sanskrit names of drugs in kuchean (woolner)

Sanskrit Names of Drugs in KucheanAuthor(s): A. C. WoolnerSource: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 4 (Oct., 1925),pp. 623-638Published by: Cambridge University PressStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25220813 .Accessed: 12/08/2013 01:40

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JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY

1925 Part IV.?OCTOBER

Sanskrit Names of Drugs in Kuchean By A. C. WOOLNER

Note.?This study is based on the Weber-Macartney MS., which was edited by Hoernle, with a facsimile reproduction of the MS., transcription of the texts in Roman characters, and an index. (JASB., vol. lxx, pt. i, Extra Number 1, 1901.) Hoemle's text was pioneer work in the decipherment of Kuchean recently known as Tocharian B. .Since then a few letters have been proved to 'have different values.

M. Sylvain Levi, who has done so much for the recovery of this language from fragmentary material, has very kindly lent me his transcript of the text as revised by him. To the same scholar I am indebted for some forms quoted from other sources and for much information with regard to

Kuchean.

1. The names of drugs and medical materials mentioned in Kuchean MSS. can be grouped under four heads:?

(a) Pure Kuchean words, e.g. malkwer "

milk", wara "

water ", pydpyo "

flower ", salype "

oil", with some words of doubtful meaning such as skwasko. With these Kuchean words we are not immediately concerned.

(6) Words which have certainly been borrowed by Kuchean, but not directly from Sanskrit, having reached Kuchean by some other route which it may be difficult to determine.

JRAS. OCTOBER 1925. 40


62i SANSKRIT NAMES OF DRUGS IN KUCHEAN

Three notable examples are the following :? arirdk-

"

myrobalan". (Skt. hantaki, Persian halila. Laufer, Sino-Iranica, p. 581.)

sakkdr "

sugar". (Skt. sarkard, Pali sakkhard, Persian sakar, Sakkar, Mongol sikdr, sikir, Tibetan sa-ka-ra. Laufer, SI., pp. 576, 584.)

kurkam- " saffron ". (From Pers. kurkum rather than from Skt. kunkuma. Laufer, SI., p. 321.)

As is shown by kurkam and by Kuchean words like arktvl

"white", there would have been no reason.to change -rk

of sarkard into ~kk-. Hantaki could have lost the initial

aspirate, as there appear to be no genuine Kuchean words,

beginning with h,1 but other words retain intervocal -t- and there is no obvious reason for 4- to become -r-.2

(c) Sanskrit tatsamas, e.g. devaddru "

deodar ". These are

not numerous, most of the Sanskrit words being more or less modified in the Kuchean spelling on account doubtless of the

Kuchean pronunciation. A tatsama like devaddru gives us no

information. Where we have alternative forms, e.g. priyahgu and priyahku, it is with the deviations from Sanskrit that we are concerned.

(d) Semi-tatsamas, i.e. Sanskrit words taken direct into Kuchean with more or less deformation. If these modified

forms can be explained by the tendencies of Kuchean

phonetics, there is no need to assume the influence of any Prakrit to account for their deviation from Sanskrit. Apart from occasional references to Prakritic words, it is these Semi tatsamas that have been examined in this article.

The changes of consonants and vowels are classified below.

Of the examples there are some where the identity with a Sanskrit original is obvious, e.g. asvagandha now written

asvagantd and asvakdnta with Skt. asvagandha ; there are

others, e.g. prnkaraca, kuntark, where the original is more

1 Exception, his in the senso of Skt. dhik! an exclamation.

2 Pdli texts have sometimes haritakaih, e.g. Jataka, iv, 303. This

represents the beginning of tho process which produced arffak.


SANSKRIT NAMES OF DRUGS IN KUCHEAN 625

obscured; others again where the identification proposed is not free from doubt, e.g. kirot (Skt. gilodya) and motarte (Skt. *moddrdhijd whence modddyd).

Changes of Consonants

2. The most frequent change is the substitution of a surd for a sonant stop, i.e. k> t, p for g} d> b. This change, which is characteristic of Paisaci Prakrit, occurs in more than one

region on the edges of the Indo-Aryan area, but as native Kuchean words have no sonant stops (at any rate in the MSS.) it is not necessary to seek an explanation elsewhere. Examples:?

(i) k

626 SANSKRIT NAMES OF DRUGS IN KUCHEAN

(?) kirot 7a2, 7a5, 7b2, 9a6, Ila4, 41a5, -rot lb4, kirota 28b3, 29a5, kirota 35a2, kirok 6a5, kiros 31a4 [Read kirot, the lien seems to bisect the final letter].

Hoernle identifies with Skt. gilodya "

bulb of Nymphaea "

used by Caraka and SuSruta. Not in B.M. For r < I

compare kdkori if this equals kakkoll. See 6 below, (kirot rhymes with tvirot and may be Kuchean word.)

Examples of g retained are apamdrga and asva(gantd) quoted above ; also (caga)la 23b5, ndgapatr 19a4~5, mudgavarni 13b2, 14b4, bhargi 24b2, sumagantd 32a4, 38a5. nk < iig. prhkaraca 32a5, prankaraca 31b4. Skt. bhrhgardja

Eclipta Prostrata (Susruta), Eclipta Alba (B.M.). For p < bh and c j. prhkaraca = bhrhgardja see 2 (i) above. (caga)la 23b5. Skt. jagala

" a spirituous liquor ", Car.

Susr.; "

thick spirit of rice ". B.M.

cipaka 23b5 but jivaka 13b1 [fiva- 17a3, 30b1, ji- 6a4]. For p < v see 2 (iv) below. Skt. jivaka one of the

"

Eight Great Drugs

" not identified. B.M.

tecavati 27a5 (looks like tevavati) but tejapati 2b3. Skt. tejavati (Hoernle). (1) Piper Chaba, (2) Scindapsus Officinalis

B.M.

Compare Cinasene = Jinasena and Cinatewe = Jinadeva. The sonant is retained in

-bija 25a4, jivanti 36b4, sarjarasa 6a5.

lie < nj. ancana(?) 25a5. Hoernle equates with Skt. anjana-(rasa) = rasdnjana. Compare aiicdm = aiijana

Medical Fragment.



mancasta 6a5, 8a5, 9a5, 10a2, 10b2-3, 11a3, lib2, 13b2. mancasta lb2, 23b3, 29a4, 34b4. mancasta 5a4, 27b2 (-ncastci 36b1). mdncistd 29b2 {mancd- 14b4, manca- 23a4-5, 40a3, mancast

37b4, mdnc-t- 30b2, -sta 22b5). Skt. manjisthd

"

madder "

Rubia Munjista B.M. (?) kinceU lb3. Skt. kinjalka filament (?). Not in B.M.

(iii) t < d. ksira-pitari 39b2 and pitari 39b2 but 7a5 has biddri. ksira-biddri. Skt. viddri, viddri Hedysarum Gangeticum M.W. Su?r. Ipomoea Digitata B.M. Hoernle

quotes also viddri, viddU. Ksira-vidari = Batatus Paniculata

M.W., Ipomcea Digitata B.M. t < d. nicitakampd 6a2, -pa 25b2, nicitakampa 41a6, 35a4 (c-),

nicitakdmp la3, 4b1 [nicita- 27b3, -kampa 27b2, 34a4. 44a- 32a3]. Skt. riica-kadamba, i.e. by metathesis

*nicakatampa > nicitakampa.1 Susruta mentions the use of the kadamba, so does B.M.

(?) motarte 36a5. Hoernle suggests Skt. modddhyd, which is said to have the meaning of ajamoda

"

carroway or a

kind of parsley ". If this is the word, motarte would be from a form *moddrdhyd. For t < dh see below. Not in B.M.

Compare t < d in tinar "

denarius ", tandpate = ddnapati, Sankatasa = Sahghaddsa, Cinatewe = Jinadeva. But d remains in devaddrUy haridra, haridr, udumbar(i).

For t


and prapundarik 6b3, (prapu)ndank 7a2 (prapunda)rika 39a5. Skt. prapundarika bulb of Nymphaea Car.,

Hibiscus Mutabilis Susr. (M.W.). In B.M. "fragrant wood

"

also prapaundarika. Compare pimtwdta

=

pindapdta. nt < nd. kuntark 7a4, 7b2, kuntarka 34a6. Skt. gundraka

(Hoernle). See 2 (i) above. nd is retained in canddm. See 11 below.

(iv) p < b. ksirapitari but ksirabiddri. See 2 (iii) above. pilamditi 7a5 but bilamati lb5. Skt. bilva-madhya

" flesh of

the Bel fruit". Car. For t < dh see below. B.M. has

bilva-phala, -mula, -matra.

prahati 29b2. Skt. brhati Susr. Solanum Indicum B.M.

mp < mb. nicitakampcl. See 2 (iii) above. Compare kampdl for kambala.

With p < b may be placed p < v.

p < v. punarnapa 6a6 (-rnapa 41a3). Skt. punarnavd "

hog

weed "

Boerhavia Diffusa. B.M.

sdtapari 18b4, satavari 36b4 [(sa)-pari 27a5]. Skt. satdvari Asparagus Racemosus. B.M.

sdripa 8a5, 18b3, sdripcl lb, sdrapa 6a5, sarapa 36b3, sarlpa 35a4. Skt. sariw Ichnocarpus Frutescens and

Hemidesmus Indicus. B.M. Also sdrivd Susr.

Compare upadrapa Med. Frag. Skt. upadrava "

complica tion

" B.M.

For pissau Hoernle suggests msya (" dry ginger " Susr.

The B.M. has visvdhvaya) or pisu{%). (B.M. has pisuna "

saffron ".) The word may be Kuchean. It occurs nearly

thirty times. Compare Med. Frag, pissausse war, pissau onkariio.

3. Sonant aspirates become surds and lose their aspiration, i.e. ghy dh, bh become k, t, p. This is natural as there are no

aspirates in Kuchean. There is no instance of k for gh in

this MS., but elsewhere we find sdnka = sahgha. (i) t < dh. (?) veleni 7a4, vetene 6a5"6, (9a5), 30a3 [-tene 4b4].

Skt. vedhini Trigonella Foenum Graecum M.W. Not in B.M.



lotr Ila3. mbara-lotr 4a3, 7b2, 9a4, Ila3, lib2, 12a3, 30b2, 34b4, 41a5,

-lottar 5a4, but sabara-lodr 7a5, 8b2. [sabara-lo- lb2, 27a5, -ralotr 2b4, -baralotr 28b2, sabara- 21a4.] Skt. lodhra Symplocos Racemosa (= rodhra) from the bark of

which is prepared the red powder for Holi. B.M. has

lodhra, more frequently rodhra and sdbaraka, savaraka.

(?) motarte (*moddrdhyd) see 2 (iii) above. Compare tana = dhdna, Tarmasene = Dharmasenah,

Putamitre = Buddhamitrah. t


saindhava "

rock salt ", which appears as saintava 33a3. See 3 (i) above.

bh remains in?

bhargi 24b2. Skt. bhdrgi Clerodendrum Siphonantus B.M.

bhalldta(ka) 42b3 "

acajou (cashew nut)" Semicarpus Anacardium. Laufer, SI., p. 482, B.M.

bhrnkaraca 20a2 see 2 (i) above. rsabhak 13b5, 14b4, rsabhaka 13b1. Skt. fsabhaka, one of the

"

Eight Great Drugs ". B.M. 4. Surd aspirates lose their aspiration.

t < th. pdta 5b3 but path- 2b3, see 3 (i) above. t < th. kusta 27b5 (23b3). Skt. kustha Costus Speciosus.

Laufer, S-L, p. 584. (B.M. Saussurea Lappa.) mancasta see 2 (ii) above. t < th. styoneyak 3b1 Skt. sthauneyaka Car. Su6r.

" a perfume."

B.M. has sthaunaiyaka "

fragrant plant ". 5. Intervocalic p becomes v. Compare pimt-wdta-

=

pinda-pdta- L.M., v, 25,1 wasampdt =

upasampdda, kutsawate

= kutsapati. For this change in Prakrit see Pischel, Prakrit

Gr., ? 199.

pdrivelak 6a3, parivelak 41a5, parivelaka 36b2"3 (pa-velak 40a3). Skt. paripelava Cyperus Rotundus B.M., but this does not account for the final k.

prsnavarni 18b3, 25a2, 36b4. Skt. prsnipanjbi Uraria Lago podiodes B.M.

mdsavarni 13b2, Skt. mdsaparnl Teramnus Labialis B.M.

mudgavarni 13b2, 14b4, Skt. mudgaparni Phaseolus Trilobus

B.M.

sdlavarni 18b, 36b. Skt. sdlaparnl Desmodium Gangeticum B.M.

avamdrga see apamdrka 2 (i) above. hdtapari 18b4, satapari 24a5, 27a5, but satavari 36b4. Skt.

hatdvan Asparagus Racemosus B.M.

1 L.M. =3 Sylvain Levi et A. Meillet, Remarqves sur les formes grammalicales de antiques textes en TocJiaricn B. (jZtudes LinguistUjues sur les documents de la Mission Pellht. Fascicles i, iii, et v.)



6. Sometimes r appears to replace I. karuna-sdri 19b4, 20a2, 21a4, 32a5, 42b3. Skt. kdldnusdn

" benzoin ". Susruta. Laufer, S-L, p. 465, n. But the cerebral n, apart from the difference in the vowels, indicates that this form has not been taken directly from

kdldnusdrl, which itself looks like an etymologised form of something else. The B.M. has neither form.

(?) kirot, kirota, kirok if these represent gilodya see 2 (i) above. kdkori 39b2 with kslrakdkori. kakori 28b4, kslra-kakori 28b4, 41a4, but we find kdkoti 14b3

[k-k-ti 13b2, -koti 17a4, kdko(t)i lb4, kdko(ti) 7a3] with ksira-kdkoti 7a3-4, 13b2, 14b3, -kakoti 17a4, while in 6a3 kdko-i, kslra-kdko- are ambiguous. Hoernle gives Skt. kdkoll as in Car. (Susr. kdkoli)

" a medicinal plant

"

M.W. [Susruta also uses kakkola a plant with aromatic berries, kakkolam a perfume prepared from the berries ; kakkoli is also quoted ? = Cocculus Indicus.] The B.M. has kdkoli, kdkoll and kdkodi, kdkodl Luvunga Scandens.

Kslra-kdkoli Susr. = -kdkolikd "

root from the Himalayas (yielding a milky juice used by the Hindus as one of the eight principal medicaments)

" M.W. The B.M. has

kslra-kdkoli- Trittilaria Stracheyi. These forms kdkoti and kdkori appear to represent the two Skt. forms of the Bower MS. kdkodl, kdkoll, but kdkori could itself be a Prakrit form from kdkodl. Compare birdla and its variants. Pischel, Prakrit Gr., ? 241.

7. There remain a few identifications suggested by Hoernle, which, if they were accepted, would give us other equations, each resting on a single word. As will be seen, these identifications are far from being proved.

(?)$


(?) milci < mbi. ktumncik 31a3, kutumncik 18a4, kutum(nc)i(k) 8b1, ktumncile 9a6. Hoernle suggests Skt. kutumbikd (?).

Not in B.M. Kutumbuka is quoted for Caraka "

pot herbs

"

M.W.

(1)m


or (neut.) "

fragrant wood "

M.W. To Susruta, however, this means

"

jaundice "

or a similar disease. Kdleya occurs in the Kumara-S. vii, 9,

"

yellow fragrant wood." The e in the first syllable is doubtless due to the e in the second syllable.

In veteni, vetene for vedhinl (see 3 (i) above) we see the influence of the first vowel.

Of suksmel 36b2, su(ks)mel 25a3 [-mel 18b1] the correct Skt. form is suksmaild, i.e. suksma + eld" small cardomoms

"

; but the B.M. has suksmeld.

The diphthong ai is written in saintava (see 3 (i) above) and in saileyak lb1, 3b1-2, 19a4, 29b3, 30a6, 32a6, saileyaka 26a6

Parmelia Perlata B.M. 10. The Skt. word manjisthd is represented in four ways,

i.e. mdncistd (once), mancastd (twice), mancasta (four times), and mancastd (eight times). See 2 (ii) above. The vowel a, the value of which is unknown, often occurs at the end of a word and is not confined to Skt. feminines ; vide prhkaraca, varahgatvacd. There seems to be a tendency for a vowel to be influenced by a following or preceding vowel. See 15 below.

11. sumdm 18a4, 22b2 (23a4), 24b4, is identified by Hoernle with soma, which is not found in the B.M. (where soma means "

moon ") and is not quoted for Car. or Susr. Probably it

represents sumand "

great flowering jasmine "

Susr. = Rosa Glandifera M.W. ; = Jasminum Grandiflorum B.M. ; or the oil made from it. The form would be for *suman-, compare canddm ? *candan-, ancdm = *afican- (aficam 5b3). A Medical Fragment yields the full form sumand.

12. As regards length of vowels there are numerous devia tions from Sanskrit. There appears to be a tendency to

strengthen the vowel preceding the last consonant in a word of 2, 3, and even of 4 syllables ; for words of 4 or 5 syllables there are alternative methods of scansion. The syllable immediately preceding the strengthened syllable is liable to

he lightened.



(i) Disyllables. sakkdr 7a4, 8a6, 11a6, lib2, 23a5, 31a4, 37a4, 38b3 [-kkdr 10b4]

See 1 (b) above. pippdl 4a5, 27b2, 28b2, pipdl 26b4 (but pippali 27a4). trphdl 6a6, 19a5, 20a4, 32a3, trppdl 31b1, 31b3, 42b4, but

trphal 30b2. canddm 7a3, 8a4"5, 15a3, 27b4, 38b2"3.

sumdm, see 11 above. With these may be compared uppahssana; uppdl (Skt.

utpala) would account for nilutpdl 8b3, 19a4, 22a5, 32a4, 36b2, 42b4, nilotpdl 6a2, 9b5, 10a2, lib4; kampdl (Skt. kambala):

mancdk (Skt. mancaka). The simplest hypothesis to explain these forms is that a

stress accent fell on the second syllable. In Kuchean the first syllable is often weak and ready to be reduced, cf. yanem "

they go "

and ynem "

they go ", yndri "

road "

; lakau " I shall see " and Ikdtsi

" to see ". On the other hand,

the first syllable is often strong : prdri "

finger ", prekse "

a judge ", pdtrai "

bowl ", ydmor "

act". We cannot

suppose that every dissyllable was stressed on the second

syllable. Why then should sakkdr, kampdl be so accented in

Kuchean, while other languages accent the first syllable ? With these may be contrasted the spelling of cdkkar, which

represents Skt. cakra (L.M. iii, 16), and of kukkar, Skt. sukra

(L.M. v, 4). In these, obviously, there is no indication of stress on the second syllable. Is it possible that the long d

was sometimes used as a graphic device to mark the presence of the normal vowel a ? Could not sakkdr indicate sakkar

(and not sakkdr or sakkra) much as one might write kambdl to show English people that the Indian word for a blanket

does not really rime with "

tumble " ? x

1 A full discussion of this point would involve the consideration of the

function of the " doublets " k, t, r, etc. They often occur at the end of

a Kuchean word, but they are not merely final consonants, for they occur

at the beginning also, e.g. kante = 100. On the basis of their use in MSS.

of Tocharian A. Mr. J. N. Keuter has suggested that they represent a series of

"

palatal "

or "

palatalized "

(tnouiUe) sounds after which the vowel



(ii) Trisyllables. Several words retain the Sanskrit quantities, e.g. akaru,

tagaru. Khadira (Skt. khadira) seems to indicate an accent on the second syllable. Compare samane (Skt. sramanah), sumand (Med. Frag.), see 11 above. We may compare also campdkassai (Skt. campaka-) but kurkamassi, L.M. v, 17, and tandna, tanasse, as against tdno, tana from Skt. dhdna

gram .

(iii) Quadrisyllables (counting the final vowel as in Skt. though this may not have been pronounced after a

" final"

consonant k. t, s, etc.). The forms which diverge from Sanskrit are generally of

the type ^^J-^.

apamdrga, 5b3, 27b4, 28b3, 29a4, 34a2, 41a5 (Skt. apdmdrga), avamdrga 9a4, apamdrka 35a3.

pilamdtti 7a5 but bilamati. amaldka 21b1 (Skt. amalaka). (?) sumardsa 31b4.

asvakdnta lb2, 4b1, et passim but asvaga(ndha) 37b3. Compare Cakravdrrti, L.M. iii, 19, v, 24. and pimt-wdta-,

L.M. v, 25 =- pinda-pdta-. Here may be noted the Prakritic word arirdk, (a)rlrdkassana

2a3, arirdka 8b5, arirdkassana 3b5, arirdk (Med. Frag.), see 1 (b) above. The form arirdk- belongs to the type

w w -l. (w) of amaldka, etc., while arirdk retains the long I of Skt., Pali, and Persian forms.

With a long vowel in the first syllable_w_^ we have

parivelak, see 5 above. Compare Sthulandnda and Bodhisdtve. On the other hand, we find tandpate for ddnapati and

prhkaraca, prahkaracd for bhfhgardja : sdtapari 18b4, satapari 24a5, 27a5, satavari 36b4 for satdvari.

a is somewhat modified. If so the difference of vocalization due to the difference of the two consonants k and k would fit in with the explanation offered above, viz. that the long a marks the normal vowel as distinguished from the Mouillenuvjsvokal. See J. N. Reuter, Bemerkuvgen ilber dh neuen Lautzeicheti im Tocharischen, Studia Orientalia, i, p. 191 ff. (Heteingforrf, 1925).



A language with a strong stress accent always disfigures words taken from a language with a light accent and a dis tinction of quantity independent of the accent. Thus the usual English pronunciation converts Himalaya into

" hirnmer

layer "and Kapurthala into "

cupper-tahler ".

(iv) Pentasyllables.?With five syllables the general tendency is to retain the Skt. type w w ^ -?- w, with

possibly some stress on the first syllable, while deviations from Skt. approximate to this type. iabara-lottar 5a4, -lodr 7a5, 8b2, lotr 4a3, 7b2, 9a4, Ila3, lib2,

12a3, 28b2, 30b2, 34b4, 41a5.

kanaka-puspa 25a5.

putana-kesi 42b3 (puta- 20a4"5), but puta(nak)esi 32a5"6. Skt. putand-kesl. Car." a plant ". In B.M. putand

=

Terminalia Chebula.

karunasdri, see 6 above.

tamalapdtar 4a6, 8b3, 10a3, 18a4, tamalapdtr 28b3, 29a3, 30a6,

38a3, 36b1, 41b3, but tamdlapatr 3b3, 10a3 (19b3), 24b3, 27b4, tamdlapd- 5a4. Skt. tamdla-pattra

" leaf of

Xanthochmus Pictorius ", but there is an adj. tdmala "

made of Tamala bark "

and the B.M. has tdmalakl

Phylanthus Urinaria.

Compare amprtapdtr (lb5), -pdttr 6a4 and surasapddtara 41b3 but surasapatr 23b2.

nicitakdmp lb3, 4b1, nicitakampd 6a2, 25b2, nicitakampa 29a5,

35a4, 41a6, -kampa 27b2, 34a4.

sirisapuspd 5a5-6, slrisapuspd 4a6. (Med. Frag, siris.) 13. Final I of Sanskrit is regularly represented by the

short vowel. This is not surprising. In Kuchean final I is

exceptional, while final i is quite common. Infinitives in

-tsi, the plural of many nouns, as well as singulars like prdri, ndki, yndri, and derivatives of the type of iielmecci, wesenni

furnish an abundance of examples of the short vowel. Of the long vowel, on the other hand, the three fascicles of

MM. Sylvain Levi and Meillet yield only three examples, all

of them monosyllables : m, xvi, and rl. Moreover, for the



first two of these we find alternative forms with the vowel short. If 2 is \vi or wi, 12 is always Sakivi. Such alternatives as iii and iii, xvi and wi, together with pii and piS, ikam and ikam, cioi and cm, suggest that for Kuchean there was

no sharp distinction between i and %, that any difference there was had no semantic value and that the quality of i and % was the same. (That is that the short and long vowel differed only in length and not also as regards the position of the mouth and tongue.)

The comparative rarity of i and the frequency of alternate forms with i seem to point the same way. Even for the first

person singular of the optative (type yamim, yamimar) we find ])assimar, L.M. v, 36.

On the other hand e medial and final is common in Kuchean and occasionally changes places with i in Sanskrit words. irdnda (Med. Frag.) Skt. eranda Ricinus Communis

" castor

oil plant "

B.M. veteni 7a4, vetene 6a5"6, see 3 (i) above.

Compare tandpate =

ddnapati. 14. Other examples of shortened vowels are:?

rasna 23b4, 29b2. Skt. rdsnd Vanda Roxburghii. B.M. laks 29b2 (la- 14a3), but ld(ksa) 27a4 (Id- 37a6).

pitari ? Skt. viddri, see 2 (iii).

In a Medical Fragment we find karaiicapijd Skt. karanjabija.. karanja ? Pongamia Glabra. B.M. atmagupta-phal Skt. dtmaguptd Mucuna Pruriens

"

cowrhage ". The numerous examples of shortened vowels tend ta

strengthen the impression that in Kuchean the duration of a vowel was not a matter of importance.

15. '

Enigmatic is the ending a. It corresponds to Skt.. -d in asvagantd, but we have asvakdnta. In mancasta it corre

sponds with -a. and with -i. In the following words it

corresponds with a short vowel, prhkaracd, varaixkatvacd,

nicitakampd, sirisapuspd, curnd 33a4 and cunia 2a5. (Med. Frag, karancapijd.)

The explanation of these forms must depend on the value


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