santillana_essential science 6_course book

Science, Geography and History

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Contents

UNIT I CAN DO IT

Read

and tick

Ecosystemscan describe an ecosystem.can sequence a food chain.

The bodycan distinguish different parts of the body.can describe the human brain.

Sexual

characteristics 10

can classify male and female genital organs.can describe the birth process and newborn babies.

Energy 16

can classify energy sources.can describe qualities of light and sound.

Electricityand magnetism 20

can describe electricity and electric circuits.can explain magnetism and magnetic fields.

Forces25

can identify types of forces and motion.can describe machines and their mechanisms.

The Solar

System 27

can name the planets in the Solar System.can describe eclipses.

Landscapesof Spain 31

can identify the different landscapes of Spain.can talk about Spanish climates, flora and fauna

The populationof Spain 34

can talk about population density in Spain.can describe political organisations in Spain.

Europe 38

can identify physical features of Europe.can talk about the European Union.

Prehistory andAntiquity 44

can classify different periods of Prehistory.can talk about Pre-Roman and Roman times.

The Middle Ages47

can sequence events in the Middle Ages.can describe medieval society.

Spain after1492 50

can talk about the importance of the Golden Agecan sequence events in Spanish history.

The 201h century 53

can talk about the Civil War and the dictatorship.can describe 20[h century culture in Spain.

PROJECT 1: 14 PROJECT 6: 42PROJECT 2: 15 PROJECT 7: 43PROJECT 3: 23 PROJECT 8: 56PROJECT 4: 24 PROJECT 9: 57PROJECT 5: 30 GLOSSARY: 58-63

Worksheet 1. Date Apply your knowledgeCLASSIFICATION

1. Classify into flora, fauna and the environment.

soil pine trees blackbirds rabbits water

roses snakes rain grass spiders rocks

FLORA FAUNA ENVIRONMENT

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2. Investigate.

What living things can you find in a pond? What is their environment like?

VOCABULARY

Match and write.

rivers coral reefs rainforests

a. are terrestrial ecosystems.

b. are marine ecosystems.

c. are freshwater ecosystems

j| Worksheet 2. Date

1. Match and label.

Apply your knowledgeRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN

LIVING THINGS

secondary consumer producer tertiary consumer primary consumer

these

octopusseaweed

2. Number the elements in

giraffe

food chains.

trees and shrubs

plankton shark shrimp small fish

VOCABULARY

Match.

competition

parasitismmutualism

A living thing lives in or on another living thing and harms the host.

Several species compete for the same things.

A living thing eats the parasites in or on another living thing,which benefits both living things.

4

Worksheet 3. Date Read and learn

SOME ENDANGERED SPECIES

1. Match and label.

fishing gear dolphin hunting whale

2. Read carefully.

Whales and dolphins: endangered species

Whales and dolphins belong to the family of marine mammalscalled cetaceans. Cetaceans are warm-blooded mammals.

They play an important role in the environment.

Some species of whales and dolphins are endangered.Pollution is degrading their habitat. Hunting is killing some of them,and others die in collisions with ships. Fishing gear is also dangerous forwhales and dolphins because they can be trapped in it. If current trends continue,some cetacean species will become extinct in the next few decades.

3. Answer the questions.

a. Which family do whales and dolphins belong to?

b. Name three things which endanger whales and dolphins.

c. Why is fishing gear dangerous to whales and dolphins?

4. Investigate.

Find information and pictures about three other endangered species.

Worksheet 4. Date Apply your knowledgeTHE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

1. Match and label.

fixed joint

gliding joint

movable joint

2. Complete the sentences.

a. The skeleton supports the

b. It enables us to

c. It protects-

3. Name the joints which we use.

a. Swimming:

b. Brushing our teeth:

c. Bending over to pick up a ball: __._

4. Investigate.

What do we need to do to keep our bones healthy?

6

Worksheet 5. Date Apply your knowledgeTHE MUSCULAR SYSTEM


a. The muscular system enables the body to

b. It gives the body its

c. It protects

2. Match and label.

a. The biceps relaxes. The triceps contracts. The arm straightens.b

. The triceps relaxes. The biceps contracts. The arm bends.

3. Investigate.

What are the names of some of the muscles we have in our legs?

VOCABULARY

Read the definitions. What is it?

a. It can be gliding, movable or fixed.

b. Strong elastic tissues which connect the bones of a joint.. _

c. The flexible tissue which covers the ends of the bones.

d. A tissue which connects muscles to bones.

Extending arm movement Flexing arm movement

Apply your knowledgeTHE NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. Write true or false.

a. The brain has five parts.

b. The brain stem regulates internal organs.

c. The cerebellum coordinates movements and maintains balance.

d. The cerebrum controls reflex movements.-.-.

2. Put this sequence of voluntary movements in the correct order.

a. Finally, the arm muscles contract and the person answers the telephone.

b. Next, nerves transmit this information to the brain.

c. After that, nerves transmit the command to the arm muscles.

d. 1 First, the ears receive information.

e. Then, the brain recognises the telephone call. It decides to answer the telephone.

3. Look at the pictures. Are the arm movements reflex (R) or voluntary (V)?

Investigate and learnBONES

, MUSCLES AND GLANDS

1. Read the questions. Investigate and then answer.

(Only some of the information is in your book.)

a. How many bones do adult human beings have?

1. About 106. 2. About 206.

b. Babies have more bones than adults.

1. True. 2

. False

c. What connects muscles to bones?

1. Gliding joints. 2

. Tendons

d. How many muscles do human beings have?

1. More than 700. 2. More than 600.

e. Muscles can be divided into two groups. What are they?

1. Reflex and involuntary. 2. Voluntary and involuntary.

f. Where are our deltoid muscles?

1. In our shoulders. 2

. In our legs.

1

g. Which organ controls body temperature?

1. The heart. 2. The brain.

h. Which gland produces insulin?

1. The pituitary gland. 2. The pancreas.

i. What is the name of the system responsible for growth and reproduction?

1. The indoctrinate system. 2. The endocrine system.

j. Where is the parotid gland, one of the salivary glands?

1. In the face. 2. In the neck.

2. Investigate.

If your salivary glands are swollen and you have a temperature or fever,what illness may you have?

Worksheet 8. Date Apply your knowledgeSEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS

Match.

a. These develop at puberty. 1. primary sexual characteristics

b. We have these when we are born. 2. secondary sexual characteristics

Complete these sentences about secondary sexual characteristics.

a. Women have wider

b. Women have higher

c. Men have more developed

d. Men have more

than men.

than men

than women

than women.

Investigate.

What hormones are responsible for the changes that occur during puberty?Do emotional changes occur?

I Worksheet 9. Date__ _ _ _ __ Apply your knowledgeTHE HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

1. Classify the male and female genital organs.

uterus testes vas deferens vulva seminal vesicles urethra labiascrotum Fallopian tubes clitoris penis ovaries vagina prostate gland

FEMALE GENITAL ORGANS MALE GENITAL ORGANS

External

Internal

VOCABULARY

Read the definitions. What is it?*

a. It is the place where the baby develops during pregnancy.

b. Sperm travels through this tube to the urethra.

c. They produce the eggs necessary for fertilisation.-

d. They produce the sperm cells.

e. It is a channel which goes from the uterus to the outside of the body.

f. It is a bag of skin which contains the testicles.

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Worksheet 10. Date_ Apply your knowledgeFERTILISATION AND PREGNANCV

1. Find nine more words related to fertilisation and reproduction.

2. Underline the errors and correct the information.

a. One egg cell matures and passes through a Fallopian tube about every fifteen days.

b. If the egg cell is fertilised, it leaves the body through the vagina.

c. Men produce one sperm cell every day.

d. The embryo grows in the Fallopian tubes.

e. The placenta gives the embryo nutrients and hydrogen from the mother.

f. Pregnancy normally lasts about ten months.

3. Investigate.

When a healthy woman stops having periods, she goes though a stage called

EGGHY LSUXP

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ANMPFOETUS

12


NEWBORN BABIES

1. Read and answer.

c. Newborn babies have ...

1. good eyesight. 2. poor eyesight.

a. The average weight of newborn babies is ...

b. The average length of newborn babies is ...

1. about 25 centimetres.

2. about 50 centimetres.

1. 3.2 kilos. 2

. 1.8 kilos.

d. Newborn babies have ...

1. a poor sense of smell. 2. a good sense of smell.

2. Read and check your answers.

Newborn babies

Newborn babies weigh approximately 3.2 kilos on average, and are about 50 centimetres long.They have narrow shoulders and hips, and their arms and legs are relatively short.Their heads are very large in proportion to their bodies. Some babies are born with a lot of hair,while others may be nearly bald. All newborn babies have enlarged genitals, and male infantshave a very large scrotum.

Newborn babies cannot see very well. They can only focus on objects about 30 centimetresin front of their face. This is sufficient for a baby to look at its mother,s face when it isbreastfeeding. Although newborn babies may spend a lot of time staring at objects around them,they prefer to look at human faces. Newborn babies have a developed sense of smell.In fact, newborn babies can recognise their mother by their sense of smell.

3. Investigate.

Find out about:

a. newborn babies'

hearing_

b. newborn babies' sense of touch.

l

ProjectINVESTIGATE EOOD CHAIN CONNECTIONS

1. Look below at the food chain connections among living things from the grasslands.

2. Add two more living things. Draw arrows to show their position in the food chain.

secondaryconsumer

producer

primaryconsumer

3. Make a table. Include your examples. Look for more information.

Living thing Feeds on ...

14

Project 2MEASURING YOUR PULSE WITH A DRINKING STRAW

1. Measure (and watch!) your pulse by taking the following steps.

a. Find your pulse on the side of your neck

with two fingers.

b. Stick a piece of plasticine where the pulse

feels the strongest.

c. With the help of your partner, stick a straw

in the plasticine. Observe what happens.

d. Count how many times the straw movesin one minute (or in 15 seconds and multiplythe result by 4). Record your pulse at restin the chart below.

e. Run in the same place for one minute.

Record your pulse again.

At rest After running for one minute

Number of pulsesper minute

2. Observe your results and answer the questions.

a. What is your pulse at rest?

b. What happens to your pulse after running in place for one minute?

c. What can you conclude about the impact of physical activity on your pulse rate?

d. Explain the reason for an increase in your pulse rate after physical activities.

. Try to find your pulse on other parts of your body: wrists, temples, even ankles!

Project

INVESTIGATE FOOD CHAIN CONNECTIONS



secondaryconsumer

producer

primaryconsumer



14



a. Find your pulse on the side of your neckwith two fingers.



c. With the help of your partner, stick a strawin the plasticine. Observe what happens.

d. Count how many times the straw moves

in one minute (or in 15 seconds and multiplythe result by 4). Record your pulse at restin the chart below.

e. Run in the same place for one minute.Record your pulse again.









]

ProjectINVESTIGATE FOOD CHAIN CONNECTIONS



secondaryconsumer

primaryconsumer

producer



14



a. Find your pulse on the side of your neckwith two fingers.



c. With the help of your partner, stick a strawin the plasticine. Observe what happens.

d. Count how many times the straw moves

in one minute (or in 15 seconds and multiplythe result by 4). Record your pulse at restin the chart below.

e. Run in the same place for one minute.Record your pulse again.









g] Worksheet 12. Date__ Apply your knowledgeENERG)

1. Complete the sentences. Use the words below.

light music work food cars heat

a. Energy is the ability to do

b. gives our bodies energy.

d. Energy moves our

e. We use energy to play

c. Energy from the Sun gives us

_and_

2. Classify the energy sources.

sunlight oil natural gas wind biomass

uranium water coal

Non-renewable energy sources Renewable energy sources_ _

1_;_.

, J______ ---1

3. Investigate.

Compare the impact on the environment of using non-renewable and renewable energy sources

Worksheet 13. Date Apply your knowledgeTYPES OF ENERGY

1. Match.

a. Electrical energy ... 1. . is produced by things in motion.

b. Light energy ... 2

. .. is found in uranium and plutonium.

c. Thermal energy... 3. . is found in light.

d. Chemical energy .. 4

.is released as heat.

e. Nuclear energy .. 5. .. is produced by fossil fuels and biomass.

f. Mechanical energy... 6

. ... is produced by the flow of electric charge.

2. Complete each sentence with the correct type of energy.

| light thermal electrical mechanical chemical windIn a washing machine, electrical energy is transformed into mechanical energy.

a. At a windmill,_ energy is converted into- energy.

b. In an electric cooker, energy is converted into energy.

c. In a taxi, _ energy is converted into-energy and into

_energy.

d. In a light bulb, _energy is converted into_energy and

_energy.

Worksheet 14. Date Apply your knowledgeLIGHT


a. Light travels at 20,000 km per second.

b. Light always travels in a straight line.

c. A shadow is formed when light meets an obstacle

d. A book is a translucent object.

e. A window is a transparent object.

2. Circle the illustration which represents how we see things.

® o

c

® O

c

© O

o

3. What colour do these objects not absorb?

-4

4. Investigate.

Is light reflected or refracted when it hits a translucent object?

18


SOUND

1. Look at the diagram and read the text carefully.

How we hear

Our ears help us to hear and to keep our balance.Each ear has three main parts: the outer ear,the middle ear and the inner ear.

When something makes a noise, it sendsvibrations

, or sound waves, through the air.The outer ear collects these sound waves

and sends them into the ear canal.

Then the sound waves reach the middle ear.

Here they hit the eardrum, which is a stretchedmembrane, like the skin of a drum. The eardrum vibrates and makestiny bones in the middle ear vibrate too.

These vibrations travel into the inner ear and make a liquid in the cochlea move.

The nerves inside the cochlea turn the vibrations into messages which travel to the brainthrough the auditory nerve. The brain interprets these vibrations as sound.

2. Circle the words in the text which you do not understand.

Look up the meanings in a dictionary and write them down.

3. Number the following steps in chronological order.

The brain interprets these vibrations as sound.

The sound waves reach the middle ear and hit the eardrum.

The outer ear collects the sound waves and sends them into the ear canal.

The cochlea sends messages to the brain through the auditory nerve.

The eardrum vibrates and makes tiny bones in the middle ear vibrate too.

These vibrations travel into the inner ear to the cochlea.

4. Investigate.

Ears are very delicate. How can we help to protect them?

c U R R E N T R S A

0 F A D L 0 B F U G

N E Q W V X U L B E

D W P Z T 0 L 0 M N

U W 1 B S P B W A E

C H A R G E 1 N K R

T F S W 1 T C H V A

0 R C C 1 R C U 1 T

R 0 S T A T 1 C 1 0

Q 1 N S U L A T 0 R

Apply your knowledgeELECTRICITY

Worksheet 16. Date

1. Find ten words related to electricity.


repel neutral negatively attract

a. If an object has more negative charges than positive charges, it is

b. If an object has more positive charges than negative charges, it is

c. If an object has the same number of positive and negative charges, it is

d. Objects with the same charges_

e. Objects with opposite charges-

positively

charged.

charged.

each other.

each other.

VOCABULARY

Match.

>

a. The flow of electrical charges insulators

b. Electrical current flows easily through these materials electrical current

c. Electrical current does not flow easily through these materials a switch

d. The source of electricity in an electric circuit conductors

e.It controls the flow of electrical current in an electric circuit a generator

20

Worksheet 17. Date Apply your knowledgeMAGNETS AND MAGNETISM


a. A magnet is an object that can attract all types of objects.

b. Magnets have two poles.-

c. Opposite magnetic poles repel each other.

d. To make an electromagnet, you only need a conducting wire.

e. Magnetic strips store information on credit cards.

2. What type of magnets are used in the following objects?

electromagnet magnetic strip magnetic recording media

CORPORATE

B»5b 9l8bb0 0000C

08-08 THRU OS 0* n Mi FfiRAMDt' *orr

B

D

> British Ra

3. Investigate.

a. What is a compass?

b. What does it tell us about the Earth?

is

Worksheet 18. Date

1. Number the pictures in order.

high-tension homespower

transmission lines

2. A

generator

B

Apply your knowledgeELECTRICITY PRODUCTIOI

AND DISTRIBUTIOI

substation turbine

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sW- \1 -

t«9 I- r

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E

What does electricity produce in each case (heat, movement, light or sound)?

a. Lights on:_ d. Hairdryer:

b. Electric razor: e. Radiator:

c. Radio:_

3. Think.

Think of three ways we can use less electricity and save energy.

Project 3MAKE ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

Make a series circuit.

You will need the following:

1.5 volt battery

. 3 light bulb holders

. 3 light bulbs4 wires

Make a parallel circuit.

You will need the following:

1.5 volt battery

3 light bulb holders

3 light bulbs

6 wires

Now answer the questions by experimenting with the circuits.

1. What happens if you remove one of the light bulbs from the series circuit?

2. What happens if you remove one of the light bulbs from the parallel circuit?

3. How is a string of lights for a Christmas tree connected, in series or in parallel? Why?

MAKE YOUR OWN COMPASS

You need the following:

a needle a magnet

Instructions.

1. Magnetise the needle by stroking the magnet along the needle 10 or 20 times

in the same direction.

2. Tape the needle to the top of the cork.

3. Put the cork in a bowl of water and let it float. Observe what happens.

4. Now give the needle a little spin, and then see where it stops.

5. Congratulations! You have built your own compass.

1. Explain what happened when you gave the needle a spin.

tape a cork

2 Why?

Apply your knowledgeFORCES AND MOTION

1. Match and write.

magnetic force friction gravity electric force

a. This force slows or stops moving objects.

b. This force affects magnets and some metallic objects.

c. This force makes objects fall to the ground.

d. This force is found in objects with electrical charges.

2. Look, decide and write. Which of the forces in Activity 1 is acting?

r %m»*

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3. Think and answer.

a. What force prevents us from floating into space?

b. What force is acting when a crane picks up heavy

iron objects?

c. What force is acting when the crane releases them?

Worksheet 20. Date Apply your knowledgeMACHINES

1. One statement is false. Which one?

a. Machines save us physical effort.

b. A television is a machine.

c. Complex machines have many components.

d. A skateboard is not a machine.

e. Machines can convert one type of energy into another.

f. Simple machines have very few components.

- 4*

-v;y

2. Which is the odd one out? Circle and explain.

a. bicycle computer screwdriver hammer

b. racing car bicycle plane gas heater

c. MP3 player lorry microwave oven washing machine

d. kite wind farm hammer windmill

VOCABULARY

Match.

a. The outer part of a machine

b. Wheels, axles, springs and chains

c. A group of operating parts

d. Electrical circuits with very small components

e. The smallest circuits

microchips

casing

mechanism

operating parts

electronic circuits

26

Worksheet 21. Date Apply your knowledgeTHE SOLAR SYSTEM

1. Classify the planets.

Order: smallest to biggest Type of planet

1. Mercury_

terrestrial_

2.

3.

4.


a. The Sun is an enormous yellow planet.

b. The Sun rotates on its own invisible axis.

c. All the planets orbit the Sun.

d. Terrestrial planets are made up mainly of gases.

e. Asteroids are natural satellites.

f. Comets are made up of ice, rock and dust.

3. Investigate.

a. Why is the Sun bright?

b. Do all the planets have moons?

Worksheet 22. Date Apply your knowledgtTHE EARTH AND THE MOOfi


west sphere winter east ellipse night

a. An elongated circle is called an

b. The Earth is a

c. When it is day in one half of the Earth, it is

d. The Sun always rises in the

e. When it is summer in one hemisphere, it is

in the other.

and sets in the

in the other.


a. How long does it take the Earth to orbit the Sun?

b. How long does it take the Earth to rotate on its own axis?

c. How long does it take the Moon to orbit the Earth?


Every four years there is a leap year and we add one day. Why?

VOCABULARY

Match.

new

last

solar

lunar

quarter

phase

Moon

eclipse

28


CONSTELLATIONS

1. Read carefully.

Constellations

Constellations are imaginary patterns of stars. Someof them were named over 6,000 years ago. There areeighty-eight constellations. Their purpose is to helpus identify different stars. Identifying each individualstar is very difficult. Dividing the sky into constellationsmakes it easier. For example, there are three brightstars in a line in the constellation of Orion. They formOrion's belt.

Farmers need to know when it is spring in order toplant crops, and when it is autumn in order to harvestthem. However, there is not much difference betweenthe seasons in some countries. Since different

constellations are visible at different times of year,they tell you what time of the year it is. For example,Scorpio is only visible in the northern hemispherein the summer. Thousands of years ago, when farmerssaw certain constellations, they knew it was timeto plant or harvest their crops.


a. Orion's belt can be identified by

b. Farmers plant many crops in the

c. Farmers harvest their crops in the

d. The constellation Scorpio can only be seen in the northern hemisphere in the

3. Investigate.

In Greek mythology, who was Orion?

YOUR WEIGHT ON OTHER CELESTIAL BODIES

Find out how much you would weigh on other celestial bodies.

Multiply your weight by the corresponding gravitation factor.

Work with a partner. Use a calculator.

Celestial bodyGravitation factor

relative to Earth

Sun 27.9

Mercury 0.4

Venus 0.9

Moon 0.2

Mars 0.4

Jupiter 2.5

Saturn 0.9

Uranus 0.8

On the surface of ... I would weigh ... kilos

the Sun_ Mars _

Mercury_ Jupiter

Venus_ Saturn

the Moon_ Uranus

Compare your results.

Where would you weigh most?

Where would you weigh least?

30

Worksheet 24. Date Apply your knowledgeLANDSCAPES OF SPAIN

Bay of BiscayF R A N C E

Balearic

Islands

.

O

Med

metres

2,000

1.000

500

200

a Peak

A.

1. Label the map.

a. Label the Northern Plateau.

b. Label the Southern Plateau.

c. Label the following mountain chains:

- The Pyrenees - The Cantabrian Chain - The Iberian Chain - The Betic Chain

2. Which rivers run through the two large depressions in Spain?

IWorksheet 25. Date Apply your knowledgCOASTS AND RIVER

1. Match. Then write sentences

a. Cantabrian coast

b. Canary Islands coasts

c. Andalusian coast

d. Galician coast

e. Balearic Islands coasts

1. generally high with cliffs

2. high and rocky with some long beaches

3. low and sandy

4. high and rocky with many estuaries

5. high, rocky and irregular

a. The Cantabrian mast is high and mr.kv with many estuaries.

b.

c.

d.

e.

2. Correct the information.

a. Most rivers in Spain are short with large flows.

b. The Ebro and the Tagus are the shortest rivers.

c. The Ebro river basin is in the south-east of Spain.

d. The Guadalquivir river basin is in the north of Spain

3. Investigate.

a. Find the names of four rivers in the Atlantic watershed

b. Find the names of four rivers in the Mediterranean watershed.

c. Find the names of two rivers in the Cantabrian watershed.

32

Worksheet 26. Date Apply your knowledgeCLIMATE, FLORA AND FAUNA

1. Which type of climate - Atlantic, Mediterranean, subtropical or mountain - fits each animalbest? Decide and write your answers.

2. Match the types of climate.

a. Temperatures are miid all year round.It mainly rains in winter.

b. It is hot in summer and mild in winter.

It rains most in autumn.

c. Winters are very cold but summers aremild. It rains and snows a lot.

d. The summers are hot and the winters are

cold. Rainfall is light.

e. The summers are cool and the winters are

mild. Rainfall is abundant all year round.

1. mountain climate

2. Atlantic climate

3. Mediterranean continental climate

4. subtropical climate

5. Mediterranean typical climate

3. Investigate.

Find the English names of five types of trees.

I?l Worksheet 27. Date Apply your knowledgTHE POPULATION OF SPA!

1. Complete the sentences with the correct

a. The Spanish population was about

_

18_

million in 1900.

b. Spain had over_

million inhabitants in 2006.

c. The Spanish population is growing older;

out of 100 people are over 65.

d. The population density in Spain is

_inhabitants/km2.


a. In Spain, the death rate is higher than the birth rate.

b. Many immigrants come to Spain to work or retire_

c. There are more men than women in Spain.

d. Madrid and the Canary Islands have a high population density.

e. The population density in Spain is higher than in many other European countries.


Why do most inhabitants live in cities or in the main tourist centres?

34

number

Worksheet 28. Date Apply your knowledgeTHE ECONOMY

1. Find nine more words related to sectors of the economy or to industries.

- -V)(A G R 1 c U L T U R E)C

U R Y K F E P R C A B 0

T 0 U R 1 S M A L Q U N

0 W D A S F R D 0 0 M S

M 1 N T H U Y E P G 1 T

0 N C W 1 D A J 1 V N R

B T R A N S P 0 R T 1 U

1 H E P G N A S 1 M N C

L A N G 0 F 0 0 D B G T

E R D 0 S P E P X A R 1

P C H E M 1 C A L B Z 0

T L 0 Z A N S W E G Y N

2. Classify the words from Activity 1 and add some more.

The primary sector The secondary sector The service sector

The automobile industry

VOCABULARY

Tick the correct answer ( ).

a. The active population refers to: 1. people with jobs

2. people of working age_

b. People who do not have jobs are: 1. employed_

2. unemployed_

V_y

InvestigatTERRITORIAL ORGANISATIOl

1. Read the questions. Look at page 38 of the Student Book and answer.

a. Which country borders Spain to the west?

b. Which countries border Spain in the north?

c. What sea is to the east of Spain?

d. Where are Ceuta and Melilla?

e. What separates Spain from Africa?

f. How many Autonomous Communities are there?

g. What are Spanish Autonomous Communities divided into?

2. Write three more questions. Ask and answer with a partner

1_

Worksheet 30. Date_ Apply your knowledgePOLITICAL ORGANISATION


a. The_establishes

the form of government and basic institutions.

b._

is the name

of the Spanish parliament.

c. There are 350 deputies in the

d. The supervise different areas,

such as education, health and the economy.

e. The are made up of judges.

f. The leads the government.

g. The are the members of the Senate.

2. Correct the wrong information.

a. The Spanish president is the Head of State.

b. The monarch is elected in general elections.

c. The Constitution establishes economic, social and political objectives.

d. The monarch appoints the ministers.

e. The Courts of Justice are made up of deputies.

f. The Supreme Court decides if laws follow the Constitution.

3. Investigate.

Find more European countries which have a constitutional monarchy.

Worksheet 31. Date Apply your knowledgePHYSICAL FEATURES OF EUROPE


peninsula islands plateau mountain chains Great European Plain

a. The Alps, the Balkans and the Urals are

b. The Central Massif in France is a

c. The extends from the Pyrenees to the Ural Mountains.

d. Iceland, Sardinia and Sicily are among the largest in Europe.

e. The Scandinavian is the largest in Europe.

2. Label the following seas and oceans on the map.

Baltic Sea North Sea Atlantic Ocean

Mediterranean Sea Caspian Sea Black Sea

North Cape

ARCTIC

NorwegianSea V

ICELAND

Lake-Utdoga

:andinavianPENINSULA

Mounl NevisA1.343The British

Isles

IRELANDGREAT

BRITAIN

St. MatthewPoint

CRIMEANPENINSULA

nlB\anc$fyer

The BalearicIslandsiber7an

Cape PENINSULSao Vicente s! A

Mount

TyrrhenianSea

Sicily

Sardinl

PENINSULA

Ionian\< % Aegean,Sea Sea .-

Cape Matapan CreteCYPRUS

MALTA

The CanaryIslands

Teide, ( *3

,718

a Highest peaks

38


CLIMATE AND VEGETATION

1. Use these words to label the photos.

rocks lichen arctic fox reindeer

2. Read carefully.

The tundra

The tundra landscape is found near the North and South Poles. In Europe,

it is found in northern Iceland and north-east Scandinavia. The tundra is an

area covered with low plants. Below a thin layer of tundra soil, there is apermanently frozen layer of ground, called permafrost. During the shortsummers, the top part of the soil thaws just long enough to allow small

plants and micro-organisms to grow and reproduce. The tundra landscape || D||[ His often covered with rocks. Lichens grow on the surface of these rocks.They are composed of a fungus and an alga which live and grow together.

Life in the tundra is very difficult because of the cold and the snow. Animalshave to adapt in order to survive. Very few mammals live in the tundra. Oneof the few truly arctic mammals, the arctic fox, does not hibernate and can stand temperatures aslow as -50 degrees Celsius. Another tundra animal found in Europe is the reindeer. Grass and otherlow tundra plants are its main food in summer, but in winter reindeer feed mainly on lichens.


a. The tundra landscape is found near the Equator.

b. Only small plants grow because part of the soil is permanently frozen

c. Few mammals live in the tundra because it is too cold for them to survive.

39

I Worksheet 33. Date


a. The most populated continents are

b. Europe has a population of about

c. Most Europeans live in

d. The largest cities are

e. There are

f. Immigrants come to Europe from

Apply your knowledge and investigatePOPULATION AND DIVERSITY

and

million people

and

independent nations in Europe

and, for example

2. Match the countries and capital cities. Use an atlas or an encyclopaedia.

c. France 3. Lisbon

f. Greece 6

. Warsaw

g. Ukraine 7. Berlin

h. Romania 8

. Riga

i. Iceland 9

. Stockholm

j. Portugal 10. Kiev

a. Latvia

b. Germany 2

. Athens

d. Sweden 4. Bucharest

e. Poland 5

. Paris

3. Investigate.

Find information and pictures about one of the European capitals. Write a short report.

40

Worksheet 34. Date Apply your knowledgeTHE EUROPEAN UNION

1. What is it? Identify and write.

a. A confederation of countries in Europe_

b. The initials used to refer to this confederation._

c. The name given to the countries in this confederation.

d. The official currency of most countries in this confederation.

e. The EU judicial institution_

f. An EU political institution_


a. How many countries formed part of the Union when it was founded?

b. What systems is the Union developing today? and

c. Where are most of its institutions based?_,_and

d. Name two of the main institutions:_and_

3. Investigate.

a. When did Spain become a member of the European Union?

b. What other country joined in the same year?_

c. How many member states were there when Spain became a member?

READING A MAP

1. Look at the city map and follow the instructions.

a. Colour the map as follows:

Project 6

red - fire station

purple - universityyellow - schools

brown - City Hallgrey - post office

green - Tilden Park

blue - museums

orange - hospitalpink - city library

b. Draw an X at these two intersections: Oak Ave

. and Park St.; Bear Valley St. and Spruce Ave.

c. In red, draw the shortest street route from the primary school to the city library.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7


a. Which city buildings are located at A - 3, F - 7 and J - 5?

ABCDEFGH I J

Fire

stationCO

k_

CD

(

1

ityibrary

tf.j

)r

- ..

N

1

CD° 55pruce A\'e.

a:

a5

i \ Til

W"den srk

Fe

Art

Museum co

t : |University

.in

\Pa

>\(D

-

Uni| ' |

versity 'e.

-i-1

ii .. .1

Post

Office

CD<D

CO

-

1- >

eer S

t.

1

1

CityHall .cnc -\-

Science~ Museum

Oak-4

Ave.t-

j =3(/)

s -[

k-

03Q

_

Hospitali_-:

Primary$ Schoolo

VI/

TD

O

CD

Secondarychool

b. Which buildings are located north of University Ave.

?

3. Now make a similar map of your school neighbourhood. Work with a partner.

Ask and answer questions.

42

COUNTRIES AND FLAGS OF EUROPEProject 7

Look for information on the countries and flags of Europe.

1. Complete the labels.

2. Draw the corresponding flags.

Worksheet 35. Date Apply your knowledgePREHISTORY

1. Match the period with the pictures.

The Palaeolithic period The Metal Ages

SLjfc . V -. *-

- -V mM :v|g |®3WP Sa


About a million years ago, Spain was inhabited by

or early human beings. Modern people appeared in Spain about 35,000 years ago.

They were

and moved from place to place. They lived in caves or huts.

VOCABULARY

Match. (Two of the words are in Activity 2!)

a. An early human being

b. People who move from place to place

c. A word to describe people who stay in the same place

d. A family group

e. A group which is larger than a family group

. nomads

clan

. tribe

. hominid

sedentary

44

Worksheet 36. Date Apply your knowledgePRE-ROMAN TIMES

1. Add the missing letters and find seven peoples who inhabited pre-Roman Spain.

a._RIANS d._

CIANS

b.-

TS e._KS

c._SIANS f._NIANS


The were traders from Asia.

They settled on the south coast. In 1100 B.C. they founded Gades (now Cadiz).

They became important trading partners of the Tartessians.

The settled on the Mediterranean coast.

They founded the cities of Denia and Ampurias.

The came from North Africa.

They also settled on the Mediterranean coast and founded the city of Cartagena.


a. Which people produced salt?

b. Which people traded ceramic objects?

c. Which people traded cloth?

d. Which two peoples were expert metalworkers?


ROMAN BATHS

1. Guess the answers.

a. How often did Romans usually bathe?

1. Every day. 2. Once a week.

b. What did they wash with?

1. Soap. 2. Olive oil.

2. Read carefully and check your answers.

Roman baths

Bathing was one of the daily habits of Roman men of all classes and of many women too.Romans started work at sunrise and finished around midday. In the early afternoon,

men went to the baths and stayed for several hours of sport, bathing and entertainment.

When they first arrived at the baths, Romans changed their clothes in the changing roomcalled the apodyterium and rubbed their bodies with olive oil. Then they went to exercisein the large central courtyard, called the palaestra. They ran, played ball games, wrestledor swam in a large outdoor pool. After exercise, the dirt and olive oil were scraped off theirbodies before the real bathing started. Accompanied by a slave carrying their towels,a flask of olive oil and an instrument to scrape dirt off them, bathers went through roomsof different temperatures: the warm room or tepidarium, the hot room or caldariumand the cold room or frigidarium.

After their baths, there were many things for the Romans to do. They could have a massage,

talk with their friends, walk in the garden, visit the library, watch jugglers and acrobats,listen to literary recitals or play board games.


a. How long did the Romans spend at the baths?

b. What sports did the Romans play in the palaestra?

c. What could the Romans do after their baths?

Apply your knowledgeTHE VISIGOTHS


a. The Vandals, Alans and Suevi came from

b. The Visigoths were a tribe.

c. The Visigothic kingdom was ruled by

d. King Leovigild made the capital of the kingdom.

e. The last Visigothic king, Roderic, was defeated by the_

2. Read carefully and answer the questions.

There were two classes in Visigothic society.

The rich nobles owned most of the land.

They also had all the political and militarypower.

The largest class consisted of peasants.A few of them had their own land.

However, most of them worked for the

nobles who gave them food and a placeto live.

a. How many classes were there in Visigothic society?

b. Which group of people was the richest and most powerful?

c. What did the peasants receive in exchange for their work?

3. Investigate.

Find information about Visigothic jewelry anddesign a piece.

Worksheet 39. Date Apply your knowledgeAL ANDALUS

1. Match events and dates.

a. The Muslims invaded Visigothic Spain.

b. Al Andalus was established as an emirate.

c. Al Andalus became a caliphate.

d. The caliphate ended.

e. The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa took place.

f. The Catholic Monarchs conquered the Kingdom of Granada

1212

929

756

1492

711

1031

2. Circle the correct answer.

a. The capital of Al Andalus was ...

1. Cadiz. 2. Toledo.

b. In Al Andalus, a caliph was ...

1. a type of castle. 2. a small kingdom

c. In Al Andalus, a taifa was

1. a small kingdom. 2

. a type of tree.

d. Al Andalus society was formed by

1. Muslims and Jews. 2. Christians and Jews

3. Cordoba.

3. the maximum political

and religious authority.

3. an important Muslim.

3. Muslims, Christians

and Jews.

3. Investigate.

Where is rice cultivated in Spain today?

1 Worksheet 40. Date Apply your knowledgeI THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS

1. Investigate and label the map.

Al Andalus

Kingdom of Navarre

Kingdom of Castile

Kingdom of Portugal

Crown of Aragon

Kingdom of Leon

AND MEDIEVAL SOCIETY

The Iberian Peninsula around 1200


a. Who were the poorest people in medieval society?

b. Who were the richest people?

c. Who were devoted to religious and cultural activities?

3. Are these buildings Romanesque or Gothic? Write

Worksheet 41. Date _ Apply your knowledgeTHE CATHOLIC MONARCHS

AND THESPANISH EMPIRE

Ferdinand II Isabella I Charles I Philip II

1. Write the correct monarchs.

Iwmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmammmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmpssmmammmr

The Catholic Monarchs Charles I Philip II

a. He was Isabella,s grandson_

b. They unified Spain. ___

c. He won victories against the French and the Turks_

d. During his reign, there were revolts in Spain_

e. They financed Christopher Columbus" expedition.

VOCABULARY

Match.

a. A group of territories of greater extension than a kingdom revolt

b. A journey or a voyage for a particular purpose victory

c. The period during which a monarch rules empire

d. A rebellion against authority . . reign

e. A triumph . . expedition

V_

50


THE MONASTERY OF EL ESCORIAL


a. Who was king of Spain in 1557?

b. Which country did Spain win a victory over in that year?

c. Can you name two Golden Age painters?

2. Read carefully.

The Monastery of El Escorial

The Monastery of El Escorial was built tocommemorate the Spanish victory over theFrench at the Battle of Saint Quentin on

August 10, 1557. Philip II personally chosethe site of the monastery, which is locatedabout fifty kilometres north-west of Madridin the foothills of the Guadarrama Mountain

Chain. Construction took twenty-one years,and for a long time after its completion, theMonastery of El Escorial was the largest building in the world. The dimensions of the buildingare huge in every respect. A simple example: there are twenty-four kilometres of corridors!

Besides a palace for Philip II, the complex included a monastery, seminary, library, basilica,school and the Royal Pantheon. With the exception of Philip V and Ferdinand VII,

all Spanish monarchs who have reigned since the Monastery was built are buried there.

Important Italian painters were responsible for decorating the Monastery. Consequently,

many paintings by Italian artists hang on its walls. Works by Spanish Golden Age painters,

such as El Greco and Velazquez, also decorate the building.

3. Complete the phrases in column A with phrases from column B.

A B

a. The Battle of San Quentin was fought 1

. with many Spanish and Italian paintings.b

. The Monastery of El Escorial is located 2. are buried in the Royal Pantheon.

c. It took twenty-one years 3. against the French.

d. Many Spanish monarchs 4

. about fifty kilometres from Madride. The monastery was decorated 5

. to build the monastery.

Worksheet 43 Date_...... Apply your knowledgeTHE 18'h AND 191h CENTURIES

Isabella I Alfonso XII

1. Circle the correct answer.

a. A dispute over the Spanish throne led to this war.

1. The Spanish War of Independence 2. The Spanish War of Succession

b. He was the first Bourbon king of Spain.

1. Charles II 2. Philip V

c. This Frenchman was king of Spain for a short time at the beginning of the 19th century.

1. Napoleon Bonaparte 2. Joseph Bonaparte

d. Spain,s first modern constitution was written here.

1. Cadiz 2. Cuba

e. In 1824

, this was the only Spanish colony in America which was not yet independent.

1. Cuba 2. Mexico

f. This person came to the throne in 1833.

1. Isabella II 2. Alfonso XII

g. This group of people supported the Constitution and wanted limitationsto the monarch,s powers.

1. Conservatives 2. Liberals

h. The First Spanish Republic lasted this length of time.

1. More than a year 2. Less than a year

52

Worksheet 44. Date Apply your knowledgeSPAIN 1898-1931

Match each date with the historical event.

1898 . . The Second Republic was established.

1909 Primo de Rivera,s dictatorship came to an end.

1923 Intellectuals called for changes in Spanish society.

1930 . . There was a revolt in Barcelona.

1931 Primo de Rivera,s dictatorship started.

The Second Republic. Write true or false.

a. During the Second Republic, land was distributed among the landowners.

b. The first Statutes of Autonomy were declared during the Second Republic.

c. Men were given the right to vote_

d. New state schools were built_

e. Everybody was in favour of the reforms_

Investigate.

Find information about these intellectuals.

Antonio Machado Pio Baroja Ramon del Valle-lnclan Miguel de Unamuno

j|j Worksheet 45. Date Apply your knowledgeTHE CIVIL WAR AND

THE DICTATORSHIP


a. In 1936, a coup d

'

etat against the Republic was led by General Francisco Franco.

b. The Nationalists supported the Republic___

c. The Republicans won the Civil War._

d. During the dictatorship, General Franco controlled all the powers of State.

e. The dictatorship ended in 1960._

2. Answer the questions about the dictatorship.

a. How many political parties were there?

b. What types of liberties were restricted?

c. What did many Spanish workers do?

d. When did the economy begin to grow?

3. Investigate.

Interview somebody who lived under Franco's dictatorship. Write a short report.

54


SPAIN IN THE 1960s

1. Read carefully.

Spain in the 1960s

During the early years of Franco,s dictatorship, life was very hard.Much of the population was poor and hungry, and too demoralized to opposethe regime. In any case, repression was fierce. Those who had supportedthe Republic were jailed or executed. Criticism of the government wasnot permitted, and no religion except Catholicism was tolerated.

After twenty years of repression, the decade of the 1960s was a timeof social and economic change in Spain. There was massive migrationfrom rural areas to the cities and from Spain to other countries.The Spanish economy became more prosperous, for various reasons.

Emigration led to a reduction in the unemployment rate, and emigrants sent money back to Spain.The new tourist industry and foreign investment also contributed to economic growth.

By the end of the decade, 25% of Spanish families had a car, more and more homes had electricalappliances, such as washing machines, and most Spanish homes had televisions. Televisionand tourism brought greater access to information. Tourism also brought new ideas, customsand ways of dressing. Young people especially rejected the traditionalism of the Franco regime.Opposition to the dictatorship grew. Although the dictatorship only ended with Franco,s deathin 1975, most Spanish people were ready to support the transition to democracy.


a. What happened to Republican supporters in the early years of the dictatorship?

b. How did emigration help the Spanish economy?

c. How did tourism help to change Spanish attitudes?

3. Think.

Emigration had positive effects on the Spanish economy What do you think life was likefor the people who migrated to other European countries?

Holidays and games:

ROMAN LIFESTYLE Project 8

Investigate different aspects of Roman life and complete the diagram below.

Include some of the following words. Find out what they mean. Look for other words.

earringbracelet

bath

herbs

togastola

garumchariot race

Jewelry and hairstyles: Clothing:

Roman

lifestyle

Eating habits: The working day:

56

CASTLES AND PALACESProject 9

Glue two photos here - one of a castle and one of a palace.

Then complete the cards.

algae

bacteria

benefit

carbon dioxide

competition

decomposer

desert

ecosystem

endanger

environment

extinct

fauna

flora

food chain

freshwater

fungi

globalwarming

grassland

greenhouseeffect

harm

host

marine

mutualism

parasitism

pollution

primary

consumer

producer

secondaryconsumer

species

tertiaryconsumer

antagonistic

bloodstream

brain stem

cartilage

cerebellum

cerebrum

contract

endocrine

gland

extend

fixed

flex

glide

hormone

involuntary

joint

ligament

movable

muscle

muscular system

nerve

nervous system

neuron

ovary

pancreas

peripheral

pituitary gland

reflex

relax

skeleton

spinal cord

tendon

58

labour

teste

thyroid gland

voluntary

afterbirth

amnion

belly button

Caesarean section

clitoris

contraction

dilation

egg cells

embryo

Fallopian tube

fertilisation

foetus

genital organ

lactation

menstruation

ovary

penis

period

pregnancy

premature

prostate

puberty

reproductive system

scrotum

seminal vesicle

sperm

teste

testicle

umbilical cord

urethra

uterus

vagina

vas deferens

vulva

absorb

amplitude

biomass

chemical

concave

convex

echo

electrical

electricity

fan

fossil fuel

intensity

light bulb

mechanical energy

non-renewable

opaque

pitch

reflect

refract

renewable

incubator zygote replenish

reverberation

shadow

source

circuit

substance

sunlight

thermal

tone

translucent

transparent

uranium_

wave

white light

artificial

attract _

charge

component

conducting wire

conductor

current_

electromagnet

flow

generator

insulator

magnetic field

magnetic strip

magnetism

neutral

pole

repel

static electricity

substation

switch-

A

casing

combustion

engine

complex

distort

elastic

electronic circuit

engine

force

friction

gravity

increase

machine

magnetic force

mechanism

non-elastic

permanently

pull-

push

reduce

speed

structure

temporarily

change

I

asteroid

celestial body

comet

constellation

decrease

eclipse

ellipse.

elliptical

galaxy

gas giant

helium

hemisphere

hydrogen

irregular

luminosity

nebula

rise

set

Solar System

sphere, spherical

spiral_

star

tilt

climate

coast

continental

depression

island

lagoon

lake

landscape

mountain chain

plateau

torrent

typical

watershed

active population

ageing-

automobile

Autonomous City

Autonomous

Community

birth rate

chemical

Congress of Deputies

constitution

reservoir

construction

death rate

lunar phase river basin fishing

hereditary_ evergreen __ cave

industry_ member state _ Celt _

judge_ mountain_ Ceitiberian

livestock farming_ peninsula_ chieftain _

manufacturing_ physical feature_ circus_

mining_ polar.. clan

minister_ river.. clay pot

municipality_ steppe- empire -

population density_ taiga_ governor

province temperate Greek

Senate_ tundra_ Hispania

Supreme Court hominid

telecommunications 1

textile._ vjg berian -

tourism_

trade_ 'aW _

j -+*$ / 'VC-vtransport nomad

unemployed_ " 1

Phoenician

Rl port-

amphitheatre sedentary

aqueduct_ settlement

coastline- bridge_Tartessian

deciduous- Carthaginian_theatre_

52

thermal bath noble painting

tribe

triumphal arch

village_

Al Andalus

Alan

caliph, caliphate

Catholic Monarchs

clergy

crop

emirate

Germanic

Gothic

instrument

irrigation

kingdom

peasant

Reconquest

Romanesque

Suevi

taifas

university

Vandal

Visigoth

absolute monarchy

architecture

Bourbon

conservative

Golden Age

Habsburg

liberal

royal factory

architecture

cinema

conflict

coup d'

etat

culture

dictatorship

industrial worker

landowner

Nationalist

reform

Republican

sculpture

society

transition

Muslim literature

ISBN-13: 97 -294- 96

7 8- 29 9611

Science!Activity Book

Essential Science is a six-level course which

teaches basic concepts of Science, Geographyand History through English.

Content and language are carefullyinterwoven in Essential Science.

Curricular objectives for primary schoolconstitute the scientific basis for each level.

The carefully-graded Essential Science languagesyllabus correlates with objectives

set out in the Cambridge Young Learners suite.

Special Features

Ideal for limited contact hours .

Dual objectives: content and language skills .Clearly-written information pages .

Full colour illustrations and diagrams .

Project work and tasks:'leaming through doing' .Audio CD provides valuable support .

Learner autonomy activities .

Essential for success

Student's Book and CD Facts

Themes 14

Learning to learn pages 2

Citizenship sections 42

Communicative functions 17

Diagrams and maps 30

Audio tracks 63

Core vocabulary 350

Activity Book Facts

Themes 14

1 can do it self-evaluation objectives 28

Applying knowledge worksheets 36

Vocabulary activities 10

Projects 9

Investigation tasks 6

Extension: Read and learn 8

Glossary terms 350

Resources

Richmond Picture Dictionary

Richmond Student's Dictionary

Web pages: www.richmondelt.comwww.indexnet.santillana.es

Richmond World Facts

Santi lianawww.indexnet.santillana.es

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santillana_essential science 6_course book

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