a relaxed stay. The boundless

blue waters of the Arabian Sea and miles of white sands washed away by the surf at the

feet of the stalwart palms and the rocky promontories, makes this beach paradise. Thismarvellous beach is a tourist's dream come true.

A sheltered natural bay with cool soothing palms and gentle waves. Where when

you are tired of aquatics, swimming or sunbathing, you can explore the handicrafts,

jewellery and cloth shops spread along the waterfront. Not to speak of the delightful sea-

food fare including lobsters available at the beachside restaurants



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Palace Museum: The recently opened Puthen Maliga Palace Museum, adjacent to the

temple ,is housed in several wings of the palace of the maharajahs of Travancore.

It's open from 8.30 am to 12.30pm and from 3 to 5.30 pm; entry is Rs.5.

Museums, Gallery & Zoo:

The zoo and a collection of museums are in a park in the north of the city . The museums

are in a park in the north of the city. The museums are open Tuesday to Sunday from 10am

to 4.45pm, but not until 1pm on Wednesday. A single Rs.5 entry ticket covers all the

museums and is obtainable from the Natural History of Museum.Housed in a whimsical,

decaying, Keralan style building dating from 1880, the Napier Museum displays an

electric assortment of bronzes , historical and contemporary ornaments , temple carts ,

ivory carvings and life size figures of Kathakali dancers in full costume.The NaturalHistory Museum has a rudimentary ethnographic collection as well as an interesting

replica of a Nayar wooden house built in the Keralan style.The Sri Chitra Art Gallery has

paintings of the Rajput, Mughal and Tanjore schools, together with works from China,

Tibet, Japan and Bali. There are also many modern Indian paintings , including works by

ravi Varma, Svetoslav and Nicholas Roerich.The Zoological Gardens are among the best

designed in Asia -set among woodland , lakes and well -maintained lawns - but some of

the animal enclosures (and their inhabitants) are misreble. The zoo is open Tuesday to

Saturday from 9am to 5.15pm. Entry is rs.4 and there is an additional Rs.5 charge for acamera or Rs.250 for a video camera.The Science & Technology.

Museum and Planetarium , about 100m west of the Mascot Hotel, cater mostly to high

school students . The Museum is open from 10am to 5pm daily and entry is Rs.2. The

Planetarium has 40 minute shows in English at noon daily (Rs.10).It's closed on Monday.

Padmanabhapuram Palace:

Padmanabhapuram Palace was once the seat of the rulers of Travancore, a princely state

for more than 400 years which included a large part of present day Kerala and the Westerncoast of Tamil Nadu.

Padmanabhapuram is just inside Tamilnadu , 65km south-east of Thiruvananthapuram. To

get there , you can either catch a local bus from Thiruvananthapuram or Kovalam beach or

take one of the Kanyakumari tours organised by the KTDC. The palace is closed on

Monday.



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Veli Tourist Village:

Boardered by Veli lagoon and the Arabian Sea, the village includes water sports ,

waterfront park, floating bridge, children's park, restaurant, garden etc. it is 8km. away

from the city. Visiting hours: 10am. to 8.30pm

Akkulam Boat Club:

A popular picnic spot with boating facility.

Shangumugham Beach:

It's a pleasant place to walk or watch the fishermen securing their catch. A large sculpture

of a mermaid graces the roadside, an example of the work of the local artist Canai

Kunuram. At dusk, during temple festivals, the beach is the site of the ritual bathing of the

temple idols

CVN Kalari Sangam:

The CVN Kalari sangam in East Fort, near the

Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple, is a small but

remarkable bulding-part training centre, part

temple and part hospital.

Neyyar Dam

Neyyar dam, lying against the southern low hills of the

western ghats, 32 kms away from

the Thiruvananthapuram city is a popular picnic spot

with a lake and a picturesque dam site. Neyyar damaffords a panoramic view of the the mountains and the

lake. The lion safari is a star attraction.The reservoir

also offers boating facilities in addition to a crocodile

farm. The project offers facilities for boating and

mountaineering. A miniature wild life sanctuary, a lake garden and a swimming pool are

the major attractions



17

Ponmudi

Ponmudi hill resort is cool and quiet. As the hills come awake you can begin a pleasurable

exploration of the wooded paths. Trekking is a passion with visitors to Ponmudi. Ponmudi

has other surprises too for you.

Orchids, for instance, grow in abundance here. A charming deer park is only 3kms. from

Ponmudi. Picnic hampers that the staff at the guest house would be happy to arrange,

which you could take down the hill to a picturesque ruined dam site or golden valley which

is another pretty scenic spot. Other attractions are Bird watching, Deer park and long,

enjoyable walks.

CLIMATE

The city has a tropical climate and therefore does not experience distinct seasons. The

mean maximum temperature is 34 °C and the mean minimum temperature is 21 °C.

Humidity is high, and rises to about 90% during the monsoon season.

Thiruvananthapuram is the first city along the path of the south-west monsoon and gets its

first showers in early June. However, pre-monsoon showers are common in April and May,

accounting to about 35 cm on average. Annual rainfall is not very high compared to other

districts of Kerala, but it is still a substantial 180 cm. The rainiest months are May, June,

July, August, and October, but there are frequent showers in other months too between

April and November. For travelers who wish to avoid the rain, the best period to visit isfrom December to March.

The winter temperature comes down to about 18 °C at some places at high altitudes and

summer temperatures can sometimes go as high as 35 °C.

HOW TO REACH

By Air : Trivandrum has an international airport in the city.

By Rail : Trivandrum is a major Railway Station in India.

By Road : An extensive road network connects Trivandrum with most of the cities in

Kerala like Kochi, Alleppey, Kumarakom. You can also approach the city from other south

Indian cities like: Chennai, Bangalore.



18

MUNNAR

The hill resort of Munnar is one of the most

popular tourist destinations in India. Munnar

lies in the God's Own Country of Kerala.

Besides being a hill resort Munnar is known a

center for tea trade too. There are over thirty

tea gardens in and around Munnar. Get going

on a bicycle at your own pace and unwind.

The hill resort of Munnar derives its name from the fact that it lays at the confluence of

three mountain streams. Literally in Tamil Munnar means "three rivers". The marvelous

hill resort of Munnar lays at the confluence of three mountain streams namely Mudrapuzha,

Nallathanni and Kundala, Since the British rule Munnar has been thronged by tourists.The lovely landscape, the teagardens and the pleasant weather make it a picture perfect

destination. The hill resort is situated at an altitude of 1520 meters, in the eastern part of

Kerala. The Western Ghats of Kerala stand close to Munnar. The highest peak of Anaimudi

is quiet close to the hill resort. The hills neighboring Munnar present a spectacular sight

only once in every twelve years. The Neelakurunji plant grows on the hills and bloom to

cover the entire mountain range

HISTORY

In both Malayalam and Tamil, the word ‗Munnar‘ means three rivers, as it is merging place

of three mountain streams. The Duke of Wellington was the first prominent person to visit

Munnar.

Munnar was once the summer capital of the British in southern India. Munnar was

developed to cultivate tea plants by British although it was first discovered by Scottish

planters. In the early developmental stages only Tamilians worked ther as few Malayalis

inhabited in that area Munnar.

But later more and more Malayalis were recruited as employees to work in plantations and

bungalows, that were build for estate managers of British origin. They occupied most of

the top posts. Some of the bungalows that were build for them is still in good condition and

being used.The local people here speak Malayalam, the official language of Kerala and

since there are a lot of Tamilians, the second language is Tamil.



19

Munnar has an ancient history and prehistoric relics that can be dated back to Stone Age

civilization. The written history begins only from 10th century. In the early 19th century,

the headman of the villages of Anchanad, Kannan Thevar, held lands to the north of the

high ranges, which belonged to the local Rajah of Poojar.

According to record history, the first tea sapling was planted by A.H. Sharp at Parvathi,

part of the present Sevenmullay estate, consisted of 50 acres of land in the surrounding

jungle.J D Munro, a British lawyer and tea planter leased close to 600 sq. km of land

around Munnar, which was then covered with thick jungle, from the Poonjar chief, a

subordinate of the Maharaja of Travancore. He then cleared the jungle for Tea plantations.

This land was later known as Kannan Devan (Kannan Thevar) Concession Land.

Later in 1895, Messrs Finlay Muir & Company bought Munro‘s land and in 1976 Tata-

Finlay Ltd. purchased it. Then in 1983 James Finlay Group sold their remaining shareholdings and the company became known as Tata Tea Ltd., the largest integrated tea

company in the world.

PLACES TO SEE

Eravikulam (Rajamalai) National Park: 45 mins from Munnar. See Nilgiri Thar

(Hemitragas hylocres) - an endangered species of mountain goats, rolling grasslands andsholas, spread over 97 sq km in the Rajamalai hills, rare flora and fauna, Atlas moth

(largest in the world), lion-tailed macaque, leopards, tigers, The Kurichi or Neelakurinji

Flowers turn the hills of Rajamalai blue every 12 years. The next bloom will be in 2018.

One can actually debate if going to the high peak just to see some goats is worth all the

effort or not. However, the walk along the park is very romantic and has some breath

taking view.

Mattupetti Dam - 10km from Munnar, this popular picnic spot activities like boating and

horse riding and is a great place to spend the day especially if visiting with children.

Blossom Garden - Houses many different varities of flowers. Tourist will definitely take

away good memories from this place.

Echo Point - 15km from Munnar, on the way to top station from Munnar is a small lake set

amidst rolling hills. Every loud call made from a spot on the lake embankment is returned



20

manifold by the echo from the surrounding hills. Young tourists throng to this place to

listen to the echoes of their friendship calls.

Anamudi Peak: The highest peak (2695

m) south of the Himalayas, towers over

the sanctuary in majestic pride. The

slopes of the hills abound in all kinds of

rare flora and fauna. The Atlas moth, the

largest of its kind in the world, is a unique

inhabitant of the park. Other rare species

of fauna found here are the Nilgiri

Langur, the lion-tailed macaque, leopards,

tigers, etc. An ideal place for trekking,

facilities are provided here and tourists are allowed to go on foot up to Anamudi.

Mattupetti Indo-Swiss Farm - Better known as Mattupetti (cattle village), Tamil migrant

labourers had once upon a time reared cattle here. The cool climate and abundance of

fodder made it the ideal location for the Indo-Swiss dairy farm. Established in 1961, the

Kerala Livestock Development Board (KLDB) manages this highly specialised dairy farm.

The dairy farm is a unique one of its kind with more than 100 varieties of high-yielding

cattle being reared.

Top Station: 37km from Munnar on the Kerala and Tamil Nadu border, has great views of

the Western Ghats. Top station is the "top"-tourist attraction. This place gives a real 'abovethe clouds' experience. Regular buses go to Top Station (1 hr) from Munnar. A jeep costs

Rs 400. The area is known for the Neelakurunji plant, which flowers only once every

twelve years. The flower is violet.

Marayoor - Around 40km from Munnar. It is the only place in Kerala with natural growth

of sandalwood trees, natural caves with murals, and relics from Later Stone Age

civilisation. There is a sandalwood factory of the Forest Department of Kerala and a

children's park extending across one hectare of land under the canopy of a single Banyan

tree, all of which attract tourists in large numbers.

Kolukkumalai Tea Estate - At a height of about 7130 ft, this orthodox tea factory lays

claim to being one of the highest in the world. The view of the Western Ghats is absolutely

enchanting.



21

Salim Ali (Thattekkad) Bird Sanctuary: There are woodpeckers, Malabar gray hornbills,

Ceylon frogmouths, parakeets, and rose-billed rollers. This sanctuary is located 20km from

Kothamangalam on the road between

Ernakulam and Munnar. There are

basic and mid-range hotels in

Kothamangalam and an Inspection

Bungalow in Boothathankettu. You

can take a boat cruise from

Boothathankettu to Thattekkad.

Water Falls : Check out several natural waterfalls on the way to Munnar. These waterfalls

carry fresh rain water. They provide an excellent place for all tourists to have a photo

shootout.

CLIMATE

The region in and around Munnar varies in height from 1,450 meters (4,760 ft) to 2,695

meters (8,842 ft) above mean sea level. Munnar enjoys a salubrious climate. The

temperature ranges between 10 °C (50 °F) and 25 °C (77 °F) in winter and 15

°C (59 °F) and 25 °C (77 °F) in summer. Temperatures as low as −2 °C (28 °F) have been

recorded in the Sevenmallay region of Munnar.The mean maximum daily temperature is at

its lowest during the monsoon months with the highest temperature being 19 C.

HOW TO REACH

By Air : The nearest airport is cochin

By Rail : The nearest railway station is Aluva

By Road : 135 Kms from Ernakulam, 100 Kms from Thekkady, 300 Kms from

Thiruvanthapuram.



22

COCHIN

Cochin, popularly known as the ―Queen of the Arabian Sea‖ is situated in the South

Western Coast of the Indian Subcontinent. It is a vibrant city and is also referred to as the

Gateway to Kerala. The city is bordered by

the Western Ghats in the East and the

Arabian Sea in the West. It is a small town

situated in the Ernakulam district of Kerala.

The large number of tourist attractions in

Cochin and its backwaters makes this place a unique experience to the tourist who visit the

city. The tourist attractions in Cochin include forts, sanctuaries, Palaces and Churches.

Cochin becomes a true paradise when the plentiful mangroves and dense coconut

trees mirror in the crystal - clear backwaters. The city is also ornamented with flawless

ancient churches, cathedrals, sanctuaries, and forts. To add on, Kochi has been a prominent

trading zone since ancient times. The tradition and esteem of this enthralling bizarre land is

well maintained till date. There are numerous tourist attractions in Cochin, particularly the

stunning backwaters that shower an ultimate charm and offer a unique experience to

tourists oncoming the city

HISTORY

Kochi was the centre of Indian spice trade for many centuries, and was known to

the Yavanas (Greeks) as well as Romans, Jews, Arabs, and Chinese since ancient times.

Kochi rose to significance as a trading centre after the port at Kodungallur (Cranganore)

was destroyed by massive flooding of the river Periyarin 1341. The earliest documented

references to Kochi occur in books written by Chinese voyager Ma Huan during his visit to

Kochi in the 15th century as part of Admiral Zheng He's treasure fleet There are also

references to Kochi in accounts written by Italian traveller Niccolò Da Conti, who visited

Kochi in 1440.

According to many historians, the Kingdom of Kochi came into existence in 1102,

after the fall of the Kulasekhara Empire. The King of Kochi had authority over the region

encompassing the present city of Kochi and adjoining areas. The reign was hereditary, and

the family that ruled over Kochi was known as the Perumpadappu Swaroopam or Kuru

swaroopam in the local vernacular. The mainland Kochi remained the capital of the



23

princely state since the eighteenth century. However, during much of this time, the

kingdom was under foreign suzerainty, and the King often only had titular privileges.

Portugese navigator, Pedro Álvares Cabral founded the first European settlement in India

at Kochi in 1500. From 1503 to 1663, Fort Kochi was ruled by Portugal. This Portuguese

period was a harrowing time for the Cochin Jews, as the Inquisition was active

in Portuguese India. Kochi hosted the grave of Vasco da Gama, the first European explorer

to set sail for India, who was buried at St. Francis Church until his remains were returned

to Portugal in 1539. The Portuguese rule was followed by that of the Dutch, who had allied

with the Zamorins to conquer Kochi. By 1773, the Mysore King Hyder Ali extended his

conquest in the Malabar region to Kochi forcing it to become a tributary of Mysore. The

hereditary Prime Ministership of Kochi held by the Paliath Achans ended during this

period.

Meanwhile, the Dutch, fearing an outbreak of war on the United Provinces, signedthe Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 with the United Kingdom, under which Kochi was ceded

to the United Kingdom in exchange for the island of Bangka. However, there are evidences

of English habitation in the region even before the signing of the treaty. In 1866, Fort

Kochi became a municipality, and its first Municipal Council election was conducted in

1883. The Maharaja of Cochin, who ruled under the British, in 1896 initiated local

administration by forming town councils in Mattancherry and Ernakulam. In 1925, Kochi

legislative assembly was constituted due to public pressure on the state.

Towards the early 20th century, trade at the port had increased substantially, and the needto develop the port was greatly felt. Harbour engineer Robert Bristow was brought to

Kochi in 1920 under the direction of Lord Willingdon, then the Governor of Madras. In a

span of 21 years, he transformed Kochi as one of the safest harbours in the peninsula,

where ships berthed alongside the newly reclaimed inner harbour equipped with a long

array of steam cranes.

In 1947, when India gained independence from the British colonial rule, Cochin was the

first princely state to join the Indian Union willingly. In 1949, Travancore-Cochin state

came into being with the merger of Cochin and Travancore. The King of Travancore wasthe Rajpramukh of the Travancore-Cochin Union from 1949 to 1956. Travancore-Cochin,

was in turn merged with the Malabar district of the Madras State. Finally, the Government

of India's States Reorganisation Act (1956) inaugurated a new state Kerala incorporating

Travancore-Cochin , Malabar District, and the taluk of Kasargod, South Kanara. On 9 July

1960 the Mattancherry council passed a resolution which was forwarded to the government



24

requesting the formation of a municipal corporation by combining the existing

municipalities of Fort Kochi, Mattancherry, and Ernakulam. The government appointed a

commission to study the feasibility of the suggested merger.

Based on its report, the Kerala Legislative Assembly approved the corporation's

formation. On 1 November 1967, exactly eleven years since the establishment of the state

of Kerala, the corporation of Cochin came into existence. The merger leading to the

establishment of the corporation, was between the municipalities of Ernakulam,

Mattancherry and Fort Kochi, along with that of the Willingdon Island.

PLACES TO SEE

Backwaters of Kochi are a chain of lagoons and lakes lying parallel to the Arabian Sea

coast of Kerala state in southern India. In Cochin, the stretch from Kochi Azhi to

Munambam Azhi, the serene backwaters are popularly known as Veeranpuzha. It is the

northern extension of Vembanad Lake. Vembanad Lake is India's longest lake, and is the

largest lake in Kerala. It is also one of the largest lakes in India.

Marine Drive is a picturesque promenade in Kochi. It is built facing the backwaters, and is

a popular hangout for the local populace. Marine Drive is also an economically thriving

part of the city of Kochi. With several shopping malls it is as an important centre of

shopping activity in Kochi. The walkway has two contemporarily constructed bridges,

the Rainbow bridge and the Chinese Fishing Net Bridge.The view of the setting and rising

sun over the sea mouth, and the gentle breeze from the Vembanad Lake has made MarineDrive an important tourist destination in Kochi. Hundreds of people (both natives, and

tourists) throng the walkway during the evenings.

Fort Kochi : situated on the Fort Kochi/Mattancherry peninsula, is the historical part of

the city and home to many tourist attractions, such as the cantilevered Chinese fishing nets,

the Mattancherry Palace and the Santa Cruz Basilica.

Hill Palace : is the largest archaeological museum in Kerala, near Tripunithura. It was the

administrative office of Kochi Rajas. Built in 1865, the Palace complex consists of 49buildings in the traditional architectural style, spreading across in 54 acres.The complex

has an archaeological Museum, a Heritage Museum, a Deer Park, a Pre-historic Park and a

Children‘s park.

Mattancherry Palace, also known as the Dutch Palace, in Mattancherry, Kochi,

features Kerala murals depicting Hindu temple art, portraits and exhibits of the Rajas of



25

Kochi.Mattancherry Palace with its medieval charm is situated at Palace Road,

Mattancherry, Kochi. It was built by the Portuguese and presented to Veera Kerala Varma

(1537 – 65), Raja of Kochi, in 1555 AD.The palace is a quadrangular structure built

in Nālukettu style, the traditional Kerala style of architecture, with a courtyard in the

middle. In the courtyard there stands a small temple dedicated to 'Pazhayannur Bhagavati',

the protective goddess of the Kochi royal family.

Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (locally known as Kaloor International Stadium) is an

international stadium in Kochi, Kerala, India. With a capacity to hold 60,000 spectators,

the stadium was built in 1996 .Originally constructed as a football stadium, it has played

host to a number of international cricket and football matches. The extensive grounds of

the stadium serve as venue for important exhibitions, cinema events and political rallies in

the city. The stadium is quipped with floodlights for night play. The architecture of the

stadium is unique compared to other stadia in India.

Jewish Synagogue : or the Paradesi Synagogue is the oldest synagogue in

the Commonwealth of Nations, located in Kochi in South India. It was built in 1568 by the

Malabar Yehudan people or Cochin Jewish community in the Kingdom of Cochin. It is

also referred to as the Cochin Jewish Synagogue or the Mattancherry Synagogue. The

synagogue is located in the quarter of Old Cochin known as Jew Town, and is the only one

of the seven synagogues in the area still in use. The complex has four buildings. It was

built adjacent to the Mattancherry Palace temple on the land gifted to the Malabari

Yehuden community by the Raja of Kochi,RamaVarma. The Mattancherry Palace temple

and the Mattancherry synagogue share a common wall.

Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica : a church built originally by the Portuguese and elevated

to a Cathedral by Pope Paul IV in 1558, was spared by the Dutch conquerors who

destroyed many Catholic buildings. Later the British demolished the structure and Bishop

Dom Gomez Vereira commissioned a new building in 1887. Consecrated in 1905, Santa

Cruz was proclaimed a Basilica by the Pope John Paul II in 1984. This magnificent church

is a must see destination for tourists who come to Kochi.

Bolgatty Palace : Built by the Dutch in India, it is located in the scenic island popularlyknown as Bolgatty island in Kochi. One of the oldest existing Dutch palaces outside

Holland, this quaint mansion, built in 1744, by Dutch traders, was later extended and lush

green gardens were landscaped around it. The building was then the Governor's palace for

the Dutch and later in 1909 was leased to the British. It served as the home of the British

Governors, the seat of the British Resident of Cochin during the British regime. In 1947,



26

when India gained independence, the palace became the property of the state and later

converted into a heritage hotel resort.

Kochi International Marina: Kochi, nevertheless is an excellent stop for yachts, and the

marina is placed ideally within the city, attached to the shoreline of the historic Bolgatty

Palace Hotel in Bolgatty Island. Placing a marina in this excellent city also provides the

only marina between South East Asia and Egypt, so it will be greatly valued by long range

cruisers who will be able to access water, power and some maintenance.

Willingdon Island : A manmade island named after Lord Willingdon a former British

Viceroy to india. Southern Naval Command, Cochin Harbour, Port Trust head quarters ,

Best hotels in the city,, major trading centers etc. are situated at Willingdon Island.

Museum of Kerala History: Important scenes of Kerala history are portrayed through

sculptures. Greeting the visitor outside the museum is a statue of Parasurama, the

mythological safe who is said to have created Kerala.

Athirappilly Falls :is around 60 km from Kochi. The Chalakudy

River, 145 kilometres (90 mi) long, originates in the Anamudi mountains and flows

through the Vazhachal Forest toward the Arabian Sea. Forest wildlife includes the Asiatic

elephant, tiger, leopard, bison, sambar, and lion-tailed macaque. Plantations in the area

contain teak, bamboo,

and eucalyptus. The river initially

runs smoothly but becomes moreturbulent as it nears Athirappilly.

At Athirappilly Falls, the water

surges around big rocks and

cascades down in three separate

plumes. Below the falls, the river

remains turbulent for

about1 kilometre (0.6 mi) until it

reaches Kannamkuzhi. Then it calms and flows smoothly until reaching the dam

at Imburmuzhi.

Cherai Beach : is a beach is just 30 km from Kochi. The 15 km of long golden beach is

very clean, shallow, and attracts swimming and sunbathing. Cherai village is a part

of Vypin Island.



27

Kalady : is a popular pilgrim center because it is the birthplace of Sri Adi Sankara, one of

India's foremost philosopher-saints who preached the Advaita or monastic philosophy.

Bhoothathankettu : is a dam and tourist site. It is situated in the village of Pindimana,

about 50 km away from the Kochi. Bhoothathankettu is connected to the Thattekad Bird

Sanctuary, where visitors can see different varieties of birds and animals. The Idamalayam

reservoir is about 12 km distance from the site.

Malayattoor : is one of the most prominent Christian pilgrim centers in the Ernakulam

district of Kerala. The Malayatoor Church of Cochin attracts a large number of devotees

from not just Kerala, but also all over India.St. Thomas is believed to have landed in

Kerala at Kodungallur (Cranganore) in AD 52.

CLIMATE

Kochi features a tropical monsoon climate. Kochi's proximity to the equator along with itscoastal location results in little seasonal temperature variation, with moderate to high levels

of humidity. Annual temperatures range between 23 and 31 °C (73 – 88 °F) with the record

high being 38 °C (100 °F), and record low 17 °C (63 °F). From June to September,

the south-west monsoon brings in heavy rains as Kochi lies on the windward side of

the Western Ghats. From October to December, Kochi receives lighter (yet significant)

rain from the northeast monsoon, as it lies on the leeward side. Average annual rainfall is

3,228.3 mm (127.10 in), with an annual average of 132 rainy days

HOW TO REACH

By Air: Kochi has its own airport, named the Cochin International Airport, situated 20 km

away at Nedumbassery. The international and domestic flights available here connect you

to different parts of the globe.

By Rail: The main railway station is Kochi railway junction, while the other station is at

Kochi Harbor Terminus. By rail, Kochi is linked with important cities like Delhi, Mumbai,

and Chennai.

By Road: An excellent network of roads connects Kochi to all major towns and cities in

South India as well as across the country.



28

ALLEPPEY

Alleppey is one of the most important tourist centers in the state, with a large network of

inland canals earning it the sobriquet "Venice of the east". These large network of canals

provide Alleppey its lifeline. Alleppey was one of the busiest centers of trade in the past

with one of the best known ports along the malabar coast. Even today it retains its charm as

the centre for Coir carpet industries and prawn farming. Alleppey the ideal headquarters

for backwater tourism as well as for visits to the lovely church filled town of Kottayam,

and the town of Aranmula, famous for its historic Aranmula Snake Boat Race which is an

annual event

Alleppey is also known for its spectacular snake - boat races held on the second Saturday

of August, every year. This competition - the Nehru boat race takes its name from India's

first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru, who inaugurated in 1952. It is excitement all around

as snake - boats , each manned by over a hundred oarsmen, cut through the waters likewind. The event is a tremendous success with tourists and the local population alike.

The boat cruise along the backwaters of Alleppey give one first hand experience of the life

style; toddy tapping, fishing for small fry, Coir-making, prawn farming etc., which remains

more or less unchanged over the years.

HISTORY

Alappuzha also known as Alleppey, is a landmark between the broad Arabian sea and aweb of rivers flowing into it. It is a town in Alappuzha District of Kerala state of southern

India.

Kuttanad, the rice bowl of Kerala with the unending stretch of paddy fields, small streams

and canals with lush green coconut palms , was well known even from the early periods of

the Sangam age. History says Alappuzha had trade relations with

ancient Greece and Rome in the Middle Ages. The early Cheras, who had their home in

Kuttanad were called `Kuttuvans` named after this place. The famous travelers Pliny and

Ptolemy of the first and 2nd centuries had mentioned about places like Purakkad or Barace

in their classical works. The literary works like "Unnuneeli Sandesam" give some insight

into the ancient period of this district. Whereas some archeological antiques like stone

inscriptions, historical monuments found in the temples, churches, rock-out caves also

emphasize its historic value. Christianity had a strong foothold in this district even from

the Ist century AD. The church located at Kokkamangalam was one of the seven churches



29

founded by St. Thomas who was one of the twelve disciples of Jesus Christ. It is generally

believed that he landed at Maliankara in Muziris Port, presently known

as Cranganore or Kodungallur in 52 AD and preached Christianity in South India. The

district flourished in the field of religion and culture under the second Chera Empire during

9th to 12th century AD. The famous literary work `Ascharya Choodamani` a Sanskrit

drama written by Sakthibhadran who was a scholar of Chengannur enables us to know all

the facts. In the 17th century the Portuguese power declined and the Dutch had a

predominant position in the principalities of this district. They built so many factories and

warehouses in various places of it for storing pepper, ginger because of the fact that several

treaties were signed between the Dutch and the Rajas of Purakkad, Kayamkulam and

Karappuram. In course of time they also derived in the political and cultural affairs of the

district. At that time Maharaja Marthanda Varma, who was the 'Maker of

modern Travancore' intervened in the political affairs of those princedoms. In the 19th

century the district arrived at progress in all spheres. One of the five subordinate courts

opened in the state in connection with the reorganization of the judicial system byColonel George Monro. This was located at Mavelikkara. The first post office and first

telegraph office in the former Travancore state was established in this district. The first

manufacturing factory for the coir mats was also established here in 1859. In 1894 the

town Improvement Committee was set up.The history of Alappuzha District also murmurs

the facts of the prominent role that the district played in the freedom struggle of the

country. The historic struggles of Punnapra and Vayalar in 1946 constrained the attitude of

the people against Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, who was Dewan of Travancore. And this

ultimately led to his exit from the political scene of Travancore. A popular Ministry wasformed in Travancore on 24 March 1948 after India`s independence, and on 1 July 1949

Travancore and Cochin states were integrated. The position continued till the formation of

Kerala State on 1 November 1956 as per the States Reorganization Act 1956. The district

came into existence as a separate administrative unit on 1 August 1957.

PLACES TO SEE

Krishnapuram Palace

The 18th century Krishnapuram Palace built during

the reign of the Travancore monarch, Marthanda

Varma, is a double storied structure which displays

typical characteristics of Kerala architecture-gabled

roofs, dormar windows, narrow corridors. It houses

one of the largest mural paintings in Kerala called



30

the Gajendra Moksham. It measures14 feet by 11 feet and is at the western end of the

ground floor, a walking distance from the Palace Pool. Inside is also a museum of antique

sculptures, paintings and bronzes. Situated 47 kms from Alappuzha on the way to Kollam,

Krishnapuram is easily accessible by bus from either town..

Pathiramanal (An Island)

This is a small beautiful island in the Vembanad Lake and is

accessible only by boat from Kumarakom and Muhamma.

Ambalappuzha ( Pilgrim Centre)

The Sri Krishna Temple at Ambalapuzha, 14 kms from Alleppey is among Kerala's more

famous ones boasting of the typical temple architectural style of the state. It is equally

famed for its palpayasam - a sweet milk porridge offered to the diety. The temple's main

festival occurs in March/April. It was in this temple that the 16th century poet Kunjan

Nambiar staged his first Ottan Thullal, a solo dance performance with high social content.

Karumadi

Close to the Ambalappuzha. the village of Karumadi is

famous for its Karumadi Kuttan, a black granite figure of

Buddha said to belong to the 9th or 10th century

Kuttanad

Kuttanad, is called the rice bowl of Kerala because of its

wealth of paddy crops. It lies at the very heart of the

backwaters. The scenic countryside of Kuttanad with its

shimmering waterways also has a rich crop of banana,



31

cassava and yam. This perhaps the only region in the worked where farming is done 1.5 to

2 ms. below sea level. Inland waterways which flow above land level are an amazing

feature of this region.

Alappuzha Beach

This is one of the most popular picnic spots in Alappuzha. The pier, which extends into the

sea here, is over 137 years old. Entertainment facilities at the Vijaya beach park add to the

attractions of the beach. There is also an old lighthouse which is greatly fascination to

visitors.

Ambalappuzha Sree Krishna Temple

15 kms. south of Alappuzha, built in the typical Kerala architectural style, this

temple is famous all over India for the Palapayasam, the daily offering of deliciously sweetmilk porridge. It is also in this temple that Palipana is performed by Velans (sorceres) once

every twelve years. Paintings of the Dasavatharam (the ten incarnations of Lord Vishnu)

are on display on the inner walls of the Chuttambalam. Ottan thullal, a satiric art form

originated by the poet Kunchan Nambiar, was first performed on the premises of this

temple.

Arthunkal

22 kms. north of Alappuzha, the St. Sebastian's Church is an

important Christian pilgrim centre. Annual festival -

Arthunkal Perunnal - the feast of the patron saint. (January).

Mannarasala Sree Nagaraja Temple

32 kms. south of Alappuzha situated near Harippad, this is a serpent shrine under the

patronage of a 'Brahman' family, headed by a priestess. The ancient shrine is an

internationally renowned pilgrim centre dedicated to the Serpent God Nagaraja. Sarpa

Yakshi and Naga Yakshi are the beloved consorts of Nagaraja. It is believed that Nagaraja

as the installed deity is endowed with the form of Hari (Lord Vishnu) and the spirit of Lord

Shiva. Legend has it that the first priestess of Mannarasala gave birth to a five-headed



32

snake, which is believed to reside in the ancestral house to safeguard the family. At

Mannarasala barren women are believed to be blessed with children and a special turmeric

paste available at the shrine is credited with powers to cure even leprosy.

CLIMATE

Owing to its proximity to the sea, the climate of Alleppey is humid and hot during thesummer. Although the place remains fairly cool and pleasant during the months of October

and November.The average monthly temperature is 25C. The district also gets the benefit

of two outstanding monsoons as in the case of other parts of the state.Alappuzha city

experiences a long monsoon season with heavy showers as both the Southwest

monsoon and Northeast monsoon influences the weather of Alleppey. The South-west

monsoon affects the climate in between the months from June to September. On the other

hand the North-east monsoon rings rain from October to November. The average rainfall

received by the region is 2763 mm.

HOW TO REACH

By Air : The nearest airport to Alleppey is the Kochi Airport which is located 54kms

away from Alleppey. Another important airport near Alleppey is Trivandrum Airport

which is at a distance of 154kms.

By Rail : Alleppey is connected to the major cities of Kerala like Cochin, Kottayam,

Changanassery and Chengannur. There are ferry services to Alleppey where you can enjoy

the scenic beauty of the backwaters.

By Road : Alleppey is connected by a number of interconnecting roadways to different

parts of South India. National Highway 47 passes through Allepey.



33

Kerala Tourist Statistics - 2010

Foreign

No. of Foreign Tourists in 2010 - 6,59,265 No. of Foreign Tourists in 2009 - 5,57,258% Variation over Previous year - 18.31 %

Per Day Expenditure 2010 - Rs. 3600/- Per Day Expenditure 2009 - Rs.3200/-% Variation over Previous year - 12.5%

Average duration of Stay 2010 - 16 days Average duration of Stay 2009 - 16 days% Variation over Previous year - Nil

Foreign Exchange Earnings 2010 - Rs. 3797.37crores Foreign Exchange Earnings 2009 - Rs. 2853.16 crores

% Variation over Previous year - 33.09 %

Domestic

No. of Domestic Tourists in 2010 - 8595075 No. of Domestic Tourists in 2009 - 7913537% Variation over Previous year - 8.61 %

Per Day Expenditure 2010 - Rs.1800/- Per Day Expenditure 2009 - Rs.1500/-% Variation over Previous year - 20%


Earnings from Domestic tourists 2010 - Rs.9282.68 crores Earnings from Domestic tourists 2009 - Rs. 7122.18 crores% Variation over Previous year - 30.33%

Total Earnings (Direct) 2010 - Rs. 13080.05 crores Total Earnings (Direct) 2009 - Rs. 9975.34 crores% Variation over Previous year - 31.12%

Total revenue generated 2010 (direct and indirect) - Rs.17348 Crores Total revenue generated (direct and indirect) 2009 - Rs. 13231 Crores % Variation over Previous year - 31.12%



34

Kerala Tourist Statistics - 2009

Foreign

No. of Foreign Tourists in 2009 - 557258 No. of Foreign Tourists in 2008 - 598929

% Variation over Previous year - -6.96 %

Per Day Expenditure 2009 - Rs.3200/- Per Day Expenditure 2008 - Rs.3200/-% Variation over Previous year - Nil


Foreign Exchange Earnings 2009 - Rs.2853.16 crores

Foreign Exchange Earnings 2008 - Rs. 3066.52 crores% Variation over Previous year - -6.96 %

Domestic

No. of Domestic Tourists in 2009 - 7913537 No. of Domestic Tourists in 2008 - 7591250% Variation over Previous year - 4.25 %

Per Day Expenditure 2009 - Rs.1500/- Per Day Expenditure 2008 - Rs.1500/-

% Variation over Previous year - Nil


Earnings from Domestic tourists 2009 - Rs.7122.18 crores Earnings from Domestic tourists 2008 - Rs. 6832.13 crores% Variation over Previous year - 4.25 %

Total Earnings (Direct) 2009 - Rs. 9975.34 crores

Total Earnings (Direct) 2008 - Rs. 9898.65 crores% Variation over Previous year - 0.77 %

Total revenue generated 2009 (direct and indirect) - Rs.13231 Crores Total revenue generated (direct and indirect) 2008 - Rs. 13130 Crores % Variation over Previous year - 0.77 %



35

Tourist Statistics – 2010

Foreign Tourist arrival to Kerala during the year 2010 is 6,59,265. It shows aincrease of 18.31 % over the previous year.

Domestic Tourist arrival to Kerala during the year 2010 is 85,95,075. It shows anincrease of 8.61 % over the previous year.

Foreign exchange earnings for the year 2010 is Rs.3797.37Crores whichrecorded an increase of 33.09 % over the previous year.

Total Revenue (including direct & indirect ) from Tourism during 2010 is Rs:17348 Crores, showing an increase of 31.12% over the last year’s figure.

In India , Foreign Tourist Arrival during 2010 were 5.58 million with a growthrate of 8.1% as compared to the previous year .In India , Foreign exchange Earnings in Rupee terms during 2010 were Rs.64889crores as compared to 54960 crores in 2009 which shows an increase of 18.07% .

The 8.1% growth rate in Foreign Tourists arrival in India for 2010 over 2009 ismuch better than UNWTO‘s projected growth rate of 5% to 6% for the worldduring the same period.Month wise Foreign and Domestic Tourist arrivals during the year 2010 is asshown below

Sl. No. Month Foreign Domestic

1 January 87553 730803

2 February 86747 634454

3 March 61334 658610

4 April 50910 684522

5 May 26783 776648

6 June 24685 614955

7 July 36188 596335

8 August 49518 655937

9 September 37859 660903 10 October 49512 836517

11 November 66526 815827

12 December 81650 929564

TOTAL 659265 8595075



36

Tourist statistics – 2009

Foreign Tourist arrival to Kerala during the year 2009 is 5,57,258. It shows adecrease of 6.96 % over the previous year.Domestic Tourist arrival to Kerala during the year 2009 is 79,13,537. It shows anincrease of 4.25 % over the previous year.Foreign exchange earnings for the year 2009 is Rs.2853.16 Crores which recorded

a decrease 6.96 % over the previous year.Total Revenue (including direct & indirect ) from Tourism during 2009 is Rs.13,231.00 Crores, showing an increase of 0.77 % over the last year‘s f igure.

In India , Foreign Tourist Arrival during 2009 were 5.11 million with agrowth rate of -3.3% as compared to the previous year .In India , Foreign exchange Earnings in Rupee terms during 2009 were Rs. 54960crores as compared to 50730 crore in 2008 .In India , during 2009 , the number of domestic tourist visits to the state / UTswas 650 million as compared to 563 million in 2008 and 527 million in 2007.

In India , the domestic tourism registered an impressive growth of 15.5% in2009 inspite of Economic recession and other adverse factors for tourism .

On the contrary , Foreign tourists arrival registered a decline of 3.3% during 2009 , in IndiaThough the overall Foreign Tourists arrival in India declined by 3.3% in 2009over 2008, FTA from some regions of world observed positive growth viz .Africa, Central and South America and South East AsiaMonth wise Foreign and Domestic Tourist arrivals during the year 2009 is

Sl. No. Month Foreign Domestic

1 January 77,839, 6,96,878

2 February 71,136 6,00,648

3 March 57,250 6,35,963

4 April 43,473 6,49,553

5 May 25,386 7,30,310

6 June 19,499 5,69,624

7 July 28,914 5,52,162

8 August 39,079 5,85,658

9 September 29,283 6,09,127

10 October 38,870 7,38,253

11 November 56,880 7,26,832

12 December 69,649 8,18,529

TOTAL 5,57,258 79,13,537



37

YEAR DOMESTI

C% VAR.

FOREIGN

TOURIST

% VAR.

2002 55,68,256 6.3 2,32,564 11.3

2003 58,71,228 5.4 2,94,621 26.7

2004 59,72,182 1.7 3,45,546 17.3

2005 59,46,423 -4.3 3,46,499 0.27

2006 62,71,724 5.47 4,28,534 23.7

2007 66,42,941 5.92 5,15,808 20.37

2008 75,91,250 14.28 5,98,929 16.11

2009 79,13,537 4.25 5,57,258 -6.96

2010 85,95,075 8.61 6,59,265 18.31

EARNINGS FROM TOURISM

Y e a r

Foreign

Exchange

Earnings

(Rs. In Crores)

Percent age

o f Increase

Total revenue

generated f rom

Tourism (Direct & Indirect) Rs. In

Crores

Percentage o f

Increase

2001 535.00 1.85 4500.00 9.58

2002 705.67 31.90 4931.00 20.42

2003 983.37 39.35 5938.00 12.83

2004 1266.77 28.82 6829.00 15.01

2005 1552.31 22.54 7738.00 13.31

2006 1988.40 28.09 9126.00 17.94

2007 2640.94 32.82 11433.00 25.28

2008 3066.52 16.11 13130.00 14.84

2009 2853.16 -6.96 13231.00 0.77

2010 3797.37 33.09 17348.00 31.12

TRENDS IN DOMESTIC & FOREIGN TOURIST ARRIVALS INTO

KERALA (2002 TO 2010)



38

INDICATORS ON ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TOURISM

Foreign Exchange Earning during the year 2010 is Rs. 3797.37 crores

Total Revenue generated from tourism in 2010 comes to Rs. 17348 crores

Tourism‘s contribution to State‘s GDP is around 9 % (approximately)

The average per day expenditure of a foreign tourist is Rs.3600/-

The average per day expenditure of a domestic tourist is Rs.1800/-

The average length of stay of a foreign tourist is 16 days

The average length of stay of a domestic tourist is 6 days



39

CONCLUSION

From my research on the topic ―TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN KERALA- STUDY

OF DESTINATION ATTRACTIVENESS‖ I have reached to the following

assessments.

When we consider the Tourism possibility of Kerala, there is a large amount of

unutilized potentiality of tourism. Kerala has large number of tourism destinations. It is

a blend of all types of tourism which include eco tourism, mountain tourism, historic

tourism, beach tourism ,wildlife tourism and many other types of tourism. But the

tourism destinations cannot be able to utilize fully because of lack of proper

infrastructure and basic amenities. Government support is also needed for the

development of tourism destinations in Kerala. The Government of Kerala give focus to

the Southern Kerala for tourism instead of North Kerala. That‘s why south Kerala

developed a lot in tourism sector. Because of this all famous tourist destinations in

Kerala like Kovalam, Kumarakom etc belongs to South Kerala.

There are many other destinations in Kerala which can be developed into a world class

tourism destinations from that all these destinations has to be developed with proper

infrastructure. A lot of investment is necessary for that. All these destinations need

facilities like parking, resting facilities, walk ways, electrification, supply of drinking

water, availability of food, accommodation facility, better roads connecting tourist

destinations and also from airports and railway station.

Awakening the local people about the potentiality of tourism and conservation of

tourism products in this region are the two important factors for the development of

tourism. Tourism related courses have to be set up in the educational institutions of this

region. Another important matter is to increase the accommodation facility for tourists inKerala. The accommodation facility should be provided in the form of home stay, resorts,

hotels, motels etc. From all these we can understand that lack of infrastructure is the

major problem. By rectifying all these problems we can increase the flow of tourists to

the Kerala.



40

These are my suggestions for the development of tourist destinations in North Kerala. By

implementing these activities government can make the tourism destinations in North

Kerala into a world class tourist destination. The other thing is the support from the

public and locals are very much important.

SUGGESTIONS

Provide special attention and care to the tourists

Special protection and arrangements for tourists to see festivals and cultural fairs.

Get feedback from tourists

More and more domestic and international publicicty

Start more tourism information centres

Proper sign board and road directions

Officers should be polite and hardworking

Make available trained staffs and guides

Provide high quality service by providing the required facilities

Link tourism centres with better transport facilities

Maintain cleanliness at beaches and backwaters

Neat and hygiene public toilets

Give incentives to private entrepreneurs to start new tourism ventures

Develop hygiene and proper drainage systems

Frame new law and regulation so as to protect the industry and tourist

Teach tourism from school level and create public awareness



41

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Primary sources

1. Tourist Statistics for Kerala (various years), Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram.

2. Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram

3. Questionnaire

Secondary sources

1. Raju Gregory 1994 M.Phil dissertation tourism in kochi

2. District Hand Books of Kerala, Department of Public Relations, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram.

3. George Vallat, Discovery of Kerala- A Tourist Guide of Kerala, S. B Press, 1977.

4. Kerala Tourism Handbook

5. Malabar Tourism Hand Book , Tourism India Publications Pvt. Ltd.,Thiruvananthapuram.

6. Menon A, Sreedhara (1970), A Survey of Kerala History, National Book Stall,Kottayam.

7. Pradeep Kumar Johri, Encyclopedia of Tourism in 21st Century, AnmolPublications.

8. Ravisankar K. V, Malabar Tourism Hand Book , Tourism India Publication.

9. www.keralatourism.org

10.www.ktdc.com

11.www.kerala.gov



42

QUESTIONNAIRE

Dear Madam/Sir,

I, SANOOB.K.A studying at NITHM, Hyderabad am conducting a study on

Tourism Destination in Kerala. Questionnaire is part of the interview for the

research purpose. Therefore I request you to kindly cooperate in filling the

questionnaire and also take this opportunity to thank you for your precious time.

By filling this questionnaire, you will have contributed to improving the quality

and development of tourism in Kerala, which is one of the most desirable holiday

destinations . The questionnaire also enables you to give suggestions for the

improvement of the destination.

1. Country

………………………………………………………………………………

…

2. Age…………………………………………………………………………

…………

3. Gender………………………………………………………………………

…………

4. Number of nights stayed

a)Less than 1 night, b)1-3nights, c)More than 3 nights

5. Means of transport used to reach Keralaa)By air ,b) By sea, c)By coach, d)By train, e)By car

6. What kind of accommodation did you choose

a)Hotel, b)Resorts, c)Homestays, d) Others



43

7. Type of holiday you are interested, who organized your trip

a)Self organized, b)organized

8. Do you think destination provide sufficient amenities to Tourist or traveler

a)Excellent, b)Good, c)Satisfactory

9. Do you think Conservation of culture and art have been preserved due to

tourism

a)Excellent, b)Good, c) Satisfactory

10. Is it your first visit to Kerala, if not how much time have you been to this

destination.

a)First time, b)2to 5 times, c)More than 5 times

11. How did you get information about Kerala

a)Recommended by friends or relatives

b)Tourism trade fairc)Internet/websites

d)Others

12. Reasons for the selection of the destination

a)Holiday and relaxation

b)Entertainment, recommendation by friends or relatives

c)Beauty of the nature and landscaped)Experimental tourism

e)cultural offer at destination

f)sporting activities

g)Health



44

13. Do you think that tourism can help to increase your income or it can

generate more employment opportunities to host community

a)Yes, b) No

14. What do you feel about the activities of the local government for the

improvement of tourist destinations in Kerala

a)Excellent, b) Good, c)Satisfactory, d) can‘t say

15. How do you rate your overall stay in the destination? Are they valuable for

the tourist to gain sufficient knowledge and experiencea)Excellent, b)Good, c)Satisfactory

16. How would you rate your level of satisfaction with regard to whatdestination has to offer?

Excellent Very

Good

Good Satifactory

Climate Condition of the location

Kindness of the local Communities

Availability of tour operators

Road links

Local traffic

Accuracy of Information received

before your arrival in your chosen

destination

Landscape beauty

Accommodation

Sustainable Tourism

sanoob final

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