santrock chapter 2
TRANSCRIPT
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Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 2Psychologys
Scientific Methods
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Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Scientific Research Research that is:
Objective
Systematic Testable
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The Scientific Method The Scientific Method
Used to discover accurate informationabout phenomena, including mind and
behavior
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The Scientific Method Conceptualize a problem
Operational definition
A description that is as precise as possibleabout the aspects of problem and how it isto be studied in terms of observableevents that can be measured
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The Scientific Method Theory
A coherent set of interrelated ideas thathelps to make predictions and explain data
Hypothesis
Specific assumptions or predictions thatcan be tested to determine their accuracy
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The Scientific Method Collect information (data)
Draw conclusions
Revise research conclusions or theory
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Who Will the Participants Be? Population
The entire group which the investigatorwants to draw conclusions
Sample
The subset of the population chosen byinvestigator for study
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Who Will the Participants Be? Random sample
A sample in which every member of thepopulation has an equal chance of being
selected
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Research Methods: Observation Laboratory observation
Observations of behavior in a controlledsetting with many of the complex factors of
the real world removed
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Observation Naturalistic observation
Observations of behavior in real-worldsetting with no effort made to manipulate
or control the situation
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Interviews Interview
Asking questions to find out about apersons experiences and attitudes
Social desirability
The tendency of participants to tell theinterviewer what they think is sociallyacceptable or desirable rather than what
they truly feel or think
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Interviews Questionnaires (surveys)
Similar to structured interviews except thatthe respondents read the questions and
mark their answers on paper rather thanverbally responding to an interviewer
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Case Studies Case study
An in-depth look at a single individual,used mainly by clinical psychologists when
the unique aspects of an individuals lifecannot be duplicated
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StandardizedTests Standardized tests
Tests that require people toanswer a series of written
and/or oral questions Individuals test score is
totaled to yield a singlescore
Individuals score iscompared with the scoresof a large group of similarpeople
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Correlational Research Correlational Research
Research with the goal of describing thestrength of the relationship between two
or more events or characteristics
Variable 1
Variable2
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Experimental Research Experimental research
Allows psychologists to discoverbehaviors causes
Experiment
A carefully regulated procedure in whichone or more factors believed to influencethe behavior being studied are
manipulated and all other factors are heldconstant
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Experimental Research Independent variable
The manipulated, influential, experimentalfactor in an experiment
Dependent variable
The factor that is measured in anexperiment
Can change as the independent variable ismanipulated
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Experimental Research Experimental group
The group who experience is manipulated
Control group A comparison group that is treated in
every way like the experimental groupexcept for the manipulated factor
Random assignment Assignment of participants to experimental
and control groups by chance
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Random Assignment
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Experimental Research Cautions Experimenter bias
The influence of the experimenters ownexpectations on the outcome of the
research
Research participant bias
The influence of research participantsbelief
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Experimental Research Cautions Placebo effect
Occurs when participants expectations,rather than the experimental treatment,
produce the desired outcome
Double-blind experiment
Neither the experimenter nor theparticipants are aware of which
participants are in the experimental group
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Ethics and Values Informed consent
Participants must know what theirparticipation will involve and any risks that
might develop
Confidentiality
Researchers are responsible for keepingall of the data they gather on individuals
completely confidential and, whenpossible, completely anonymous
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Ethics and Values Debriefing
Informing participants of the purpose andmethods used in a study after the study
has been completed
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Ethical Research with Animals How ethical is research with animals?
Human applications
Psychotherapy and behavioral medicine Rehabilitation of neuromuscular disorders
Understanding and alleviating effects ofstress and pain
Discovery and testing of drugs to treatanxiety and severe mental illness
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Ethical Research with Animals Human applications
Knowledge about drug addiction andrelapse
Treatment to help premature infants gainweight so they can leave the hospitalsooner
Knowledge about memory used to
alleviate deficits of memory in old age
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Gender, Culture, and Ethnicity Gender bias
Cultural bias
Ethnic bias Ethnic gloss:
Using an ethnic label in a superficial waythat portrays an ethnic group as being
more homogeneous than it actually is
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Being a Wise Consumer Research on groups vs. the individual
needs of the consumer
Overgeneralization based on a smallsample
A single study usually is not thedefining word about an issue orproblem
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Being a Wise Consumer Causal conclusions cannot be drawn
from correlational studies
Always consider the source of thepsychological information and evaluateits credibility
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End of Chapter 2
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