sanskritlessons

8/7/2019 SanskritLessons

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sp#vES:

INTRODUCTION:

In this first lesson, the student will learn some

expressions of common everyday use. In these

expressions, the verb As-(to be) is understoodand is not explicitly used.

Sanskrit, like other classical languages, has three

genders- masculine (m), feminine (f) and neuter (n).

These are indicated in the examples given. The student

is advised to learn these expressions by memory.

The prelude to these tutorial lessons introduced the

vowels and consonants of Sanskrit and also indicated

how they are to be pronounced. The student is advised

to refer to this prelude as well to memorize the basic

letters.

1.1 Here are some common expressions

in the first person.

mm nam ram: My Name is Rama (m)mama nma rma

mm nam sta My Name is Sita (f)

mama nma st

mm nam SEKr: My Name is Sekhara (m)mama nma khara

mm nam uma My name is Uma (f)mama nma um

mm dEv: Sv: My God is Siva (m)

mama dvaha iva

mm dEv pavIt My Goddess is Parvati (f)

mama dv prvat

mm pO: maDv: My son is Madhava (m)

mama putra mdhavamm pO vjya My daughter is Vijaya (f)mama putr vijay


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mm BtaI vN My husband is Vishnu (m)mama bhart viu

mm BayaI pa My wife is padma (f)

mama bhry padm

mm pta jydEv: My father is Jayadeva (m)

mama pit jayadvamm mata sBd#a My mother is subhadra (f)

mama mt subhadr

mm B#ata vjy: My brother is Vijay (m)mama bhrt vijaya

mm vsa mlka My sister is Mallika (f)mama svas mallik

mm mO| k]N: My friend is Krishna (n)mama mitra ka

mm vahn| taEyaEta My vehicle is Toyota (n)

mama vhana tyt

Note that the verb "to be" (i.e., the form "is" in English)

is not used in any of the expressions. The explicit

form of the verb As-(to be) is always implied inexpressions of this nature and in Sanskrit, as in most

languages, the personal pronoun mm has no gender.------------------------------------------------------------------

1.2 Simple expressions involving a question.

This subsection deals with expressions invoving

a question, the answers to which are similarto the expressions in section 1.1.

tv nam k| What is your name?tava nma ki

tv dEv: k: Who is your God?tava dva ka

tv dEv ka Who is your Goddess?tava dv k

tv pO: k: Who is your son?


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tava putra ka

tv pO ka Who is your daughter?

tava putr k

tv B#ata k: Who is your brother?tava bhrt ka

tv

vsa ka Who is your sister?tava svas ktv mO| k| Who is your friend?

tava mitra ki

tv vahn| k| What is your vehicle?

tava vhana ki

Observe that there are no question marks in anyof the sentences. In Sanskrit, no punctuation is

ever used. Generally, the punctuation is recog-

nized from the intonation.

Even in the interrogative form, the verb As-

(to be) is not explicitly used.

Gender becomes apparent in these sentences ascan be observed with the ending akshara of the

words i.e., k: , ka and k|.

k: is the masculine form known as

p|l: (pumliga)ka is the feminine form known as

Ol: (strliga)k|is the neuter form known as

np|skl: (napumsakaliga)

Among the words used in the sentences given

above, the following words are masculine

in gender.

ram:, SEKr:, dEv:, pO:, Sv:, maDv:,

jydEv:, vjy:, pta, B#ata


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The following are feminine words

sta, uma, pavIt, vjya, dEv, pO,BayaI, mata, vsa, pa, sBd#a, mlka

Some examples of nouns in the neuter gender are

mO|, vahnm- , nam, Dnm- , jlm- ,

kmlm- , AaBrNm-

In Sanskrit, gender is not decided by the meaning

of the word but is fixed by other considerations

such as the form of the word and its ending.

A Note on the word tv .

The form of address tv , it should be noted , ismostly used in circumstances involving persons

who enjoy a close relationship with the person

speaking the sentence. Often, the form with respect

Bvt: (m) or Bvya: (f) is used.

However, it is observed that the form tv was inregular use in earlier times and did not mean any

disrespect. In keeping with modern trends, we are

following the practice of using tv for the familiarform of address and Bvt:/Bvya: for the respectfulform. This is similar to the usage of the German

words "dein" and "ihr".

Demonstrative pronouns.

Masculine ex: He (who is nearby)s: He (who is farther away)

Feminine exa She (who is nearby)sa She (who is farther away)

Neuter ett- This

tt- That


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The use of the demonstrative pronoun will

depend on whether the speaker is refering to a

person in the immediate vicinity or someone

at a distance. Essentially, this is equivalent to

the difference between "this" and "that". In

Sanskrit this distinction applies for all the

three genders.

ex: and s: (masculine)a sa

exa and sa (feminine) s

ett- and tt- (neuter)tat tat

Let us look at some examples.

ex: kak: This (is a) crowaha kka

exa mala This (is a) garland

ml

ex: mm gj: This (is) my elephantaha mama gaja

exa mm BayaI This (is) my wife mama bhry

ett- kmlm- This (is a) lotustat kamalam

ett- tv kmlm- This (is) your lotustat tava kamalam

s: k]N: That (is) Krishnasa ka

sa k]Na That is Krishnaa (f)(Krishnaa is a feminine name)

tt- Aasnm- That (is a) seattat sanam

tt- tv Aasnm- That (is) your seat


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tat tava sanam

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1.3 Some common expressions used in

daily life.

nmtE Greeetingsnamast

sp#Batm- Good Morningsuprabhtam

k[Slm- va How do you do?kualam v

Dyvada: Thank you, Thanks

dhanyavd:

vagtm- Welcome

svgatam

DyaEm I am thankful(I am grateful)

dhanysmi

pnmIlam: See you againpunarmilma

Xytam- Please excuse mekamyatm

SBmt Best wishesubhamastu

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Glossary:

Words already seen in the sections.

dEv: - God dEv - Goddess

mOm- - friendpta - father mata - mothernam - name

pO: - son pO - daughtervahnm- - vehicle

B#ata - brother vsa - sister


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mm - myBtaI - husband BayaI- wife

Here are some more (new) words.

1. Masculine gender

nr: - man kak: - crowmyr: - peacock

vanr: - monkey Snk: - dogkr: - handgj: - elephant Acl: - mountain

majaIr:

catA: - horse

2. Feminine gender

mala - garland kTa - story

dya - mercysBa - hall Baxa - language

k]pa - sympathylta - creeper Sn - female dogvanr - female monkey

bdva - mare myr - peahenmajaIr - female cat

nar - woman

Sarda - name of a Goddesssrvt - Goddess of learning

3. Neuter gender

Bvnm- - house kmlm- - lotus

Aannm- - faceAasnm- - seat jlm- - water

Dnm- - wealth------------------------------------------------------------------


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Exercises.

1. Learn to pronounce all the words introduced in the earlier

sections. Correct pronounciation is essential for Sanskrit.

Make use of the Roman transliteration given alongside when

necessary.

Try and pronounce the following words.

gaEvd: Brt: vamn: ptkm-

camt ANa llta AbaBakr: gNt: laEk: pft:skya lm vaN gaEmt

2. Using the words intoduced in section 1.4, try

to form sentences similar to those in

sections 1.1 and 1.2.

3. Try and form sentences in Sanskrit.

This is your husband.

That is your son.

This is my lotus.That is your lotus.

This is Govinda. (m)

That is Vimalaa. (f)

Salutations, Krishna.

See you again, daughter.


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In this lesson, we formally introduce the verb As-(to be).As- denotes existence in all its variants.

Sanskrit is unique in that three forms exist for

each noun. They are singlular, plural and dual.

The third form dual is to beused when refering

to two persons at a time.

The Sanskrit names for these forms are

singular ekvcnm-kavacanam

plural bhvcnm-bahuvacanam

dual vcnm-dvivacanam

As in other languages, Sanskrit also distinguishes

sentences in first, second and third person. The

sanskrit terms for these are.

uOm px: - First Personuttama purua

mym px: - Second Personmadhyama purua

p#Tm px: - Third Personprathama purua

Let us first look at some sentences.

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This section deals with the verb As- .

Ah| AacayI: Am I am a teacheraha crya asmi

v| Sy: As You are a studenttvaiya asi (Disciple)

ex: mharaj: At He is an emperora mahrja asti

exa mharaO A

t She is a queen. mahrj asti


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Note that Sanskrit does not use the definite or

indefinite article. The translator has to introduce

the article as required.

ptk| AO At The book is herepustaka atra asti

mdr| tO At The temple is theremandira tatra asti

Let us now look at some expressions involving

vcn|or the dual form.

Aava| vW v: We (two) are doctorsvm vaidyau sva

yva| B T: You (two) are devoteesyuvm bhaktau stha

et sEvk t: They (two) are servantstau svakau sta (servant-masculine)

etE sEvkE t: They (two) are maidst svik sta (maid - feminine)

PlE AO t: Two fruits are herephal atra sta

pE tO t: Two lotuses are therepadam tatra sta

Expressions involving the plural form.

vy| calka: m: We (all) are driversvaya clakha sma

yy| packa: T you (all) are cooksyya pcakha stha

etE yvka: st They (all) are young ladst yuvakha santi

eta: yvty: st They (all) are young womentha yuvataya santi

vnan AO st Forests are here


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vanni atra santi

paOaN tO st Vessels are thereptri tatra santi

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In this section, the verb As- is used as At to denotepossession (in the sense of have)

mm pO: At I have a son ormama putra asti My son is here

mm pO t: I have (two) sons ormama putrau sta My (two) sons (are) here

mm pOa: st I have (more than 2) sonsmama putrha santi or My sons (more than 2)

are here

The above sentences can be translated in two ways

since Sanskrit does not have the definite article.

Also the same verb As- is usd in two different waysto mean "is" and "have".

The correct meaning will have to be understood from the

context. Though this may appear a bit confusing, the

student will be able to make the distinction with some

practice.

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Lesson-2 Section-3

The table given below summarizes the use of

the verb As- in different forms.

Conjugation of the verb As-

Singular Dual Plural

Ist person Am v: m:

IInd person As T: TIIIrd person At t: stIn Sanskrit, the verb will have to conform to the Person


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and Number.

The table below gives examples of the three noun forms

(in the nominative) of the nouns pO:, sEvka and Plm-


Masculine pO: pO pOa:Feminine sEvka sEvkE sEvka:Neuter Plm- PlE Plan

Each noun, will have to be remebered with respect

to its three forms, i.e., singular, Dual and Plural.

The personal pronouns also have three forms


I per. Ah| Aava| vy|I We two We

II per. v| yva| yy|You You two You(many)

Please note that the personal pronouns in First and

second person have no gender.

The personal pronouns corresponding to the possessive

case are also given in the three forms. In the first

and second person they have no gender.

I per. mm AavyaE: Amak|my our our

II per. tv yvyaE: ymak|your your(two) your

The Demonstrative pronouns have three forms too.



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Mas. ex: et etEhe these two these

s: t tEFem. exa etE eta:

she these two these (many)

sa tE ta:Neut. ett- etE etanthis these two these

tt- tE tan--------------------------------------------------------------------

Exercises for lesson 2.

Exercise-1

Here are some examples of questions and answers

relating to this lesson.

Q. k| ett- tv ptk| Is this your book ?

A. Aa| ett- mm ptk| yes, it is my book.

Q. k| ex: tv B#ata Is he your brother ?

A. n ex: mm B#ata nat No, he is not my brother.

Now, try and answer the questions given below.

The answer may be in the affirmative or negative.

The type of answer required is also indicated.

1. k| sa tv vsa Aa|_______________________

2. k| exa tv BayaI n _______________________

3. k| tt- tv vahnm- n _______________________

4. k| ex: tv g: Aa|______________________

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Lesson-2

Exercise-2


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Fill in the blanks with the appropriate singular,

plural or dual form of the noun. Study the example

given before proceeding further. We are introducing

numbers as well.

Example:

AO p

tk| A

t tO

E p

tkE

t: E- twoQuestions:

1. AO pO: At tO Oy: _____ st(Oy: -three)

2. AO sEvka At tO cta#y: ____ st(cta#y: - four)

3. AO yvt At tO sO _______ st(sO - seven)4. AO yvk: At tO A_______ st

(A- eight)5. AO Pl| At tO E ________ t:-------------------------------------------------------------------

Lesson-2

Exercise-3

Fill up the blanks with appropriate demonstrative

pronouns. An example is given first.

tO gh| At tt- mm gh|----

1. tO pta At ______ mm pta2. tO nar At ______ tv mata

(nar - lady)3. ett- Pl| ________ mm Pl|4. AO px: At _______ mm pta5. AO lEKn At _______ tv lEKn

(lEKn - pen)

Please remember the distinction made earlier

between s: and ex:


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Lesson-2

Exercise-4

Fill in the blanks With the appropriate form of the noun

and the verb As . An example sentence is given.

kt Ay: st dS Ay: st -----

1. kt syaI: st ek: ________________

2. kt tara: st bhv: ________________(bhv: - many)

3. ek htE kt Ay: st p _____________

4. kt nynan st E___________________

nynm--eye declines like Plm- 5. kt kNI: st __________________

kNI: - ear (masculine) declines like pO:

6. Ay kt pada: st Ay cvar: __________

7. kayaIny kt c@aN st cvar ____________

8. bWsWkl yany kt c@aN st E___________

9. kt vNa: st E ___________________--------------------------------------------------------------------

Lesson-2

Exercise-5

Fill up the blanks with the appropriate form ofAs-.Example.

Ah| BartE Am s: AmErkaya| At

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Ah| nEpalE Am t paktanEt:

1. Ah| nEpalE Am tE BartE _______ (Dual)2. nyagra AmErkaya| At

kkOa ev| mdqras- BartE__________

3. Ah| k]x: Am tE k]xa: ___________k]x: - thin and lean, declines like pO:4. Ah| ut: Am ta: _________

5. Aam# Pl|Tl| At Aam# Plan __________--------------------------------------------------------------------

Lesson-2

Exercise-6Form questions as shown in the example.

ett- mm Dn| ett- k| tv Dnm- ----

1. ett- AavyaE: Dn| ett- k|______ Dnm-2. ett- Asmak| Dn| ett- k|______ Dnm-3. ett- mm p| etE k| ______ pE

4. ett- mm kayaIn| etE k| ______ kayaInEkayaInm-- Motor vehicle , declines like Pl|

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Lesson-2

Sanskrit Numerals.

We have used numbers in the sentences seen

earlier. The names given to the ten numerals are givenbelow. Devanagari has its own symbols for the

numerals and these are also shown alongside.

Please note that number 1 will apply only to

ekvcnm-while 2 will apply to vcnm-. The firstfour numbers alone have variations depending on the

gender. The remaining six have the same form for all

the three genders.


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Table of Numerals.

N0. Name Sym. Masc. Fem. Neut.

1 ek 1 ek: eka ek|2 2 E E3 O 3 Oy: ta#: ON

4 ctrq 4 cvar: cta#: cvar5 pn- 5 p p p6 xzq 6 xzq xzq xzq7 sOn- 7 sO sO sO8 An- 8 A A A9 nvn- 9 nv nv nv10

dS 10 dS dS dS--------------------------------------------------------------------

Let us look at an example. The word g(in English, cow) may have many distortions

such as

k (cow) , k[(kuh) , y(gyu) etc..Panini further gives the sutra sE SdaTIsbDEwhich is interpreted by the Bhashyakaras to mean

the eternal connection between sound and its

meaning. The "Darshana Shastras" place specific

emphasis on this eternal connection between a

word and its meaning. What the Samskritarians

have proceeded on is the conviction that the

Vedic language is the universal and natural

language. There is no place for any other

language in this scheme!--------------------------------------------------------------------

Lesson-2: Summary

In this lesson, we have seen the use of the verb

As-(to be). We have observed that in Sanskritthere are three numbers, namely Singular, Dual

and Plural. The Dual form is unique to Sanskritthough one does encounter the dual form in

Arabic and Avestan.


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when we use a noun, we must know in which of

the three numbers we must use it. In a later

lesson, when we study cases, we will see that every

noun will have a form for each of the eight cases

that a noun can be used in. With three numbers

and eight cases, there will be 24 forms for each

noun. Dont be alarmed. The forms are easily

remembered.

Each verb will be remembered in nine forms,

three forms each (singular, dual and plural) for

first person, second person and third person.

The personal pronouns I and you do not have any

gender. There are three forms for each of the

demonstrative pronouns he, she and this.


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This lesson deals with elementary conversation.

Here, we introduce a family of four. A couple and their

two children. The elder of the children is the son.

The father is nl and the mother dmyt

The son is DmIand his younger sister is ymna

The conversations take place during the day.

p#at: - It is early morning

dmyt - hE DmI jagh, ymna| jagry .

Oh Dharma! wake up, wake Yamuna up.idan| p#at: xzqvadnm- .It is now six oclock in the morning.

hE DmI SG#| uO , ymna| uTapy .Oh Dharma! get up quickly, (and) wake

Yamuna up.

A few minutes later:

dmyt - dtDavn| k]t| va ?Have you brushed your teeth ?

DmI: - dtPEnk| k[O At ?Where is the toothpaste ?

dmyt-

vk[,

ymnaya: dtk\cI| yC .Here, take this, give Yamuna the toothbrush

dmyt - yva| Xr| pbt| .You (both) drink your milk.

nl: - ymnE, py dnpOka Aagta va ?Yamuna, see if the Newspaper has been

delivered. ( The literal meaning of the sentenceis Yamuna, see if the Newspaper has come)

A little later:


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dmyt - ekWk| a"an| k[ .One by one, take bath.

DmI: - ymnE AagC . p#at: p#aTIna| k[vI: .Come, Yamuna. Let us offer our morning

prayers. (Again, one should note the correct

translation here and not do a literal

translation of the words.)

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Lesson-3 part-2

Antr| - Afterwards:

dmyt - svI AagCt, upahar: sj:.Come, all of you. Breakfast has been set.

nl: - A upaharE k| k]tvt ?What have you made for breakfast ?

dmyt - daEsa ev| sabarq .

Dosa and sambar.

DmI: - daEsa Atv ckr At .Dosa is very tasty (delicious)

ymna - mat: itaE{p kt- ADk| sabarq By:.Mother, give me some more sambar.

(Please note the informal request. This

is the usual manner in which one requests

for additional serving. The formal

"may I have some more sambar" is never

used in Indian homes.)

DmI: - klaSalaya| vSExkya At .At: vrE SG#| gCam .

I have a special class in the college (so)I am hurrying.

nl: - savDanEn vahn| caly .


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Drive the vehicle carefully.

(essentially, drive carefully)

dmyt - Bvan- ymna| laEkyan| yavt- nyt .Please, take (lead) Yamuna to the school

bus. (this is addressed to Nala).

Observe that dmyt uses Bvan-whileaddresing nl:. This is common practicein India.

dmyt - ymnE BaEjn| nt| va ?Yamuna, have you taken your lunch (pack)

nl: - dmyt , say| vlbEn AagCEy| .kayaIlyE mEln| At .pnmIlam: .Damayanthi, I will be late in the evening.

There is a meeting in the office.

See you.

dmyt - pnmIlam:See you.

itaE{p - there is a new letter in this word {.This is not an akshara that is part of the

language. It is known as the "avagraha" . Its

use will be discussed in a later lesson but

here it suffices to say that a very short Awill be pronounced between

taEand

p.

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Lesson-3 Part-3

ApraE - Afternoon

ymna - hE mat: ! py kt Aa: p#aOa: .gNtE AhmEv p#Tma .

Mother! see how many marks I have got.In Maths, I am the first.


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dmyt - Aa SaEBnm- .Oh, good!

saym- kalE - In the evening

DmI: - mat: A klaSalaya| vSExkya Aast- .

jmInt: p#ayapk: kt- Aagtvan- .rsaynE vSExBaxN| k]tvan- .Mother, today we had a special lecture in

college. A professor from Germany came.

He lectured on chemistry.

pta k[O ? idan| Ap n Aagtvan- va ?

Where is father ? Isnt he home yet ?(literally, has he not come home yet ?)

dmyt - n, kt- vlbEn Aagmyt .kayaIlyE mEln| At .No, he will be a little late. There is

a meeting in the office.

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Lesson-3 Part-4

Antrm- - Laterymna - mat: pta Aagtvan- .

Mother, Father is back.

(literally, Father has come (back))

nl: - Atv ataEm .

uNjl| Aany , a"an| kraEm .PEnk| k[O ?(I am) very tired.

Bring warm water. I will take bath.

Where is te soap?

raO: - Nightdmyt - svI AagCt, BaEjn|vkrvam .

Come all. Let us have our dinner.

DmI: - k| k| BaEjnay ?What is for dinner ?


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dmyt - AaEdn|, sp: c At .dD At , Sak: At .Cooked rice, lentils, vegetables and curds.

Antrm- Later

DmI: , ymna - SBraO:Good night.

nl: , dmyt- SBraO:Good night.

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Lesson-3 Grammar

We now look at some points related to grammar.

We have already seen the conjugation of the verb

At in all its present tense forms in the previouslesson.

Aast-is the past tense for As-in the third person,singular form. Past tense itself will be discussedin a future lesson.

There is a verb introduced in this lesson which starts

with the vowel Aa , AagCt. For many verbs, theaddition of Aa as a prefix results in the actiontaking place in the reverse direction.

gCt - goes AagCt - comes or returns.The verb gCt is traced to the roots gm-and gCq.

Here are some more examples.

nyt (takes) Aanyt (brings)ddat (gives) Aaddat (receives)

yat (goes) Aayat (comes)hrt (takes away) Aahrt (brings back)------------------------------------------------------------------


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Lesson 3 - Imperative form.

The following words, used in the lesson are in the

imperative.

jagh( jagry) uO ( uTapy )

vk[ yC ddat pbt| nytHere jagry and uTapy are in the causal form.Barring the word jagh(from the root word jag-to wake up) all the above verbs are similar to the

form given in the table below for the verb

ny (from the root n, ny) .

Sing. Dual Plural

person nyan nyav nyamII person ny nyt| nytIII person nyt nyta| nyt

The verb jagis also conjugated like the above in allpersons except in second person singular where it is

jagh.

The form jagry arises in the causative form of the verbjag. There is no equivalent in English for this form ofthe verb, but it may be explained as

jagh - to wake up

jagry - to wake someone up.

The imperative form of the causative is also conjugated

similar to ny in the above table.------------------------------------------------------------------

Lesson-3

Formation of simple sentences.

In a simple sentence , there are three parts. They are,


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Subject - The part which names the person or thing

we are talking about.

Verb - The part that tells us something about

the person or thing, such as what the person

is doing.

Object - The person or thing that the actionspecified by the verb relates to.

In a simple sentence in English, the verb and the object

together form the predicate. Also in English, the object

almost always follows the verb.

In Sanskrit, the verb usually comes at the end.

Let us look at

bal: valy| gCt The boy goes to schoolbal: - (the) boy (subject)valy|- (to) school (object)gCt - goes (verb)

Examine the table below which has the words

Ah| and v|with the associated verbsgCam , pZam , gCs and pZs .A number of words which qualify as the object for

a simple sentence are also given. You can try and

form sentences by selecting suitable combinations

of the subject, object and verb.

subject object verb

. Baxa| .

. dEvaly| .Ah| . kayaIly| . gCam

. gh| . pZam

. AapN| . gCsv| . mO| . pZs

. pO| .

. ptk| .


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Look up the meanings of the words in the glossary

attached to this lesson. You will observe that arbitrary

combinations of the above will not make sense!

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Here is a simple chart to let you frame simple

questions. In the middle ring of the chart,

you will findseveral indeclinable words.

The verb used in all these cases

is gCt .1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

. .

. CaO: bal: jnk: Bvan- .

. .. .. . kmt k| kda . .

. ex: . .. . s: .

. . . . . .

. . . gCt . . .

. sa . .. . exa .

. . kmTI| k[t: k[O kT| . .

. .. .

. .

. jnn bala AacayI: Bvt .

..

Select a word each from the outer ring and the

middle ring and add the verb gCt .You will have a question.

Examlple: Bvan- kda gCt ?bal: k[O gCt ? etc..

------------------------------------------------------------------

Lesson 3 - Exercises.

Ex.1 Understand the following sentences.

klaSalaya| ek| dnm- .


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Ah| AO upvSam . v| AO upvSs .1 Ah| cO| pyam . v| cO| _________ .2 Ah| pO| lKam . v| pO| _________ .3 Ah| s|k]t| pZam. v| s|k]t|________ .

4 Ah| gan| gayam . v| gan| ________ .5 Ah| s|k]t| vdam. v| s|k]t| _______ .6 Ah| dEv| nmam . v| dEv| ________ .7 Ah| kml| nyam. v| kml| ________ .8 Ah| Dn| ddam . v| Dn| _________ .

Filling in the correct form is easy if we remember

the changes required in the ending of the verbfrom first person singular to second person

singular. The rule is .........(Aa)m changes to.........s .------------------------------------------------------------------

Lesson 3 - Ex.5

Change the following sentences from third person dual to

first person dual. Look at the example.

t valy| gCt: . Aava| valy| gCav: .1 yva| dordSIn| pyT:. Aava| dordSIn| _______ .2 ram AO vst: . Aava| AO ________ .3 bal Pl| Kadt: . Aava| Pl| _________ .4 majaIr AO @ft: . Aava| AO _______ .5 gj mdrE tt: . Aava| mdrE _______ .6 t s|k]t| vdt: . Aava| s|k]t: ______ .7 tE(f) s|k]t| pZt: . Aava| s|k]t| _____ .8 tE(n) tO tt: . Aava| tO _______ .9 t dEv| nmt: . Aava| dEv| _______ .

10 bal ptk| pZt: . Aava| ptk| _______ .

The required words will be found in the following list.


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1 vrt:-Sound (pitch)2 kal- Time3Tan- Place4 p#yn- effort5 Anp#danm-- External effort. i.e., by the

organs of the mouth, the glotis, lips etc..

------------------------------------------------------------------

The eight places are

1 ur: chest2 kZ - neck3 Sr: - head

4 jmlm-- origin of the tongue5 dtm- - teeth6 nask nasal7 AaE - lips8 tal - palatte

------------------------------------------------------------------

Aa - marks (awarded)ADkm- - moreAtmEt - sets, Atmn-- the process of settingAapNm- - pilgrimageiIS: - lord (usually god)upvS - sit downupahar: - breakfast

uNjlm- - warm waterekWkm- - one by onekTa - storyklaSala - university, usually means a college within a universitykya - lecturekayaIlym- - place of workkt- - a littlek\cIm- - Brush (a short stick with bristles)k]t - done k]tvt - (f)@f - to play


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@faNm- - playgroundgay - singclcOm- - moviecal - to drive ( a vehicle)t - to stand

dtDavn| - cleaning of the teeth or dental cleaningdnpOka - Daily (Newspaper)dordSInm- - televisiondaEsa - A well known breakfast dish in India.Davt - moves fastnm - worshipnd#a - sleep

nt - to take with oneselfpy - seeppm- - flowerptkalym- - library (a place for (reading) books)p#ayapk: - professorp#aO: - to get or receivep#aTInam- - prayersPEnk| - pastebalka - little girlB: - devoteeBaEjnm- - meals (roughly, food)mElnm- - meetingyC - give

lK - writelaEkyanm- - a peoples vehicle (in this context, a schoolbus)vd - sayvst - live (plural)vOm- - cloth that one wearsvanrm- - monkeyvalym- - school (a place for (receiving) education)

vSEx - specialSaEBnm- - good! (not in the sense of an adjective)at: - to feel tired


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sj: - readysmd#trm- - beach (sea shore)sabarq - A liquid dish that goes well with ricesavDan: - slow and with caresyI: - the Sun

sEvk: - man servanta"anm- - bathvsa - sistervk[ - Take this (or accept this)Xrm- - milk


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Lesson-4 Part-1

rv: saEm: c . Ravi and Soman.This lesson continues in the same style as lesson-3.

The student is introduced to new words and

expressions through a conversation between two

friends.

Ravi, and Soman are in conversation. They are

old schoolmates meeting in their home town

Madras, after a span of a year. Ravi had continued

school in Madras while Soman had gone to a

school in Srinagar, a city in the state of Jammu

and Kashmir, in the northern part of India.

rv:- saEm, idan| v| k[O vss ?Soma, where are you staying these days (now) ?

saEm:- Ah|ngrE vsam , kEd#yvalyE pZam .I am staying in Sringar and studying at

the Central School in Srinagar.

rv:- Aa , ngrE pZs. tt- t kamrp#dESEAt kl ?Atv sndr| ev| Kl?Oh! You are studying in Srinagr. Isnt it in thestate of Kashmir? Very beautiful isnt it?

saEm:- Aa|, Atv sdr| Bvt , vSExEN vstkalE.yO yO pys , tO tO ppaN vkstanst .Yes, it is very beautiful, especially in Spring.

Wherever you look, the flowers blossm forth.

rv:- AO t svIda g#m ev . ngrE g#mkal:kT| Bvt ?Here of course it always summer. How is it in

Srinagar in Summer ?

saEm:- g#mE Ap vat: ht: At .Even in Summer it is (the air is) pleasant.

g#

mkalE hmalyE hm: d#vt,

tEn n:jlEn pNaI: Bvt .In summer, the snow melts in the Himalayas,

so the rivers are full with water.


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(literally, the rivers get full with water.)

vy| nmIl| jl| pbam: .We drink pure water.

prt tO ADk| n vxIt .But it does not rain much there.

rv:- md#as- ngrE ADk| vxIt .It rains a lot in Madras.kdact- AyDk| vxIt .Sometimes it rains very much.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Lesson-4 Part-2

saEm:- SrkalE hmalyy sdyI| AvyIm- .During Autumn, the beauty of the Himalyas

cannot be described (is beyond description)

vSExEN pNImaraOx .Especially on Full-moon nights.

pNIcd#: yda hmalySKraN vEnStkrNEn p#kaSyt ,tda ty sdyI| Acym- .when the full moon illuminates the Himalayan

peaks with her cool rays, the beauty is

unimaginable.

hmalySKrE dl-tzakE c ty p#tbb:Amak| dy| Aaadyt .Her reflection from the Himalayan peaks and the

Dal lake, fill our hearts with joy (pleasure)

tdan| svIO sEyvXa: PlpNaI: st .There everywhere, the apple trees are full of apples.

kamrsEyPl| Atckr| p#s| c .Kashmir apples are very tasty and famous.

rv- k| kamrE svIda prTt: hta va ?Is the weather in Kashmir always pleasant ?

saEm:- n, hEmtE SSrE c Atv St| Bvt ev .No, during winter it is extremly cold.

tdan| hm| ptt At: gmnagmn| k| Bvt .


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Then there is snowfall and so movement becomes

difficult.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Lesson-4 Part-3

rv:- pr| hEmtE ev| SSrE md#as- ngrE sKda

Bvt .(But) during winter it is very pleasant in Madras.

nkEvl| sKay kt kNaIzk sty kal: Ap.Not only pleasant (to stay) but also it is the time

for classical music.

p#sa: gayka: ntIkady c tO tO gayt,nyt ev|vv p#avy| p#dSIyt .

Famous singers as well as artists (dancers etc.)sing, dance and display their talents here and there.

vxaIkalE tO kS| Bvt ?How is it there during the rainy season ?

saEm: vxaIkalE p#ay: n vxIt iv .prt tdan| ek| ApvI| y| kamrE Bvt .(it is) almost like no rain during the rainy season.

But at that time there is a rare sight in Kashmir.

ngrat- p#aya| nat dorE phga| ngry smpEhml| ek| At .Not far away from Srinagar eastwards, near the

city of Pahalgaon there is a lingam formed of

snow (Lingam - the image of Lord Shiva as

worshipped in India)

rv- ev| va ? phga|t: kyt- dor| At ?tO kT| gCEm ? k: vsEx: ?Is it so ? How far is Pahalgaon ?

How to go (reach) there ? What is special ?

saEm:- phl-g#amat- 25 klaEmzrq dorE At .yE S;[vt tE padaya| pvIt| AaraEht .

ATva AEn gCt .Pahalgaon is 25 KM (from Srinagar).Those who can, climb the mountain (by foot).

If not (otherwise) they go on horseback.


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pvIty upr ghaya| hmEn jat| l| At .ty AmrnaT: it nam .On top of the mountain, there is a lingam

formed of snow. It is known as "Amarnath"

( its name is Amarnath)

rv:- tt- At bht- va ?Is it very big ?

saEm:- avNmasE pNIma pyIt| ly vDIn| Bvt .tt: pr| as: Bvt .tt- t kEvl|avNmasE ev d#| SytE .During the month of Sravana (July-Aug.) till the

full moon day, the lingam increases in size.

Thereafter the formation shrinks (decreases in size)Viewing it (the lingam) is possible only during the

Sravana month (July - August).

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Lesson - 4. Points relating to Grammar.

Let us examine some of the expressions

introduced in this lesson. These are often

heard during conversations and are foundin written Sanskrit as well.

1. yda _________ tdaThis expression is used when one wants to say that

something happens and simultaneously a related event

occurs as well. In english we may see an equivalent.

When the sun rises, darkness vanishes.

yda syI: udEt , tda tm: ApgCt .

Here is another example.

yda hmpat: ADk: Bvt ,

tda gmnagmn| ktr| Bvt .When there is heavy snowfall, then movement

becomes more difficult.


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This expression may also be used in the negative.

yda Atv: Bvt , tda vmany AvtrN| n Bvt .When it rains heavily, then the plane does not land.

(Literally, the landing of the place does not take place)

2. n kEvl|_______ kt_______ Ap or c

Not only __________ but also.

n kEvl| s|k]t| pratn| kt AaDnk| Ap .Not only is Sanskrit an old language but a modern

one too.

3. yavt-_________ tavt-so much _________ as required.

yavt- Dn| Aavyk|, tavt- Dn| ny .Take as much money as required.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Lesson-4 Grammar:2

4. yO ___ tO and yO yO _____ tO tOWhere _____ there and wherever____ there all.

yO Dm: At , tO Ag": At .Where there is smoke, there is fire.

yO yO sy| At , tO tO jy: At .Wherever there is truth, there is victory.

5. y: ______ s: one who _______ is

ya ________ sa one who _______ is

yt-_______ tt- that which ______ is

y: dGIbah: s: ram: .One who has long arms is Rama.


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ya sdr sa sta .One who is beautiful is Sita.

yt- sy| tt- pym- .That which is true is good (beneficial)

6. Use of conjunctions: c - and

hEmtE SSrE cin hEmt and SSr

Note that the conjunction c is used at the endof the last noun in the sentence.

ram: , kESv: , hr: c vn| gCt .Rama , Kesava and Hari are going to the forest.

c is also used in the following manner.

ram: c kESv: c hr: c vn| gCt .

Rama and Kesava and Hari are going to the forest.This usage is not common however.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

lesson-4 Grammar:3

7. Bvt ev -

This expression cannot be translated into English

easily or even literally. The word ev here adds somesort of emphasis to the sentence. This expression isused by Soma to contradict Ravis statement (question)

about the weather being aways pleasant in Kashmir.

8. ev -

ev usually means "only"

s: Pl| ev Kadt . - He eats only fruits.


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klaSala smpE ev At .The college is nearby (only)

9. At: - Therefore

This word is used in the sense of therefore.

mm vr: At , At: klaSala| n gCam .I have fever, therfore (so) I am not going to college.

Often in India people say " I have fever " though one

should probably say "I am running temperature"

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Directions and Positions.

uOra or udc north

|

Aag"EyaE | eSan

. | .. | .

. | .

pma or ..............|................. pvaIor p#acp#tc west . | . east

. | .

. | .

nWrqt | vavya |south

dXNa or yayadSa: cta#: . p#at: syI pyn- t .tv prt: p#ac dSa .

tv dXNE dXNa dSa .tv pE p#tc dSa .tv vamE udc dSa .


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-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Relative Positions.

UvI Bag:

upr above| . pt:| . at the back

| .

_______ .

dXNEright || . ||------------|| . ||-------------- vam: Bag:

dXN: Bag: . . || || vamE left. _______

. |

. |

prt: in front |praE Bag: below AD:

ADaE Bag:

These positions are given relative for a person in front

of you and looking at you. We have tried to give an impression

of depth through the dotted line in the picture. Please view

the picture as a representation of positions in three

dimensions.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Lesson-4

Ayy - indeclinables.

The word Ayy is derived from the rootv + i and Ayy means that which is notliable to change or that which retains its form

in all positions.

It is easy to form sentences with Ayyas was seen from the small exercise given in lesson 3.


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Ap - alsosda - alwayssvIda - at all timestO - there

AO - heresvIO - everywherep#at: - in the morningsay|- in the eveningsay|p#at: - In the morning and eveningp#tdn - dailytt: - later , then

AT - laterAt: - thereforeyt: - becauseAt: ev - only becauseva - orATva - else / orkTmp - somehowkdap - sometimeprm- - butkt- butprt- butA - todayADna - now

iv - likeev - onlyucW: - above , loudevm-- thuscrm-- for a long timep#ay: - mostlyn: - again

rt: - earlier, beforeSnW: - slowlysykq- well


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13 pvItyaEpr ghaya| k| At ?

14 ty ly k| nam ?-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Lesson -4 Exercise 2.

Fill up the blanks with appropriate indeclinables.

Example: nr: _______ ________ ______ pZt .

nr: p#tdn| p#at: ucW: pZt .

Please note that more than one word will be required

but there are choices. Based on the meaning of the

indeclinable, select the appropriate combination

for each sentence.

1 Ah| _______ _______ ______ iznIzq pyam .

2 s: s|k]t|_____ iCs , ____ ___ s|k]t| pZt .

3 vahn|____ ____ gCt , ____ _____ p#ap"aEm .

4 magI___ ___ ___ hm| ptt , ___ vahn| n gCt .

The indeclinables which will fit the above properly are

to be selected fro the following list.

sda , p#tdn|, p#at: , cr|, sykq, At: , svIda ,

ADna , s: , Aa , SG#|, svIO

Exercise - 3

Fill up the blanks selecting suitable words from


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sda , svIda , tO , AO , svIO , k[O , kda

Example: nr: sda Dmpan| kraEt . ----

SS: svIda raEdn| kraEt . -----

1 mata ________ dordSIn| pyt .

2 ngrE______ Atv SWy| At .

3 A:_______

tO t

t .

4 _________ sjn: At .

5 AakaSE ________ mEGa: st .

6 vataIpOka|_________ Aanyt .

7 mm lEKn _______ At .

8 bal: _______ @ft .

9 __________ dorE nd At .

10 __________ ghE dp: vlt .

You should first understand the sentences and from the

context select the required indeclinables. The meanings

of all the different words are either known to you already

from earlier lessons or may be looked up in the glossary.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------


Fill up the blanks by selecting words from the list below.


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Aa|, uxa ______ vNa| vadyt .

Exercise 8.

Use the following words in appropriate places.

prt: - in front of pt: - at the back

dXNt: - at the right vamt: - at right

upr - above or at the topA: - below or at the bottom

Example: p#at: mm prt: syI: . -----

1 ________ mm mO| upvSt .

2 ________ mm pO: .

3 p#at: mm _______ syI: udEt ,pt: cd#: AtmEt .

4 mm _____ mEGa: .

5 vXy ______ tam .

Now you should try and form more sentences with

additional words. Your vocabulary would have

improved considerably in going through this lesson.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Lesson - 4. Forming sentences with indeclinables.

The table below can provide many sentences.

Choose a subject, the corresponding verb( on the same line as the subject) and an

indeclinable. You will be able to make many sentences.


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subject indeclinable verb

ram: gCtppm- vkstCaOa: p#at: pZtgj: ADna ttAava| tO pZav:A AO Davt:tE vdt

Exercise 9.

Here are many sentences that require the

use ofyda --- tda .

Example: yda raEg: Bvt , tda AxD|vkraEm .

1 _____ syI: udEt , ______ kml| vkst .

2 ___ v: n Bvt , _____ Ah| bh: gCam .

3 ___ Ah| p#at: uOam , ___ dtDavn| kraEm .

4 _____ ppasa Bvt , _____ jl| pbam .

5 _____ bBXa n Bvt , ____ BXN| n Kadam .

6 _____ kayaIlyE kayI| nat ,____ Ah| SG#| gh| AagCam .

7 ____ syI: AtmEt , _____ ADkar: .

8 ____ mEG: nat , _____ v: nat .-------------------------------------------------------------------------


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______ s|k]t Baxamp pZam .

4 ______ vahn| ntn| Bvt , ______ sdr| Ap .

5 ______ Ah| AaEdn| Kadam ,

______ Plan Ap Kadam .-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Lesson -4 Chart.

Here is a chart containing nouns, a verb and many

indeclinables. By selecting a noun and an indeclinable,

you can form a short sentence with the verb.

Try and form as many sentences as you can.

If you have a liking for mathematical work, try and

figure out how many different sentences you can

make and how many of them will correctly convey

a meaning.

__________________________________________________

| s: sa ex: exa CaO: || |___________________________________| |

| nr: | | || | sda tO AO svIda | || bal: | | bala || |p#at: | | ADna | || pO: | |pZt | | || |say| | | p#tdn| | || | | | | pO || | ucW: ncW: A: s: | || | cr| pn: sykq ev| | || |___________________________________| |

| |

| maDv: uma ||__________________________________________________|

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Lesson - 4. Glossary


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The seasons:

hEmt: - (m) winter with snowSrt- - (m) wintervst: - (m) spring

g#m: - (m) summervxaI: - (f) rainy seasonSSr: - (m) dry cold season

SSr: is not experienced in most parts of India.

Each season lasts between 55 and 65 days.

According to the ancient texts, the duration ofeach season is fixed at a specific value in the

range given above. The seasons Spring, Summer

and winter generally fall within the corresponding

ones observed in the west

The words give below are in the order in which

they are seen in the text of the lesson.

hmaly: (m) - The Himalayan mountains hmm- (n) - snow sdrm- (n) - beautiful kEd#y (m) adj. - central kEd#yvaly: (m) - central school

(a common system of schools run by the

Indian Givernment all over the country.)

valy: (m) - school pNIm-(n) - full pNIcd#: (m) - full moon vkstan (n) - in full bloom. nd (f) - river ht: (m) - comfortable (also convenient) nmIlm-(n) adj. - pure ADkm-(n) adj. - much vat: (m) - wind (air)


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AvyIm-(n) - beyond description pNImaraO - full moon night (during) SKraN - peaks Acym-(n) - unimaginable ty - its (this refers to case)

p#tbb: (m) - reflection hmalySKrE- upon the Himalayan peaks dym-(n) - heart sEyvXa: (m) - apple trees PlpNIm-(m) - full of fruits

(this word comes under the second case)

sEyPlm-(n) - Apple

Atckrm-(n) - very tasty p#sm-(n) - famous gmnagmnm-(n) - to and fro movement sKda (m) - comfortable p#avym-(n) - talent, expertise dl-tzakat-(case) - from the Dal lake prTt: (f) - climate (though it really

refers to the atmospheric condition)

SWym-(n) - chillness StkrNEn - with her (cool) rays p#dES: - term used to refer to an area

of a country or place.

dES: - country d#vt - melts vxIt - rains ptt - falls p#kaSyt - shines

(the last four words are verbs. They are in

third person singular and in present tense)

p#dSIyt - perform (exhibit).Verb in present tense, plural.

st - are Bvt - become or are gayt - sing (plural, third person)


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Given below are some indeclinables. More

indeclinables may be found in the section on

indeclinables.

Indeclinables remain the same (i.e., do not change)

with gender and number. Hence they can be easily

used in sentences and remembered as well.

Atv - very yO yO - wherever tO tO - there all

(the two are always use together)

vSExEN - specially svIda - always AO - here ev - adds stress to the subject as in the

use of "too"

t- but however tis not usedin the beginning of a sentence.

prt- but kdact-- sometimes AyDkm-- very much yda -when tda - then

the two are always used together

i.e., tda always follows yda . idanm-- now At: - so, therefore tdanm-- then (usually refers to the time

of occurrence of a particular event)

n kEvlm-- not only kt- but also(in using the above two the word Ap c

is used at the end of the sentence)

Ap - also c - and p#ay: - almost iv - like ATva - alternatively it - so kEvlm-- only tt: prm-- thereafter


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-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Lesson-4 Expressing Numbers.

We have already discussed in an earlier lesson

(lesson-2) one uses numbers from one to

nine. In this lesson we will see how one would

handle larger numbers. First we introduce Zero,the number whose use from very early periods is

credited to India.

Zero is known as Sym- in Sanskrit.

In expressing any number which includes

zeros in any of its digits, the word Sym-is used to refer to that digit.

Thus one can, in principle say a number by just

expressing the digits making up the number,

much the same way one would do with

telephone numbers.

So 43695 may be expressed as

cvar ON xzq nv pIn proper usage of Sanskrit, numbers are

expressed in a somewhat different manner.

,he lower order digits are expressed firstd

and then the higher order ones. For example,

125 will be expressed as pv|St ADk ek Stm- .Literally five and twenty above hundred

is the translation.

This system is followed for all numbers above 100.

When we were preparing this note it was still 1997.

we had planned to say

Anvt ADk nv St ADk ek sha# vxI

SB kamna: .Simply, it was to be "good wishes for 1998"


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Though it is past Jan.1 1998, the good wishes

continue.

ADk means more than.

The list below gives the Sanskrit equivalents for

numbers between 0 and 50.


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LESSON 5

zam- hr: c Lesson 5 continues in the same format as thetwo previous lessons, in the form of a conversation.

The conversation here relates to different aspects

of daily routines and will introduce the student tonew words.

Much of the conversation continues to be

simple, most of it being in the present tense.

Some expressions of common use are introduced

and these will help the student form short sentences

to convey simple ideas. This will constitute the

very first step towards speaking Sanskrit.

zam-(Tom) and hr: (Hari) are friends. They havestudied together in the U.S. hr: has returned hometo India and zam-visits him.

zam- - hlaE ett- k|4931129 ?vN ifzs- va ?Hello, is this 4931129 ?Is it Vishnu Industries ?

dorvaN calka - Aam-(Telephone Operator) - Yes

zam- - tO hr: At va ?Is Hari there ?

(literally, is Hari in there ? )

do ca - Aam- ddam .Literally ddam means I will give.What is meant is, I will connect him to you.

What the Operator says she will give is

the connection.

zam- - hE hrE! mam-mrs va ?Hey Hari ! Do you remember me ?

hr: - ArE k: zam-? k[t: ? yyakI t: ?Hey, who ? Tom ? Where from ? New York ?zam- - n Av cEW t: .


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No, here only, at Chennai.

dn| yavt- yaparaTI| AagtaE{m .I have come down for business.

(On a business trip)

hr: - k[O tE vas: ?Where are you (put up) staying ?

zam- - haEzEl- caELa, p#kaEs|yapv|SyDk OStm-(325)Hotel Chola, Room Number 325

hr: - A smy: At va ?Do you have time today ?

zam- - Aam-, ApraE tv kayaIly| AagCam .Yes, I will come down to your

office later (in the day)-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Lesson-5 Part: 2

kayaIlyE (In the Office)

zam- - nmtE mm nam zam- .

hr| d#m- AagtaE{m .Greetings, my name is Tom. I have

come to see Hari.

do ca - nmtE, hr: Bvt| p#tXtE .Greetings, Hari is expecting you

dXNt: gva p#ayam- p#Tm| p#kaEm- .(Go) South and the first room on the East.

zam- - hr:hr: - zam-, AagC, AagC, upvS .

craytE dSIn|, km- pbs ?kaP| ATva cay||?Tom, come, come, sit down. Hevent seen

you in a long time (Long time, no see !)

What will you drink, coffee or tea ?

zam- - n kmp .Nothing (Basically, No Thanks)

hr: - k[Sln va sarhq?


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Is Sarah well ?

bl- pvxIy: yat- Kl?Bill should be (must be) five years old, no ?

zam- - Aa|, svI k[Sln: .Yes, all are well.

bl- paZSala| gCt .Bill goes to school.

ka tE kTa ? k| tE vOm-?What about you ?

(literally, what is your story ?)

hr: - Ah| ADnap Avvaht: .I am still a bachelor.

At, yOk[Oap gCav: .Alright, let us go somewhere.

AalpnaTIm- bh At .There is much to talk.

smd#tr| gCav: .(let us) go to the beach.

tO gva s|BaxN| k[vI: .

Reaching there we shall chat.

smd#trE - At the beach

hr: - AO valkaya| upvSav: .(let us) sit here on the sands.

zam- - mrs va Amak| myam

smd#tz dSInm-?Do you remember our visit to Miami Beach ?(literally, our sight of Miami Beach)

Ah| cEW smd#tz| rytr| myE .I think Chennai beach is more beautiful.

hr: - BartE t cEW smd#tz| ev rytm|it yatm- .

It is well known that Chennai beach is the

most beautiful in India.

zam- - py, tra: vElamEy p#tgCt .Look, the waves reach the shore and return.


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py, bdqbda: trEx nyt .Look, the bubbles dance in the waves.

hr: - zam- syaIdy: AO mnaEhr: At: dSIny: .Tom, sunrise here is very beautiful, therefore

worth seeing.

gh| gCav: . raO mdqghE ev BaEjnm- .Let us go home. Dinner is at my home only.

(meaning, at night, we eat in my house)

zam- - tahI gCav: .If so, let us go.

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Lesson-5 Part:3

mhapNmyE - At the Supermarket

hr: - Ah| t nramx| Kadam .I eat only vegetarian food.

Aamx| iCs va ?Do you like non-vegetarian (food) ?

zam--

n,

yt- v| Kads tEn Alm- .No, whatever you eat is alright with me.(literally, I will eat whatever you eat)

sEvk: - BaE, k| va Aavykm-?Sir, may I help you ?

(literally, what would you like ? )

hr: - mac sp- pEzka y|,Two packets of tomato soup,

Aalk| ek| klaE,a kilo of potatoes,

hrt| ADI klaE, vtIlk| ADI klaE,cabbage, half a kilo, green peas, half a kilo,

kkIz ek|, kt- plaf,a cucumber, a few onions,

Xr| ek|pt|, dD ADI klaE,a pack of milk, half a kilo curds,

Plan ddat, kdl, narm-,give fruits as well, banana, oranges,

sEy|, AasPlm- .


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apples and pineapple.

hr: - k]pa, Aahy kt ykaN ?Please, how much altogether ?

sEvk: - A x ykaN ev- pO|St- pEsa: .Sixty eight rupees and thirty five paise.

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Lesson - 5 : Grammar

In Sanskrit, the comparative and superlative are formed

by adding the suffixes tr and tm to the generic form ofthe positive. We had an example of this in our previous

lesson (Lesson 4). Let us review it here.

gmnagmn| k| Bvt

gmnagmn| ktr| Bvt

There are two examples in this lesson too.

cEW smd#tz: (myam smd#tz:) t:rytr| At myE .

BartE cEW smd#tz: rytm: it yat: .While the first one is comparitive, the

second is superlative.

Depending on the gender of the noun, the adjective

in the comparitive and superlative form will take

the corresponding gender ending.

e,g. from the root word rm-we have the adjectivesry: (m) rya (f) rym- (n)

ry: pz: beautiful cloth rya nar beautiful lady rym- cOm- beautiful painting

Now let us look at the comparitive.

rytr: pz: more beautiful cloth rytra nar more beautiful lady

rytr| cOm- more beautiful paintingThe superlative.

rytm: pz: most beautiful cloth


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rytma nar most beautiful lady rytm| cOm- most beautiful painting

Now let us look at another example.

ut: pvIt: a tall mountain s/: ut: pvIt: The Sahya is a tall mountain(The range known as the Western Ghats in India)

vy: Attr: pvIt: .s/at- vy: uttr: pvIt: .The Vindhyas are taller.

Vindhyas are taller than the Sahyas

hmaly: uttm: pvIt: .hmaly: vyat- uttr: .

hmaly: vyat1 Ap uttr: .hmaly: vyat ev| s/at- uttm: .

The Himalayas are the tallest mountains.

(Note that we are rferring to the Himalyas in

singular as is the practice in India)

The Himalayas are taller than the Vindhyas.

The Himalayas are taller than both the Vindhyas

and Sahyas.

Here is an example using a feminine noun.

AyaEya vSala . Ayodhya is big.maya vSaltra . Maya (Hardwar) is bigger.kaS vSaltma . Kasi (Varanasi) is the biggest.

maya AyaEyaya: vSalty Maya is larger than AyodhyakaS mayaya: vSalty Kasi is larger than MayakaS mayay: Ap vSala Kasi is even larger than MayakaS AyaEyaya: ev| mayaya: vSaltma .Kasi is larger than both Ayodhya and Maya.

The final example in neuter.

gfpraN| bht- ptkm- .Garudapuranam is a big book.

ramayNm- bht-tr|(ptkm-) .


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Ramayanam is bigger (a bigger book)

mhaBart| bht-tm|(ptkm-) .Mahabharatam is biggest.

ramayNm- gfpraNat- bht-trm- .Ramayanam is bigger than Garudapuranam.

mhaBart| ramayNat- Ap bht- .Mahabharatam is even bigger than Ramayanam.mhaBart| ramayNat- ev| gfpraNat- bht-tmm- .MahaBharatam is bigger than both Ramayanam

and Garudapuranam.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

In Lesson 3, we saw how a simple sentence could be made.

A simple sentence will have three parts : a subject, a verband an object. Let us look at some aspects of gender as

applicable to objects.

A simple rule may be remembered for deriving the object

from a noun which is masculine and ends with A. Such nounsare known as Akarat: pl: .Here are some of them.

bal: nr: gj: maDv:When they become the object in a sentence, they

change to (in singular) :

bal| nr| gj| maDv| respectivelyLet us look at a few sentences now.

Ayapk: bal| paZyt .The teacher teaches the boy.vanr: nr| pyt .The monkey sees the man.

[ nr: , vanr: Do you see a connection ,linguistic or otherwise ? ]

When the dual form is used (vcn|) the nouns become :

bal nr gj maDv respectively. Ayapk: bal paZyt .The teacher teaches two (both) boys.


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When used in plural, the nouns take the form :

balan- nran- gjan- maDvan- respectively.

Ayapk: balan- paZyt .The teacher teaches the boys.

vanr: nran- pyt .The monkey sees the men. (many)

What we have introduced here is the "case"

as is known in the English Language. Simply

case relates to how a noun is transformed when

different types of references are made to the noun.

In all our lessons till now, we have mainly used

the nominative case, which is what applies to thesubject of a simple sentence. When a noun or pronoun

is used as the subject of a verb, it is said to be in the

nominative case.

The Nominative is the first of the eight cases

in Sanskrit. Case is known as vB: and theseare refered to by their numbering order. The

Nominative being the first, is referred to as thep#Tma vB: We note that the subject of a sentence will always bein the Nominative case when the sentence is in Active

voice. The subject may be in Singular, Plural or Dual.

Im the English language, when a noun or a pronoun is

used as the object of a verb, it is said to be in the

Accusative case. The Direct object of a sentence shouldalways be in the Accusative case.

In the English language, one observes that the form

of the noun is the same for the Nominative and the

Accusative. This is not so in Sanskrit. The noun assumes

different endings depending on the number and case. It

is usual in Sanskrit to present the information in the

form of a table, where the rows correspond to cases and

columns correspond to the Number. The variations arecalled declensions of the noun.


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Nominative mala malE mala:Accusative mala| malE mala:

Nominative kTa kTE kTa:

Accusative kTa| kTE kTa:

Again the declensions shown are typical for most

feminine nouns ending in Aa

Here are the declensions for nouns in Neuter.Singular Dual Plural

Nominative jl| jlE jlanAccusative jl| jlE jlan

Nominative vn| vnE vnanAccusative vn| vnE vnan

The fact that the declensions for the Nominative and

Accusative are identical need not confuse the studentwho might be expecting some variations in the

declensions.

Again the declensions are typical for neuter nouns

ending with A|We must remember that verbs must be conjugated in

accordance with the number and person of the noun

used in the subject. We have already introduced thisconcept earlier, but a short revision is useful.

We add suffixes to the root form of the verb to derive

the different conjugations. Consider the verb pZqwhichis in its root form. It means to study. In present tense

pZqconjugates as :Singular Dual Plural

III Person pZt pZt: pZtII Person pZs pZT: pZTI Person pZam pZav: pZam:


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It will be useful for the student to remember the

following suffix rules presented in table form.

These apply in the present tense.


III P root+A+t root+A+t: root+A+AtII P root+A+s root+A+T: root+A+TI P root+Aa+m root+Aa+v: root+Aa+m:Observations

In Sanskrit when conjugations of verbs are shown, the third

person conjugations are shown first followed by second person

and then first person, an indirect reminder that the I (ego !)

should find the last place in the world !-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Lesson-5 Exercise I

The exercises in this section are meant to familiarize

the student with the usage of nouns in different persons

and number (Singular, Plural or Dual).

A Brief Review - Formation of simple sentences.

In forming simple sentences the noun and the verb used

should correctly reflect the Number and Person in

respect of the subject. Look at:

nr: kayaIly| gCt .Man goes to the workplace (office)

This when changed to plural becomes

nra: kayaIly| gCt .Men go to the workplace

The verb is conjugated in accordance with the form of

the noun. The forms in which the verb As-is used wasdiscussed in lesson and also the different forms of

the personal pronouns. In this lesson we have also seendeclension ofAkarat pl|words in the nominativecase.


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Singular dual Plural

Nominative nr: nr nra:The verb gCt corresponds to the third personsingular (ekvcnm- p#Tmpx:). The basic rule forforming such verb forms was also discussed in an

earlier lesson and the suffixes to be added to the

root form of the verb shown.

Singular dual Plural

Suffix for

Present tense

in third

person t t: At

first

person Aam Aav: Aam:

ex: 3rd

person pZt pZt: pZt

first

person pZam pZav: pZam:

Now for the exercises. Change the following

sentences in third person singular to third

person plural.

1. nr: g#am| gCt. The man goes to the village.2. CaO: paZ| pZt. The student studies the lesson.3. kak: Pl| Kadt. The crow eats the fruit.4. gj: jl| pbt.

The elephant drinks water.

5. vanr: vO upvSt. The monkey sits there.


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3. Ah| smd#tr| gCam4. Ah| nd#a| kraEm5. Ah| ptk| lKam

The verb pZqconjugates as :

II person pZs pZT: pZT(Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

The personal pronoun "you" declines as :


v| yva| yy|

Now change the following sentences in second personsingular to second person plural. The verbs conjugate

in the same manner as indicated for pZq

Example :

v| s|k]t| pZsyy| s|k]t| pZT

1. v| k[O vss2. v| kmTI| hss3. v| ngrE jvs4. v| vdES| gCs5. v| Pl| Kads-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Lesson - 5 Exercise III

Examine the chart form given below. The word in the inner

square is the subject of a sentence to be formed by selecting

an object from the middle square and a verb from the outer

square. Make as many meaningful sentences as possible.


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..

. pZt gCt .

. .. .

. . s|k]t| dEvaly| . .

. . paZ: .. gh| . .

. . . s: . . .. . Pl| .. jl| . .

. . ptk| kayaIly| . .

. .--. .

. pys Kadt pbt .

..-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Here are some simple questions based on the lesson.

Try and answer them. An example is given.

Example: hr: tO At va ? Aa| hr: AO At .Note however, this is not the same answer

given by the telephone operator. So, answers

to the questions are not to be found in thesentences of the lesson. The questions are similar

to those found in the lesson but are presented

in a general manner.

1. pta tO At va ? Aa|----------2. ptk| tO At va ? n-----------3. hE calIs-, ma|mrs va ? Aa|,-------------4. hE k[mar , Sr mrs va ? Aa|,-------------5. hE zam-, ptk| pZs va ? ----------------6. hE hrE, pO| lKs va ? -----------------7. hE gaEvd , AaEdn| Kads va ? -----------------8. hE zam-, sEllar dorvaya| Baxs va ? ------------

Here are some direct questions.

1. ArE, vly|, k[t: ? Ans: Ah| fElt: .2. k[O tE vas: ? Ans: cEW ngrE mE vas: .


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Here the student is introduced to the tEand mEcombination. tEand mEgo together.tE- your, mE- my,so use mEin the answer.

3. k[O tE BaEjnm-? CaOavasE_________CaOavas: - student hostel;

a place where students live.

Note how the word is coined from CaO: and vas:4. k[O tE ptk|?This question may be answered with a single

word, p#kaEE.p#kaEm-means room. One word answers are perfectlyappropriate. Now try and answer the questions below.

5.k[O tE vahnm-?

6.A smy: At va ?

7.A jlcO| At va ?

8.A prXa At va ?

Here are some more questions, good for daily use!

1. k| pbs ? kaP| ATva cay| ?kaP|- coffee cay|- tea

you can answer this as cay| ev - only tea

2. k| Kads ? kdl ATva sEyPl|?

3. k| cxs ? Plrs| ATva Xrm- ?

4. k| pys ? majaIr| ATva Snk: ?


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Word meanings :

----------------

kTms - How are you ?AyE c - others toocray - in a long whilemm iCa At - I am anxious tood#m- - to seejmghE = in the house where one is born

(reference to parents house)

Ag#jy - elder brothersp#Tmjmdn| - first birthdays - good

dSInBaym-- a chance to see (

Baymay actually be

taken as lucky chance)

p#va - admitted (past tense)saD - wellsta - happyABc - interestvTIta - increased

In the above conversation, try and understand who

is visiting who. Pick up some words from the

conversation, which you can use in your own

conversations in Sanskrit.

-------------------------------------------------------------------

Given below is a story. The story is likely to be a

familiar one for those who have read many fables.

The verbs in the story are all in the present tense andhence it is as if the story is a narration of what is

happening. The words newly seen here will add to

your vocabulary.

SS: k\mI: cekda ekmn- vnE ek: SS: At .ty mO| k\mI: At .

k\mI: md| clt .k|t SS: svIda SG#| Davt .ekmn- dnE SSy k\mIy c prpr|


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ty hismdm- slowlyclt movesSG#m- fastprprm- between each other

DavnpDaI running racenNIyk: judge (umpire)vXsmpat- near the tree

(from a place near the tree)

jlaSypyItm- till the ponddorm- distancevjy winner

AtmTanm- finishing pointctn| k]va thinking overbhdorm- for a long distancevat| restvXymlE at the bottom of the treeAOava unnoticednd#am- sleep

vat| vna without taking restvpsmyEn in a short timetdan| thenuTay arisingAvSy dory remaining distancenrtrp#ynEn through constant effort

vjyp#apt:

the attainment of success.

-------------------------------------------------------------------

The conversation below is supposed to have

taken place between Kalidasa, the undisputed

king among the Poets of India who composed

in Sanskrit, and a little girl.

Many things are obvious from the text seen,

from literacy and education for girl childrento the fact that writing was done on Palm

leaves. There is no information available about

Kalidasas time, though scholars have conjectured


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times which vary from 1400 B.C to 700 A.D

The beauty of this often recited verse is its

metrical structure. Some liberty has been taken

by the Poet in the ordering of the words.

kaldas:

ka v| balE ?bala kanmala .kaldas: kya: pO ?bala knkltaya: .kaldas: htE k| tE ?bala talpOm- .kaldas: ka va rEKa ?

bala ka Ka ga Ga .

The conversation is known through its form in verse.

ka v| balE kanmala kya: pO knkltaya: .htE k| tE talpO| ka va rEKa ka Ka ga Ga

We give below the words rearranged for you tofollow the conversation. The words in parantheses

are implied.

balE v| ka ?( Ah| ) kanmala .( v| ) kya: pO ?knkltaya: ( pO )

tE htE k| ( At ) ?( mE htE ) talpO| ( At )( tO ) ka va rEKa ?( tO ) ka Ka ga Ga .talpOm-Palm leaf (used for writing)rEKa letters ( of a script)

At this website, we have a page on Palm leafmanuscripts, in which you will see a leaf from

a manuscript. Though small in size, the leaves

often accommodate as many as fourteen to twenty


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lines of text, where each line may have more than

thirty syllables! The Multilingual Applications

link seen below in the footer of the page has the

details.

-------------------------------------------------------------------

va ddat vny| vnyadq yat paOtam- .paOvadq Dnmap"aEt Dnadq DmI| tt: sKm- .Learning gives modesty ; Through modesty

does man attain worthiness; On account of

worthiness, he gains wealth. With the ability

to give for charity with his wealth, he gains

happiness.

sKaTI cEt- yjEdq va| vaTI cEt- yjEt- sKm- .sKaTIn: k[taE va k[taE vaTIn: sKm- If you desire comfort, you should give up learning;

Should you desire to acquire learning you should

give up comfort. How can a person wanting comfort

acquire learning? And how can a person enjoy

comfort if he wants to learn?

AacayaIt- padmadOE pad| Sy: vmEDya .pad| sb#cary: pad| kal@mEN c A student gets a fourth of his learning from his

teacher; a fourth through his own intellectual

efforts, another fourth from his class-mates and

the last fourth in course of time.

kak: k]N: pk: k]N: kaE BEd: pkkakyaE: .vstkalE sp#aOE kak: kak: pk: pk: The crow is black, the cuckoo is black. What

is the difference between the two then?

At spring time, a crow will be a crow and a

cuckoo, a cuckoo!


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Lesson - 7 Part-1 Mohan and Usha

In this lesson, the student is introduced to the

concept of past tense. The lesson is presented

through a story. The thoughts mentioned herein

are those of "Sanathana Dharma" as found in the

ancient texts from India and relate to the creation

of the universe.

It is late in the evening, around 8.00PM. Usha

and her younger brother Mohan have finished

dinner and are watching TV. They get bored with

what they see.

maEhn-- Bgn , AhaE kT| id| pyEv ?

AO sda clcOT| gan| ntIn| c .Sister, Oh! How can we watch this?

Always songs and dances from movies.

uxa - Aa|, thI k| k[vI: ? ptamh| pCav: .s: AavyaE: kamp kTa| vdEt- .Yes, what shall we do then ?

(let us) ask Grandfather. He will tellus a story.

maEhn-- sykqGood

---------They go to their Grandfather--------

maEhn- , uxa - tat tat ! kTa| vdt kTa| vdt .Grandfather, tell us a story, tell us a story.

ptamh: - ka| kTa|aEt| iCT: ?Bgvt-kTa va , ptO| va , ut Aya va ?

What story do you wish to hear,

about God, Panchatantra or something else?

uxa - Bvan- pvI| Avdt-kl , kT| pra Bgvan-b#af| Asjt- it . ta| kTa| kTyt .


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Once you mentioned how the Lord created the

universe. Tell that story.

ptamh: - At At, ekag#tya SNt| . pra ............Well, well, Listen attentively. Long time ago.....

maEhn- - sha#vxIy: p#akq?A thousand years ago ?

ptamh: - n kEvl| sha#vxIy: p#akq,kt kaEzkaEz vxIy: Ap p#akq .kaly gNna| Aymn- dnE vdam .Not merely a thousand years ago, but crores

of years ago. Another day I will tell you how

to reckon Time.

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Lesson-7 Part 2. Avyaktam

ptamh: - sdEv Aad idmg# Aast- .In the beginning, only "Sat", the Supreme Being

was there.

maEhn- - tat tat , st- iyy kaE{TI: ?Grandpa, What is the meaning of

Supreme Being (here)?

ptamh: - st- it kEvl| cWty| ev Aast- .tdan| dkq , kal: vt va kmp n Aast- .Sat, only pure conciousness, was present.

At that time, there was no space, timeor matter.

tda kaly P[rNmp nast- .yda sE: smy: ABvt- tda tcWtyy iCaABvt- . idan| s| smarBE it .At that time, th

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