sanskrit devanagari : an introduction

INTRODUCTION TO THEDEVANAGARI SCRIPT

BY

H. M. LAMBERT, M.A.Cantab.

Vic

tory

to D

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Shiva

A few chapters on Sanskrit Devanagarifrom the book :

I N T R O D U C T I O N Tne Devanagari Script

The script traditionally referred to as the Devanagari Script is used in writing Sanskrit and, of the modern, languages of northern India, Hindi, Marathi and Nepali. The script used in writing Gujarati is a slightly modified form of the Devanagari script, and the scripts used in writing Bengali and Panjabi are related to the Devanagari script, though this relation is apparent in only some of the characters. The writing system, based on the character representing the syllable, is the same for all these languages. However, in order to use this system for writing the modern languages, which have each developed in their own particular way from the original Sanskrit, a number of conventions have become necessary in reading from the script, conventions which vary with the special features of each language. The realisation of the characters as they are used for writing Hindi, Bengali, Marathi and Gujarati, and the conventions which have become established in each language, are described in the various sections of this work. Though the Bengali script differs considerably from the Devanagari script in the form of most of the characters, the study of it is included in this work because the writing system is the same as the Sanskrit writing system, and the conventions by which

2 I N T R O D U C T I O N

1 . See Preface.

this system is adapted for writing Bengali have much in common with the conventions used in the other modern languages. An examination of these conventions makes possible an interesting comparison both between the writing of these four languages and that of Sanskrit, and between the writing of the modern languages themselves.

The origin of the name 'Devanagari' is obscure. The shorter form of the name is 1Nagari'(nagarii), which has been variously interpreted. It is thought by some to be tbe name given to the writing of 'tbe people of the city'(nagaram, 'a city'); by others it is said to derive its name from the Nagar Brahmans of Gujarat.

Notation The system of roman notation used in this text for transcribing

the Devanagari characters is the All-India Roman Notation^. Three minor modifications have been introduced in this text in order to adapt the notation for transcribing both Sanskrit and the modern languages.

These modifications are :-i. The use of the vowels i ('short' i) and ii ('long' ii) instead

of the vowels y and i ; and of the vowels u ('short' u ) and uu ('long' uu ) for the vowels w and u .

ii. The use of the letter rrj instead of n for representing the mark of nasalisation known as the anusvar.

iii.The placing of a micron above the letter y in the diphthong ay , and above the letter v in the diphthong av , thus: ay , av .

I N T R O D U C T I O N 3

1. For the use of this term, see Sanskrit section, Chapter 1.

This mark distinguishes the transcription of the diphthongs from the transcription of combinations of characters which are realised in certain contexts as s-y and 9-v , not distinguishable in ordinary speech, in the modern languages, from the diphthongs. Besides these modifications, it is necessary to make certain

additions to the notation in order to represent characters used in writing the modern, languages but not used in Sanskrit, and certain modified characters used in Hindi and Bengali. The complete notation used in the Sanskrit syllabary is this:

Vowels: a a i ii u uu e ay o ov and r rr 1 11 , for the syllabic consonants.

Modifiers1: rrj (representing the onusvara) and h (representing the visarga)

Consonants: k kh g gh n c ch j jh ji

t t* a <ih n t th d dh n p ph b bh m y r l v ; J* s s h \ , used in transcribing Vedic Sanskrit

The additional letters used in the syllabaries of the modern languages are these: r and rh for transcribing the modified forms of the characters

representing ^ and cjh , in Hindi and Bengali, and for


1 . See Sanskrit Section, Chapter 2 , 3 . i . a . anusvara. 2 . ibid., Chapter 1.

indicating the intervocallic realisation, in certain words, of the Gujarati character representing c[ .

q , x , y , z and f , for transcribing certain modified Devanagari characters used in Hindi in writing Persian and Arabic loanwords,

ts , z and zh , for transcribing characters of the 'palatal' class in Marathi, when they are realised with alveolar articulation. In modern spoken Gujarati and modern spoken Bengali, certain

vowel sounds occur which are not separately represented in the script. For indicating the contexts in which such vowel sounds occur, the three symbols e , o and se are used.

The sign of nasalisation,'"' , is used in transcribing the modifier representing nasalisation1 when it is realised, in the modern languages, as the nasalisation of a vowel and not as a nasal consonant.

This roman notation is used for writing all the Sanskrit grammatical terms referring to the syllabaries of Sanskrit and of the modern languages, the classification of the characters and the phonetic description of their realisation. The names of the languages, the scripts, and grammatical terms, such as 'sandhi'(sandhi), which are in regular use in English, are written in their conventional English form.

The Sanskrit syllabary, as arranged by the Sanskrit grammarians, is given in the roman notation in the Sanskrit section^, and serves as a standard with which the syllabaries of the modern languages can be compared.

I N T R O D U C T I O N «

Callig£^P^Z

The writing of the Devanagari characters should he practised at first with a reed or bamboo pen. Such pens are still in use in many-parts of India, and in many schools Indian children are taught first to write on a large scale with a broadly cut bamboo pen. Writing in this way will train the eye to recognise easily details of difference and will train the hand to write a standard form of the characters with the broad and thin strokes in the right place and proportion. These pens are cut in the same way as a quill pen, except that the point is cut to slant in the opposite direction from that of the quill used for English writing with the tilted axis. The English pen, when cut for the tilted axis, looks like this from the back:

writing thus: The pen cut for the Devanagari script looks like this from the back:

writing thus: The pen should be neld in such a way that the thin line, made by the cut edge, falls from left to right at an angle of k5 degrees from a line drawn horizontally across the page. The broad stroke then forms a right-angle with the thin stroke and crosses the horizontal line of the page at an angle of i+5 degrees. Care must be taken not to change the angle of the pen during the writing of curved or rounded strokes, as this will change the shape and balance of the character.

Some of the typical strokes of the script should be practised Until good control of the pen, held at the right angle, is established before the characters themselves are written. For example.:


The use of the broad, pen should be continued until a good style of handwriting is formed; the introduction of writing with an ordinary pen, and without sufficient attention to the details of line and form, often interferes with the formation of a good hand.

In the illustrations given below, which may be used as writing exercises, the characters are grouped so as to show different combinations of strokes, and to draw attention to•similarities and to small but important differences. It will be seen that some of the characters have an upright stroke, others are curved or rounded, without an upright stroke; but all have the head-stroke, though it is not always written right across the top of the character. The alignment of the characters is made by this head-stroke, that is, by the top of the character, though there is an invisible alignment also by the bottom of the character. For this reason, it is well to practice writing at first between two lines; if one line is used, the characters should be written from the line downwards, not on the line.

The general method of writing the characters is this: first, the characteristic part of the character, usually on the left side of the upright stroke; then the upright stroke, if there is one; and finally the head-stroke. The head-stroke binds the whole character together, as will be seen when vowel signs and other marks are added. The general direction of making the strokes is from the top downwards, and from left to right. But the order of the strokes in some characters, and their direction, differ from this general rule, and where this is so, the calligraphy of particular characters is illustrated when these are introduced in the chapters which follow.

I N T R O D U C T I O N 7

Examples of Devanagari characters, showing the order in which the strokes are written:

Examples of similarity and difference between characters:

1 0 5

S A N S K R I T S E C T I O N

C H A P T E R 1

ARRANGEMENT OP THE SYLLABARY

When the characters of the Devanagari Script, , are arranged in the traditional order, they constitute a series of syllables which may be regarded as the basis of the Sanskrit phonological system. Each character represents a syllable, and is called -*A"ql

(gksorom). The series of characters in the syllabary is called 3"*$HloHl (vornsmala) , and consists of:-

Pourteen vowel characters, Two modifiers and Thirtythree consonant characters.

The syllabary used in writing Vedic Sanskrit includes one more consonant character.

In reading aloud from the script, a vowel character is realised as a syllable consisting of a vowel, " ^ T ^ - : (svarah) , and a consonant character is realised as a syllable consisting of an initial consonant, oEn3p=JJT (vyojijonam) followed by the vowel o . This vowel, when realised with a consonant, is generally referred to in English textbooks as the 'inherent' vowel. The term 'modifier' is used here to refer to the two signs which indicate some modification in the realisation of the character with which they are written. These two signs are usually referred to individually, as the 'anusyarsh' and the 'visarggh' , as there is no Sanskrit term which is used to refer to them together.

12 S A N S K R I T S E C T I O N

CONSONANTS with a 1

Velar 2

Palatal 3

Cacuminal

k Dental

5 Labial

CQ

CD

i> •H Vo

iceless Unaspirated kg ca .t? ta pa CQ

CD

i> •H Vo

iceless

Aspirated kha cha tha tha pha

P 1 0

s

Voiced Unaspirated ¥ da ba

P 1 0

s

Voiced

Aspirated gha jha dha dha bha

Nasal rja jia n 9 na ma

Semi-vowels ys ra la va

Fricatives sa sa

Aspirate ha

Lateral I 9

VOWELS, associated with consonant-classes

a a i ii e ay

r rr .1 11 u uu o av

MODIFIERS Nasal -m Aspirated -h

Each character is referred to, for instance, in spelling, as the

syllable which it represents, and the particle (kara); for

example, ^ f l ^TTT (akara) , ^cf^R(ikara) , c cfTI? (kakara) , rTorTTT (takara).

The roman syllabary given below corresponds in arrangement and

classification with the Devanagari syllabary. As the consonant

characters are discussed first in this work, the table of consonant

syllables is placed first in this syllabary.

A R R A N G E M E N T OF T H E SYLLABARY 13

The character represented "by va in the roman table is usually realised with labio-dental articulation in reading from a Sanskrit text. The retroflex lateral consonant T_a occurs only in Vedic Sanskrit. The vowel 'syllabic 11 1 does not occur in Sanskrit, but the character representing it is traditionally included in the script syllabary.

The main feature of the syllabary is the arrangement of the consonant characters in groups according to the position and the manner of articulation of the sounds which they represent. The following Sanskrit phonetic terms are used by grammarians in the description of the characters as they are classified in the syllabary: i. The consonant characters are placed in three groups: characters

representing syllables with an initial plosive consonant, that is, a consonant articulated with 'contact', ^-q(spar/ah,'touch') j

characters representing syllables with an initial semi-vowel, that is, 'neither a consonant nor a vowel', "=H«-ri:lF3T (antahstha, 'standing between'); and characters representing syllables with an initial fricative consonant, vjo^H*"^ (uusman, 'heat'). ii. The five positions o f articulation are: ct)<«c^( (kanj;hya,'velar')

or t ^ ^ ^ o i t ^ T ( jihvamuuliiya ,' root of the tongue'); cTToToZT

(talavya, 'palatal'); T^j[Z=Zf (muurdhanya,' cacuminal'!) ; (dontya, 'dental') and 'SHV&O^ (osthya, 'labial'). Labio-dental articulation is described as cfl ^"U. (dantavs^hya).

1. This term refers to the area of the roof of the mouth with which contact is made by the tongue. Consonants of this class are also described as 'cerebral'. As the retroflexion of the tongue is an important feature in the pronunciation of consonants of this class in the modern languages, the class is described as 'retroflex' in the roman tables of those languages. Cf. Hindi, p. 5 9 .

14 S A N S K R I T SECTION

1. 'without sound', or 'voiceless'. 2. 'with little breath', or 'unaspirated'. 3.' 'with big breath', or 'aspirated'. h. 'with sound' or 'voiced'. 5. 'nasal'.

iii. The manner of production of the sounds by which the characters

are realised is described in the following terms, and in each class

of plosive consonants the characters are arranged in this order:

voiceless, unaspirated - -M vf]^ (aghosa 1), y ( a l p a p r a n a 2 )

voiceless, aspirated - SfJ STfar (aghosa), H^l VI 1 1 (mahapra:na3)

voiced, unaspirated - "^TtWrT (ghosavat^), CM (alpaprana)

voiced, aspirated - ^TtTcr^ (ghosavat) , ^T^TTfW (mahaprana)

nasal - ^ T ^ l l fo^5 (anunasika 5) ,

C H A P T E R 2

CHARACTERS OP THE SYLLABARY

The characters of the script are described in this chapter in the same order as that in which the syllables are placed in the roman syllabary: Consonant Characters, Vowel Characters and Vowel Signs, and Modifiers.

The general style of the characters varies from period to period and from region to region. In the older editions of Sanskrit works some characters are found that are now supplanted by newer and more widely used forms; and there is sometimes a marked difference in the style used in printing books in Bombay, Calcutta and other parts of India. The most commonly used of the alternative forms of some of the characters are given below, among the characters of each group. The calligraphy of any characters which are not written according to the general order of strokes given in the Introduction is illustrated when the characters are introduced.

1. Consonant Characters.

The consonant characters of the syllabary represent syllables consisting of an initial consonant followed by the vowel a . Consonant characters realised with the vowel a are described as ^ c f t K

(akara). If a character is to be realised as the consonant element only of the syllable, this is shown by writing the mark known as f ^TTPT- (viramah) at the foot of the character. The writing of this mark with a character is illustrated below, after the first table.


k9-v9rg9h 35 k9 kh9 gh9

3>

ca-varggh C9 Ch9 Dh9 J19

-|;9-V9rg9h t 9 th9 3h9 n 9

t9-varg9h t9

«r th9 d9 dhg n9

pg-varggh P9 ph9 b9

*r bh9 mo

The Bombay form of the character for jhg is § T > and the forms 35 and 7 are found in older books printed in Calcutta. The Bombay

Characters written with the viramgh are described as ^tyr^rT (hslants), 'ending in a consonant'.

i. Characters of the vorgiiys group ( ofTffcr ). The twentyfive characters of this group are arranged, as in the

roman table given above, in five classes, (vergah), representing

the five positions of 'contact', Cf^f: (sparJsh), used in the articulation of the plosive consonants. Each class consists of five characters, arranged in order according to the manner of production of the consonant of the syllable which they represent.

CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY 1 7

1. The first stroke in these characters is written from right to left. 2. See below, under 3. Modifiers, ii.

c

form of the character for no is . The Bombay forms of these

characters are used in Hindi writing, but the Hindi forms are not

used in Marathi writing, or in Sanskrit books printed in Bombay.

Calligraphy. All the characters in the above table are written in the way

described in the introductory notes on calligraphy, except the following three characters: jo \> 1 \r \j| \jf

jh9 »- *J *b *R to r

1 c ri rT

The writing of the viramoh to indicate the realisation of a consonant character as a consonant without the vowel a is illustrated by these characters:

<*5 ^ ^ ^ k- c- t~ t- p-

When writing words, which may be of one or more characters, each character is written and completed with the head-stroke before the next character is written. In the reading examples which are given below, words which are usually written with the modifier known as f o f ^ ' f : (visargeh)^ are written in the form in which they occur in various contexts without this modifier. The visorgah is written with reading examples after the modifiers have been discussed. Verbal roots, in the form in which they are given in grammars and dictionaries, are included in the examples in order to illustrate the writing of characters with the viramoh.


ii. Characters of the antahstha2 group ( *5y«rl*.)

^ jJJ* Bombay form

ya ra la va la

Calligraphy

la : Hindi form ^ • ^ Bombay form ^ ^ ^ 7>

These four characters are associated with four of the vargah, as

indicated in the roman syllabary, and with four of the vowels, thus:

T{ , ya, associated with the ca-vargah, and the vowels i and ii

^ , ra, associated with the , and the syllabic r and rr^" —r k

Cn , la, associated with the ta-vargah, and the syllabic 1 and 11

of > va, associated with the pa-vargah, and the vowels u and uu 1. Transcription of examples is given on p.51. 2 . 'standing between.' 3 . This stroke is written from right to left. U. See below, under 2 . Vowel Characters.

Reading examples

1. One character words

2. Two character words TT5 « R ^ **<5 ^ ^ F T TO^Tv 3*T

x b t i vrfs TfiZ " W ^fcT ^ " T ^ TTUT

3 . Three character words TTTT5R ^PTrT xTCPR H S R -<Tc5cfi 3^*1 «TcT5F) cfi-qe 3qv3foR 7Turop5 cf^x f TT^OFI

i+. Four and five character words "B^rTxr M^^fflT ' T C T T cRSFR S R F R vSFTCR

*T*TH*T " q 3 ^ * T e F P T O * W * B * i r R ^ " ^ ^ r p r

CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY 19

1 . Transcription- of examples is given on p „ 5 1 o

2 . 'heat' 3. See Chapter 3.

These characters are all described as olpgprang and ghossvet.

cf , , though associated with the labial class, is. realised with

labio-dental articulation, and described as 3[«-< | (dantovsthys).

Reading examples1

1 . One character words c T T T 5f *T rT

2. Two character words o^cf ^ T M cRfv WtT STc5 «TC W TOV

qoT « R c=5 T ^ ^ ^^* N ^5

3 . Three character words • ^ c*opJT * T * T ^ «TSfc55 ^ f 5 T WW S^TT

£5*13 *P*cTx cT^R cTC*T

h. Words of four or more characters Z(V(cl^ cTCRTT * R c T*T tT$^*??T S F P T S o W W

iii. Characters of the uusman 2 group (\53"5EpT )

? ^ - f J9 S9 S9 h9

Calldgraphy Jg : Hindi form $ $| Bombay form <$ 3l 41 IT

ha : i. ^ |> or ii. 4 ^ f

An older form of is 5j , a form still used in joining this

character to certain other characters. This form is illustrated later under Conjunct Characters-^.

2o S A N S K R I T S E C T I O N

1. Transcription of examples is given on p. 51.

The first three characters of this group represent syllables

consisting of a fricative consonant with the vowel 9 , and are

described as 9ghos9 and mohaprang. The fourth character is realised

as an aspirate followed by the vowel 9 , and is described as ghosevot

and mehaprar)©. The uusmen characters are associated with the classes

thus: 51 , j"o , with the C9-V9rg9h; , so , with the -[Q-Yorgoh;

, 89 , with the T 9-v9rg9h; and , he , with the ko-vergeh.

The character |T is the last consonant character in the syllab

ary used in writing classical Sanskrit. In writing Vedic Sanskrit

one more character is used, oS , \B , realised as a retroflex lateral

consonant followed by the vowel 9 .

Calligraphy of 55 : C Or OO 06 55

Reading examples 1

1. One character words

2. Two character words Tsres ^ s r ^ T^r ^

7rTN ^ R r P I TST 1# ^ ^

3- Three character words b i ^ t ^ C T N opre v *p t* t t t r s t

^ T 5 T ^ n 5 R £ ^ T O c S H^ST $*5f5 t p ^ - * s t h

k» Pour, five and six character words 3"5R*T ^ T ^ H T f S R " ^ 5 p > ^ " H s " S T T F T ^ ^ T c T T T ^

^ T c ^ l T H =ToTSr^P*>lT H ^ T ^ R ^ ^ T T ^ T ^ ^ T ^ * m ? T * T


9 M 9 a *> M\ ii t r *> * 1 C oy 5 0

1. See below, under 3.Modifiers,i.note c.

2. Vowel Characters, with corresponding Vowel Signs.

A vowel which constitutes a syllable is written with a vowel

character; a vowel which is part of a syllable with an initial con

sonant is written with a vowel sign added to a consonant character,

x. Vowel Characters. There are fourteen vowel characters in the V9rr|9mala:

w 5 4 3 in o a i ii u uu

% % K Syllabic r rr 1 11

e ay o 9v

The character , and the other characters based on the same form, Tf , Wl" and , and the characters ^ » » of and

, have these alternative forms:

<3T 3ff <2*t # S R ^ R ^ ^ o a o 8v r rr 1 11 Both forms of these vowel characters are used in Hindi writing;

only the Bombay forms are used in Marathi writing. An older form of 55ft , o , is »3* 1 . The order of writing the strokes in vowel

characters is illustrated by these examples:


The vowel characters are referred to as "swoftlT > a-kara, smooiT ?

a-kara, J j ^ B T ^ i-kara, and so on. They are related to the five posit

ions of articulation as shown in the table of the roman syllabary.

The vowel 11 does not occur in Sanskrit words, but the character is

traditionally included in the syllabary for the sake of symmetry.

The first ten vowel characters represent five pairs of 'simple'

vowels, each pair consisting of a character realised as a 'short'

vowel, f^^oT , (hrasva) and a character realised as a 'long' vowel,

^t7^ , (diirgha). The remaining four characters represent vowels

which are described as 'compound' or 'conjunct', ^T^rf) > (sarrjyukta-'-).

In the system of modification and combination of vowels known as

'sandhi', f r: , (sandhih), as in the formation of compound words,

derived words, and the joining of final and initial vowels in con

secutive words in a phrase or sentence, the vowels are grouped thus:

Simple vowels a a i ii u uu r rr 1

T J U T ' * (gunah) 9 a e o ar al

(vrddhih) a ay av ar al

Examples 2: ^rpri^ nagaram — 'TI^ T f ^ o B nagarika diva

?5

bhuuti

kr

kip op><v^HI kalpana cftio/HpJof) kalpanika

1 . See above, Ch.l., and below,3. i. for the modifier represented by rrj. 2 . See below, ii, for the vowel signs used in these examples.

CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY

Reading examples of words with vowel characters;1

23

1. One character words TJ 5 3 W

2. Words of more than 5 \ 3<T

w i ^ i

-STt^ 3Tc5

^ { 35 ^ )

ne character

51 ^ft 3£

^ ^ sr 3 $ ^ if 3 r

ii. Vowel Signs Each of the vowel characters, except , a , has a correspond

ing vowel sign which may he added to a consonant character to represent a syllable consisting of an initial consonant followed by one of the vowels a - av . As the vowel a is realised with every consonant character unless it is either marked with the viramah or has one of the vowel signs added to it, there is no sign for this vowel.

The vowel signs, added to the consonant character oft , are:

ku kuu '

k l l 2

5RT ka ki kii

f kr krr kl

% % ke kay ko kav

1 . Transcription of examples is given on p 051. 2. See note on the vowel 11 under Vowel Characters, above.


ka cb cbl ku cb 3> ki 1 !<*> kii cb <*>l dhi 1 I'M ft fa bhi 1 m ft m ke ko oh obi

When the vowel signs are added to consonant characters which have an upright stroke, the superscribed signs are placed above the upright stroke, and the subscribed signs are written at the foot of that stroke. When vowel signs are subscribed to rounded characters they are written below the mid-point of the lowest curve, thus:

f 5 f £ 5 I chu pxn d u djiuu du huu

Special forms ^ * 5 1 ^ ru ruu dr Jr hr

An older form of is -, and of i s

The vowel sign of 9f£ is not written with ^ • The character representing if with ^ is written with the superscribed stroke used to represent "5 when it is to be realised before another consonant character without an intervening vowel. This stroke is placed over the vowel character 5fJ , as in Pi•s+ irl , nirrti 2. Mark of 'separation'.

When an initial or sflT occurs after certain final vowels in the preceding word, the mark S , known as 3T3"3T$|": (avagrohah)^ is

1 . See Ch.2 , l o i i i . 2. See Ch . 3 , 3.Class 3.iii°a- 3 » 'separation'.

Calligraphy The order of writing the strokes when a vowel sign is added to a

consonant character is illustrated in the following examples:


yo - ay am yo-yam te - api te- pi sada - atman sada—

Reading examples^ 1. One character words

* ' 1 * I

X ft 2. Two character words

V * ft? ^ 3Tt§ £fcT ^

3 . Three character words j j facr fa^to s t t c t t « ? o r facj^T ^ f re^r ^ r e

«§5*nfr ^ T f ^ r ^ f t c r ^ r f ^ i§rtW f^«TTcI ^ f t ^ R 5u^t=T s ^ f f ^SBT | o 5 c l "

U. Four, five and six character words ?of)Tfo>R {jfttofc^r ^ f r f ^ ^ T ^ f i ^ ^ T f^"^f%oHT hUiP|«F> ^ R I * T % ?5^TTft f5F a f o ^ T ^ OTjftf^SFjT *sfa^f t l '«+>

1. , tma , the characters CTn and T combined. See Chapter 3» Class 2. iii. 2. Transcription of examples is given on p. 51.

written after the vowel in which the final and initial vowels are co

alesced, to indicate the presence of two words in the piece. The mark

is written once when the initial vowel of the second word is *5T , and

twice when the initial vowel is ^\ , as in these examples:


I i 3 *•

T orrj arr) irrj iirrj urrj uurrj em eyrrj orrj avrrj

#> % # f % % # kQirj kairj kirrj kiirrj kurrj kuurrj kerrj koyrrj korrj kevrrj

Calligraphy The Qnusvareh is generally added to the character after the vowel

sign has been written and before the headstroke is written to complete

the character. It is placed above the middle of the character, or

over the last upright stroke if there is one, and to the right side of any superscribed vowel sign, for example;

• • • » • *

kgrrj o h Ob eft 3 ^ hsnj ^ ^ |T

gang 4|| 4jj itf girrj \i\ ftj fSf gerrj Jj Jf

dhirrj f$ bhirrj \M R rorrj ^ *i

1 . 'after-sound'.

3. Modifiers

The two modifiers, known as ^ T * J iPfl IT : (onusvarsh) and "fcf^'^f";

(visorgsh), are signs which may be added to a character to indicate a modification in the realisation of the character. They are placed in the syllabary after the vowel characters, and, as they cannot be written alone, they are written-with the character ^ . They may, however, be written with any character.

io anusvareh, ^"• |T 5 ITT : 1

This modifier is written as a dot above the character of which

it modifies the realisation, thus:

CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY 2 7

"J - q

jg " J1

q - n

rrj - m

arrjka (arjka) purrjkha (punkha) lirrjga (linga)

VW

parrjca (panca) varrjch (vajich) sirrjj (sip.3)

kuirj ha (kun^ha) arrjda (an^a) pirrjda (pin_qa)

5 1 3% Jarrjti (janti) irrjdu (indu) barrjdhu (bandhu)

karrjpa (kampa) arrjbu (ambu) kurrjbha (kumbha)

•re usual, method of representing a homorganic nasal

is that of combining the appropriate nasal consonant character with

The anusvarah is written with a character in various contexts,

and is realised in various ways according to the context.

a. When a word of which the final character represents the formative particle occurs in any position except at the end of a line of verse or a sentence, the character is omitted before an initial consonant character of a following word and the formative particle is represented by the anusvarah. This formative particle is usually written as only at the end of a line or a sentence. For example:

yetarrj vibhuutirrj yogarr] ca. .. yetam vibhuutim yogam b. The anusvarah may be written with an initial or. medial

character followed by a vargiiya character. In this context it is realised as the nasal consonant of the class to which the following character belongs. Examples:


Before oT , la

Before ^ , va

, as rj , m , n or y ; e.g. ^PTt'T sarjyoga, samyoga, sanyoga or sayyoga

, as rj , m , n or v ; e.g. ^ sarjraga, samraga, sanraga or savraga

, as rj , m , n or 1 ; e.g. ^fo/i^T sarjlaya, samlaya, sanlaya or sallaya

, as rj , m , or v ; e.g. ^ f o | s a n v a d a , samvada or savvada

1. See Chapter 3, Conjunct Characters, Class 2.b.

the vargiiya character that follows it, that is, ^ with characters of the ka-vargah, \>f with characters of the ca-vargah, and so on. This method is used also when the formative particle occurs before an initial vargiiya character in a sentence, where consecutive words are joined in sandhi. The calligraphy of such combined characters is illustrated later 1. Formative particles, such as *lf~cl , -anti, and

^«-("! , -ante, are usually written by this method and not with the anusvarah.

The anusvarah is sometimes written to represent -n or -m , in compounds formed from the prefix ^T*TN > sam-, and words beginning with R or T * e.g. H*T(T sannata, and TTHf^" sammati.

c. When the anusvarah is written with a character preceding a character of the antahstha or the uusman group, the realisation of it varies according to the position of articulation of the character which follows it, and also with the custom of speakers in different parts of India. The anusvarah preceding an antahstha character is realised as follows: Before If , ya

Before T > ra


1 . 'nasal'. 2. See above, under 2.i. 3 . For transcription of examples, see p. 52. . The lines a, b and c correspond to the notes given above under 3»i. L. Gitagovindakavyam, sarga 3 > v . 6 o

The anusvarah preceding an uusman character is realised thus:

Before J[ , Ja , as n , m , n , or v; e.g.

^T"5T sgJ"8» sm/s, an/a or avj"a Before "5T > sa , as n , m , nasalisation of the vowel, or vj e.g.

haviirjsi, haviimsi., haviisi or haviivsi Before , sa , as n , m , n , or v; e. g.

^FI^IR sansara, samsara, sansara or savsara, or as nasalisation of the vowel, as in "f^f^TT hirjsa, himsa, hivsa or hisa i j f ^ f punsi, pumsi, pusi

Before ^ , ha , as rj , m , n , or v; e. g. "f^^" sinha, simha, sinha or sivha or as nasalisation of the vowel in ^ " l * > sayha

The sign is sometimes written above a character preceding an antahstha or an uusman character to indicate realisation by nasalising the vowel of the syllable instead of by a nasal consonant, following the vowel. This sign is called ^ - J - H f^cp> (anunasika 1), and it is usually written, in preference to the anusvarah, in the

'sacred syllable' \Q* , (orrj)2

3

Reading examples

a. fifr W " § ^ r i f t ^ c r <Tf w ^PFCRN

b. ft«r -qff ^ * t n i%i^crs 3?fcr*r

| « ^TCTCTs ^TTH H o f l H ^TffcT

ami ^ T c n » r i ^ T r ^ t t "*?wf^r i


ii. visargah , •fcfH'fc 1

The visargah is written as two dotsj placed vertically, after a character.

ah ah ih

cfr cBT: fcB: kah kah kih

Calligraphy The visargah is usually added to a character after every other

stroke has been made, including the head-stroke. e-g- ch ch) cfit CWT:

The realisation of the visargah varies in different parts of India a. It may be realised as strong aspiration following the realisation

of the character with which it is written, for example

JFFOT %

devah malah kavih guruh kaveh gunayh bhanoh gavh It is realised in this way when it occurs medially, as in

^:^q*T^ , duhkham; or as the doubling of the following consonant, as in r P T i ^ » tapahsu, tapassu. b. . It may be realised in final position as h following the vowel of the character with which it is written, and a very short repetition of the same vowel after h , as illustrated by this transcription of the examples given above: devah9 malah a kavih 1 guruh u kaveh e gunayh 1 bhanoh 0 gavh u

1. 'emission of breath'

iih uh uuh rrh eh ayh oh avh

kiih kuh kuuh krh keh kayh koh kavh


Reading examples1

ofi: W 3* W %

7 J - C T T : ^ffT:. « T T | : f^h ^ f ^ ' ffi

^ftrj ^ g f o r fq-rT: ^rw-. w : o t > w t n

.^P :^T* ^mtf^rTTi ^ f c T t s f ^ o R : c P ^ f s T T :

^ife ^gfr TO^t ^rerr^ ^ r f f c r ^ t f r r W ^ c r ^ ^ T ^ i

U. The Complete Syllabary

The complete syllabary, arranged in the traditional order, is

given on the following page. The characters are further arranged in

a .table in which the vowel characters, and the two modifiers added to

the character , are placed in order at the head of a series of

columns consisting of every consonant character in the Qkarg form,

each consonant character with each of the vowel signs and each of the

modifiers.6 These two tables together show the order in which the

characters are placed as initial characters of words in dictionaries. Characters with the onusvaroh are, however, placed before characters without the onusvarah but followed by another consonant character. 1. For transcription, see p.52. 2. BhagavadgTta,ch.10,v.1„a. 3. ibid., ch,10,v.U.b. h. GTtagovindakavyam, sarga l,v.8. 5. ibid., sarga 1.3,v.7. 6. Cf. the series of characters with

vowel signs given above under 2.ii.


1 I 3 %

# * 3?

at Z 5 3

%

55 5. The Devanagari numerals

Hindi forms: ^ =1 3 I % c 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 1 0

Bombay forms: ft A * <3 vs C *o 1 2 3 K 5 6 7 8 9 1 0

6 , Punctuation In prose writing, the end of a sentence is marked with a vert

ical stroke of the same height as the characters. In verse, the first line of a stanza or couplet is closed with one vertical stroke, and the complete stanza or couplet is closed with two vertical strokes and numbered as illustrated in the verse examples given at the end of the next chapter.

C H A P T E R 3

CONJUNCT CHARACTERS

Consonant characters may "be combined to represent two or more consonants realised without any intervening vowel. A character formed by combining other characters is called a conjunct character,

H^TblT5HHy ( ssrrjyuktakssrsm).

1, Construction of Conjunct Characters. Characters may be combined in various ways, according to the

form of the characters to be joined. i. The second character may be subscribed to the first:

k- ko kka rj- ka nko Xs tt 9 d ~ V 9 ^ v 9

ii. If the first character has an upright stroke, this stroke may be omitted, and the first part of the first character is joined to the second character by the head-stroke, thus:

n- da ndo g- gs ggo t- ps tpa n- mo nms The characters o F " , and ^ are usually joined with following characters in the forms o f , * F and ^ .

Some conjunct characters may be formed by either of these two

methods, for example: ^ ^ ^ o r — j - v3T ^ ^ o r w f C- C9 CCS j- V J9 j J9


i. and ii. ; for example:

d- dho ddha d-bho dbha iii. If the first character is a rounded character, with no upright stroke, it is usually written in full, and the second character is joined with it in a modified form, for example:

t~ y® ty s d~ y° dy® n_" y& ny® n ~ m o ^ m e

iv. Some characters are written in a special form when joined with other characters, for example:

/- ve J V G r- ths rtho g- ro gre J"- re /re

The characters (Hindi form) and j j f (Bombay form), represent

ing k-so , and the character , representing j-ji9 , have been in

eluded in the syllabic series from a very early date, though no con

junct characters are included in the syllabary. Calligraphically

these three characters are not formed by joining two distinct charact

ers, but they are considered in this work under the appropriate

classes of conjunct characters because they represent syllables con

sisting of two consonants and the vowel 9 .

If any characters are not modifiable, and therefore cannot be

combined, by any of these methods, the realisation of them without an

intervening vowel is indicated by writing the first character with

the viramsh, thus 3 ^ ^ 5 ^ ^ ^ ^ W ci^T

t- k9 t k 8 3~ d 8 3 d 9 <i- bre dbr9

Some conjunct characters are formed by a combination of methods

C O N J U N C T C H A R A C T E R S 3 5

Characters combined with other characters in this way do not form conjunct characters in calligraphy, but they are included in this chapter because they complete certain series in the classes of conjunct characters.

Three, four or five characters may be combined to form a conjunct character, for example:

rT n ~Q 7^ * X ST *v* T 1 Z V " g r f \ \ V V \ \ \ t - m - yo tmyo b - dh - va bdhva r - s - \ - ya rstye

The general rules already given for the order of strokes in writing a character apply also to the conjunct characters. The vowel signs are added to the character before the headstroke is written. Examples: ktyu oj- o | - c o | - r ^ |

stvi I I*- IVc©! f ? r « |

RJYAIRJ \J V R ^ | \rM\ VTIJF"

2 . Contexts of Conjunct Characters.

Conjunct characters occur in the following contexts: i. In words, such as

<HfiT: <%PT: WfT^ ^ iccha agnih ksiprah brahmen Jlokah strii

ii. In junctions arising from grammatical processes: a. In words formed by the addition of suffixes to verbal roots,

such as

bhaj-ta bhakta gam-ya gamya labh-tva labdhva


1. Bhagavadgita, Ch.l2.v.l2.

b. In derivatives of various kinds, such as

diva dayvyam Juura Javryam c. In words formed "by the addition of prefixes or suffixes to

other words, as in

ut-tama uttama ut-gamah udgamah abhi-asah abhyasah

dur-guna durguna vi-adhih vyadhih vac-maya vanmaya

iii. In compound words, in which the final character of one part of the compound word, if it is a halanta character, is joined with the initial character of the following part, as in

sat - masah sanmasah rc - vedah rgvedah

Jriimat - bhagavat - giita /riimadbhagavadgiita

iv. In pieces consisting of two or more words, in which a conjunct character is written joining the final character of one word, if it is a halanta character, with the initial character of the following word. For example:

Jreyo hi jjianamabhyasa j jjianaddhyanam vijisyate,

« q T ^ T c c F > c ^ ^ T r * T P T T - * £ H I Pel ^ ^ T ^ c R H II ft II

dhyanatkarmaphalatyagastyagacchantiranantaram. 12.

CONJUNCT CHARACTERS 37

The process of joining characters illustrated in ii. to v. above is known as 'sandhi' 'of consonants"1'. The examples in ii.a. and ii.b. illustrate the process of 'internal' sandhi, and those in ii.c, iii. and iv. illustrate that of 'external' sandhi.

3 . Classification of Conjunct Characters.

The conjunct characters are arranged in this work in classes according to the combination of consonants which occurs when the conjunct character is realised in reading. The conjunct characters, when arranged in this way, fall into four classes.

Class 1. Two similar characters joined. Class 2 . Two vorgiiys characters joined. Class 3 . Characters joined with sntshsths characters in various

combinations: i. Characters joined with

ii. Characters joined with ~3[ iii. Characters joined with

a. preceding "<[ > or b. following T

iv. Characters joined with 2

a. preceding oT ; or b. following oT

Class h. vargiiys characters joined with uusmen characters: i. Characters joined with

a. preceding ST , or ; or b. following , "Cf or^T ii. Characters joined with

a. preceding |J ; or b. following |*

1. Compare reference to 'sandhi' of vowels, in Chapter 2 , 2 . i . 2. The Vedic character oo" , X s » i s included in this class.


Class 1. Two similar characters joined^.

M « R 4 M -kks -kkhs -ggs -gghs "SSI9 -CCS -cchs • jjhs —

1 "tt 9 -tts -tths -dds -ddhs -nns

<s><s{

"PPS -pphs -bbs -bbhs -mms

ocf w -yys -lis 3

-vvs- -SS& -sss -sss — Alternative forms UU| &

-CCS - DJs -jjhs -nn9 -lis The characters > T and do not occur in this series. The

second and fourth characters in each vsrgsh are formed by combining the slpsprans characters with the corresponding mshaprans characters.

Reading examples .

S O F ^ t : ^ b ^ r s t z : ^ t N t * snf^r ftgfrr^

"q%oRr o7| "«r^aT faquui

3 T T I T ^Pm - 3 ^ * T « ff|T« ftrT ftWoT: ^ T S | s

*rs$PT: ^arfrk ^FTtf: ^ T T ^ f ^ : c T ^ ^

§^fto (f«^5T) $ M I ^ (^^5^] ^TCTO ^gfaBT*

1. Conjunct characters which do not occur- initially are indicated by prefixing a hyphen in the roman transcription.

2. This character occurs only in the grammatical term given in the reading examples.

3. This character occurs only in combination with preceding T . U. Transcription of examples is given,on p.52. N

C O N J U N C T C H A R A C T E R S

Class 2. Two vergiiy© characters joined.^ i. ©ghos© and ghosovst characters, excluding ©nunasik© characters:

vsrgsh ©ghos 0 ghosovst

ko -- CO

-kco

— -kcho

— — -gjh©

—

ko - Z -\t? -kto -tko -ktho -tkho -go;© -d g© -gdh© -a gh©

ko - cT - to

-kto -tko -ktho -tkho -gd© ¥

-dgo -gdh© -dgh©

Wi ko

- T - P©

-kpo -pko -kph© -pkho -gba -bg© -gbh© -bgh©

CO - S - t 8

— -{co

— -tcho

— -^.DO

— -djh©

CO - H - p©

— -pco

— -pcho -b jo

——

-b jh©

Z - rT - to 2

-tto -tto -tthe -ttho -dd© -dcje -qdh© tt

-ddh©

t 9

- T - po

-tP° -Pt 8 -tpho -pfho -db© -bo;© -dbh© -bdh©

to - H - po

-tpo -pto -tpho -ptho -dbo -bd© -dbh© -bdh©

1 . Many of these conjunct characters occur only in external sandhi. 2. This combination occurs in the character combining ~g , < = p and .


f 1 f f ^3T -nke -nkh© -ngho -jice -jicho -P-J© -njh©

TO TO TO -n t 9 - n t h 9 -n<l9 -nta -nth© -nd© -ndh©

-mpa -mpha -mb© -mbh© Alternative forms Tig TTJJ

-jijh© -i].t9 - I l t n 9 "^TA9 -ncjh© These characters, representing a preceding homorganic nasal

consonant, are usually written in preference to the ©nusvarsh placed on the preceding character, of which examples have been given above^. The following examples illustrate the contexts in which the ©nusvarsh may be written, and in which it is not written:

^TcT^cr ft^rfrt: 1^n%. ^Trt

pstsnti^ vinsnjtih or vin©ntih3 lsbhsnte^ ©njte or ©nte^

b. ©nunasik© character following.

^ ? ^ i ? ? ? ^ «r -cji© jn© ~th:n© -djhn© -tn© -thn© -dn©^ -dhn© -pm© -bhm©

The character 3T is not calligraphically a conjunct character, and is found, from an early date, included in the syllabic series of characters^. In realisation, however, it belongs to this class of 1. See above, Ch.2,3.i.b. 2. Verbal forms. 3. Non-verbal forms. k. The combination (J - *f more usually becomes «5T in sandhi. 5. See above, Ch.2,l.xiii.

ii. Characters of each vsrgsh joined with a preceding or following ©nunasik© character of the same vorgoh.

a. onunasiko character preceding.

C O N J U N C T C H A R A C T E R S 41

-UT -ita -bhno -ita

-kno -bhno

-no sR W "9 kne -khno gno ghno -pne -bno -bhno

-T koM 71? -me -kmo -khmo -gmo -ghmo -cms -jmo -dmo

-tmo' -dme -dhmo iv. Two onunasiko characters of different vorgoh.

g*r • *pt ^ ?r -nno -nmo -nno -nmo -nmo -mno mno

Alternative forms of the conjunct characters in iii. and iv. are formed with " O T , e.g. " U T T -g^o V T T f -bhno T ^ J f -rang U H -ipio . 1. It i s more usual to write ^of before characters of the co-vorgoh.

conjunct characters. In the order of words in dictionaries, words

"beginning with are placed between words beginning with and

those beginning with^T^T.

iii. Characters joined with a preceding or following onunasiko character of a different vorgoh:

a. onunasiko character preceding.

R • •' ^ ^ ^ % -nbho -nko -ngo -nco -n jo -nphe -nbho Most characters may occur joined with preceding , on account

of the frequent occurrence of formative particles ending in *T .

^ , no , also may occur with many characters in external sandhi. b. onunasiko character following.


1 . For transcription of examples, see p . 5 2 . Examples illustrating characters which could occur in sandhi arising from the sequence of words in a sentence are placed between hyphens.

2 . The first character represents dvi . See Class 3«ii«

Reading examples

i . c i i c m h w ^ f c w i ^ t ^ r - ^ ^ f e r r r ^ r r - s F ^ t ^ r t s t ^ ^ t ^

oTT6FTB^THN - s p ^ ^ f T ^ - o B ^ o ^ T t T T ^ S ^ f W :

^3$«rh ^ S J T ^ C T f e 5^T5F5T ^ F > * T ^ S T T f ^ f ^ S S F f v T : .

ll.a. ^ | f : ^ T f : fi^T T T f : ^ F ^ f T ^ ^ T : « B ^ W

^ R T : c R T O : -q-f ferT: < j fu& ^ F r D TpSJcfi ^ = 3 R ^ S T :

^TT^T I T F R N %^Tf rT IfTfa T « R KVTT ^STlfc* ^ T I ^ R

?r#q w ftirw taring

iii. a. ^ f T ^ f o ^ J ? :

b. arcr ^mr ^rfrt ^ngj: iRf: ^ T l f r t ^TTFtfr t W W ^ f ? ^ f t m f ^ R ^ f ^ T : ^ T ^ : f f * T

iv. f ^ H T * ? . S T T f ^ f ^ T T * T : 2 W T T O : ^ F i R v W l f r T ¥TcT


^ 5 s

TO kyo khyo ,gy© ghyo -gy 9 cy© -chy© jyo • jhy©

• T O

-ty 9 -t hy 9 -dj© -djiy© n y 9 ty© thy© dy© dhy© nyo

TO py© -phyo hy© hhy© my©

• TO TO (yyo) 1 -ry© ly© vy© /ye -sys sy© hy©

Examples of conjunct characters of Classes 1. and 2. with 3.i. 5« q r

-nny© -tty© -tmy© -pty© -gdhy© -dhhy© -hjy©

Reading examples.

3 ^ * F ? f r f o F j q - ^ ^ W c S ^ W ^ F T arrS T ^ T E W cZTFHT

^ I ^ F T ^ f r *T-pT: ^ F * T W N ^<TO

• H v q T ^ # ^ ^ T : f % ^ T f ^ T T r T ^ f c T H . % ^ « W X ^ T T f T c ^ R .

1. See under Class 1, 2. The superscribed stroke in this character represents r preceding another consonant. 3. For transcription see p. 53. k- The first character represents Jla . See below under iv.b. 5. NTtisatakam, verse 3.a.

Glass 3 « Characters joined with ©ntohsth© characters.

i. Characters joined with following .

44

ii.

S A N S K R I T SECTION

Characters with following 5J* .

TO TO kve khvo gvo ghvo -nvs — CVS -chvs dvs jhvs

? f TO TO TO TO -tvo -thvs -d vs -djivs -nvo tvs -thvs dvs dhvs nvs

o c j

-pvo -tvo -bhvo -mvo

TO 1

-rvo

TO TO f yvs 1

-rvo Ivo ( -wo) svs svs hvs and do not occur in this series. ^ preceding another

character occurs in o X X J " , -vne, ?T > -vne , 9T , vrs4" and ^ , vis . Examples of conjunct characters of Classes 1. and 2. with 3.i. and ii.

TO o^f ^ TO ©TO T T O -ttvo -rvvs -cchvs -ktvs -dvys -bdhvs -gdhys

Reading examples.^

oT p ^"?r^T Tf|€T Tf*TN ^ r^rftrT 3 % 5 f

^ f f ^ c T " H M I 5F53T ^ T * i ; f t * 5 R ^ F * f t : ^ T P J c f t Hl" ^c^T--

^ € ^ T o^€oTr ^ T F ^ T "^TWr W ^ t T %TTfcT TTToWT7 VJI£;cUh7

1. For the superscribed stroke in this character, see below, in iii.a. 2. See -vvs in Class 1. 3. For this form of J"s see Ch. 2,1. iii. U. See below, under iii.b. 5. See below, under iv.b. 6. For transcription of examples, see p.53. 7. The initial characters

in these words represent gro and pro . 8. From BhagavadgTta, Ch.6,v.kl.a.


iii. Characters joined with preceding or following .

a. preceding another character. To represent preceding another character a stroke is super-

scribed on the character before which r is to be realised. This stroke is called "V^T: , rephoh, the name given to the character ^ . repheh in this form may be written with any character, but it does not occur with or ,

*• -* £ I * $ I

-rko -rco -r^o -rts -rpo -ryo -r/o -rho Some of the characters, particularly TTf , , \jf , ?T > C$ >

S>[ , «[ , Xf , and ^" , ax-e frequently doubled when written with repheh. This practice is found in Hindi writing, but is not usual in Marathi writing. Examples:

**f ^ € ^ ^ ^ ^ -rgge -rjjo -rtte -rddho -rmms -ryye -rvve

Characters written with vowel signs and repheh:

«bF f«& ^ ^ ^ -rka -rki -rkii -rku -rke -rkey -rko -rkev

and with repheh and onusvaroh:

ciF f<l ^ «fc <fc -rkairj -rkirr) -rkiiirj -rkuirj -rkerq -rkeyrrj -rkevm, The repheh is placed above the upright stroke of a character, or

above the raid-point. It is always written to the right side of any other superscribed stroke, as shown in the examples given below. It is written also with the vowel character «|J . as in the word Pl^fci: .

1, repho, 'rough'; rephoh, 'a rough sound'.

4 6 S A N S K R I T S E C T I O N

Characters with rephoh are written as shown in these examples:

rki ft t * rkii ebl «Kl rke <*> % % rko o^l * T rkiir] ft rkovrrj

In Bombay writing 'the character representing -rho is sometimes written as , though the use of this stroke for rephoh is more rarely used in writing Sanskrit than in writing Marathi.

b. following another character. To represent ^ following another character, a diagonal stroke

is placed against the upright stroke of those characters that have one, or beneath the mid-point of the lower part of a rounded character.

SB - HI — V <* — kr© gr© -ghr© -nro — p

-chr© jr© —

5 -— — ST W

-tro3 - -cjr© — tr© thr© dr© dhr© -nr©

- 5T sT pro — br© bhr© mr© vr© Jr© sr© hr© Examples of conjunct characters of Classes 1. to 3.ii. with 3.iii.

TO TO TO 5?T -ktre -tpr© -rty© -dry© -rdhv© rdr© -ntry© -rdhny©

1. See above, Ch.2,2.ii. Vowel signs. 2. This combination occurs in the character joining and . 3. S and ^ are combined in the character representing^ "5f , Z and" " . k. For this form of , see Ch.2,1. iii. s s


iv. Characters combined with preceding cT or following

a. '(FT preceding another character.*

TO TO c L h TO TO TO -Ike -lge -lpe -lpho -Ibe -lbhe -lme

TOT TO Vedic - U s -lse -Ihe -Ihe

b. oT following another character.

~% $ kl© gls -chle -<|lo pie ble bhle

5?T or 3 r T ^ mlo vie Jle h i s

Most of these characters may be written either by method i.

by method ii., described earlier in this chapter.^" 1. For transcription, see p.53. 2 . For oT joined with entohstho characters, see i. to. iii. above. 3 o Vedic o"5 is included in this class. h. See above, 1. Construction of Conjunct Characters...

Reading examples''"

a. rp£: ^ £ OPFFQ" ^TT§- W&fr J F F ^ F E W ^ T ^ T : ftsfo;

^ T ^ n ^ ^ ^ ^ f l T 7l1*?cT

3>f& cFF>fc SRRF^oR ^ £ T T ^ c T ^ J : ^ o f a 3 $ R * T

I fl^T ^ w£ 3Tl£ ^ H ^ R ^ T f t ^ P T T T f t ^ -qrPSETc^T


*r 3

F-TO TO

J -Jks -J*c© -Jcho J"ne •J"pe Jm©

*r s-

TO S TOT -sks sthe -sn© -?P8 -sphe -sm©

TO T 3 f TFT F T ¥ 7 TO? TO

sko skho -sjo sto stho sno spo sph© sm©

1 . For transcription, see p . 5 k . 2 . Vairagyasatakam, v . 6 2 . 3 . These characters may be written with either or &f .

Examples of conjunct characters of Classes 1 . to 3 *iii. with 3 . i v .

r f j SWT -tplo -tkl© -cchlo -Ibhy©

Reading examples.1

^F^T xrc^J T^^T ^ c * T W ^1^BH" JPTFT

^T c b : f^>- ' fR ^ r ^ | p r ^ ^ T : 3 ^

T%*JTE: T T ^ - ^ q : t c R i t f ^ r f ^ r * T I I W 2

Class 2|. vorgiiyo characters joined with preceding or following uusmon characters.

i. Characters joined with 7£T > T o r • a« > o r preceding another character. The following characters occur in this series, some occurring

only in external sandhi.

CONJUNCT CHARACTERS 49

TOT TOT - n / o

M 2 TO TO - n s o - p s o

TO - n s o - t s o - n s o - p s o

Js s

- k / o - n / o

* or 1

so kso

so * - k s o ~ t S 8

The c h a r a c t e r ^ has been i n c l u d e d i n the s y l l a b i c s e r i e s from

an e a r l y d a t e , and i s n o t c a l l i g r a p h i c a l l y a c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r . 3 In the order of words i n d i c t i o n a r i e s , words b e g i n n i n g w i t h T^T are

p l a c e d ^after words b e g i n n i n g w i t h £f} • Conjunct c h a r a c t e r s of C l a s s e s 1. - 3. w i t h C l a s s h.

"R "? f W M c^T TFT s t r o _ ? t r 9 ~ ? t v 9 ksi^o -ksmo - s t v o - t s t h o - t s n o

TTO HTO TP? 7 ^

s t r y o - t smyo - r s t y © - r t s n y e

C a l l i g r a p h y : kso , Bombay form - $ §f. fcj $J

Reading examples^

a. W * T * k N 3 ^ C = T f i ^ T ^ ^ c T

f ^ R o T ^ C R ; * £ t W ^ f > T T T ^ f e r T S T F ^ TcT5q" f^rfcT: ^ f t

1. Bombay form. 2. T h i s c o m b i n a t i o n u s u a l l y becomes g".^jf . 3. Cf .note on $T , C1.2 . i i . b . k. For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 5^. s

E

b. , or f o l l o w i n g a n o t h e r c h a r a c t e r .

The f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r s o c c u r i n t h i s s e r i e s , some o c c u r r i n g

only in e x t e r n a l s a n d h i .

2

SO S A N S K R I T S E C T I O N

1, For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 5 h . Uo BhagavadgTta, c h . l , v . 2 6 . 6 „ i b i d . , c h . 5 ? v . 8 .

2 „ R i g v e d a , 1. 3. i b i d . , 2 5 o i b i d . , ch.3»v. 2 5 . 7 . NTt i satakam, v . l i 8 .

i i . onunas iko c h a r a c t e r s j o i n e d w i t h p r e c e d i n g "j?" or f o l l o w i n g ^

a. f p r e c e d i n g *tj , ^ and If . ^ ^

-hno hno -hmo

b . ^ f o l l o w i n g ^ . and ? f t

-rjho -nho

Reading e x a m p l e s . 1

^fj fr t ^ f | : | ^ ffTfPST Tn^fTrT: [PTfTrT:] ^ S F *Tu%

^ W ^ ^ I ^ H I - ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ T ^ f ^ T r T « r \ \^ \ \ k

f ^ ^ w m s T T ^ I ^ r ^ s R W f R ; II w i 5

TRANSCRIPTION

T r a n s c r i p t i o n , o f R e a d i n g Examples

Chapter 2 .

1. i . do dho t o pho mo po no co c{© go ke bho jo bo gho cho tho kh© jh© n©

bh©-];© p©d© dhsn© k©cj© m©"(;h© phsn.© gh©n© khoc d©dh dem© chsd jhsg© j©cj© ph©"|;o poth© bot© ch©g© p©c]h gh©"|;© g©n©

gsmeke j e g e t cei]©k© methon© gh©"|;©k© p©|h©k© dsmsth© dhe"|;ok© k©p©"(;© bh©j©k© g©r|©k© k s t h s m kh©j©k© p©d©k©

chedon©m p©n©n©m n©"|;©n©m k s t h s n s m bhsnonem jenopode gemonem p©"(;h©nem dhon©m©d© jh©n©jh©n©m jh©i\© jhsr^sm

l . i i . v© ye r e l o bo th© kh© t©

l e v e j©l© khsre ved jhsr© b©lo v e r e ' ron© v©"|;h lobh yev© dhore l©y© j h s r o r©"|; ran© ph©l rsth©

t e r o l e l©v©n© bhsysm dhsvol© j©"|;h©r© c s r s n e d^emsr© nskhere l e g a t e c©p©l© b h s v s t nsysn© v©c©r© l©"|;©bh©

yemevot vsysnsm g©r©l©m p©d©k©m©l© k©p©"|;©vecen©m

l . i i i o s© h© s© /© p© c|© r© kh©

/ e r e seh© £©t v©/© h©s jh©s© r©s© v©s J*eve s e t Jo^he k e / o k©s© /©s h©y© h©r© jhss© bhss©

s o r e l e k©l©/© j s h s t -v©y©s /©path© s©m©y© bshel© /©l©bh© y©/©s /©r©{© s e p h e l e s©r©s© h©r©k© per©/© r©bh©s© hstsk©

de/eroth© /©ke^em s©v©y©s k s l s h s m /©ssnsm /©t©/©s j e l o c e r e s • noved©/ek©m s©h©g©m©n©m k©molov©d©n© d©/©/©t©m

2 0 i . e i u © r i i uu o ©y 1 a ©v rr

oth©. i s u t eke in© o t ©d ©y/o rdh uuh edho i i J© uche evm rn© uucjh© i h e us ed ©1 ©vm okh r c oyn© udon rn©m i i s e t uuhenem rsobh© evs©dh©m ©yssmss up©k©r©nem

2 o i i < » n i i bhuu gey s r da j i g o v pey me duu kr ch i nev hoy b h i i / r r / i i dr h i hr

duuro b h i i to ram© cor© t i n dos© / r t© dhrt© ruuc|h© g©yre k r / pevl© k i p drcjh© pur© phen© m©vl© k r r t p i t r mem duugi b h i i t i h r d i guru v r t h a / i / u s e t u otu i i t i e t e v r t u i t i uuru r s i e n i i ii"Le


b h u u s i t a v i j e s a upaya vaybhava p i t r r n pavrusa r u c i r a bhavmika kumarii j h a t i t i t h a l i n i i r i rus i ta avsadhi k a y k e y i i j h i r i k a v i d h a t r u ayhika c^halin surabhi khacjika h e ^ a t e

ekakin h r s i k e / a i t i h a s a k a v / a l e y a v i s u u c i k a p a v r a n i k a d e v a n a g a r i i anunas ika avpanisada u p a j i i v i k a a v p a d e / i k a u p a n i v e / i k a avpanay ika k o - p i r t e - p i ya J"o-paya J*a

3 . i . kin] marrj sukharrj harirr) mrtair) tanum, shorn evarrj rsiinarrj cjirnba panjcju layrrjgam djiumdhi jrrnbh jharrjjha kirrjcit kavmteya sarrjyamana sairjvat mairjsa janjyu. sainruuc|ha s a m l i i n a arrjhati

tamahair) h r d i sairjgatamani Jarrj bhr/air) ramayami kirn vane-nusarami tamiha kinj v r t h a vil9pami 3 . i i . kgh chgh t n s n jhah ayh oh uuh rh navh sah gunah d h r t i h bahuh n i t eh nrpayh viduh Jrnîh purusah manahsu h i v i h s u dhenubhih v i / e s a t a h amjatah arrjtahkaranam samaduhkhasukhah Junah/epah j a g a t o h i t a h mato-dhikeh tejorrj-Jsh behevoirj-buvegah yogomayasomavrteh garrjgataranjgahima.f i ikaraj' i i talani jayadevapanjcjitakaveh. pan_cjitanarrj sama je-parrjc(ita mavnarr) bhajeyuh bhuya eva mahabaho Jrnu. me par amain vacah. sukhair) duhkharrj bhavo-bhavo bhayarrj cabhayameva ca v a h a s i v a p u s i v i j a d e vasanarrj jaladabharrj h a l a h a t i b h i i t i m i l i t a y a m u n a b h a m k e j a v a dhrtaha ladharar impa jaya j a g a d i i / a hare m a d h a v i k a p a r i m a l a l a l i t a navamalat i jatisugarrjdhav munimanasamapi m o h e n a k a r i n i i taruni ikar inabamdhav

Chapter 3 » C l a s s 1 .

thakknrah kakkhaâ drggocarah vaggh i t i n n a t i n uccayh i c c h a r a j j u h u j j h a t i p a ^ t i k a l a ^ h o ua^din© sed^ha visaniâ vis©nr|© uttom© u t t h i t a u d d e / a h buddhih bhinna p i p p a l a h phupphuiisah abfcmh abbhogah sammatih sarrjmohah Jayya u l l e k h a h tacchrnu sannaddh© d u j / i i l a ( d u h / i i l a ) J a t a y u s s u (J"atayuhJ"u) j a s s a r a j a h Jubharrjllokan

Clas s 2. i . v a k c a l a vakchalam pr thagjanah vagjha"|;iti v a k ^ i i k a s©"|;kon© satkhetakam vagcâmbarah khac^gah vagdjisvkate dvid^ghora b h a k t i h utka"|;a uktham u t k h a t a h r d g a t a sadguna dagdha udgha"(;aka vakpaû vakphalam kakupkhalu prthagbhavah kakubguruh kakubghora sat .caranah satjchavih sad^jah sad^jhaît i apcarah kakupchavih kubja k a k u b j h a ^ i t i sacjdevah sacjdha s a t p s t i f/up-tiika âtphana sacjbahu kakup"|;hakkurah abc|imbha sacjbhaga kakubcjhavkate utpanna s a t p h a l a h gupta udbodhaka

udbhavah Jabdah labdha b h a g a v a d g i i t a sarrjyukta adbhuta madbhakta b u d d h i -

yukta sacchabdah

TRANSCRIPTION 53

i i . a . gijkgh Jgijkhgh lirjggm sgijghgh s s j i c s y a h vajicha g p j i i r g h jhgnjha ghui\t9h k9i\th8h pgi\cjitgh ^huijdjiih g n t g h pgnthgkg sundgrg indhgh ksmpgng gumphgti sgmbgndhgh argmbhgh pgrjktih grunddha

b . yacjia jnangm he-|;h:nati hedjiinati rgtngm m9thna budhnat i papmgn t g j p e y s sgjijjia sgrrjjjia v i / e s g j j i g j i j n a s u

i i i . a. udgrjbhih mghankgvih drunphuh drunbhuh

b . rk ip rugrig g r b h n a t i J s k n o t i cgkhnutuh agn ih v ighng mrcjnati apnot i sbnabhgh rukmii^ii vagmin vgcmih gjmgh kudmglg atmgn pgdma dhmatg drbhmgs dgdhmgv

i v . diijnaggh vaijmgyg dvirvnalgh S9i\masgh jgnmgn rgmiiati rrmatg

Class 3. i . vekygm khyatg vgyragygm J l a g h y g udgrjygj'gh c y u t g vapchyg j y o t i s u j j h y g t i kapQ^ysn! J"a-|;hygm jad^ygm gvadhyg puipram t y a j y g pgthyg v idya dhyangm ksnya apyg r i p h y g t e gbyonih gbhyasgh sgvmygm dhgyrygm gmuulyg vyuudjig d r / y g mgmisygh rghgsyg hygs

sgynygsyg sgnnyasgh sgrrjnyasgh c i n t y g buddhya t g j j y o t i s vgydggdhygm mahatmygm bhgktya kgvbjygm sghrdbhygh b h g g g v g n v y g k t i b e v g m e t g d y g t h a — t t h g guhygmgdhyatmgsgrrjjpitgm g jpgh sukhgmaradhygh sukhgtgrgmaradhygte

v i j e s g j j i g h i i . k v g c i t pgkkvanngm akhvoh pgvedgh l g g h v i i ucchvasgh u j j v g l g u j j h v g Igf/vgh ygdngtva sgcjvidhg drcjhvgm J"rr|ygn t v s r i t g p r t h v i i udvigng

dhvgnih gnv i tg apva gbvahgngrrr r ibhvgn cgmvoh y v a g u l i i s g r v g sgrvvg n g l v g h i i j v g r g h v i / v s svgkkgte gnusvargh hve v i h v g l g vidhvgrrjsgh dvgndvgh

tg t tvgm dugdhva Isbdhva uktva davna e t g d d h v a v l i n a t i gravida prarjvg/gh tygktva--tmgj"uddhye puiprgkrtarrj l lokanusitva J a j v g t i i h sgmah i i i . a , tgrkgh muurkhs vgrggh v g r g i i y g d i i r g h g Jarrjgg c g r c a muurchi tg

arjungh n i r j h g r g h dardhygm vgr iph k g r t r v y g r t h g durdgyvgm grdhg mgnurnamg grpgr^gm dur -

b g l g g g r b h i t g uurmih kgrmmgn dharmikg p g r y g n t g pgrygrrjtg suurygh durlgbhg puurvg

s s r w © d g r / g n s m h©rs©h grhgt k i i r t i h ©h©rnij*©m uurdhv©m v s r j y © rrniurdhni rmiurdhnya-

dhayatmgngh n g y r r t i i durbuddhsyryuddh© J v e t s y r h s y s y r y u k t e vedsy©jnadhyaysnsyrn©

dangyrng C9 b, vikr©m©h agr©hah J i i g h r g p r a i j r a t r i i krcchr© vgjrgm p s v ^ r g h

f g t r u h drgvygm dhruv© pr©y©tn©h premna brniv© b h r a t r ngrnrg v r s j s h Jujruusa s r g j v a

hrgsvg hr©sv© hrsy hirrjsrg Jraddhg ardr© ardr© dar idrygm daridrygm s©rrjhriir]©

e t g c c h r u t v a digvr©t©m sgtjtrirrjjg y©tpr©mai]©m j©mbvamr©le


i v . u l k a phslgta s v s l p © ©lpspran© g u l p h i t © ulb© p r g g s l b h g h©lj"©bd©h h©ls©ndhih V9lh prag©lbhy©m j©"[hu mi'Lhuse klej"©h gl9V pl9V9 p i p l u h ©bling© kskubhlabhsh m l e c c h s h v l i n a t i J"lok©h J l e s 9 h s i h l s h h l a d s t e ucchlskh© utklej"©h u t p l s v ©

psresarrj cetarrjsi p r g t i d i v s s g m a r a d h y g bghu ha prssadsrrj kirrj neturrj v i / © s i hrdsy© kleJ©k©li l©m

pr©s©nne t v s y y s n t s h sv©y©mudit©cintam©nigune v imuktsh s©nk©lp©h k i m s b h i l s s i t s i r j p u s y s t i ri9 t e

C las s h.

i . a . aj*c©ry©m pr©/n©h Jm© Jru pusks l© blesk©m s r s t i h krsn© jyes-f/h© s t h y u u t g

puspsm nisph©!© uusman Jlesma ssrrjskrtg s k h s l i t © b h r o s j stsbdh© s t h i t i h s t r i i

©ntshsth© s n i g d h 9 sprs -);© s p h u u r t i h bhgsmg J"res"|;h©tv©m /cyut© drstjva d©rrjs"|;ra varsney© n©moste - s tu

b . p r a k j i r s s pr©ty©nj"ir©s tajijuka tan /uka S9"|;/astr9 r©pj*©te ©kssrsm t i r y s n s u s e t s s s t i h k s e t r s j j i © dikssm© l i ^ s u v s t s s h sug©ns©r©ti

sug©rjj;s©r©ti ksma J"l©ksn© u t k s i p t © bhsksy© m©tsy©h t s t s t h © ! © ksvet© ©pkrtsn© kar t snysm v i b h r s s t o / c h s n n © k©rm©ph©l©prepsurl©bdh©h n©bh©hspr J"©m dharstysm

e t s t k s e t r s m

i i . g r h n a t i v s h n i h hnute brahmen© p r a n h s s t s h prangh©st©h i s t .anbhanhi

©gnimii^e purohitsrrj y©jn©sy© devsmrtv i jsirj / hotarsrrj r©tn©dhat©m©m ©gnih puurvobhsrrs ibh ir i id^yo nuutsnsyrut© / s© devarrj eh© v s k s s t i

t©trap©Jy©ts th i tanparth©h p i t r r n s t h © pi tamshan acaryanmatulanbhrantrrputranp©vtrans©khirrjst©th©

s s k t a h k©rm©i|y©vidvarrjso y s t h a k u r v s n t i bharst© kuryadvidvarrjst©tha-s©kt©Jcikiirsurlok©s©ngr©h©m

n©yv© kirrjc i tk©romiit i y u k t o msnyet© t s t t v s v i t p© Jysn Jrnvsnspr /©n j i ghr ©nn© Jnsngscchsns v©p©n J* v©s ©n

a j j i a k i i r t i h palsnsirj brahmanarrj dansrrj bhogo mitr©s©mr©ks©n©m c© yesamete s©c[guna n© p r s v r t t a h korth©stesairj p a r t h i v o p a / r s y e n ©

sanskrit devanagari : an introduction

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