saqartvelos finansuri politikis genderuli ganzomilebebi · 1 winamdebare nasromi exeba saqartvelos...

saqarTvelos finansuri politikis

genderuli ganzomilebebi

Tbilisi 2009

naSromi momzadda

da gamoqveynda gaeros ganviTarebis

programis proeqtis - ”genderi da politika”,

farglebSi.

damatebiTi informaciisaTvis SegiZliaT mimarToT

gaeros ganviTarebis programis proeqtis - ”genderi da politika”,

ofiss Semdeg misamarTze:

Tbilisi saqarTvelos parlamentis administraciuli Senoba.

rusTavelis gamz. 8, oTaxi 034; tel/faqsi:923662.

www.genderandpolitics.ge

The document was prepared and published within the framework of

the UNDP project - “Gender and Politics”

For additional information refer to the offi ce of the UNDP project “Gender and Politics” at the following address:

Administrative building of the Parliament of Georgia, 8 Rustaveli avenue, room 034, Tbilisi;

tel./fax (99532) 923662; www.genderandpolitics.ge

Copyright © UNDP 2009All rights reserved

1

winamdebare naSromi exeba saqarTvelos finansuri politikis genderul

aspeqtebs, masSi ganxilulia analizis meTodologia, saqarTveloSi jan-

dacvis, ganaTlebis, Sromis bazris ganviTarebis genderuli tendenciebi da

problemebi, am problemebis gadaWris finansuri gzebi, rogorc centralur,

saxelmwifo, aseve adgilobrivi TviTTmmarTvelobis doneze. naSromSi

asaxulia saerTaSoriso gamocdileba da mocemulia rekomendaciebi, romel-

ic vfiqrobT, daainteresebs rogorc samoqalaqo sazogadoebas, aseve cen-

tralur da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs.

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!bwupsfcj;!!!

Carita jaSi

mixeil ToqmaziSvili

sfebrupsj;!

mixeil jibuti

kvlevisas gaweuli konsultaciebisaTvis da

gamoTqmuli SeniSvnebisaTvis avtorebi

gansakuTrebul madlobas uxdian

gaeros ganviTarebis programisa da SvedeTis

saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis da TanamSromlobis saagentos

proeqtis `genderi da politika“ koordinators,

qalbaton nino lagvilavas da

proeqtis eqsperts, qalbaton irina Jvanias.

2

Sinaarsi

winasityvaoba

Tavi 1. demografiuli problemebi saqarTveloSi

Tavi 2. jandacvis reformebi da saxelmwifo dafinansebis genderuli problemebi

2.1. jandacvis problemebi da reformebi

2.2. saxelmwifo dafinansebis problemebi

daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi

Tavi 3. socialuri sferos genderuli aspeqtebi

3.1. saqarTveloSi socialuri sferos ganviTareba

3.2. siRaribe da socialuri uTanasworoba saqarTveloSi

3.3. socialur sferoSi saxelmwifo dafinansebis problemebi

3.4. reformebi socialuri dacvisa da uzrunvelyofis sferoSi

3.5. ojaxis ganviTarebis problemebi


Tavi 4. genderuli uTanasworoba Sromis bazarze

4.1. Sromis bazris genderuli struqtura

4.2. saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebis genderuli problemebi

4.3. saxelmwifo intervenciebi umuSevarTa dasaqmebaSi


Tavi 5. ganaTlebis sferos genderuli aspeqtebi

5.1. ganaTlebis seqtoris zogadi mimoxilva

5.2. saganmanaTleblo sistemis genderuli problemebi

5.3. ganaTlebis sferos saxelmwifo dafinanseba


Tavi 6. municipaluri biujetis genderuli problemebi

6.1. genderulad mgrZnobiare municipaluri biujetis Taviseburebebi

6.1. municipalitetebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisG

genderuli problemebi


Tavi 7. saxelmwifos finansuri strategia

7.1. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo da municipaluri biujetebis

genderuli aspeqtebi

7.2. genderuli biujetis formirebis saerTaSoriso gamocdileba

bolosityvaoba

danarTi

literatura

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winasityvaoba

msoflioSi mimdinare demokratiulma procesebma genderuli Tanasworobis

sakiTxi metad mwvaved daayena dRis wesrigSi. sakamaTo ar aris, rom gender-

uli Tanasworoba demokratiuli mSeneblobisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

umniSvnelovanes faqtors warmoadgens. mmarTvelobis yvela doneze genderu-

li midgoma socialuri samarTlianobis, dasaqmebisa da Semosavlebis zrdisa

da sayovelTao keTildReobis damkvidrebis safuZvelia. Ffinansuri da so-

cialur-ekonomikuri politikaSi genderuli aspeqtebis gaTvaliswineba da am

politikis gatareba ki konkretuli nabijia dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad.

saqarTveloSi mimdinare demokratiuli procesebi da Sesabamisad, adamianis

uflebebisa da Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa moiTxovs xelisuflebis yura-

dRebis gamaxvilebas genderuli Tanasworobis problemebze da im miznebze

orientacias, romelic aTaswleulis ganviTarebis deklaraciiT aris aRiare-

buli. 2004 wels saqarTvelom aRiara aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebi da

qveynis demokratiuli gardaqmnebis gziT cdilobs socialurad samarTliani

sazogadoebis formirebas.

2005 wels saqarTvelos mTavrobam SeimuSava metad mniSvnelovani dokumenti:

`saqarTvelos prioritetebi evrokavSiris samezoblo politikis samoqmedo

gegmisaTvis”, riTac naTlad gamokveTa qveynis ganviTarebis strategiuli

orientiri, romelic saqarTvelos evropul da evroatlantikur struqtureb-

Si integracias gulisxmobs.

evropul standartebTan miaxloeba da im normebis dacva, romelic demokra-

tiul ganviTarebisa da socialuri samarTlianobis Sesabamisi politikuri

da ekonomikuri garemos Sesaqmnelad aris saWiro, moiTxovs qveynis mmarT-

velobiT sistemaSi qalisa da mamakacis Tanabari monawileobis xelSewyobas,

romelic demokratiuli ganviTarebis erT-erTi Tanmdevi procesia.

saqarTveloSi, bolo wlebSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ZalisxmeviTa da

saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxardaWeriT, parlamentis mier miRebuli iqna

genderuli Tanasworobis koncefcia, kanonebi ojaxuri Zaladobisa da tre-

fikingis winaaRmdeg. aseve, ganxorcielda sxvadasxva RonisZieba qveyanaSi gen-

deruli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis xelSesawyobad. amJamad, saqarTvelos

parlamentis TavmjdomaresTan arsebuli genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxTa

sakonsultacio sabWos iniciativiT mimdinareobs muSaoba genderuli Ta-

nasworobis Sesaxeb kanonproeqtze, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos genderuli

Tanasworobis saxelmwifo politikis ganxorcieleba qveyanaSi.1

marTalia, saqarTveloSi arsebobs demokratiuli da socialurad Tanaswori

sazogadoebis formirebis politikuri neba, magram qveyanaSi mimdinare so-

cialuri da politikuri cvlilebebi ver uzrunvelyofen demokratiuli fa-

seulobebis realizacias. qveynis politikuri da ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebis

miRebis procesebSi qalTa monawileoba kvlav nominaluria da saxelmwifo

marTvis sxvadasxva doneze genderuli Tanasworobis politikis ganxor-

cieleba ver xerxdeba.

1 saqarTvelos parlamentis TavmjdomaresTan arsebuli genderuli Tanasworobis sakonsultacio sabWo aris

erTaderTi instituciuri meqanizmi, romelic lobirebs genderul sakiTxebs da mimarTulia iseT aqtivobe-

bze, rogoricaa winadadebebisa da rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba saxelmwifo genderuli politikis sakiTxebze

genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT kanonmdeblobis daxvewa da saqarTvelos kanonmde-

blobis evropul standartebTan harmonizacia.

4

saqarTveloSi mimdinare reformebis Sedegad ekonomikuri zrdis tempi gaiz-

arda, magram mas ar mo�yolia siRaribis mkveTri Semcireba. mTliani Sida

produqtis mniSvnelovan zrdasa da siRaribis stagnaciur maCveneblebs Soris

mkveTri gansxvaveba miuTiTebs, rom ekonomikurma reformebma ver moaxdina

qmediTi zegavlena mosaxleobis keTildReobaze.2 mkveTrad gauaresda de-

mografiuli viTareba, gaizarda SromiTi migracia, gaRrmavda genderuli seg-

regacia SromiT bazarze. qveyanaSi sabazro ekonomikis am etapze socialuri

samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofa kvlav gadauWrel problemad darCa.

ekonomikuri zrda, instituciuri meqanizmebis gaaqtiureba, mizanmimarTuli so-

cialuri politikis gatareba siRaribisa da genderuli uTanasworobis Sem-

cirebis ZiriTadi pirobaa. qveyanaSi socialuri politikis ganxorcieleba

gulisxmobs resursebis iseT gadanawilebas, romelic did socialur ukugebas

iZleva, rac Tavis mxriv uzrunvelyofs mamakacTa da qalTa Tanabar SesaZle-

blobebis realizacias. am TvalsazrisiT didi mniSvneloba eniWeba finansuri

saxsrebis mobilizacias maRalkvalificiuri profesiuli kadrebis mosamzade-

blad, qalebisaTvis maRalanazRaurebadi dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebis gazrdas,

qalTa da bavSvTa socialuri dacvis radikalur gardaqmnas, janmrTelobisa da

socialuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofas, socialuri infrastruqturis gaum-

jobesebas, Sromis stimulirebis, axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnisa da ekonomi-

kuri aqtiurobis waxalisebas, rac mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesebs mosaxleobis

socialur-ekonomikur statuss.

saqarTveloSi gaeros ganviTarebis programisa da SvedeTis ganviTarebis

saagentos erToblivi proeqtis komponentia `genderuli biujetis iniciati-

va saqarTveloSi”, romlis farglebSic Sesrulda saqarTvelos saxelmwifo

biujetis, ganaTlebisa da socialuri sferos genderuli analizi da momzadda

winamdebare naSromi. naSromis mizania Tanasworobis politikis ganxorcieleb-

isaTvis saxelmwifos marTvis yvela doneze genderuli aspeqtebis integrireba

da sabiujeto mowyobaSi genderuli pasuxismgeblobis gazrdis mniSvnelobaze,

biujetis angariSSi genderuli aspeqtebis asaxvaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba.

naSromSi warmodgenili analizi aris genderuli aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetisa da finansuri politikis Sefasebis

pirveli mcdeloba. avtorebi ganixilaven qveyanaSi ekonomikuri reformebis

mimdinareobasa da mis gavlenas mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikur mdgo-

mareobaze, imas, Tu ramdenad efeqtianad imoqmeda ekonomikurma da socialurma

cvlilebebma mosaxleobis, rogorc mamakacebis, aseve qalebis, SesaZleblobebis

ganviTarebasa da cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebaze.

vimedovnebT, rom wignSi dasmul problemebs xelisufleba da samoqalaqo sa-

zogadoeba momavalSi garkveul yuradRebas dauTmobs, raTa naTeli gaxdes,

Tu socialuri da genderuli Tanasworobis ra safexurze imyofeba saqarT-

velo, ramdenad uaxlovdeba igi aTaswleulis miznebs da ra aris saWiro gam-

ovlenili uTanasworobis aRmosafxvrelad.

avtorebi acnobiereben im garemoebas, rom winamdebare gamokvlevaSi warmod-

genili aspeqtebi SeiZleba srulad ar iyos gaziarebuli dainteresebuli mxa-

reebis mier, magram siamovnebiT miiReben konstruqciuli xasiaTis kritikul

SeniSvnebs da imedovneben, rom saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo finansebis genderul

aspetebze msjeloba, xelisuflebasa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Soris am

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli dialogi xels Seuwyobs qveynis Semdgom winsvlas

realuri demokratiuli sazogadoebis mSeneblobisaken.

2 saqarTvelos humanuri ganviTarebis angariSi, reformebi da reformebis miRma, (2008). gaero, gv. 4.

5

Tavi 1

demografiuli problemebi saqarTveloSi

saqarTveloSi demografiuli mdgomareobis

gauaresebasTan erTad gaizarda qalis socialuri

tvirTi da migraciis feminizaciis procesi gaxda intensiuri

saqarTveloSi demografiul ganviTarebis negatiuri tendenciebi vlindeba. mis-

Tvis damaxasiaTebelia Sobadobis mkveTri dacema, mokvdaobis (gansakuTrebiT

Cvil bavSvTa mokvdaobis) zrda, romlis logikuri Sedegia mosaxleobis bune-

brivi matebis Semcireba. 1990-2008 wlebSi saqarTveloSi mosaxleoba Semcir-

da 19,5 procentiT, maSin rodesac 1975-19903 wlebSi izrdeboda 11 procentiT.

paralelurad moxda mosaxleobis dabereba. es movlenebi seriozul safrTxes

uqmnis TaobaTa ganaxlebas, mZime tvirTad awveba dasaqmebul mosaxleobas da

zrdis qalis Sromis simZimes Sinameurneobebsa da ojaxSi.

Sobadoba

XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis aTas sulze dai-

bada 40 bavSvi, 1913 wels daibada – 28, 1960 wels - 24, 1990 wels – 17, xolo 2007

wels ki – 11.2 bavSvi. Cvens qveyanaSi yovel 100 qalze 1960 wels modioda 259

bavSvi, xolo 2007 wels – 173, maSin rodesac mosaxleobis Tundac martivi aR-

warmoebisaTvis aucilebelia es maCvenebeli iyos 210 bavSvi.

qarTul mosaxleobaSi Sobadobis koeficienti TiTqmis 1,5 jer dabalia Sesa-

bamis saSualo maCvenebelTan SedarebiT da saqarTvelos araqarTuli mosax-

leobis jer kidev odnavi bunebrivi mateba (ZiriTadad azerbaijanelebisa da

qurTebis) demografiuli qceviT (Sobadobis SedarebiT maRali doniT) gan-

isazRvreba. Sobadobis Semcirebis mizezebi mravalgvaria. mas gansazRvravs

rogorc socialuri, aseve politikuri, eTnikuri, fsiqologiuri, ekonomikuri

da sxva faqtorebi, romlebic aisaxeba qalis qcevebSi da ojaxebis socialur-

ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi.

Sobadobis Semcirebis erT-erTi mizezia ojaxebis ganviTarebaSi arsebuli

winaaRmdegobebi, magaliTad, ganqorwinebuli, dauqorwinebeli da martoxela

dedebis raodenobis zrda. 2001 welTan SedarebiT orjer gaizarda ganqor-

winebulTa raodenoba.4 sakmaod didia araregistrirebul qorwinebaSi myofi

dedebis raodenobac. Tu 1990 wels aseTi dedebi Seadgenda 18 procents, 2003

wels man ukve 45 procents miaRwia. 5

amasTan, unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom saqarTveloSi siRaribe gaxda erT-

erTi yvelaze didi problema, romelmac moicva mosaxleobis didi nawili. 2003

wels saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi 5-dan 4 adamianis Semosavali ar aRemateboda

100 lars, daaxloebiT naxevars ki hqonda Semosavali 50 laris odenobiT6. Sem-

3 msoflio bankis monacemTa baza: http://devdata.worldbank.org/hnpstats/query/default.html4 da kaci saqarTveloSi, (2008). statistikuri publikacia. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministro,

statistikis departamenti. Tb., gv. 12. 5 Social tendencies in Georgia, (2004).Available at: http://www.statistics.ge/publication.php?pform=-999999&plang=2

registrirebuli qorwinebis raodenobis Semcireba nawilobriv ganpirobebulia eklesiuri qorwinebebis

gazrdiT.

6 Social tendencies in Georgia, (2004). Available at: http://www.statistics.ge/publication.php?pform=-999999&plang=2

6

dgom periodSi es maCvenebeli marTalia Semcirda, magram 2008 wlis agvistoSi

ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Sedegad droebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa raodenobis

zrdam siRaribisa da umuSevrobis problema kvlav prioretituli gaxada. siR-

aribidan Tavis daRwevis mizniT qalis dasaqmeba gaizarda rogorc araaseve Si-

nameurneobebSi da ojaxSi, ramac Seqmna genderuli disproporcia, gaizarda qa-

lis aunazRaurebeli Sromis mniSvneloba da masze dakisrebuli saojaxo tvirTi.

yovelive aman Tavisi uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdina qalis demografiul qcevaze.

mokvdaoba

saqarTveloSi SobadobasTan erTad mokvdaobis maCvenebeli tradiciulad

dabali iyo, rogorc uSualo mezobel saxelmwifoebTan, ise evropis mTel rig

qveynebTan SedarebiT. Cvil bavSvTa mokvdaobis koeficienti saqarTveloSi,

romelic genderuli mdgomareobis arsebiTi maCvenebelia, daaxloebiT 5-jer

aRemateba ganviTarebul qveynebSi arsebul dones.

cxrili 1

Cvil bavSvTa mokvdaoba

saqarTvelo yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebi evrokavSiri - 25

1950-1990 58.7 75.7 27.4

1990-2005 41.3 47.7 7.4

Source: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision and World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision, http://esa.un.org/unpp.

aqve isic unda SevniSnoT, rom Cvil bavSvTa mokvdaoba ukanaskneli 3 wlis gan-

mavlobaSi TiTqmis 2-jer Semcirda da 2007 wels miaRwia 13.3-s, Tumca es maCve-

nebelic TiTqmis 2 jer aRemateba evrokavSiris saSualo maCvenebels. Cvil

bavSvTa mokvdaobis maRali maCvenebeli dakavSirebulia qalis reproduqciu-

li uflebebis dacvasa da janmrTelobis infrastrqturis mdgomareobasTan.

mosaxleobis bunebrivi mateba

Sobadobisa da mokvdaobis maCvenebelTa urTierTSejerebiT SeiZleba

davaskvnaT, rom ramdenadac Sobadobis tempi ecema, xolo mokvdaoba matulobs

(an stabiluria), cxadia, mosaxleobis bunebrivi mateba dacemis tendenciiT xa-

siaTdeba.

cxrili 2

mosaxleobis bunebrivi mateba

saqarTvelo yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebi vvrokavSiri - 25

1950-1990 1.09 1.93 0.61

1990-2005 -1.33 0.21 0.28

Source: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision and World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision, http://esa.un.org/unpp

7

mosaxleobis demografiuli dabereba

saqarTveloSi sxva negatiur procesebTan erTad mosaxleobis demografiu-

li daberebac intensiurad mimdinareobs. igi 70–iani wlebis Suaxanebidan de-

mografiulad daberebul qveynad iTvleba. 90-ian wlebSi, mwvave socialur-

ekonomikuri krizisis gamo, demografiuli daberebis procesi daCqarda da

qveyanam demografiuli daberebis maRal dones miaRwia.

1989-2002 aRweraTa Soris periodSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis saSualo asaki

2.5 wliT gaizarda da amJamad 37 wels aRemateba. saqarTvelos mosaxleoba

uxnesia samxreT kavkasiaSi. ekonomikurad es ki imas niSnavs, saSualo asakis

yoveli erTi wliT zrdis pirobebSi erTis mxriv, izrdeba Sromisunariani

asakidan gasuli mosaxleobis Senaxvis socialuri tvirTi, xolo meores mxriv,

ki sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, igi amcirebs mTliani Sida produqtis warmoebis

potencials 2.2 procentiT.

yovelive amas isic unda davumatoT, rom ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis

20.0 procenti – 60 wels gadacilebulia, maTgan 15.2 procenti – 65 welze ux-

nesi, maSin roca daberebis zRvrad iTvleba 65 da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis

7 procenti. 25 welze mcire asakis kontingentis wili ekonomikurad aqtiuri

mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnobaSi mxolod 9.6%. amdenad, Ddemografiuli

TvalsazrisiT, saqarTveloSi aSkaradaa gamoxatuli mosaxleobis dabereba.7

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania fertiluri asakis qalTa dabereba. aseTi kon-

tingentis mandilosanTa TiTqmis naxevari 36 welsaa gadacilebuli, rac friad

uaryofiT gavlenas axdens Sobadobis intensivobaze.

mosaxleobis demografiul daberebas Tan sdevs SromisunarianTa (gansa-

kuTrebiT, dasaqmebulTa) demografiul-ekonomikuri datvirTvis zrda. iz-

rdeba saqarTveloSi yoveli aTasi Sromisunarianis kmayofaze myofi araS-

romisunariani adamianebis wili. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom umuSevrobis done

stabilurad maRalia, demografiuli datvirTva kidev ufro mwvave problema

xdeba.

demografiuli datvirTvis maCvenebelSi klebulobs Sromis asaks miuRwevel-

Ta xvedriTi wili da, Sesabamisad, matulobs Sromis asaks gadacilebulTa xve-

driTi wili. mcirdeba 16 wlamde asakis bavSvebis xvedriTi wili, xolo sapen-

sio asakis mosaxleobisa ki izrdeba.

es procesi gansakuTrebiT intensiurad mimdinareobs soflad, sadac cxovre-

bis mZime pirobebis gamo xdeba mosaxleobis gadaadgileba qalaqad. soflad

qalaqisaken mosaxleobis (ZiriTadad axalgazrdobis) migraciuli procesi sxva

regionebze ufro metad saqarTvelos CrdiloeTis maRalmTianeTSi igrZnoba.

Sesabamisad am regionebSi ZiriTad mosaxleobas xandazmulebi Seadgenen.

demografiuli daberebiT gamorCeul regionebSi mokvdaoba, qveynis saSualo

maCvenebelTan SedarebiT, mkveTrad maRalia, arcTu iSviaTad Sobadobas aRe-

mateba da iwvevs depopulacias.

daberebis procesi gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulad moqmedebs Sromis bazarze da

socialuri dacvis sistemaze, ramdenadac izrdeba socialuri xarji, romelic

mZime tvirTad awveba dasaqmebulebs. dReisTvis yovel 100 pensionerze 75 daq-

iravebiT dasaqmebuli modis, maSin rodesac optimaluri Tanafardoba Sead-

7 gaeros demografiuli klasifikaciis mixedviT mosaxleoba iTvleba axalgazrdulad, Tu masSi 65 wlis da

meti asakis mosaxleoba Seadgens ara umetes 4 procents. mosaxleoba daberebis stadiaSia Tu xanSiSesulTa

raodenoba 4-7 procentia da mosaxleoba iTvleba daberebulad Tu es maCvenebeli 7 procentze metia.

8

gens 100 pensioners yovel 350-400 daqiravebiT dasaqmebulze.

Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom dasaqmebulTa Soris naxevarze meti qalia,

maSin dasaqmebuli qalis mier gadaxdil saSemosavlo gadasaxads, romliTac

xdeba sapensio asakis adamianebisTvis pensiebis gacema, emateba maT mier ojaxSi

gaRebuli Sromac xandazmulTa zrunvaze, rac qalis ormagi datvirTvis gamov-

lenaa.

migraciuli procesi

mosaxleobis daberebis saerTo tendencia, sxva garemoebebTan erTad, ZiriTa-

dad ganpirobebulia imiT, rom bolo wlebSi grZeldeboda 1990-iani wlebi-

dan dawyebuli intensiuri migracia, ZiriTadad, ekonomikuri garemoebebis gamo.

statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis monacemebiT, qveynidan gasulTa 85 pro-

centi Sromisunariani asakisaa, maSin roca am asakis mosaxleobis wili mTel

mosaxleobaSi 2/5-s ar aRemateba.

aRniSnul process gansakuTrebul dramatulobas sZens is garemoeba, rom bolo

wlebSi izrdeba genderuli uTanasworoba. saqarTvelodan gasul axalgaz-

rdebSi ufro meti qalia, vidre kaci, ramac grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi SeiZleba

gamoiwvios seriozuli socialur-demografiuli problemebi.

saqarTveloSi demografiul viTarebas sxva garemoebebTan erTad mniS-

vnelovnad amZimebs mosaxleobis (ZiriTadad axalgazrdebis) garemigraciuli

procesebi. aRricxvianobis sirTuleebTan dakavSirebiT srulad ar aris dadge-

nili im pirTa ricxovnoba, vinc gavida saqarTvelodan. sxvadasxva eqspertu-

li gaangariSebebi uaryofiTia da igi daaxloebiT erT milions aRwevs, rac

saqarTvelosnairi mcirericxovani qveynisaTvis sakmaod didi cifria.

2002 wlis mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRweris Sedegebis mixedviT, migrantebis

saerTo raodenobaSi (1 262 618 adamiani), 62,2 procenti iyo qali, xolo emigran-

tebis saerTo raodenobaSi ki – 41,3 procenti iyo qali. amasTan, ekonomikuri

pirobebis gaumjobesebis mizniT saqarTvelodan gasulTagan yovel 100 mamakac-

ze modis 67 qali. es proporcia maRal asakobriv jgufebSi sul ufro metad

icvleba qalebis sasargeblod. ase magaliTad, Tu 40-44 wlis asakis adamianebSi

ekonomikuri pirobebis gaumjobesebis mizniT gasul yovel 100 mamakacze modis

61 qali, 50-54 wlis asakis adamianebSi – 69 qali, 60-64 - wlis asakis adamianebSi

– 90 qali, xolo 65 welze uxnes mosaxleobaSi – 120 qali.8

ukanasknel wlebSi saqarTveloSi SromiT migrantTa Soris qalTa wilis upi-

ratesi zrda mniSvnelovania. saerTod, qalTa raodenobis masiuri zrda saer-

TaSoriso SromiT migraciaSi tipiuri tendenciaa. kvlevebiT dadasturebulia,

rom mraval qveyanaSi Sromis bazris struqturulma cvlilebebma ganapirobes

SromiTi migraciis feminizacia: qali martoxela, gaTxovili, umetes SemTxvevaSi

ukeTesi ganaTlebiT, vidre mamakaci, cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebis mizniT

sazRvrebs gareT cdilobs moZebnos samuSao.9

ganaTlebisa da profesionalizmis maRali done qmnis qalebis araformalur

seqtorSi dasaqmebis motivacias. Sromis danawilebis tradiciuli genderuli

modeli TandaTanobiT icvleba. dasaqmebuli qalic iseve monawileobs ojaxis

8 saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 2002 wlis pirveli erovnuli sayovelTao aRweris Sedegebi, tomi III, nawili II, gv. 7;

147.; 148-150.

9 Selm, I ., (2005).Georgia Looks West, But Faces Migration Challenges at Home, Migration Policy Institute. Georgia: The Tkibuli Region and Rural Migration, (2006).

9

biujetis formirebaSi, rogorc mamakaci. qalisTvis mniSvnelovania ara mar-

to finansuri faqtori, aramed moraluric. qalis saqmianoba mxolod ojaxSi

araprestiJuli gaxda. araformalur seqtorSi dasaqmebuli qali Tavs ufro

komfortulad da damoukideblad miiCnevs, amitomac SesaZleblobis SemTxvevSi

irCevs ojaxis gareT dasaqmebasac.

saSualo da maRali Semosavlebis ojaxebSi qalis saojaxo saqmianoba daq-

iravebulma samuSao Zalam Secvala. ganviTarebul qveynebSi qalTa umravle-

sobam aunazRaurebeli saojaxo Sromidan gadainacvla anazRaurebad sferoSi,

xolo maTi adgili daikava ganviTarebadi qveynebidan Casulma SromiTma mi-

grantebma. miuxedavad maTi garkveuli kvalifikaciisa da profesionalizmisa,

isini dasaqmdnen momsaxurebis infrastruqturis dabal safexurze. maTi um-

ravlesoba moaxled, momvlelad, damxmare muSad, gamyidvelad da oficiantad

muSaobs. samxreT aziisa da aRmosavleT aziis Tavisufal ekonomikur zonebSi

mTeli samuSaos Zalis 80 procenti qalia. igi iafi samuSao Zalaa. maTgan sak-

maod didi nawili SromiTi emigrantia da Cabmulia gasarTob industriaSi,

umetesad prostituciaSi.10

1990-ian wlamde saqarTveloSi qalTa SromiTi migracia ar iyo damaxasi-

aTebeli. tradiciuli, qarTuli mentalitetisaTvis miuRebeli iyo, rom qals

ojaxi mietovebina da saSovarze Sors wasuliyo. magram arsebulma realobam,

Rrma socialur-ekonomikurma krizisma, cxovrebis donis dacemam ganapiroba is,

rom SromiTi migracia gaxda saqarTvelos mosaxleobis fizikuri arsebobis

SenarCunebis erT-erTi gza. man dasabami misca qalTa farTo monawileobas

SromiT migraciaSi.11

saqarTvelodan qalTa ZiriTadi nakadi gaedineba saberZneTSi (24,3 procenti)

germaniaSi (23,5 procenti), aSS-sa da ruseTSi (14,3 procenti). xSir SemTxvevaSi

mas aralegaluri xasiaTi gaaCnia. gamokvleviT dadginda, rom qalebi dasaqme-

bulni arian momsaxureobis seqtorSi momvlelebad (33,1 procenti), aRmzrdele-

bad (9,2 procenti), oficiantebad (4,8 procenti), damlageblebad (9,2 procenti),

gamyidvelebad (5,5 procenti) da a.S.12

qalTa SromiTi migracia gamowveulia ojaxebis mZime socialur-ekonomikuri

pirobebiT, rac uaryofiT gavlenas axdens ojaxis ganviTarebaze. mamakacebTan

SedarebiT qalebs ufro uWirT ojaxidan Sors yofna. xSiria SemTxveva, roca

mcirewlovani Svilebis patroni migranti qalebi sxvis Svilebs zrdian, saku-

Tari Svilebi ki samSobloSi axloblebis amara hyavT datovebuli. imaTi wili,

visac qmari da Svilebi saqarTveloSi hyavT, mTel migraciul nakadSi Sead-

gens 27 procents, aqedan, Sviliani ki 37 procenti.13

ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT SromiTi resursebis masStaburi gadineba saqarT-

velodan gamarTlebulia imiT, rom SromiTi migrantebis mier gamogzavnili

Tanxebi bevri ojaxisaTvis yoveldRiur sarCo-sabadebels warmoadgens. fu-

ladi gzavnilebi sagareo Semodinebebis mTavari wyaroa da udides rols as-

rulebs siRaribis daZlevaSi. fuladi gzavnilebis raodenoba yovelwliurad

10 Becker G.S., (1960). A Theory of the allocation Time. The Economic Journal, Vol.80. Harvard, p. 15.11 2007 wels migraciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis saqarTvelos ofisis dakveTiT ucxoeli eqspertebis mier

Sefasda qveynaSi arsebuli migraciis marTvis procesebi. maT mier aRiniSna, rom saqarTveloSi jer-jero-

biT ar mimdinareobs SromiTi migraciis masStaburi da kompleqsuri Seswavla; kvlevisas ar aris gaTval-

iswinebuli genderuli aspeqtebi; ar aris Seqmnili migraciis marTvis institucionaluri sakanonmdeblo

organo, romelic warmoaCens qveynis realur migraciul suraTs. (ix. saqarTveloSi migraciis marTvis mimox-

ilva, (2008). Semfasebeli misiis angariSi, IMO). 12 SromiTi migracia saqarTveloSi, (2003). IMO, gv. 414. 13 SromiTi migracia saqarTveloSi, (2003). IMO, gv. 414.

10

izrdeba, marto 2007 wels man 837 milioni dolari Seadgina, rac 2000 wlis

maCvenebels 15-jer aRemateba.14

qalTa SromiTi emigraciis intensiurobis zrdam mniSvnelovnad Secvala

ojaxis struqtura da genderuli funqciebi. amasTan, gaxSirda ojaxuri Zala-

dobis SemTxvevebi, Sesustda axalgazrdebsa da bavSvebze ojaxis moraluri

zegavlena, gavrcelda trefikingi, prostitucia da sxva danaSaulobebi, sadac

Zaladobis msxverplTa Soris qalebi umravlesobas warmoadgenen. Tu 2005

wels registrirebuli iyo trefikingis 13 SemTxveva, romelTaganac 10 iyo qa-

lis mimarT Cadenili, 2007 wels registrirebuli iyo 29 SemTxveva, saidanac 14

iyo qalis mimarT Cadenili.15 trefikingis zrdasTan erTad gaizarda kacebis

mimarT Cadenili danaSaulobebis raodenobac.

qveynis gareT qalebi ZiriTadad dakavebuli arian araformalur seqtorSi, sa-

dac ar arsebobs SromiTi uflebebis dacvis legaluri meqanizmi. emigraciaSi

qalebis didi nawili aralegalurad muSaobs. amis gamo maTi umravlesoba

wasvlis Semdeg veRar brundeba samSobloSi da faqtiurad mowyvetilni arian

axloblebs. aseTi adamianebi Seadgenen emigrantTa 57,5 procents.

ganasakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia emigraciuli procesebSi axalgazrdobis aqti-

urad CarTva. 2005 wels Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad naTlad gamoCnda, rom

studentebs Soris Zalian maRalia migraciuli ganwyoba. emigraciis mizezad

asaxeleben ganaTlebis miRebas (gamokiTxulTa 31,8 procenti), Uucxo enebis Ses-

wavlas (15,4 procenti), aseve samuSaos povnis nakleb perspeqtiulobas samSob-

loSi (8,8 procenti), xolo materialuri pirobebis gaumjobesebas asaxelebs

gamokiTxulTa 41 procents.16

Ddaskvnebi da rekomendaciebi

• saqarTveloSi demografiuli tendenciebi aris qveynis socialuri da

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis indikatori da refleqsurad asaxavs jan-

dacvasa da socialur infrastruqturaSi arsebul mdgomareobas.

• Sobadobis zrdis, sikvdilianobis Semcirebisa da, saerTod, cxovrebis

xarisxis gaumjobesebis mizniT saqarTveloSi unda SemuSavdes iseTi

demografiuli politika, romelic gaxdeba mniSvnelovani instrumenti

sazogadoebaSi genderuli rolebis Tanabari gadanawilebisaTvis da

uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis mzrunvelobas adamianis resursebze, qalis

reproduqciul unarze, maTi uflebebis dacvasa da keTildReobas

• Ppraqtikulad dRes saqarTveloSi demografiuli sakiTxebi saxelmwifo

politikis doneze ignorirebulia. Aar arsebobsDgenderuli programebi,

sadac ojaxebis dagegma iqneba politikis mniSvnelovani komponenti.

• saqarTveloSi mimdinare migraciulma movlenebma aucilebeli gaxada

SromiT migrantebisa da devnilebis sainformacio bankis Seqmna, migraci-

uli politikis strategiisa da regulirebis konkretuli meqanizmebis

SemuSaveba, socialur-ekonomikuri uflebebis dacvis meqanizmebis sru-

lyofa.

14 saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis monacemebi.

15 qali da kaci saqarTveloSi, (2008). gv. 55.

16 WeliZe, n., (2008). saqarTvelos umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentTa saswavlo SromiTi migraciuli ganwyoba.

naSromSi: migracia, (red. m. tuxaSvili), Tsu Sromebis krebuli, Tb. gv. 98-103.

11

• dRes qveyanaSi ar arsebobs mosaxleobis migraciis koncefcia, romelSic

aisaxebaAmigraciuli procesebis marTvis erTiani strategiuli xedva.

samwuxarod, migraciis Sesaxeb bolo periodis arsebuli gamokvelevebi

saerTod ar iTvaliswinebs genderul aspeqtebs. saWiroa Sromis bazrisa

da migraciuli procesebis kompleqsuri gamokvleva.

• dRes qveyanaSi ar arsebobs mosaxleobis migraciis koncefcia, romelSic

aisaxebaAmigraciuli procesebis marTvis erTiani strategiuli xedva.

samwuxarod, migraciis Sesaxeb bolo periodis arsebuli gamokvelevebi

saerTod ar iTvaliswinebs genderul aspeqtebs. saWiroa Sromis bazrisa

da migraciuli procesebis kompleqsuri gamokvleva.

.

12

Tavi 2

jandacvis reformebi da saxelmwifo

dafinansebisgenderuli problemebi

jandacvis sferoSi ganxorcielebulma reformebma

ver uzrunvelyo samedicino momsaxurebisadmi xelmisawvdomobis

mniSvnelovani zrda mosaxleobis farTo fenebisaTvis,

xolo jandacvis sferoSi gaweuli saxelmwifo

dafinanseba ki kvlav dabalia.

2.1. jandacvis problemebi da reformebi

jandacvis problemebi

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenamde (1991w), iseve rogorc sxva post-

komunistur qveynebSi, jandacvis sistema mTlianad efuZneboda saxelmwifo

dafinansebis models. mosaxleobas SeeZlo esargebla momsaxurebis farTo

speqtriT, ramdenadac saavdmyofoebis da poliklinikebis momsaxurebis qsels

mTlianad saxelmwifo biujeti afinansdebda, Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom

momsaxurebis es speqtri iyo xarjiani da dabalxarisxiani.

gardaqmnis Sedegad mTlianad Seicvala jandacvis infrastruqtura. 90-iani

wlebis meore naxevarSi poliklinikebis saxelmwifo dafinanseba mTlianad

gauqmda da isini gadavidnen kerZo dafinansebaze. es RonisZieba nawilobriv

Seexo saavadmyofoebsac.Mmosaxleobis farTo fenam dakarga samedicino mom-

saxurebis miRebis SesaZleblobebi, ramdenadac maTi Semosavlebi ar iyo sakma-

risi seriozuli samedicino momsaxurebis misaRebad, xolo samedicino dawese-

bulebebis Semosulebobi ki ar iyo sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom maT gaezardaT

TavianTi momsaxurebis xarisxi. amis Sedegad jandacvis seqtorSi servisebi da

maTi xelmisawvdomoba gauaresda.

am periodSi jandacvis sistemaSi gamovlinda ori uaryofiTi kanonzomiereba:

samedicino momsaxurebis dabali xarisxi da mosaxleobis dabali janmrTelo-

bis statusi. dabali janmrTelobis statusis problema aisaxa gansakuTrebiT

uaryofiT demografiul tendenciebSi da iseT movlenebSi, rogoricaa magali-

Tad, Cvil bavSvTa da agreTve dedaTa sikvdilianobis maRali done.U

2005 wels Tu evrokavSiris qveynebSi (27) dedaTa sikvdilianobis maCvenebeli

yovel 100 aTas dabadebulze Seadgenda 18.1 dedas, postkomunistur qveynebSi

man Seadgina 69,2, yazaxeTSi, yirgizeTsa da TurqmeneTSi igi 100-210-s aRwevda,

xolo saqarTveloSi ki yovel 100 aTas dabadebulze iRupeboda 66 deda.17

saqarTveloSi maRali darCa rogorc Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSi myofi bavSv-

Ta sikvdilianoba, aseve axaldabadebulTa sikvdilianobac. msoflio jandacvis

organizaciis monacemebiT, Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSi bavSvTa sikvdilianoba

17 msoflios jandacvis organizaciis monacemTa baza: http://www.who.int/whosis/en; http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/1.xls; http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/2008/en/index.html. statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis

monacemebiT, 2007 wels es maCvenebeli 2-is toli iyo. (qali da kaci saqarTveloSi, (2008). gv. 11.).

13

saqarTveloSi 2.5 jer metia da axaldabadebulebis sikvdilianobis maCvene-

beli ki 1.5 jer metia saerTo evropul maCvenebelze.18

saqarTveloSi maRalia tuberkulioziT daavadebulTa raodenobac. 2007 wels

saqarTveloSi yovel 100 aTas kacze modioda 102 daavadebuli. aqedan 75 pro-

centi modis mamakacebze.19 es maCvenebelic evrokavSiris qveynebis maCvenebels

TiTqmis 2 jer aRemateba.20

tuberkulioziT gardacvlilTa Soris mamakacTa maRali wili nawilobriv aix-

sneba imiT, rom isini sigaretis mwevelTa absolutur umravlesobas Seadgenen.

Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom msoflios jandacvis organizaciis monaceme-

biT, saqarTveloSi mozardi mamakacebis 60 procenti da qalebis 15 procenti

aris mweveli, maSin rodesac evropul qveynebSi mweveli kacebis raodenoba

SedarebiT naklebia, magram maRalia mweveli qalis raodenoba. magaliTad, sa-

frangeTSi, germaniaSi, saberZneTSi da sxv. mweveli mozardi qalebis da kacebis

raodenobac 30 procents aRemateba.21

amasTan, Aam avadmyofobaTa ZiriTad mizezebs Soris arsebiTia xarisxiani

samedicino momsaxurebisadmi xelmisawvdomoba orsulobisa da bavSvis da-

badebis Semdgom periodSi, infeqciebi, agreTve rTuli samuSao pirobebi fex-

mZimobis periodSi.

dedaTa sikvdilianobis mizezebs Soris unda aRiniSnos arasakmarisad ganvi-

Tarebuli jandacvis infrastruqtura, romelic ver uzrunveyofda mSobiaro-

bis da mis adreul periodSi dedebis gamovlevasa da maTze mzrunvelobas.

amasTan aralegalurad abortebis gakeTebis praqtika kidev ufro metad zrdis

dedaTa sikvdilianobas. es gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebeli gaxda dabali Se-

mosavlebis mqone ojaxebisaTvis.

rogorc kvlevebi adastureben, fexmZimobis adreul stadiaze mkurnaloba mniS-

vnelovnad amcirebs dedebisa da Cvil bavSvTa sikvdilianobas.22 jandacvis

susti infrastruqtura da sayovelTaod gavrcelebul dabal momsaxurebis

xarisxTan erTad arasakmarisad ganviTarebuli sadazRvevo bazari xels uS-

lida adreul stadiaze avadmyofobis prevencias, janmrTelobis xelmisawvdo-

mobis uzrunvelyofas.

2004 wels aTaswleulis deklaraciis aRiarebiT saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso

valdebulebad iqna miCneuli misi miznebi, romelTa Soris aris 2015 wlamde

dedaTa sikvdilianobis Semcireba 75 procentiT, rac saqarTvelosaTvis niSnavs

jandacvis sistemis gardaqmnas gansakuTrebiT profilaqtikuri miznebisaTvis.

18 msoflios jandacvis organizaciis monacemTa baza: http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/1.xls. statistikis

saxelmwifo departamentis monacemebiT, es maCvenebeli TiTqmis 2 jer naklebia. qali da kaci saqarTveloSi,

(2008). gv. 11.

19 qali da kaci saqarTveloSi, (2008). gv. 17. 20 msoflios jandacvis organizaciis monacemTa baza: http://www3.who.int/whosis/core/core_select_process.cfm?c

ountries=all&indicators=nha#. 21 The Tobacoo Atlas. Available from: http://www.who.int/tobacco/en/atlas40.pdf 22 Nolte, E., McKee M., Gilmore A. Reproductive Health in Transition Countries in the European Context. From the European. Centre on Health of Societies in Transition, pp.2-3.

14

usafrTxoebisa da socialuri

infrastruqturis politika

es politika gulisxmobs jansaRi kvebis, sanitaruli mdgomareobis, wylis, ga-

remos gaumjobesebas, romelic SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes sxvadasxva pro-

gramebis gziT. amis garda, igi gulisxmobs sportuli,Eenergetikuli da sxva

daxmarebebis programebis arsebobas, romlebic sargeblobas moutans yvelas,

maT Soris qalebsa da bavSvebs.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom am programebs Soris mniSvnelovani adgili unda

daikavos qalebis ganaTlebam da informirebis sakiTxma jandacvis profilaq-

tikisa da jansaRi kvebis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaSi, radgan qalebi arian

zrunvis ekonomikaSi, ojaxis usafrTxo ganviTarebisa da janmrTelobis uzrun-

velyofis garanti. es yvelaferi ki udides gavlenas axdens qveynis arasaxar-

bielo demografiuli ganviTarebis procesze. amasTan dakavSirebiT, dRis wes-

rigSi dgeba socialuri da jandacvis infrastruqturis ganviTarebis sakiTxi,

im institutebis amoqmedebis aucilebloba, romelic sxvadasxva mizezis gamo

saqarTveloSi gauqmda da dRes aRar fuqncionireben.23

jandacvis reformebi

2007 wels saqarTveloSi daiwyo hospitaluri seqtoris erovnuli programa

- ,,100 axali saavadmyofos” mSenebloba. reformis mizani iyo saxelmwifo sa-

kuTrebaSi arsebuli yvela saavadmyofos privatizacia, jandacvis samsaxurebis

xarisxisa da xelmisawvdomobis gaumjobeseba, jandacvis menejmentisa da ad-

ministraciis restruqturizacia da jandacvis sferos finansirebis mdgradi

sistemis Camoyalibeba. igi iTvaliswinebda specializirebuli saavadmyofoebi-

dan kompleqsur jandacvis dawesebulebebze gadasvlas.

gaTvaliswinebulia jandacvis industria mTlianad gadavides kerZo seqtorSi,

gaizardos konkurencia, jandacvis samsaxurebis xarisxi da mosaxleobisaTvis

arCevanis SesaZleblobebi. paralelurad moqalaqeebi miiReben universaluri

pirveladi daxmarebis pakets; siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myofTaTvis gaTval-

iswinebulia damatebiTi samedicino dazRvevac.

reformis safrTxeebi

reformis erT-erTi moTxovnaa privatizebis Sedegad axalma dawesebulebebma,

rogorc saavadmyofoebma, SeinarCunon profili xelSekrulebis dadebidan

Svidi wlis ganmavlobaSi. Aam periodis gasvlis Semdeg investorebs ufleba

eqnebaT gamoiyenon yofili saxelmwifo qoneba nebismieri sxva mizniT. aseTi

piroba ki qmnis imis safrTxes, rom igi gamoiwvevs zogierTi aramomgebiani

momsaxurebis gauqmebas da monopoliuri momsaxurebis Seqmnas samedicino ba-

zarze. jandacvis momsaxureba mTlianad gadadis bazris regulirebis qveS. cno-

bilia, rom bazarze konkurencia warmoSobs monopoliebs. es gansakuTrebiT

marTebulia jandacvis seqtorisTvis, sadac konkurencia SezRudulia. am vi-

Tarebam SeiZleba ganapirobos jandacvis momsaxurebis gaZvireba, rac tvirTad

daawveba ojaxebs da gansakuTrebiT ki - qalebs. igi gaaZvirebs xanSiSesul

adamianTa da pensionerTa mkurnalobas.

mTeli samedicino momsaxurebis kerZo seqtorSi gadatana mniSvnelovnad im

23 magaliTad, kvebis produqtebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis samsaxuris Seqmna.

15

oqmedebs momsaxurebis fasebze, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom mosaxleobis didi

nawilisTvis es seqtori ar iqneba xelmisawvdomi.

Sesabamisad, am safrTxeebidan gamomdinare:

• Tu saxelmwifo ar uzrunvelyofs maT dazRvevas an ojaxebi ver SeZleben

damoukideblad SeiZinon samedicino dazRvevis polisi, isini darCebian

pirveladi samedicino daxmarebis gareSe. es ki adamianebs aiZulebs mi-

marTon TviTmkurnalobas, rac xSirad iwvevs avadmyofobis kidev ufro

damZimebas.24

• Tu axali infrastruqtura ver SeinarCunebs jandacvis funqcias da mTeli

rigi aramomgebiani saqmianoba amovardeba servisidan, am SemTxvevaSi

mosaxleobisaTvis jandacvis momsaxurebis gaweva SeizRudeba.

jandacvis reformebis ZiriTadi RerZi aris is, rom momsaxurebis sferos ker-

Zo seqtorSi gadatanis paralelurad sadazRvevo bazris ganviTarebam unda

uzrunvelyos mosaxleobis pirveladi da aucilebeli samedicino momsaxureba.

yovelive es ki moiTxovs kerZo dazRvevasTan erTad saxelmwifos monawileo-

bis zrdas sadazRvevo bazarze, rac sabiujeto dafinansebis reformasTan erTad

saxelmwifo finansebis rolis gazrdasac gulisxmobs.

2.2. saxelmwifo dafinansebis problemebi

jandacvis sferos ganviTareba sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania rogorc gender-

uli da socialur Tanasworobis miRwevis, aseve siRaribis Semcirebis Tval-

sazrisiTac.

wlebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos jandacvis sistemaSi dabandebuli inves-

ticiebi mSp-sTan mimarTebaSi dabali iyo sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT.25 miuxe-

davad imisa, rom dafinansebuli iyo iseTi genderuli programebi, rogori-

caa usafrTxo dedobis, qalTa reproduqciuli janmrTelobis gaumjobesebis,

infeqciuri da socialurad saSiSi daavadebis profilaqtikuri programebi,

qalTa maRali riskis matarebeli onkologiuri daavadebebi, tuberkuliozTan

brZolis saxelmwifo programebi, subsidirebis arsebuli done ar iZleoda

imis saSualebas, rom am mimarTulebiT Zalisxmeva mTeli qveynis masStabiT

gavrcelebuliyo.

jandacvis sitemis reformebi warimarTeboda im mizniT, rom saxelmwifos dafi-

nansebis tvirTi Semsubuqebuliyo. Seiqmna paradoqsuli situacia: kerZo dafi-

nansebis zrdasTan erTad saxelmwifo dafinansebis wili mkveTrad Semcirda.26ukve

2005 wels saqarTveloSi kerZo dafinansebis wili jandacvis seqtoris mTlian

xarjebSi 80 procentze meti iyo, maSin rodesac inglisSi 1998 wels igi Seadgen-

da 19 procents da 2004 wels ki - 13.7 procents. evrokavSiris qveynebSi kerZo

dafinansebis yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli saberZneTs hqonda – 47.2 procenti.27

amdenad, saqarTveloSi samedicino momsaxurebis xarjebi ZiriTadad ojaxebs

daawva tvirTad.

24 asi axali saavadmyofo. Available at: http://www.transparency.ge/fi les/215_275_122279_One%20Hundred%20New%20Hospitals%20for%20Georgia-%20G.pdf

25 msoflios jandacvis organizaciis monacemTa baza: http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_pro-cess.cfm

26 Making Transition for Everyone: Poverty and Inequality in Europe and Central Asia, (2000). World Bank, Oxford Uni-versity press, Oxford. p 8

27 msoflios jandacvis organizaciis monacemTa baza: http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_pro-cess.cfm

16

mTliani

danaxarji

jandacvaze

(mSp-s %)

mTavrobis xarji

jandacvaze

(jandacvaze

mTliani xarjis

%)

kerZo danax-

arji jandacvaze

(jandacvaze

mTliani xarjis

%)

mTavrobis

xarji jan-

dacvaze (mTav-

robis mTliani

danaxarji

socialur

(samedicino)

dazRevaze

(jandacvaze

cxrili 3

kerZo da saxelmwifo danaxarji jandacvaze

.

wyaro: msoflios jandacvis organizaciis monacemTa baza: http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/4.xls

dResdReobiT evrokavSiris qveynebSi jandacvis sferoSi saxelmwifo dafin-

ansebis zrdasTan erTad kerZo dafinansebis wili mcirdeba.

2000 wels aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi saxelmwifo danaxarjebi jandacvis

sferoSi Seadgenda mTliani Sida produqtis 4 procents, CrdiloeT afrikaSi

da laTinur amerikis qveynebSi saSualod 2 procentze meti iyo, xolo saSualo

Semosavlebisa da maRali Semosavlebis mqone ganviTarebul qveynebSi ki - 4-6

procenti iyo.28 amasTan zogierT qveyanaSi (norvegia, germania, SvedeTi, holan-

dia, safrangeTi, dania) es maCvenebeli 8 procents aRemateboda.29 mTlianad ev-

rokavSiris 15 qveyanaSi mTliani danaxarji (saxelmwifo da kerZo) jandacvaSi

2006 wels Seadgenda mTliani Sida produqtis 6.3 procents, xolo kerZo dafin-

ansebis wili ki - 2.2 procents, maSin rodesac postkomunistur qveynebSi yvela

erTad aRebuli es wili Tanabrad nawildeboda – 2,4 procenti.30

28 Human Development report, (2000). UNDP. Available at: http://www.undp.org.ge/nhdr2000/chpt3.htm.29 evrostatis monacemTa baza. Available at: http://epp.eurostat.cec.eu.int/portal. 30 Human Development report, (2006). UNDP. Available at: http://hdr.undp.org/statistics/data/ indicators.cfm?x=52&y=1&z=1

2000 2005 2000 2005 2000 2005 2000 2005 2000 2005

germania 10.3 10.7 79.7 76.9 20.3 23.1 18.2 17.6 87.3 87.6

didi

britaneTi 7.2 8.2 80.9 87.1 19.1 12.9 14.8 16.2 0.0 0.0

estoneTi 5.3 5.0 77.5 76.9 22.5 23.1 11.3 11.5 88.2 86.4

espaneTi 7.2 8.2 71.6 71.4 28.4 28.6 13.2 15.4 9.6 6.6

irlandia 6.3 8.2 73.5 79.5 26.5 20.5 14.7 19.0 1.2 0.6

italia 8.1 8.9 72.5 76.6 27.5 23.4 12.7 14.1 0.1 0.2

latvia 6.0 6.4 54.7 60.5 45.3 39.5 8.8 10.8 86.7 79.6

poloneTi 5.5 6.2 70.0 69.3 30.0 30.7 9.4 9.9 82.6 83.6

portugalia 8.8 10.2 72.5 72.3 27.5 27.7 14.9 15.5 1.3 1.1

ruseTis

federacia 5.4 5.2 59.9 62.0 40.1 38.0 9.6 10.1 40.3 42.0

saberZneTi 9.3 10.1 44.2 42.8 55.8 57.2 10.1 11.5 31.9 51.1

saqarTvelo 7.4 8.6 16.7 19.5 83.3 80.5 6.4 5.9 44.0 45.4

safrangeTi 9.6 11.2 78.3 79.9 21.7 20.1 14.6 16.6 89.5 93.8

slovakia 5.5 7.0 89.4 74.4 10.6 25.6 9.5 13.9 94.4 87.7

slovenia 8.4 8.5 74.0 72.4 26.0 27.6 13.1 13.4 93.9 93.2

CexeTi 6.5 7.1 90.3 88.6 9.7 11.4 14.1 14.4 89.5 90.2

evropa 8.0 8.6 73.4

17

dRes saqarTvelo mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba evrokavSiris maCveneblebs.

saxelmwifo biujetidan gamoyofili Tanxa jandacvaze 2006-2007 wlebSi Sead-

genda mSp-s 2.1-2.3 procents, xolo 2008 wlisaTvis ki misi absolutur maCveneb-

lebSi Semcirebis Sedegad savaraudod mSp-is 1,7-1,9 procentia.

cnobilia, rom rac ufro dabalia saxelmwifo xarjebi jandacvaze, miT ufro

maRalia Sinameurneobebis danaxarjebi da kerZod, qalis aunazRaurebeli

Sromis wili ojaxis wevrebis movla-patronobaSi. saxelmwifo danaxarjebis

Semcireba jandacvaze ukuproporciul damokidebulebaSia ojaxSi qalis tvir-

Tis zrdaze, mis mier mzrunvelobiTi funqciis ganxorcielebaze. saqarTveloSi

jandacvaze gamoyofili saxelmwifo dafinansebis wili ki, yovelive amasTan,

mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba evrokavSiris maCveneblebs da ver uzrunvelyofs

demografiuli mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas.

Ddaskvnebi da rekomendaciebi

• mizanSewonilia jandacvis xarjebi mTlian saxelmwifo danaxarjebSi

saSualovadian perspeqtivaSi gaizardos 3-4 procentamde, rac SesaZle-

blobas miscems mTavrobas orientacia aiRos evrokavSiris maCveneble-

bze da gazardos am sferos wili mTlian Sida produqtSi.

• municipaluri jandacvis sistemebis ganviTareba mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobs

xels Raribi ojaxebis xelmisawvdomobis gazrdas prevenciuli janmrTe-

lobis uzrunvelsayofad.

• ojaxis dagegmvis momsaxurebaze mosaxleobis xelmisawvdomobis gaum-

jobesebis mizniT aucilebelia ojaxis dagegmvis da reproduqciuli

janmrTelobis pacientze orientirebuli politikisa da programebis

SemuSaveba, eqimebisa da sxva samedicino personalis profesiuli gad-

amzadeba, qalTa reproduqciuli janmrTelobis dacvis sainformacio

programebis ganxorcieleba.

• mizanSewonilia socialuri marketingis farTod danergva sazogadoeba-

Si, romelic xels Seuwyobs mosaxleobis janmrTelobis, garemos dacvis,

ojaxis dagegmarebisa da sxva socialuri problemebis gadawyvetas.

G

genderulad orientirebuli socialuri marketingi

keTildReobisa da jansaRi cxovrebis wesis damkvidreba msof-

lio sazogadoebriobis mniSvnelovani problemaa. radikalur

cvlilebebs ganicdis socialuri garemo. bunebis dacva, usa-

frTxo cxovreba, ojaxis dagegma, janmrTelobis usafrTxoeba,

siRaribe da sxva socialuri movlenebi genderulad mgrZnobi-

area. maTi zemoqmedebis areali qalze da mamakacze gansxvave-

bulia. genderuli identuroba mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens

momxmareblis qcevaze. axali socialuri produqti ganixileba

rogorc sazogadoebisaTvis mniSvnelovani produqti, romelic

sazogadoebis keTildReobas unda emsaxurebodes. socialuri

marketingis komponentebia.

18

• axali, sasurveli qcevis danergva. magaliTad, janmrTe-

lobis prevencia, brZola bunebis dacvisaTvis, informacia

da codna Sidsis Sesaxeb da sxv.;

• Zveli, araracionaluri qcevebis uaryofa, mavne Cvevebi-

saTvis (narkotikebis moxmareba, Tambaqos moweva, Warbi

tkbileulis miReba, mobiluri telefoniT saubari man-

qanis marTvisas) Tavis danebeba;

• qcevebis modificireba (janmrTeli cxovrebis wesis dan-

ergva, usafrTxoebis Rvedebis gamoyeneba manqaniT mgzav-

robis dros).

socialuri marketingis Teoria da praqtika farTod gamoiyen-

eba aSS-Si, kanadaSi, avstraliaSi, axal zelandiaSi, did brita-

neTsa da mraval sxva qveynaSi. socialuri marketingis strate-

gias mTavroba iyenebs janmrTelobisa da sxvadasxva socialuri

problemis gadawyvetisas. socialuri problemis gadaWra sa-

zogadoebis yvela wevris pasuxismgeblobaa. individualuri

momxmareblebi, sakanonmdeblo da saxelmwifo struqturebis

warmomadgenlebi, kerZo seqtori da saerTaSoriso organiza-

ciebi aqtiurad monawileoben mravali socialuri problemis

gadaWraSi. magaliTad, 80-ian wlebSi inglisSi popularuli iyo

socialuri kampania saxelwodebiT: “janmrTelobis problema

inglisSi – Semdegi nabijebi janmrTelobis alternativisTvis”31.

igi miznad isaxavda mosaxleobis qcevis Secvlas janmrTeli cx-

ovrebis wesiT, romelic uzrunvelyofda yvela moqalaqis janm-

rTelobisaTvis prevencias.

did britaneTSi erovnuli socialuri marketingis centri CarTu-

lia grandiozul kampaniaSi janmrTelobis dacvis probleme-

bze. kampaniis devizia: “biznesis warmateba mniSvnelovnad aris

damokidebuli dasaqmebulTa janmrTelobaze da maT keTil-

dReobaze”.

britaneTis socialuri marketinguli centris direqtori, pro-

fesori jef frenCi miiCnevs, rom mSromelTa keTildReobasa da

kompaniis warmatebas Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobs. dasaqmeb-

ulTa avadmyofobis mizeziT weliwadSi 175 milioni samuSao dRe

cdeba, rac iwvevs kompaniebisaTvis 187 milioni funti sterlingis

danakargs. socialuri marketingis centri rekomendacias aZlevs

didi britaneTis mTavrobasa da kerZo kompaniebs monawileoba

miiRon jamrTelobis prevenciul RonisZiebebSi, rac xels Seuw-

yobs qveynaSi Sromis nayofierebis zrdas.32

FsayovelTaod cnobili mecnierebi filip kotleri da nensi

li propagandas uweven axal proeqts, romelic iTvaliswinebs

miznobrivi jgufis - siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myofi mosaxleo-

bis - daxmarebas. siRaribis socialuri marketinguli programis

SemuSaveba genderuli parametrebiT xels uwyobs qalTa jan-

31 Lefebvre C.,& Flora J., (1988). Social Marketing and Public Health Intervention, Health Eduation quarterly. 15: 299-315.

32 http://www.socialmarketingquarterly.com/fi lip

19

mrTelobisa da ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis gaumjobesebas,

axali samuSao adgilebis uzrunvelyofas. am SemTxvevaSi sazoga-

doebrivi sargeblianoba mravalwaxnagovania da moicavs zrun-

vas eris generaciaze, Sromis Zalis efeqtianad gamoyenebaze da

sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis uzrunvelyofaze.

socialuri marketinguli saqmianobebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

mimarTulebaa garemos dacva mavne zemoqmedebisagan. yvela qvey-

anaSi moqmedebs garemos dacviTi normebi, romlebic pirdapir

an arapirdapir aregulirebs bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebas

da xels uwyobs sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobasTan dakavSireb-

uli ekologiuri problemebis gadaWras. agrobiznesSi momuSave

marketinguli firmebi cdiloben agro-seqtoris potencialis ga-

Zlierebas, mosavlis moculobis zrdasa da adgilobrivi produq-

tis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebas. mTliani marketinguli

strategia mimarTulia realizaciisa da Semosavlebis moculo-

bis zrdisaken da momxmarebelTa moTxovnis dakmayofilebisaken

rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve qveynis gareT. sasursaTo usafrTx-

oebis politika qveynis grZelvadiani strategiaa, romelic uz-

runvelyofs sazogadoebis jansaR cxovrebas.

agraruli seqtoris ganviTareba SeuZlebelia, Tu ar iqneba gaT-

valiswinebuli is riskebic, romlebic SesaZlebelia warmoiSvas

gadamamuSavebeli da agrobiznesSi CarTuli kompaniebis saqmi-

anobiT, magaliTad, gamoyenebuli wylis araswori utilizaciiT,

wylis xarisxis gauaresebiT, qimikatebis gamoyenebis Sedegad sx-

vadasxva negatiuri efeqtebis warmoSobiT da sxv. sazogadoebis

janmrTeloba da usafrTxoeba mniSvnelovnad aris damokide-

buli agrobiznesis komerciuli da socialuri marketinguli

strategiebis mizanmimarTul realizaciaze. es problema gansa-

kuTrebiT mniSvnelovania saqarTveloSi, radganac agrarul se-

qtorSi qalTa umetesobaa dasaqmebuli da igi Sinameurneobebis

saqmianobis ZiriTad sferos warmoadgens.

reproduqciul janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli programebi

mimarTuli unda iyos qalTa, maT Soris mozardi qalebis, moTx-

ovnebis dasakmayofileblad. am mxriv orientacia aRebuli unda

iyos reproduqciuli jandacvis gaumjobesebaze. gaeros mosax-

leobis fondi dadebiTad miiCnevs socialuri marketingis far-

Tod gavrcelebasa da ganviTarebas, raTa sazogadoebaSi Seiqmnas

iseTi garemo, sadac Tanabrad iqneba gadanawilebuli pasuxismge-

bloba qalsa da mamakacs Soris ojaxis dagegmvis, saojaxo meur-

neobis warmarTvis, Svilebis aRzrdisa da sxva socialuri prob-

lemebis gadawyvetaSi.33

33 gaeros mosaxleobis ganviTarebis fondi, (2006). Tb., XXXX

20

Tavi 3

socialuri sferos genderuli aspeqtebi

socialuri dacvis universaluri sistemidan siRatakeze

orientirebul misamarTuli daxmarebaze gadasvlam

ver uzrunvelyo mosaxleobis efeqtiani socialuri dacva.

dedebis socialuri uzrunvelyofa saerTaSoriso

praqtikis safuZvelze unda ganxorcieldes.

2004 wlidan saqarTveloSi daiwyo institucionaluri, socialur-ekonomikuri

da politikuri gardaqmnebis axali talRa. saxelmwifo biujetis mkveTrma

zrdam xeli Seuwyo qveyanaSi socialuri dacvisa da uzrunvelyofis sistemis

qmediTi cvlilebebis dawyebas. manamde arsebuli socialuri dacvis Sereuli,

liberalur modeli da sakmaod SezRuduli saxelmwifo finansebi ver uzrun-

velyofda socialuri dacvisa da uzrunvelyofis sistemis efeqtian muSaobas.

saxelmwifo finansebis gankargvas ar hqonda mizanmimarTuli qmediTi xasiaTi,

ramac gamoiwvia siRaribis arealis totaluri gafarToeba, saxelmwifo biu-

jetiT gaTvaliswinebuli socialuri valdebulebebis Seusrulebloba. marTa-

lia, wlobiT gaucemeli xelfasebi da pensiebis istoria warsuls Cabarda, ma-

gram axladdawyebuli socialuri reformebi arcTu iseTi Sedegiani aRmoCnda.

beneficiarebis miznobrivi jgufebis identifikaciam, romelic mkacr, SezRudul

CarCoebSi moeqca da gazrdilma socialurma daxmarebebma ver moaxdines qmed-

iTi gavlena mosaxleobis mZime socialuri fonis gasaumjobeseblad.

3.1. saqarTveloSi socialuri sferos

ganviTareba

2004 wlamde saxelmwifom ver SeZlo gaetarebina radikaluri RonisZiebebi

socialuri dacvisa da uzrunvelyofis efeqtianobis asamaRleblad, ris Sedega-

dac siRaribem moicva mosaxleobis 50 procentze meti. miuxedavad ekonomikis

zrdis zomieri tempebisa, socialuri dacvis saxelmwifo institutebi mouwyo-

belni iyvnen imisaTvis, rom gamoeyvanaT adamianTa jgufebi siRaribis areali-

dan da SeeqmnaT maTTvis cxovrebis garantirebuli da stabiluri pirobebi.

amis Sedegad socialuri dacvis saxelmwifo sistemas Caenacvla naTesauri da

samezoblo daxmarebis institutebi, humanitaruli daxmarebebi, qvelmoqmede-

bebi, romelic garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi uzrunvelyofda gaRatakebul

fenebis fizikur gadarCenas. es procesi dResac grZeldeba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom am periodis ganmavlobaSi iyo aqtiuri socialuri poli-

tikis formirebis cdebi, saxelmwifos socialuri funqcia ver ganviTarda. fi-

nansuri saxsrebis nakleboba ar iZleoda saSualebas aseTi socialuri poli-

tikis gasatareblad. xelisufleba ZiriTidad axorcielebda pasiur socialur

politikas, romelic Semoifargleboda umuSevarTa da RaribTa cxovrebis

donis SenarCunebiT. aseTi politika xorcieldeboda ZiriTadad fuladi dax-

marebebis gacemiT da gankuTvnili iyo Sromisunarianobis dakargvisa da Se-

mosavlebSi danakargebis kompensirebisaTvis iseT SemTxvevebSi, rogoricaa

avadmyofoba, umuSevroba, moxucebuloba, bavSvis dabadeba da a.S. totaluri siR-

21

aribis da saxelmwifo finansebis deficitis gamo es sistema araefeqtiani da

xarjiani iyo. xarjiani iyo.

aqtiuri socialuri politika, ki romelic mimarTuli iqneboda iseTi RonisZie-

bebis gatarebisaken, rogoricaa umuSevarTa gadamzadeba Sromis bazris moTx-

ovnebis Sesabamisad, mewarmeobis dawyebisaTvis saWiro mikrofinansebisadmi

xelmisawvdomobisa da dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebis gazrdisaken, mwarmoebluro-

bis, amaRlebisaken, ar xorcieldeboda politikuri nebis ararsebobis gamo.

socialuri daxmarebisa da uzrunvelyofis sistemas finansuri resursebis

qronikuli deficitis pirobebSi Tan sdevda iseTi Tanamdevi Sedegebi, rogori-

caa:

• saxelmwifo biujetiT gaTvaliswinebuli mravali SeRavaTisa da dax-

marebebis gauqmeba. saxelmwifos hqonda aRebuli socialuri valdeb-

uleba, magram ver axdenda mis realizebas;

• izrdeboda mimdinare daxmarebisa da pensiebis davalianebebi, romlis

dafarvac wlebis ganmavlobaSi iweleboda;

• mudmivad mcirdeboda daxmarebebis realuri moculoba;

• inflaciasTan erTad izrdeboda sxvaoba saarsebo minimumsa da gacemul

daxmarebebs Soris;

• umuSevarTa efeqturi daxmareba saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc sxva post-

komunistur qveyanaSi, SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda arsebuli sagadasaxado

sistemis araefeqtiani muSaobis gamo. sul ufro mcirdeboda daxmare-

bebis realuri mniSvneloba da paralelurad izrdeboda umuSevrobis

saSualo xangrZlioba;

• amasTan, registrirebul umuSevarTa ricxvi iyo Zalian mcire, rac aZneleb-

da umuSevarTa reluri raodenobis dadgenas. mTlianad dasaqmebis sam-

saxurebs hqondaT Zalian mcire efeqti da maTi qmediToba, Seemcirebina

siRaribis riski umuSevrebSi, iyo dabali;

• saxelmwifos socialuri politikis mimarTulebani, romelic dakavSire-

buli iqneboda qalis ojaxSi da mis sazogadoebriv saferoSi dasaqmebis

problemebis gadaWrasTan, sruliad ignorirebuli iyo;

• aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebis ganxorcielebaSi erT-erT mTavar

prioritetad dasaqmebis sferoSi genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvely-

ofa aris miCneuli. samwuxarod am mimarTulebiT Zvrebi ar SeimCneoda. 34

• saqarTveloSi socialuri politikis centralur amocanad kvlav rCe-

boda sapensio uzrunvelyofa, Tumca sabiujeto saxsrebis ukmarisobis

gamo qveyana iZulebuli iyo ar SemoeRo sapensio sqema SromiTi sta-

Jisa da damsaxurebis mixedviT da SeenarCunebina unificirebuli sapen-

sio sistema dabali sapensio sididiT, romelic saarsebio minimumis 20-30

procents Seadgenda 2004 wels da mxolod gansazRvruli fenebisaTvis

(parlamentarebi, politikuri moRvaweebi, samxedro pirebi da sxv) miecaT

gazrdili pensiebi;

• umniSvnelo da araefeqturi aRmoCnda daxmareba iseTi axali socialuri

34 aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebi saqarTveloSi, (2004). gv.40.

22

fenebisaTvis, rogoricaa iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi;

socialuri dacvis dabali efeqtianobis Sedegad ganviTarda Semdegi movlenebi:

• Camoyalibda mkveTri socialuri disproporcia;

• moxda mosaxleobis aqtivizacia SinameurneobebSi TviTgadarCenis miz-

niT. am sferoSi gansakuTrebiT gaizarda qalebis da nawilobriv bavSve-

bis Sromis roli;

• gaizarda gare SromiTi migracia da ucxoeTSi qarTveli rezidentebis

mier gamogzavnili transferebis roli saqarTveloSi darCenili naTe-

savebisa da ojaxis wevrebisaTvis;

• fertiluri asakis qalTa SromiT migraciaSi yofnam xeli SeuSala

saqarTveloSi demografiuli mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas, Sobadobis

zrdas.

• gaizarda socialuri programebis raodenoba, romelsac axorcielebden

saerTaSoriso da samoqalaqo organizaciebi, Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos,

rom am programebs epizoduri xasiaTi hqonda da ar SeeZlo seriozuli

gavlena moexdina konkurentunariani samuSao Zalis formirebaze.

3.2. siRaribe da socialuri uTanasworoba

saqarTveloSi

saqarTveloSi siRaribe koncentrirebulia im ojaxebSi, romlebic miekuTvneba

dabalSemosavlian ojaxebs: esenia pensionerebi da umuSevrebi, mravalSvil-

ianebi, unarSezRuduli adamianebi. maT ematebaT TviTdasaqmebulebi, wvrili me-

warmeebi, dabalxelfasiani muSebi, soflis wvrili fermerebi da sxv.

amasTan gaRrmavda uTanasworoba siRaribis TvalsazrisiT rogorc qalaqsa

da sofels Soris, aseve patara da did qalaqebs Sorisac, rac dasaqmebis gan-

sxvavebuli struqturiT aris ganpiroebuli. siRaribis zonis gafarToebasTan

erTad moxda TviT Raribebs Soris diferenciaciis gaRrmaveba da gaCndnen

Raribebs Soris ufro Raribebi da Ratakebi.35 Ratakma adamianebma Raribi fene-

bis TiTqmis erTi mesamedi Seadgines. siRaribe Seexo ganaTlebul adamianeb-

sac. Camoyalibda e.w. “axali Raribebi”.

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros statistikis departamen-

tis monacemebiT, oficialur saarsebo minimumTan mimarTebaSi siRaribis done

2003 wlis monacemebis mixedviT daaxloebiT 54.5%-s Seadgenda, ukiduresi siR-

aribis zRvarTan mimarTebaSi ki _ 16.6%-s. Semdgom periodSi, siRaribis zRvars

qvemoT myofi mosaxleobis wili 2-jer Semcirda. aqve isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom

genderuli statistika am TvalsazrisiT metad mwiria, Tumca, advili misaxve-

dria, rom RaribTa marginalur jgufSi umetesoba qalebi (martoxela dedebi,

mravalSviliani ojaxebi, unarSezRudulebi, pensionerebi) arian.

35 aseTi fenebi Seiqmna sofladac, sadac mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 3,8 procents ar gaaCnia miwa an arian

ltolvilebi. sasoflo-sameurneo aRweris Sedegad gamokiTxulTa 70,8 procentma aRiara, rom yofila iseTi

weli, rodesac maTi Sinameurneobebi ar iyo uzrunvelyofili im raodenobis sakvebiT, rasac isini Cveulebriv

moixmaren. es maCvenebeli guriaSi 82 procents da Sida qarTlSi 85 procents Seadgenda, xolo qvemo qarTl-

Si ki - 45 procents. (saqarTvelos pirveli erovnuli sasoflo-sameurneo aRweris Sedegebi. statistikis

saxelmwifo departamenti. Available at: http://www.statistics.ge/_fi les/georgian/agriculture/census/1%20zogadi.pdf).

23

siRaribis genderuli aspeqtebi

saqarTveloSi siRaribis done36 Tanabaria im ojaxebSi, sadac

Sinameurneobebis xelmZRvanelad gvevlineba qali an kaci da

orive SemTxvevaSi Seadgens 45-46 procents, magram aqve isic unda

gaviTvaliswinoT, rom siRaribis struqturaSi gansxvavebulia

maTi mdgomareoba da yoveli 100 Raribi ojaxidan 69 SemTx-

vevaSi xelmZRvanelia kaci, xolo im ojaxebis wili, romelsac

qali uZRveba, aris 31 ojaxi, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom qals metad

uWirs ojaxis rCena, vidre kacs. amasTan, am meurneobebSi yoveli

damatebiTi bavSvis arsebobisas siRaribe kidev ufro izrdeba.

siRaribis done Tu im ojaxSi, sadac ar hyavT bavSvi, Seadgens 39

procents, 1-2 bavSvis SemTxvevaSi igi Seadgens 51 procents, xolo

3 bavSvis SemTxvevaSi ki - 71 procents. es imas niSnavs, rom yovel

100 ojaxidan, sadac aris 3 bavSvi, 71 ojaxi aris Raribze Raribi.37

miuxedavad 2003-2007 wlebSi mSp-is mniSvnelovani zrdisa, realurad ver mox-

erxda mZafri socialuri uTanasworobis Semcireba. eqspertebi miiCneven, rom

saqarTveloSi arsebobs siRaribis maRali donis sxvadasxva mizezi: soflis

meurneobaSi investiciebis nakleboba da misi dabalefeqtianoba; fermereb-

is ganaTlebis dabali done;38 socialuri daxmarebebis aramizanmimarTuli

strategia, inflaciisa da kvebis produqtebze fasebis zrda. gare faqtorebidan

mniSvnelovania ruseTis bazris daxurva, romelic yvelaze metad xelmisawv-

domi iyo saqarTveloSi mcire mewarmeebisaTvis; aseve stiqiurma movlenebma

mkveTrad daazarala mosaxleoba.39

siRaribis daZlevis programa

qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da siRaribis daZlevis

programa 2003 wels damtkicda saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier.

programis umTavres miznebad qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTare-

bis daCqareba, mosaxleobis yvela fenis mier ekonomikuri zrdis

SedegebiT sargebloba da socialurad daucvel jgufebze zrun-

va gamocxadda. programaSi ganixileboda genderuli faqtori.

yuradReba mieqca genderuli aspeqtebis CarTvas sabiujeto sax-

srebis dagegmvisa da ganawilebis procesSi, Sromis bazris regu-

lirebaSi, socialur politikaSi.40

2004 wlis siRaribis daZlevis redaqtirebuli programis mixed-

viT qveynis strategiul mizani gulisxmobda Semdeg sakvanZo

sakiTxebis gadaWras: efeqtiani, gamWvirvale sajaro samsaxuris

36 siRaribis done ganisazRvreba im ojaxebis SemosavlebiT, romlebsac aqvT dReSi 2.15 aSS dolarze naklebi

Semosavali.

37 Growth, Poverty, and inequality: Eastern Europe and former Soviet Union, (2005). World Bank, Washington, D.C. p.250.

38 saqarTveloSi pirveli sasoflo-sameurneo aRweris Sedegad (2005 weli) gamovlinda, rom soflis meur-

neobebSi meurne xelmZRvanel pirebs Soris umaRlesi da saSualo profesiuli ganaTleba aqvs mxolod 15-18

procents. (saqarTvelos pirveli erovnuli sasoflo-sameurneo aRweris Sedegebi. statistikis saxelmwifo

departamenti. Available at: http://www.statistics.ge/_fi les/georgian/agriculture/census/1%20zogadi.pdf) 39 Georgia: Human Development Report, The Reforms and Beyond, (2008). Tbilisi, p.36-37. 40 ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da siRaribis daZlevis programa, (2003). Tb., gv. 47.

24

Seqmnas, biznes-klimatis gaumjobesebas, kerZo kapitalis mozidvas,

samewarmeo da sainvesticio garemos gaumjobesebas, infrastruq

turis ganviTarebasa da socialuri daxmarebis sistemis mizno-

briobis gaumjobesebas. Semdgom wlebSi siRaribis problemebi

ganixileboda genderuli aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.

yuradReba gamaxvilebuli iqna mxolod ukiduresad Rarib seg-

mentze – Ratakebze.41

siRaribis TvalsazrisiT araerTgvarovani mdgomareobaa pensionerebs Soris.

saqarTveloSi 2004 wlamde mcirdeboda pensiebis realur sidide im period-

Tan SedarebiT, rodesac damoukidebeli saqarTvelos istoriaSi pirvelad

mTliani Sida produqtis zrdam 10 procents gadaWarba (1998 weli). mravali

pensionerisaTvis pensia Semosavlis erTaderTi wyaroa, xolo sxvebs ki kvlav-

indeburad naTesauri da sxva Semosavlebi gaaCniaT.

yovelive am movlenebTan erTad ganviTarda ori tendencia. 1. gaizarda sa-

Sualo fenebis riski gamxdariyvnen Raribebi, 2. garTulda siRaribis zonidan

gamosvla da Seiqmna qronikuli siRaribe. siRaribis paralelurad saqarT-

veloSi ganviTarda socialuri uTanasworobac. Yyovelive amis dasaZlevad

xelisufleba sistematurad cdilobda reformebis ganxorcielebas da saxelm-

wifo biujetis saxsrebis wamarTvas ama Tu im RonisZiebebze socialuri daZab-

ulobis gasaneitraleblad:

• 2007 wlamde saxelmwifi uzrunvelyofda ramdenime socialuri progra-

mis dafinansebas: umuSevarTa Semweobas, profesiul momzadebasa da ga-

damzadebas, umuSevarTa droebiTi dasaqmebas da umweo mdgomareobaSi

myof ojaxTa socialuri daxmarebas, mis monitoringsa da analizs. am

periodSi saqarTveloSi mTvari problema iyo da darCa umuSevrobis

maRali done. igi dResac 13 procents aRemateba. amasTan, umuSevarTa didi

nawili koncentrirebulia qalaqebSi da yvelaze metad Seexeba 15-50 wlis

asakis aqtiur mosaxleobas, romelTa Sorisac 48 procenti qalia. umuSe-

varTa mimarT daxmarebis warmarTva xdeboda unificirebuli sistemiT.

es sakiTxi mniSvnelovani iyo imdenad, ramdenadac saqarTveloSi gar-

damavalma procesebma ufro mZimed imoqmeda qalebze da samuSao ufr

metma qalma dakarga, vidre mamakacma. maTTvis Sromis bazari ufro metad

SeizRuda.42 Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, romMsaxelmwifo biujeti yov-

elTvis sustad zemoqmedebda umuSevrebis socialur dacvaze, daxmarebis

mizeruli sididis gamo.43 Tu 2005 wlis biujetSi Tu umuSevarTa dacvaze

jer kidev gamoiyofoda Tanxebi, 2007 wlidan biujetidan mTlianad iqna

amoRebuli es muxli da umuSevarTa socialuri dacvisa da dasaqmebis

xelSewyobis RonisZiebebi integrirebuli (unificirebuli) iqna RatakTa

adresul socialur daxmarebasTan. amdenad, umuSevarTa daxmareba da ar-

sebiTad qalebis motivacia Sromis bazarze maTi konkurentunarianobis

gazrdis Sesaxeb ignorirebuli iqna xelisuflebis mier.

41 aTaswleulis ganviTrebis miznebis ganxorcielebis angariSi saqarTveloSi, (2006), gaero.

42 amis Sesaxeb detalurad ixileT: jaSi C., sabedaSvili, T. ZoweniZe, S. bean emeTi, (2005). umuSevarTa socialuri

dacvisa da dasaqmebis xelSewyobis 2004 wlis saxelmwifo programis monitoringi genderul WrilSi. oqsfa-

mi-didi britaneTi, Tb. 43 socialuri programebi, romelic exeboda dasaqmebas, profesiul gadamzadebas, umweoTa daxmarebas da sxv. unda

yofiliyo Sefasebuli genderul aspeqtSi, ris SesaZleblobac ganmaxorcielebeli institutis angariSebSi

unda mocemuliyo. yvela am programaze angariSebis wardgena socialuri daxmarebisa da dasaqmebis saxelm-

wifo saagentos evaleboda, magran am angariSebSi ar aris genderuli aspeqtebi gadmocemuli, ris gamoc CvenT-

vis Znelia imis analizi, Tu ramdenad moxda genderuli balansis dacva sabiujeti saxsrebis ganawilebaSi am

programebis gziT.

25

• socialuri daxmareba (erTi periodi ojaxuri daxmarebis saxiT arse-

bobda) koncentrirebuli iyo ZiriTadad Sromisuunaro adamianebze da

martoxela pensionerebze, romelTa daxmarebebis paketi (pensia, saojaxo

daxmareba, samedicio dazRvevis polisi, eleqtroenergiis moxmarebis sa-

fasuri, wiTeli jvris dotacia da sxva) uaxlovdeboda minimalur kala-

Tas, (saSualo momxmareblis saarsebo minimumi 2007 wels Seadgenda 105

lars, xolo Sromisunariani asakis mamakacis saarsebo minimumi ki – 118

lars), 44 xolo ojaxebis sxva kategoriebisaTvis ki daxmarebas hqonda

mxolod simboluri xasiaTi da igi arsebiT zegavlenas ver axdenda maTi

ojaxis biujetze. arsebuli socialuri dacvis sistema ar moicavda ben-

eficiarTa yvela kategorias da gacemuli daxmarebebi iyo metad mcire.

• uTanasworoba gamoixateboda ltolvilTa daxmarebebSic, romelic

unificirebuli iyo da ar iyo diferencirebuli ojaxebis materialur

mdgomareobis mixedviT. ltolvilTa daxmarebebi ar iyo orientirebu-

li imaze, rom naklebad uzrunvelyofili ojaxebi gamosuliyvnen siRari-

bis arealidan. igi ufr metad iRebda politikuri rentis saxes imis gamo,

rom saxelmwifom ver aRadgina am teritoriaze Tavisi iurisdiqcia.

• uTanabroba aisaxeboda pensiebis gacemaSic, romlis diferenciacia sak-

maod Rrma iyo. magaliTad, 2004-05 wlebSi parlamentarebisaTvis pensie-

bis sidide Seadgenda 465 lars, parlamentis aparatis moxeleebis – 378

lars, maSin rodesac moxucebulobiT pensiis saSualo sidide (maT Soris

saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis dacvis monawileebisa) Seadgen-

da 37,14 lars.

• didi sxvaoba iyo pensiebis ganawilebaSi genderuli TvalsazrisiT:

Zalovani struqturebidan wamosuli pensionerTa pensiebze warimarTe-

boda mniSvnelovnad meti Tanxebi, romelsac umetesad mamakacebi iRebd-

nen, erovnul pensiasTan SedarebiT, romlis ZiriTadi beneficiarebi

qalebi iyvnen. umaRlesi wodebis samxedro pirebis pensiebi ramdenime

aTas laric ki iyo, maSin rodesac erovnuli pensia, romlis ZiriTadi

beneficiarebi qalebi iyvnen, masze ramdenime aTeuljer dabali iyo. pen-

siaze aRricxulTa saerTo raodenobidan qalebis raodenoba Seadgenda

naxevarze metia, xolo maTze daricxuli pensiebis moculoba saSualod

mTels qveyanaSi ki naklebi, rac imis maniSnebelia, rom minimalur pen-

siis beneficiarTa absoluturi umravlesoba iyo qali, romlis sapensio

sidide 25 jer CamorCeboda privilegirebul adamianTa sapensio sidides,

romlis absolutur umravlesobas Seadgendnen mamakacebi (pensionerebi

Zalovani struqturebidan, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros, Tvadacvis, uSiS-

roebisa da prokuraturis xaziT). es gamowveuli iyo vertikaluri da

horizantaluri genderuli segregaciiT, romelmac ganapiroba maRalan-

zRaurebad samuSaoze ZiriTadad mamakacebis koncentrireba. marTalia,

2005-2008 wlebSi minimaluri pensiebis odenoba gaormagda da Semcir-

da pensiebis diapazoni, magram uTanasworoba qalisa da kacis sapensio

proporciebSi kvlav darCa. es tendencia ki socialur usamarTlobis

gaRrmavebis xelSemwyobi faqtorad darCa.45

• uTanasworoba iyo sabiujeto saxsebis ganawilebis politikaSic: Tavda-

pirvelad unda gacemuliyo Tanxebi lt�lvilebze, Semdeg sapensio Tanx-

ebi da bolos xelfasebze maswavleblebisaTvis. aseTi sabiujeto formu-

la uTanabro viTarebaSi ayenebda maswavleblebs, romelTa absoluturi

umravlesoba qalia, ltolvilebisagan gansxvavebiT.

44 http://www.statistics.ge/_fi les/georgian/households/Saarsebo%20minimumi.xls45 saqarTvelos moqalaqes socialuri pensia eniSneba 65 wlis asakis miRwevisTanave. amasTanave, qals, sur-

vilisamebr, ufleba aqvs miiRos pensia 60 wlis asakidan.

26

• garda amisa biujetis muxlebi, romelic socialur dacvas exeba, 2005-

2007 wlebSi Semdegnairi proporciiT nawildeboda. socialuri dacvis

yvelaze did muxls Seadgenda sapensio uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebebi,

romelzec modioda am muxlis ori mesamedi, Semdegi yvelaze didi mux-

li iyo ltolvilebis daxmareba iyo, xolo yvela sxva danarCeni muxli

erTad aRebuli (daxmareba droebiT SromisuunarobasTan dakavSire-

biT, umweoTa socialuri (ojaxebis) daxmareba, 9 aprils daRupul pirTa

ojaxebis socialuri dacva, SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa so-

cialuri adaptaciis xelSewyoba, teritoriuli mTlianobis, Tavisufleb-

isa da damoukideblobisaTvis brZolebSi daRupulTa, ugzo-ukvlod da-

kargulTa ojaxebis socialuri dacva, umuSevrebis socialuri dacvisa

da dasaqmebis xelSewyoba) socialuri dacvis marTvisa da RonisZiebebis

gamoklebiT, Seadgenda SedarebiT mcire nawils, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom

socialuri dacvis sistemaSi xdeboda prioritetebis miniWeba socialu-

rad privilegirebuli jgufebis gamoyofiT.

• rac Seexeba umweo mdgomareobaSi myof ojaxTa socialuri daxmarebis

programis monitoringsa da analizs, romlis mizani iyo daxmarebis mim-

RebTa Soris faqtobrivad ukidures siRatakeSi mcxovrebi risk-jgufebis

dadgena, maTi socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis, daxmarebis daniSvni-

sa da gacemis procesis koreqtulobis Sefaseba da programaSi monawile

beneficiarTa Soris araswori daniSvnis gamovlena; misamarTuli so-

cialuri daxmarebis mimReb pirTa savaraudo procentuli Semadgenlo-

bis prognozireba da analizi, igi saerTod ar ganxorcielebula.

amdenad, 2007 wlamde socialuri dacvis sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo

privilegirebuli socialuri jgufebis gamoyofa da maTTvis prioretituli

daxmarebis gaweva, rac yovelTvis ar pasuxobda siRaribis Semcirebis miznebs

im jgufebSi, romelTac yvelaze metad sWirdeboda es daxmareba. amis Sedegad

warmoiSva uTanasworoba rogorc horizontaluri, aseve vertikaluri. yove-

live amis Sedegad, 2007 wlamde mxolod garkveuli adamianebis jgufis dax-

mareba iyo minimalur saarsebo kalaTasTan miaxloebuli, xolo sxva jgufebi

ki siRatakis zRvarze qronikulad rCebodnen. genderul aspeqtSi uTanasworo-

ba qalisa da kacis mier sabiujeto Tanxebis ganawilebaSi arsebul gansxvave-

baSi gamoixateboda.

socialuri momsaxurebisadmi xelmisawvdomobaSi genderuli uTanasworobis

paralelurad ganviTarda Semdegi Tanmdevi movlenebi:

• siRaribe zrdida uTanabrobas socialuri infrastruqturis (jandacva,

ganaTleba da sxva socialur kulturuli faseulobebisadmi) xelmis-

awvdomobaSi, romelic aisaxa ara marto materialur uTanasworobaSi,

aramed aferxebda Sromis mwarmoeblurobasa da samuSao Zalis bazris

ganviTarebas.

• saxelmwifo finansebis SemcirebasTan erTad gaizarda fasiani kerZo

socialuri momsaxurebis sferoebi (jandacva, ganaTleba da sxv.), sadac

Rarib fenebs ar miuwvdebodaT xeli;

• uTanasworoba ganviTarda sabinao mosaxurebis sferoSic. mSeneblobebi

warimarTa komerciuli mizniT prestiJul ubnebSi, romelzedac xeli ver

miuwvdebaT axalgazrda ojaxebsa da saSualo fenebs, rom araferi vTq-

vaT Rarib fenebze. aman kidev ufro daamZima demografiuli mdgomareoba

da ojaxebis ganviTareba. mosaxleobis wili, romlebic cxovroben 6 ��.��

da naklebi farTis sacxovrebel binebSi erT adamianze an kidev 5 da

27

meti adamiani erT oTaxSi, marTalia Semcirda da Tu 2000 wels q. Tbi-

lisSi Seadgenda 27 procents, 2005 wels man Seadgina 15 procenti, magram

saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebSi ki es maCvenebeli 13-16 procenti darCa.46

es sakiTxi dResac mwvaved dgas sazogadoebis winaSe da mizanSewonili

xdeba iseTi programebis SemuSaveba, romelic xelmisawvdoms gaxdis far-

To momxmareblisaTvis sabinao uzrunvelyofas, rac demografiuli ganvi-

Tarebisa da siRaribi� Semcirebis erT-erTi komponentia.

amgvarad, 2007 wlamde socialuri dacvis sistema ar iyo dakavSirebuli re-

alur saWiroebebTan. beneficiarTa siaSi iyvnen iseTi socialuri jgufebi, rom-

lebsac yvelaze naklebad sWirdebodaT finansebi maTi materialuri mdgomare-

obis gamo. es gamowveuli iyo liberaluri misamarTuli daxmarebis modeliT,

romelic emyareboda socialuri dacvis unificirebul sistemas. saxelmwifo

biujetSi fondebis simcires ki ar SeeZlo totaluri siRaribisagan daecva

mosaxleoba.

46 aqve SevniSnavT, rom azerbaijanSi es maCvenebeli 3-5 procentia, ukrainaSi – 4-5 procenti, xolo somxeTSi ki –

17-19 procenti.

28

3.3. socialur sferoSi

saxelmwifo dafinansebis problemebi

2006-2007 wlebSi socialur dacvaze gamoyofili Tanxebi saSualod Seadgenda

nominaluri mTliani Sida produqtis 4,5 procents. 2008 wels ki gaizarda 5,7

procentamde. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom evrokavSiris 15 qveyanaSi 2007 wels

socialur dacvaze gamoyofili Tanxebi saSualod Seadgendnen mTliani Sida

produqtis 21 procents, xolo evrokavSiris 27 qveyanaSi ki – 19,1 procents.47

ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis qveynebSi socialur programe-

bze (socialuri uzrunvelyofa, sxvadasxva saxis daxmarebebi, kompensaciebi, umu-

SevarTa treiningebi da a.S.) saxelmwifos agregirebuli danaxarji Seadgens

mTliani saxelmwifo xarjebis 50.2 procents. maT Soris socialuri danax-

arji yvelaze maRalia iaponiaSi - 64.7 procenti da yvelaze dabalia koreaSi

– 23.8 procenti.48 SedarebisTvis, saqarTveloSi socialur dacvaze gamoyofili

Tanxebi 2007-2008 wlebSi Seadgenda saxelmwifo xarjebis 16 procents. am fonze

saqarTveloSi socialur sferoze gamoyofili saxelmwifo dafinansebis wili

metad mwiria.

2008 wels saxelmwifo dafinanseba socialur sferoSi gaizarda (ix. grafi-

ki 1). 2009 wels ki daigegma mniSvnelovani gardatexa socialuri dacvis mi-

marTulebiT, rasac xeli Seuwyo saqarTvelo-ruseTis omisa da msoflio

finansuri krizisis Sedegad devnilTa raodenobis zrdam da saqarTveloSi

ganviTarebulma recesiulma procesebma da socialurma daZabulobam.

Ggrafiki 1

saxelmwifo biujetidan janmrTelobisa da socialur dacvisa da uzrunvelyofis dafinansebis wili

mTlian sabiujeto xarjebSi

amdenad, 2007 wlamde socialuri dacvis sistemis miznobrivi orien-tacia zedapirulad da araefeqtianad iyo gansazRvruli. socialur dacvaze sabiujeto saxsrebis gankargva iyo wina wlebis tendenciis inerciiT gagrZeleba, magram imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom igegmeboda am sistemis instituciuri gardaqmna, amitom es wlebi SeiZleba Sefasdes

47 http://epp.eurostat.cec.eu.int/portal/.48 http://stats.oecd.org/WBOS/index.aspx.

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2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Healthcare Social Protection and Security

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mxolod rogorc gardamavali periodi, romelic aerTianebda rogorc Zveli sistemis naklovanebebs, aseve instituciuri gardaqmnebis axal Canasaxebs. amasTan, iseve rogorc Zvel sistemaSi, arc axal reformebSi genderuli midgoma ar iyo gamokveTili.

2004-2007 wlebSi MmTliani Sida produqti izrdeboda orjer ufro swrafi

tempebiT, vidre es iyo wina wlebSi rac, marTalia, qmnida SesaZleblobebs jan-

dacvis, socialuri uzrunvelyofisa da cxovrebis donis gasazrdelad, magram

fragmentuli socialuri reformebis Sedegad socialuri uTanasworoba ar

Semcirda. simdidris zrdas calkeul socialur jgufebSi Tan ar sdevda say-

ovelTao siRaribis Semcireba. farTod viTardeboda mosaxleobis socialuri

diferenciacia, romelic moiTxovda saxelmwifosagan Sesabamisi politikis ga-

tarebas da Raribi fenebis dacvas ganawilebis saxelmwifo arxebis aqtiuri

moqmedebiT.

3.4. reformebi socialuri dacvisa da

uzrunvelyofis sferoSi

bolo ori wlis ganmavlobaSi socialuri dacvis sferoSi bevri dadebiTi ga-

keTda institucionaluri aspeqtiT. siRaribis zRvars miRma myofi mosaxleo-

bis socialuri dacvis mizniT daiwyo siRatakis zRvars miRma myofi ojaxebis

identifikaciis, socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sefasebisa da monacemTa

bazis formirebis saxelmwifo programa, romlis farglebSi ganxorcielda

ukidures siRatakeSi myofi ojaxebis Seswavla, Sefaseba da maTi monacemTa er-

Tian bazaSi aRricxva. daiwyo miznobrivi socialuri daxmarebis _ saarsebo

Semweobis gacema.

reformis ZiriTa di mizani iyo mxolod im mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomi-

kuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba, romlebic ukidures siRaribis zRvars qve-

moT iyvnen. SeRavaTebis nacvlad dawesda yovelTviuri fuladi daxmarebebi,

romelsac ojaxebi Tavad gankargaven. daxmarebis odenoba 1-sulian ojaxze

Seadgenda 35 lars, 2-sulianze – 45 lars, 3-sulianze – 50 lars da a.S. 2007

wlamde ki saqarTveloSi moqmedebda socialuri programa, romelic iTval-

iswinebda ojaxze 22 laris odenobis Semweobas 5 kategoriis ojaxisaTvis. am

programis nakli iyo is, rom zogjer socialurad daucveli verxvdeboda Se-

sabamis kategoriebSi, zogjer ki, piriqiT, am kategoriaSi moxvedrila damians

saxelmwifos daxmareba ar sWirdeboda.

axali programis Sesabamisad fuladi daxmarebis odenoba ganisazRvreba ojax-

is Semosavlisada suladobis gaTvaliswinebiT. am SemTxvevaSi ojaxebi TviTon

gansazRvraven, Tu ramdenad aris socialurad gaWirvebuli da ramdenad sWird-

eba maT daxmareba. gansazRvruli sistema pirvel rigSi TviTSefasebas efuZneba:

socialuri daxmarebisa da dasaqmebis saxelmwifo saagento iRebs ganacxadebs

im ojaxebisgan, romlebic sakuTar Tavs Raribad an ukiduresad Raribad Tv-

lian da saxelmwifo daxmarebas iTxoven. am mizniT socialuri daxmarebisada

dasaqmebis saagentom Camoayaliba kriteriumebi, romlebic iTvaliswinebda

yvela im komponents, romelic gansazRvravs moqalaqis mdgomareobas: saxlis

mdebareoba da mdgomareoba, aveji, aqvs Tu ara telefoni, avtomobili, traqtori,

miwa, ra kulturebi uTesia, hyavs Tu ara msxvilfexasaqoneli da a.S. yuradReba

eqceva unarSezRudulobas, komunaluri gadasaxadebis odenobas. socialuri

muSakebis mier ganacxadSi Setanili monacemebis sizustis Semowmebis Semdeg

specialurad SemuSavebuli formulis meSveobiT yvela ganacxads eniWeboda

Sesabamisi qula da dagrovili qulebis mixedviT SeirCeoda ojaxebi daxmare-

bis misaRebad. ojaxebi sami saxis daxmarebis paketidan – fuladi daxmareba,

30

janmrTelobis polisebi, subsidiebi elenergiaze – miiRebdnen erT-erTs imis

mixedviT, Tu Sefasebis Sedegad ra ‘sareitingo qulebi“ daagroves maT.49

grafiki 2

socialuri daxmarebis axali sistema

miuxedavad socialur sferoSi gatarebuli mniSvnelovani instituciuri re-

formebisa, Sesabamisi monacemebis ararseboba ar iZleva imis saSualebas, rom

gavarkvioT Tu siRaribis ra farglebs faravs socialuri daxmareba, miT um-

etes, rom saarsebo moxmarebis kalaTam ganicada mniSvnelovani modifikacia

Semcirebis mimarTulebiT. amasTan, ar xdeba beneficiarTa identifikacia me-

Tauri qalisa da kacis mixedviT, rac aZnelebs siRaribis daZlevis genderuli

mimarTulebis gamovlenas.

socialuri dacvis axali sistema funqcionirebs iseT sistemasTan erTad,

romelic gascems daxmarebas adamianebis kategoriebis mixedviT - ltolvili,

devnili, omis veterani, mravalSviliani deda da a.S. marTalia es axali sistema

- daxmareba ojaxis Semosavlebisa da qonebrivi mdgomareobis mixedviT - unda

gamxdariyo erTaderTi, magram, imis gamo, rom daxmareba magaliTad, veteranebze

an omSi daRupulTa ojaxebze aris madlierebis gamoxatva.50 agreTve imitom,

rom saqarTveloSi 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseTTan omis gamo gaCnda axali

ltolvilebi, Semosavlebisa da qonebrivi mdgomareobis mixedviT daxmare-

bebTan erTad calkeuli socialuri fenebis mixedviT daxmarebac aucilebeli

gaxda.

49 saqarTvelos socialuri dacvis sistemis reforma, (2006). saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba saqarTvelo.

50 saqarTvelos socialuri dacvis sistema. saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba saqarTvelo. Available at: http://www.transparency.ge/fi les/215_275_812164_Reform%20of%20Georgias%20Social%20Welfare%20System%20[Geo].pdf

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11 77 1133 1199 2255 3311 3377 4433 4499 5555 6611 6677 7733 7799 8855 9911 9977 110033 110099 111155 112211 112277 113333 113399 114455 115511 115577 116633 116699 117755 118811 118877 119933 119999 qquullaa ((XX11000000))

ffuullaaddii

ddaaxxmmaarreebbaa

ssuubbssiiddiieebbii

eelleeqqttrrooeenneerrggiiaazzee janmrTelobis

polisi

sao

jaxo

meur

neo

bebi

31

ruseTTan omis Sedegad devnilebis daxmareba

2008 wlis 8-12 agvistos 150 aTasi adamianma datova Tavisi mSob-

liuri saxl-kari da gadaiqca adgilnacval pirad. gaeros bavS-

vTa fondis 2008 wlis 12 seqtembris monacemebiT, maT Soris 65

procenti qali da bavSvia. saomari konfliqtis dros aTeulo-

biT mSvidobiani mosaxle da jariskaci daiRupa, 30 aTasi ada-

miani usaxlkarod darCa, mravali sacxovrebeli saxli daingra

da dazianda, 900 ha-mde tyis farTobi samcxe-javaxeTsa da Sida

qarTlSi daiwva, Sav zRvasa da rkinigzaze daiRvara navTobi.

saqarTvelosaTvis daxmarebis gasawevad evrokavSiris qveynebma,

aSS-m da saerTaSoriso safinanso institutebma erToblivad

4.5 mlrd aSS dolari gamoyves. winaswari gancxadebebiT, fina-

suri daxmarebebi mimarTuli iqneba qveynis ekonomikisa da in-

frastruqturis reabilitaciisaTvis, dazarebuli mosaxleobis

mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaTvisa da konfliqtebis Sedegebis

likvidaciisaTvis.

saqarTvelosaTvis gamoyofili saerTaSoriso daxmarebis pri-

oritebis mixedviT ganawileba da maTi gankargvis gamWirvaloba

metad mniSvnelovania. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba aqtiurad apirebs

am procesebSi CarTvas. Catardeba saqarTvelosaTvis finansuri

daxmarebis gankargvis monitoringi, romelSic arasamTavrobo

organizaciebTan erTad monawileobas miiReben dazaralebuli

Temebi, adgilobrivi mTavroba eqspertebi da profesiuli jgufe-

bi.51

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aqtiuroba metad mniSvnelovania

devnilebisaTvisa da iZulebiT gadaadgilebul mravalaTa-

siani mosaxleobisaTvis gankuTvnili saxsrebis mizanmimarTul

ganawilebis organizaciisaaTvis. saqarTveloSi gaero-s mudmivi

koordinatoris ofisis humanitarul sakiTxTa jgufis mier 2006

wels momzadebul dokumentSi xazgasmiT aris aRniSnuli, rom 90-

ian wlebSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze eTnokonfliqtebis Sed-

egad 245 aTasi iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa 45 procentis

cxovrebaSi dRemde ar momxdara raime mniSvnelovani cvlile-

ba, ar gaumjobesebula maTi socialur-ekonomikuri statusi. 32

aTasi adamiani kvlav koleqtiur centrSi cxovrobs. es centrebi

Tavidanve mouwyobeli iyo, xolo axla ki mTlianad ganadgure-

bulia maTi infastruqtura. sxvadasxva organizaciebi cdilobd-

nen koleqtiuri centrebis reabilitacias, magram finansuri sax-

srebi simwiris gamo mdgomareoba ar Secvlila.52 sagulisxmoa

is garemoebac, rom saxelmwifos mier iZulebiT gadaadgilebul

pirTaTvis gaweul daxmarebas kvlevis farglebSi afxazeTidan

gamokiTxul devnilTa 61.2% uaryofiTad afasebs.53

kavkasiis kvlevebisa da resurs centrma da saerTaSoriso gam

51 mwvane alternativa, axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia, saerTaSoriso gamWirvaloba saqarTvelo, gori, 2008

wlis 28 seqtemberi.

52 humanitaruli situacia da gza ganviTarebisaken, (2006). Tb., gv 30.

53 iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa - devnilTa samewarmeo saqmianobis xelSewyobis finansuri instrumentebis

efeqturobis Seswavla, (2004). gaeros ganviTarebis programa, Tb.

32

Wirvalobam 2008 wlis noemberSi Caatara sazogadoebrivi az-

ris gamokiTxva da 1837 respodenti gamoikiTxa saerTaSoriso

finansuri daxmarebisa da misi efeqturad gankargvis SesaZle-

blobebis Sesaxeb. respodentebisaTvis yvelaze prioritetulia

Tanxebis mimarTva iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebze, konfliq-

tis Sedegad dazarebulTa da socialurad daucveli adamianebi-

saTvis. gaeros qalTa fondis mier Catarebuli kvlevebis Sed-

egad ganisazRvra dazarebul qalTa saWiroebebi da moTxovnebi,

romelic mTavrobas waredgina.54

2008 wlis bolosaTvis mTavrobam 16 aTasi ojaxis gansaxleba

SesZlo axlad aSenebul saxlebSi. amasTan, dRis wesrigSi dadga

maTTvis socialuri infastruqturis ganviTareba da dasaqmebis

programebis ganxorcieleba imisaTvis, rom Casaxlebul pirebs

mieceT muSaobis saSualeba. aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom

iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebTan erTad aucilebeli gaxda

aseve, 90-ian wlebSi afxazeTidan devnili mosaxleobis sareabil-

itacio axali programebis ganxorcielebac.

unda SevniSnoT, romEsocialuri daxmarebebze orientacia aris pasiuri so-

cialuri politikis ganxorcielebis aucilebeli berketi. aqtiuri socialuri

politikis ganxorcielebisaTvis xelisufleba awarmoebda droebiT interven-

ciebs zogjer naklebad warumatebels. amis magaliTia dasaqmebis programebi,

romlis ganxorcielebac 2006 wels daiwyo da Semdgom sxvadasxva scenariT

ganviTarda (ix. Tavi 4).

sapensio reformebis genderuli

winaaRmdegobebi

2008 wels mTavrobis programis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani komponenti gaxda sap-

ensio reforma. 2008 wlis 1 martidan minimaluri pensia 70 laramde gaizarda

(manamde arsebuli 55 laridan), 2008 wlisaTvis saxelmwifo biujetidan pen-

siebis dasafinanseblad gamoyofili Tanxa biujetis mTeli xarjviTi nawilis

15.5 %-ia. 2009 wlis biujetis dagegmvisas iyo survili pensiebi 100 dolaris

eqvivalentamde gaezardaT, magram igi ararealuri aRmoCnda.

pensias dasaqmebulebi TavianTi saSemosavlo gadasaxadidan ixdian, rac dRevan-

deli kanonmdeblobiT 20%-s Seadgens.55 saSemosavlo gadasaxads ixdis dasaqme-

bulebi, romlebic mTlianad sruli mosaxleobis 38 procents Seadgens. ramdena-

dac socialuri gadasaxadi gauqmebulia, amitom saSemosavlo gadasaxadidan

sapensio tvirTis gansazRvra arazusti iqneba, magram mTliani Siga produqtisa

da sapensio Tanxebis zrdis tempebs Tu SevadarebT, maSin es ukanaskneli ram-

denjerme swrafi tempiT izrdeba, rac imis maniSnebelia, rom dasaqmebul ada-

mianebze, romelTa raodenobac ucvleli rCeba wlebis ganmavlobaSi, sapensio

tvirTi izrdeba. dasaqmebulTa naxevarze meti ki qalia, xolo qalebis pensieb-

is saerTo moculoba ki, rogorc es zemoT aris aRniSnuli, gacilebiT naklebia

vidre kacebis. amdenad, uTanabroba sapensio sistemaSi warmoiSveba qalebis

mamakacTan Tanabrad dasaqmebisa, xolo maT sapensio sidideebSi gansxvavebis

54 saerTaSoriso finansuri daxmarebis Sesaxeb sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxva, (2008). Tb., saqarTvelo, 11 de-

kemberi.

55 2009 wlis 1 ianvramde iyo 25 procenti.

33

gamo.

pensionerTa socialuri uzrunvelyofa rTul mdgomareobaSia, radgan erT

daqiravebul muSakze modis 1,1 pensioneri. garda amisa, saqarTvelos yvelaze

swrafad ganviTarebadi dargebi (finansuri Suamavloba, kavSirgabmuloba,

transporti, mSenebloba da sxv.) axali samuSao adgilebis zrdis Tvalsaz-

risiT aris SezRuduli, maTi teqnologiuri ganviTareba ar moiTxovs samuSao

adgilebis gafarToebas didi masStabiT, rac zRudavs dasaqmebis Semdgom zr-

dasac. amitom momavalSi ar aris mosalodneli gadamxdelisa da pensionerTa

raodenobis Sefardebis gaumjobeseba. am mizezebis gamo unificirebuli soli-

daruli sistemis (pay as you go) ganviTarebasTan erTad unda Camoyalibdes

diferencirebuli pensiebi Sromis staJis mixedviT da dagrovebiTi sapensio

sqemebi (pay before you go), rac SeuZlebelia personificirebuli sistemebis

danergvis gareSe.

dRes saqarTveloSi kerZo sapensio sistema naklebadaa ganviTarebuli da

moxucebulobisas mosaxleobis udidesi nawili swored saxelmwifo pensiasa

da ojaxis mxardaWerazea damokidebuli.56 demografiuli mdgomareobisa da

mosaxleobis daberebis Sedegad, ramdenadac saqarTveloSi dabalia Sobadoba

da izrdeba xandazmulTa wili, pensionerebi kide ufro did tvirTs Seuqmnian

saxelmwifo biujets, Tu ki mas mravalsqemiani kerZo sapensio sistemebi ar

daemateba da ar Seicvleba qalebis monawileobis praqtika sapensio sqemebSi,

romelic dRes uTanasworobiT gamoirCeva. es gansakuTrebiT gamwvavdeba im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu ki saxelmwifo pensiebis gansazRvra moxdeba Sromis staJisa

da wlovanebis mixedviT. qalis mier zrunvis ekonomikaSi Svilebis aRzrdaze

gaweuli wlebi kvlav aunazRaurebeli da daufasebeli iqneba.

3.5. ojaxis ganviTarebis problemebi

cnobilia, rom Svilis mzrunvelobze daxarjuli periodi Tavis gavlenas

axdens Sromis bazarze, Semosavlebis ganawilebaze, sapensio da demografiul

mdgomareobaze. saqarTveloSi Svilis movlaze dedebs unazRaurdebaT 126 dRe.

amasTan damatebiT uxelfaso Svebuleba eZlevaT 477 dRis ganmavlobaSi. sxva

qveynebSi, magaliTad aSS-Si, samedicino Svebuleba (Medical leave act) eZl-

evaT 12 kviris ganmavlobaSi, maT Soris im dasaqmebulebs, romlebic Sromoben

msxvil sawarmoebSi. kaliforniaSi Svebuleba eZleva orive mSobels wilo-

brivi droiT.57

is garemoeba, rom rac ufro didi xniT eZleva Svebuleba dedebs miT ufro

ukeTesia, ar aris logikuri. saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc sxva post-komunis-

tur qveyanaSi, Svebulebebis finansuri tvirTi saxelmwifo socialur sistemaze

modis. amasTan, arsebobs ramdenime midgoma imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda ganisaz-

Rvros dekretuli Svebulebis odenoba da anazRaurebis sidide. es midgomebi

orientirebulia xelfasebze, gadasaxadebze an saxelmwifo dafinansebaze.

am midgomebidan, arakonstituciuria, Tu dekretuli SvebulebisaTvis anazRau-

reba daukavSirdeba im saSualo xelfass, romelsac gamoimuSavebda dasaqmeb-

ulebi. dekretul SvebulebaSi myofi dedebi dasaqmebis periodSi iReben gan-

sxvavebul anazRaurebas. Aamitom, politikuri ekonomiis eniT, maT sxvadasxva

56 qalaq rusTavsa da quTaisSi Catarebuli sociologiuri gamokiTxvis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom qalTa 65.3

procenti da kacebis 87.7 procenti miiCnevs saxelmwifo, pensias maTi momavali Semosavlebis ZiriTad wyar-

od. (sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevis Sedegebi adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaSi genderuli biujetis dasaner-

gad (2007). gaeros ganviTarebis programis proeqti: genderi da politika samxreT kavkasiaSi. Tb., gv. 40-41).

57 Maternity Leave: the Longer the Better? (2008), June 13. Available at: http://blog.doingbusiness.org/2008/06/maternity-leave.html#more

34

Rirebulebis «daTmoba» mouwiaT imis sanacvlod, rom gaeCinaT Svili. arc is

iqneba marTebuli, rom dekretul SvebulebaSi myofTaTvis gansazRvruli iqnes

gansxvavebuli sargebeli saxelmwifo socialuri sadazRvevo sistemidan da

igi miebas imas, Tu vis ra wvlili aqvs Setanili gadasaxadebis gadaxdaSi. ma-

gram arc mxolod damsaqmeblis imedad SeiZleba yofna, radgan am SemTxvevaSi

axalgazrda dedebis an gasaTxovari qalebis SromiTi diskriminacia gardu-

vali iqneba.

amdenad, genderuli Tanasworobis TvalsazrisiT, dedobis anazRaurebis tvir-

Ti sazogadoebam unda ikisros, magram aqve mniSvnelovania sakiTxi, Tu saidan

unda amovides sazogadoeba am tvirTis gasaziareblad da ra moTxovnebs unda

akmayofilebdes dedebis socialuri dazRvevis sistema?

saqarTvelosaTvis yvelaze didi gamowvevaa misi demografiuli mdgomareo-

ba. Mmosaxlebis zrdis tempi marTlac kritikulia. dabadebis done aris metad

dabali – 1.4 bavSvi erT dedaze. eqspertebis monacemebiT, 2.1 Svili erT dedaze

aris is minimumi, romelic uzrunvelyofs mosaxleobis stabilurobas (ix. Tavi

1).Aamdenad saqarTveloSi socialuri uzrunvelyofis sakiTxi demografiul

mdgomareobasTan unda iqnes dakavSirebuli.

saqarTvelos-patriarqis saerTaSoriso saqvelmoqmedo fondTan arsebuli saqarTvelos demografiuli problemebis Semswavleli komisiis rekomendaciebi

demografiuli politikis gaumjobesebisaTvis unda ganxor-

cieldes RonisZiebaTa kompleqsi, romelic perspeqtivaSi uzrun-

velyofs demografiuli procesebis regulirebas, mosaxleobis

aRwarmoebis sasurveli, anu TaobaTa Senacvlebis optimaluri

reJimis miRwevas. qveyanaSi siRatakis daZlevas bevrad gansaz-

Rvravs ojaxis ekonomikuri stabilurobisaken mimarTuli

RonisZiebebi. amisTvis ki aucilebelia kompleqsuri social-

ur-demografiuli da saojaxo politika, sadac upiratesi mniS-

vneloba siRatakis daZlevas unda mieniWos.

aucilebelia SemuSavdes saojaxo politikis sakanonmdeblo sa-

fuZvlebi. magaliTad, dedebi, romlebic zrdian sam da met Svils,

bolo bavSvis 16 wlis asakis miRwevamde dedoba CaeTvaloT

Sromis staJSi; ganisazaRvros saojaxo statusi mravalSviliani,

axalgazrda, martoxela da a.S. ojaxebis mimarT diferncirebuli

sagadasaxado politikis gatarebiT.58

demografiuli politika unda iTvaliswinebdes mastimulirebel faqtorebs

sakanonmdeblo doneze. sazogadoebasa da xelisuflebas erTnairad unda

hqondes gacnobierebuli demografiuli politikis mniSvneloba, romelic

saxelmwifoebriv doneze unda ganxorcieldes. es ki niSnavs imas, rom qalisaT-

vis dekretuli Svebuleba unda warmoadgendes im faseulobis alternativas,

romelsac igi araformalur seqtorSi dasaqmebisas qmnis. Sesabamisad, dekre-

tuli Svebulebisas anazRaureba unda iqnes ganxiluli ara rogorc daxmareba,

aramed rogor Sromis fasi, romelsac qali Svilebis gaCenisa da masze zrunviT

qmnis.

ojaxSi qalis Sroma dafuZnebulia damkvidrebul midgomebze da stereotipur

58 qarTvelTa gamravlebisa da mravalricxovani saqarTvelosaTvis, demografiuli ganviTarebis koncefcia,

(2008).

35

damokidebulebaze, romlebic did gavlenas axdenen ojaxSi Sromis danawileba-

ze. qalTa gasvla Sromis bazarze mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu

ramdenad gamonTavisufldebian isini saojaxo saqmianobisagan. saxelmwifos

mizanmimarTulma politikam garkveuli gavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos Sromis

saojaxo danawilebaze, riTac xels Seuwyobs qalTa aunazRaurebeli Sromis

Semcirebas. ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi arsebuli momsaxureobis

infrastruqtura qalebisaTvis xelSemwyob pirobebs qmnis da met-naklebad

awonasworebs qalisa da mamakacis Sromas ojaxsa da ojaxs gareT. es aris

SeRavaTiani kreditebi, mikrodafinanseba, qalTa Sromis dacvis sakanonmdeblo

srulyofa, sabavSvo dawesebulebaTa ganviTareba, sayofacxovrebo momsaxure-

bis qselis gafarToeba, specialuri programebis SemuSaveba samewarmeo saqmi-

anobisaTvis (marketingi, iuridiuli aspeqtebi, dabegvris sistema) da sxv.

saerTaSoriso gamocdileba

Warbi mosaxleobiT cnobil qveynebSi gavrcelebulia «erTi Svi-

lis politika». CineTSi ojaxebi, romlebic mxolod erT Svils

gaaCenen, Tavisufldebian gadasaxadebisagan, amiT stimulirdeba

4 bebia-babuis, 2 Svilis da 1 SvilTaSvilis ojaxis modeli. es

politika 1979 wels Sevida ZalaSi da 2000 wels am politikam

moicva ojaxebis 36 procenti. miuxedavad imisa, rom kritikosebi

mas arahumanurs uwodeben, aRiarebulia, rom monetaruli stimu-

lireba mainc gavlenas axdens demografiul situaciaze.

gasxvavebuli demografiuli mdgomareobis mqone qveynebSi gavr-

celebulia qalis mier araanazRaurebadi saqmianobis kompen-

sirebis politika:59

avstraliaSi ganisazRvreba im aunazRaurebeli Sromis masStabe-

bi, romelic dakavSirebulia SinameurneobebSi qalis mier mz-

runvelobiTi saqmianobis ganxorcielebasTan. amis safuZvelze

SemoRebuli iqna bavSvebis movlasTan dakavSirebuli momsaxure-

bis subsidirebis politika. amasTan SemoRebuli iqna sagadasaxa-

do SeRavaTebi im mSoblebze (ZiriTadad qalebze), romlebic sax-

lSi zrdidnen mcirewlovan Svilebs. paralelurad Seswavlili

iqna im adamianebis drois biujeti, romlebic uvlidnen moxucebsa

da invalidebs da ganisazRvra strategia, romelic iTvaliswineb-

da sagadasaxado SeRavaTs im ojaxebze, sadac erT-erTi meuRle

iyo meoris kmayofaze da zrunavda Svilebis aRzrdaze. aseTi Se-

RavaTiT ZiriTadad sargeblobdnen mamakacebi.

kanadaSi 1998 wels miRebuli iqna gadawyvetileba federalur bi-

ujetSi Cadebuliyo muxli, romlis Tanaxmad, sagadasaxado kredi-

ti unda miscemoda maT, vinc dasaqmebuli iyo zrunvis ekonomikaSi

da eweodnen aunazRaurebel Sromas. amasTan, aqcenti gakeTebuli

iqna sapensio sistemaze da qveyanaSi aikrZala mSoblebis sap-

ensio sqemebSi monawileobis Sewyveta da pensiebis Semcireba im

mizeziT, Tu maT mouxdebodaT muSaobis Tavis danebeba Svilebze

zrunvis gamo.

59 ix. Гендерные Бюджеты. Пособие для тренеров (2005). Программа развития ООН. Авторский текст: Дебби Бадлендер. Пер. c Англ. языка, Братислава, стр. 110-115; Bruyn-Hundt Marge. The Economics of Unpaid Works, (1996). Amsterdam; Jacobson J., (1996). Economic of Gender, Cambridge.

36

israelSi aqcenti gakeTebulia martoxela dedebze. 2002 wlidan

parlamentma miiRo cvlileba, romelic exeboda martoxela dede-

bis daxmarebas. manamde 2 wlamde asakis bavSvebis martoxela

dedebs eZleodaT daxmareba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maTi Semosavali

kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil minimumze naklebi hqondaT. maT eZ-

leodaT daxmareba miuxedavad imisa, muSaobdnen isini Tu ara.

rodesac bavSvebs SeusruldebodaT 2 weli, dedebs unda ezrunaT

imisaTvis, rom eSovnaT samuSao. daxmareba aZlevdaT maT Sans

hqonodaT arCevani - Sroma Tu Svilebze zrunva.

koreaSi SemuSavda aunazRaurebeli ”ekonomikuri eqvivalen-

tis” modeli, romelic safuZvlad daedo Sromis Sefasebis axal

sistemas, sadac gaTvaliswinebuli unda yofiliyo dazRvevis, so-

cialuri uzrunvelyofis, dabegvris da qonebis ganawileba gan-

qorwinebis SeTxvevaSi; ubeduri SemTxvevis gamo anazRaurebadi

da araanazRaurebadi Sromis adamianebisaTvis kompensaciebis

samarTliani ganawileba. amasTan, ojaxis diasaxlisebis kompen-

sacia unda yofiliyo Sesabamisi im diasaxlisebisa, romlebic

amave dros muSaobdnen anazRaurebad samuSaoze; Sinameurneobeb-

Si kacebis monawileobis stimulireba, romelic kompensirebuli

iqneboda qalebis dasaqmebis zrdiT.

norvegiaSi 1992 wels SemoRebuli iqna”krediti mzrunvelobisaT-

vis”. am formiT xdeboda im danakargis kompensireba, romelsac

adamianebi xarjavdnen ojaxis wevrebze zrunvis gamo. aseTi

krediti miecemodaT maT mxolod 7 wlamde bavSvebis zrunvisa

da ojaxis wevri moxuci da avadmyofi adamianebis movlaze.

inglisSi 2002 wels finansTa saministrom dauSva sagadasaxa-

do krediti bavSvebze, romelTa mSoblebis ZiriTadi samuSaoc

iyo bavSvebis movla ojaxSi. aseTi krediti, upirveles yovlisa,

miecaT bavSvebis keTildReobis uzrunvelsayofad.

70-ian wlebSi islandiaSi qalebis gaficvis Sedegad mTeli sa-

zogadoeba paralizebuli aRmoCnda. qalebi gamovidnen imis

winaaRmdegi, Tu ratom ar iyo dafasebuli maTi Sroma. 5 wlis

Semdeg islandiaSi arCeuli iqna pirveli qali prezidenti msof-

lioSi, magram Tanasworoba ar iqna damyarebuli imTaviTve.

qalebis 90 procenti iyo dasaqmebuli saxls gareT samuSaoebze

da maT uxdebodaT saxlSi Sromac. amasTan, rogorc gamokvleveb-

ma uCvenes, mcirewlovani bavSvebis dedebisaTvis SeuZlebeli iyo

stabiluri dasaqmeba, maSin rodesac mamebisaTvis bavSvebi ar

warmoadgendnen araviTar bariers. 2000 wels SemoRebuli iqna

axali sistema, romelic Svilis gaCenis SemTxvevaSi kacs qalis

Tanabrad aZlevad Svebulebis aRebis SesaZleblobas. igi Tana-

bar mdgomareobaSi ayenebda dedas da mamas. orives SeeZloT

aeRoT 3 TviT Svebuleba monacvleobiT. Svebulebis periodSi

isini miiRebdnen maTi saSualo xelfasis 80 procents specialuri

fondebidan. amAgaremoebam xeli Seuwyo kacis dasaqmebas saxlSi

da Svilis aRzrdaSi monawileobas qalis Tanabrad.60

60 When Women Went on Strike...Availabel at: http://blog.doingbusiness.org/2008/04/when-women-went.html

37


• socialuri sferos saxelmwifo regulireba unda ganxorcieldes misa-

marTuli, miznobrivi daxmarebisa da aqtiuri socialuri politikis war-

marTvis aspeqtiT; socialuri uzrunvelyofis mravalferovani sqemebis

danergviT; da im resursebis efeqtianobis zrdiT, romelic exeba social-

uri infrastruqturis ganviTarebas.

• socialuri sistemis efeqtianoba unda ganisazRvros imis mixedviT, Tu

ramdenad warimarTa saxelmwifo finansebi im fenebisadmi, romelic mas

yvelaze metad saWiroeben. amasTan, aucilebeli xdeba socialuri dacvis

sistemaSi daxmarebebis miznobrivi diversificireba genderuli aspeqte-

bis gaTvaliswinebiT.

• arsebobs im ojaxebis gamovlenis meTodologiuri sirTule, romleb-

sac yvelaze metad sWirdebaT daxmareba. aseTi meTodologia ZiriTa-

dad emyareba Semosavlebis formalur kriteriumebs, rac amcirebs misa-

marTulobis efeqtianobas. dRemde arsebuli erTjeradi daxmarebebi

araefeqtiania da misi sidide SeiZleba Zalin mwiri aRmoCndes siRatakis

Sesamcireblad.

• rogorc saerTaSoriso gamocdileba aCvenebs, Rarib qveynebSi siRaribis

monitoringi, romelic mimarTulia im adamianTa raodenobis gamosav-

lenad, romlebsac sWirdebaT daxmareba, naklebad Sedegiania im Tval-

sazrisiT, rom daxmarebis survilis mqone ojaxebis raodenoba sakmaod

didia da beneficiarebis Semadgenlobis garkveva romelime erTi an or

niSnis mixedviT ar SeiZleba sistematizebuli an formalizebuli (iden-

tificirebuli) iqnes. amasTan, aseTi monitoringis Catareba aris sakmaod

xarjiani. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi sakmarisia iyo ltolvili, rom mi-

iRo daxmareba. maSin rodesac ltolvilTa garkveuli nawili aris

Sromisunariani adamiani da maTTvis saWiroa sruliad sxva saxis dax-

mareba, romelic miscems saSualebas TviTon gamoimuSavon sakmarisi saxs-

rebi. sruliad sxva midgomaa qalebis mimarT, romelTa daxmareba xSirad

dakavSirebulia bavSvebis da ojaxis wevrebis movlasTan. yovelive ase-

Ti socialur-genderuli midgoma moiTxovs xarjebis racionalizaciis,

diversificirebis da misamarTulobis gazdas.

• imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifo xarjebi mimarTuli iqnes im fenebisaTvis,

romelic mas yvelaze metad saWiroeben, aucilebelia Semosavlebis zRvru-

li odenobis dadgena, rac saSualebas miscems ojaxebs hqondeT pretenzia

ama Tu im daxmarebaze. aseTi zRvruli odenobisaTvis gamoyenebuli unda

iqnes siRatakis erovnuli done, romelic qveyanaSi saarsebo minimumis

moTxovnas daemyareba. ramdenadac daxmarebis msurvelTa raodenoba

SeiZleba sakmaod bevri aRmoCndes, amitom unda iqnes gavlebuli sazR-

vari, Tu vin miiRebs mas, magaliTad, ojaxebi, romelTa Semosavlebi Sead-

gens saarsebo minimumis 50 procentze naklebs. an kidev unda Seadgendes

siRaribis oficialuri donis 25 procents. yovelive amas mizanSewonilia

daematos koeficienti, romelic gaTvlili iqneba bavSvebis raodenobaze

ojaxSi. radgan moxmarebis struqtura aseT ojaxebSi sruliad gansxvave-

bulia im ojaxebisagan, sadac bavSvi ar aris.

• amasTan, gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes ojaxebis genderuli Semadgenloba

da SemoRebul iqnes daxmarebis mravalferovani momsaxureba, romelic

moicavs qalebsac da bavSvebs da ar unda iqnes uaryofili iseTi aprobi-

rebuli momsaxurebis instrumentebi, rogoricaa daxmareba bavSvebze, sa-

38

binao subsidiebi da sxv.

• mraval qveyanaSi SemoRebulia daxmarebis iseTi saxe, rogoricaa kred-

itebi bavSvebsa da dedebs, rac xels uwyobs ojaxebis ganviTarebas da

qalis ojaxSi dasaqmebis sazogadoebriv aRiarebas. aseTi saxis daxmare-

bis aprobacia SeiZleba ganxorcieldes saqarTvelos romelime qalaqSi

arasamTavrobo da mikrosafinanso organizaciebis monawileobiT da

miRebuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze moxdes misi ganzogadeba.

• saxelmwifo socialuri politikis efeqtianobis monitoringis sferoSi

(im Sinameurneobebis monitoringi, romlebic gaxdnen saxelmwifos benefi-

ciarebi) mizanSewonilia arasamTavrobo seqtoris monawileobis stimu-

lireba. amasTan, beneficiarTa gamosakvlevad ojaxebis socialuri daxa-

siaTebisaTvis saWiroa adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis CarTva, radgan

maT ukeTesad ician ojaxebis mdgomareoba. adgilobrivi biujetebis gaaq-

tiureba sabiujeto decentralizaciis gziT Sedegians gaxdis socialur

daxmarebas im mizeziT, rom adgilobrivi biujetidan socialuri saqmi-

anobis dafinanseba naklebad biurokratiulia, ufro metad miznobrivia

da misamarTulia, amitom mizanSewonilia adgilobriv da centralur

biujetebs Soris socialuri funqciebis gadanawileba da adgilobrivi

TviTmmarTvelobis gaaqtiureba.

• socialuri dacva aris rogorc saxelmwifo aseve adgilobrivi biujete-

bis ZiriTadi funqcia. dResdReobiT am or biujets Soris urTierToba

ar aris gansazRvruli ara marto tarnsferebis samarTlianobis as-

peqtiT, aramed decentralizaciis procesebis TvalsazrisiTac. social-

uri daxmarebis ZiriTadi tvirTi kvlav awevs centralur biujets. mu-

nicipalitetis biujetebidan gacemuli socialur dacvaze danaxarjebis

meniu Seicavs: eleqtroenergiaze da komunalur mosaxurebaze SeRavaTebs,

mgzavrobas saqalaqo transportiT, ojaxur daxmarebebs, miwaze gadasax-

adis SeRavaTebs, municipaluri samedicino programebis dafinansebas, mar-

toxela dedebis, axalgazrda ojaxebis, oboli bavSvebis, upatrono bavSve-

bis, 90 welze meti asakis adamianebis, umuSevarTa da sxva daxmarebebs. igi

ufro metad diversificirebulia, vidre centraluri biujetidan gaweuli

daxmarebis sistema gulisxmobs. swored amitom socialuri dacva moiTx-

ovs TviTmmarTvelobis aqtiur monawileobas mosaxleobaSi siRatakis

gamosavlenad da im fenebis SesarCevad romlebsac yvelaze metad sWird-

ebaT saxelmwifo finansebi.

• adgilobrivi xelisufleba aqtiurad unda iyos CarTuli socialuri

dacvis procesSi, rogorc mis organizaciaSi, aseve daxmarebebis gacemasa

da mis gansazRvraSi. am sferoSi didia adgilobrivi Temebis monawileo-

ba, sadac qalebis raodenoba iqneba meti. Semcirdeba saxsrebis araefeq-

tiani xarjva da daxmarebebic ufro miznobrivi gaxdeba. am mizniT miz-

anSewonilia moxdes adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis da arasamTavrobo

organizaciebis gadamzadeba, rom moemzadon adresuli daxmarebis gansax-

orcieleblad. dResdReobiT aseTi saqmianobisaTvis Tanxebi biujetSi

ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli.

savleTi da centraluri evropis qveynebisagan, sapensio sistema, romel-

ic daefuZneba savaldebulo da nebayoflobiT sadazRvevo Senatanebs

da mravalsqemian sapensio sistemas, jer-jerobiT mxolod Canasaxis

mdgomareobaSia. arsebuli solidaruli sistema momavalSi kidev ufro

gaaZlierebs saxelmwifo biujetze socialuri uzrunvelyofis tvirTis

zewolas. Tu dRemde amis mizezi iyo finansuri saxsrebis deficiti, dana-

zogebis simcire da Sida safinanso bazrebis sisuste, sadac kerZo sapensio

39

fondebs SeeZloT misi dabandeba, amJamad es barieri ar aris imdenad

Zlieri, rogorc es iyo ramdenime wlis win. amitom am sferoSi saxelmwi-

fom unda daiwyos msoflioSi aprobirebuli sqemebis daneregva.

personificirebuli aRicxvis sistemis danergva aris pirveli nabiji,

romelic gaadvilebs qveyanaSi Sromis, staJisa da sagadasaxado anaricx-

ebis mixedviT pensiebis diferencirebuli sistemis SemoRebas. rogorc

msoflio bankis specialistebi fiqroben, SeiZleb reformis ganxorciele-

ba etapobrivad da sxvadasxva dros calkeul elementebis SemoRebac.

socialuri politikis amocana unda iyos SromiTi potencialis ga-

Zliereba, rac SeiZleba mcire da saSualo biznesis stimulirebiT ganx-

orcieldes. am sferoSi yuradReba gansakuTrebiT unda meiqces qalebis

dasaqmebas, romelTa wili mewarme subieqtebSi ari 35 procenti, xolo

ekonomikis yvela dargSi da yvela sferoSi qalebis nominaluri xel-

fasi naklebia daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa kacebisUsaSualoTviur nomi-

nalur xelfasze (ix. Tavi 4).

qveynaSi gatarebuli reformis Sedegad socialuri dacvis universaluri

sistemidan siRatakeze orientirebul daxmarebaze moxda gadasvla. am insti-

tucionalur cvlilebebTan erTad saxelmwifom socialuri dacvisa da uz-

runvelyofis programebis ganxorcielebisas sabaziso principad unda aiRos

aTaswleulis miznebisa da siRaribis programis moTxovnebi, romlis erT-erTi

ZiriTadi muxlia genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa. am TvalsazrisiT

saxelmwifo biujetTan erTad adgilobrivi erTeulebis biujetebis monitor-

ingi aris ZiriTadi gza socialuri samarTlianobis damkvidrebisaTvis qveya-

naSi.

40

Tavi 4

genderuli uTanasworoba Sromis bazarze

Sromis bazarze gaRrmavda genderuli segregacia.

arsebuli sakanomdeblo baza dasaqmebulTa

(umravlesobis) interesebs ar gamoxatavs.

sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi, saqarTvelosaTvis, iseve rogorc

sxva postkomunisturi qveynisaTvis, damaxasiaTebeli gaxda mosaxleobis daba-

li Semosavlebi, SezRuduli fiskaluri resursebi da ganuviTarebeli sabazro

institutebi. politikurma arastabilurobam, ekonomikis dargobrivma kriz-

isebma da mouwyobelma sagareo urTierTobebma eqstremaluri viTareba Se-

qmna saqarTveloSi da Zalze gaamwvava socialur-ekonomikuri problemebi.

yovelive es ki refleqsurad aisaxa Sromis bazris ganviTarebaze: mkveTrad

Semcirda dasaqmeba, warmoiSva regionaluri da genderuli disproporciebi da

umuSevrobam, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdobaSi, xangrZlivi xasiaTi SeiZina.

4.1. Sromis bazris genderuli struqtura

Sromis bazris struqtura

90-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi socialur politikis ganxorcielebaze ixarje-

boda mizeruli Tanxebi, igi araefeqtianad nawildeboda. araqmediTi iyo umu-

SevarTa daxmarebac. saxelmwifos minimaluri roli eniWeboda Semosavlebis

gadanawilebaSi, mcirdeboda realuri xelfasebi da miuxedavad imisa, rom upi-

ratesad araformaluri seqtori viTardeboda, umuSevrobis done kvlav maRa-

li rCeboda.

1990-2003 wlebSi mniSvnelovnad gauaresda dasaqmebis parametrebi. masze Ziri-

Tadad zemoqmedeba moaxdina ekonomikis dargobrivi struqturis Secvlis Sed-

egad samuSao Zalis gadanacvlebam soflis meurneobaSi, demografiulma mdgo-

mareobam, migraciulma procesebma da mcire biznesis ganuviTareblobam.

1990-2007 wlebSi dasaqmebis parametrebi ar gaumjobesebula. mkveTrad Sem-

cirda saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa wili, erovnul meurneobaSi

dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobis klebis sapirispirod gaizarda TviTdasaqmebul-

Ta raodenoba da samuSao Zalis naxevarze meti Seadgina.61 dRes daqiravebiT

dasaqmebulebi samuSao Zalis mxolod erTi mesamedia. aqedan araformalur

seqtorSi daqiravebiT dasaqmebulebi saxelmwifo setqorSi dasaqmebulebis

naxevars Sedagenen. umuSevrobis done ki stabilurad 13-14 procentia. dasaqme-

bulTa absoluturad didi nawili soflis meurneobaSi TviTdasaqmebulebi

da ojaxur sawarmoSi usasyidlod momuSaveebi arian. am ukanasknelze modis

dasaqmebulTa erTi mesamedi.62

Sromis bazarze saxelmwifo seqtors aqvs didi wili daqiravebiT dasaqmeb-

61Ees maCvenebeli evrokavSirSi saSualod 16 procentia. TviTdasaqmebis yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli saber-

ZneTSia, sadac dasaqmebulTagan TiTqmis yoveli mesame TviTdasaqmebulia.

62 saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros statistikis departamentis monacemebi

41

ulebis raodenobis mxriv. marTalia sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis periodSi

saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa ricxvi 4-jer da metad Semcirda, magram

daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa Soris es seqtori kvlav maRal wils inarCunebs.

araformalur seqtorSi Warbobs TviTdasaqmebulebi da usasyidlod momuSave

adamianebi raodenoba.

saqarTveloSi Sromis bazris arsebuli struqtura ZiriTadad daefuZna de-

mografiuli, socialur-ekonomikuri da institucionaluri faqtorebis zemoq-

medebas. araformalur seqtorSi daqiravebiT dasaqmebulebi dRemde ver gaxda

ekonomikis warmmarTveli ZiriTadi Zala, romelsac SeuZlia qveyanaSi uzrun-

velyos Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrda.

Sromis bazris genderuli uTanasworoba

saqarTveloSi Sromis bazari genderulad segmentirebulia. qalebi ZiriTadad

saxelmwifo seqtorSi arian dasaqmebulni, sadac yovel 100 mamakacze 117 qali

modis, arasaxelmwifo seqtorSi ki yovel 100 mamakacze daqiravebiT dasaqmebu-

lia 57 qali.

cxrili 4

dasaqmebis genderuli struqturaqalebi yovel 100 mamakacze saqarTveloSi

2006 wlis mixedviT

wyaro: Labour Market in Georgia, (2006). pp. 11, 31, 33, 35, 41.

amasTan, dasaqmebulTa saerToO ricxvidan yovel 100 umaRlesi donis maR-

alkvalificiur mamakac-specialistze 161 maRalkvalificiuri qali-specialis-

ti modis, saSualo donis specilistebSi – 159 qali, arakvalificiur samuSao

ZalaSi ki yovel 100 mamakacze mxolod 5 qali modis.

rogorc vxedavT, Sromis bazarze qalebis kvalifikacia ar CamorCeba mamakace-

mosaxleoba – sul 107

dasaqmebulebi – sul 91

aqedan:

• mewarme/meurne damqiravebeli 23

• daqiravebiT dasaqmebulebi 91

daqiravebiT dasaqmebulebi saxelmwifo seqtorSi 117

daqiravebiT dasaqmebulebi arasaxelmwifo seqtorSi 57

dasaqmebulTa saerTo ricxvidan:

• marTvis organoebis xelmZRvanelebi 36

• umaRlesi donis kvalificiuri specialistebi 161

• saSualo donis kvalificiuri specialistebi 159

• informaciis momzadebiT, dokumentebis gaformebiT, aRricxviTa da momsaxurebiT dakavebuli muSakebi 254

• vaWrobis, momsaxurebis an monaTesave saqmianobis muSakebi 107

• soflis, samonadireo, satyeo, meTevzeobis kvalificiuri muSakebi 103

• samrewvelo warmoebis, mSeneblobis, transportis, kavSirgabmulobis kvalificiuri muSebi; 16

• operatorebi, memanqaneebi, zeinkal-amwyobebi da mZRolebi 2

• arakvalificiuri muSakebi 5

42

bis kvalifikacias. miuxedavad amisa, qalebs mamakacebTan SedarebiT dabali

anazRaureba aqvT: 2007 wels mrewvelobaSi maTi anazRaureba Seadgenda mamaka-

cis anazRaurebis mxolod 57,3 procents, vaWrobaSi, jandacvaSi da socialuri

momsaxurebaSi – 37-40 procents, mSeneblobaSi – 67,0 procents, sastumroebsa da

restornebSi – 55,0 procents, transportsa da kavSirgabmulobaSi – 78 procents,

safinanso SuamavlobaSi – 73 procents.63

Tu 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi yvela Tanamdebobebis mixedviT

saqarTvelos erovnul meurneobaSi dasaqmebuli qalis saSualo xelfasi ma-

makacis saSualo xelfasis 75 procents Seadgenda, 1990-iani wlebis bolosaTvis

igi 52 procentamde daeca da amJamad 48,6 procents ar aRemateba. Yyovelive

es, ojaxur meurneobaSi qalis aunazRaurebel Sromis mniSvnelobis zrdasTan

erTad, saqarTveloSi Sromis bazarze genderuli uTanasworobis arsebobazec

metyvelebs.

qalis rolis gazrda ekonomikaSi

krizisebi da siRaribe gansxvavebulad zemoqmedebs sxvadasxva socialur fenaze,

qalebze da mamakacebze, mdidrebze da Raribebze. krizisebs Tan sdevs samuSaos

dakargva, amis Sedegad izrdeba SinameurneobebSi aunazRaurebeli Sromis

fasi, radgan swored aseTi SromiT xdeba dakarguli bazrebidan Sesyiduli

samomxmareblo saqonlis Semcvleli naturaluri produqtebis damzadeba da

momsaxureba.64GaunazRaurebeli Sroma axdens sabazro urTierTobebidan miRe-

buli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis kompensacias. mis ZiriTad tvirTs ki qali

atarebs. mas uxdeba SinameurneobebSi ufro meti drois xarjva imaze, rasac

isini adre fasiani momsaxurebis saxiT (bavSvebis ganaTleba, janmrTelobis

dacva, kveba, sxva saojaxo saqmeebi) iRebdnen.

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gamokvlevebma daadastures, rom rodesac mamakacebis

dasaqmeba mcirdeba, qalebis dasaqmeba procentulad naklebad mcirdeba an

kidev igive rCeba, da piriqiT.65 umuSevrobis dros aunazRaurebeli Sromis

raodenoba qalebSi izrdeba ufro metad, vidre mamakacebSi.66 amdenad, qaleb-

is dasaqmeba ufro moqnilia da mgrZnobiarea bazris cvlilebebis mimarT, vi-

dre mamakacis, Tumca dasaqmebis “komercializacia”, anu qalebis anazRaurebadi

Sromis wili SromiTi danaxarjebis mTlian moculobaSi sagrZnoblad daba-

lia mamakacebTan SedarebiT. amasTan, qali profesiuli samuSaodan advilad

gadaerTveba ojaxur saqmeebze, mamakaci ki ufro mWidrod aris ”mibmuli” pro-

fesiul saqmianobasTan, amitom samuSaos dakargva masze ufro mtkivneulad mo-

qmedebs, vidre qalze. bazris cvlilebis Sedegad mamakacisa da qalis Sromis

saSualo xangrZlioba erTmaneTis sapirispiroa im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ma-

makacebis dasaqmeba mcirdeba

arsebobs ramdenime modeli qalisa da mamakacis gansxvavebuli SromiTi ro-

lis Sesaxeb sazogadoebaSi. erT-erTi modelis Tanaxmad, mamakacis Sroma aris

ojaxis finansuri Semosavlebis mTavari wyaro, xolo qalisa da bavSvebis

saqmianoba da sicocxlisunarianoba uzrunvelyofilia mamakacis SemosavlebiT.

mamakaci, rogorc ojaxis Semosavlebis mTavari wyaro, aris damaxasiaTebeli

63 qali da kaci saqarTveloSi (2008). gv. 53-54.

64 uanazRaurebel Sromas ZiriTadad qalebi sweven sazogadoebisa da ekonomikis sasargeblod. igi gulisxmobs

reproduqciul unars, bavSvebis aRzrdas, ojaxis wevrebze zrunvas da sxv. aseTi Sroma zrunvis ekonomikis

sferos ganekuTvneba da genderuli uTanasworobis erT-erTi yvelaze uZvelesi formaa msoflioSi 65 Becker G.S., (1981). A Treatize on the Family, Harvard University Press, Cambridge; Sen.A. (1995). Gender and Cooperative Confl icts. In I. Tinker/ed/ Persistent Inequalities: Women and World Development, New-York. 66 yovel 100 mamakacze qalebis raodenoba ojaxur sawarmoSi/mamulSi dasaqmebulTa Soris orjer da metad

aRemateba aRniSnul Tanafardobas daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa Soris.(Labour Market in Georgia, (2006). Tbilisi, p. 33).

43

industriulad ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis da biznes-samyarosaTvis, sadac

ZiriTadad dasaqmebuli arian mamakacebi da maTi Sroma aris kargad anazRau-

rebadi. qalebisaTvis Znelia adaptireba im samyaroSi, sadac gavrcelebulia

cnobiereba imis Sesaxeb, rom mamakaci aris ojaxis Semosavlebis mompovebeli.

qalis Sroma am cnobierebaSi meorexarisxovan funqcias iZens. isini mamakacis

kmayofaze arian.

realurad Sinameurneobebi iyeneben sxvadasxva strategias ojaxis sicocxlisu-

narianobis SesanarCuneblad, romelic moicavs qalis daqiravebiT Sromas da

ojaxSi mis mier ojaxis sxva wevrebis movla-patronobas, rac fulad formaSi

ar aisaxeba da ar iTvleba anazRaurebad Sromad.

saqarTveloSi farTod gavrcelebulia qalis ormagi datvirTva - saxlSi Sro-

ma da daqiravebiT Sroma. dasaqmebis genderuli suraTidan naTelia, rom ojax-

is garda qals uxdeba dasaqmeba Sinameurneobebis gareT ojaxis Semosavlebis

gazrdis mizniT. aseTi ormagi datvirTva ganpirobebulia erTis mxriv, mamaka-

cis mier gamomuSavebuli fuladi saxsrebis naklebobiT ojaxis saWiroebebi-

saTvis, rac aiZulebs qals iyos aqtiuri Sromis bazarze, xolo meores mxriv, ki

qali cdilobs Tavisi socialuri statusis damkvidrebas. rogorc zemoT mot-

anili cifrebi metyveleben, qali saqmdeba kacis Tanasworad Sromis bazarze,

Tumca ganicdis vertikalur uTanasworobas anazRaurebaSi.

mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTareba

saqarTveloSi Sromis bazris mTavari problema aris mcire da saSualo me-

warmeobis ganviTarebis arasakmarisi done. 2002-2006 wlebSi Camoyalibebuli

proporciebis mixedviT, biznes-seqtoris mTlian brunvaSi mcire biznesis wilad

modis daaxloebiT 15 procenti, saSualo biznesis wilad – 10 procenti da msx-

vili biznesis wilad – 75 procenti. SedarebisaTvis, evrokavSirSi gacilebiT

dabalia msxvili biznesis wili da Seadgens mTeli brunvis daaxloebiT 42

procents. Sesabamisad, maRalia saSualo (19 procenti) da mcire (39 procenti)

biznesis wili.67

mcire da saSualo biznesi aris genderulad mgrZnobiare sferoebi, radgan aq

ZiriTadad dasaqmebulebi arian qalebi da TviTdasaqmebuli adamianebi. Aam

sferos ganviTarebas aqvs dasaqmebis didi potenciali da igi xelmisawvdo-

mi unda iyos yvela SinameurneobisaTvis, rac mniSvnelovnad uzrunvelyofs

Sromis aramonetaruli da araanazRaurebadi Sedegebis monetizacias da Sesa-

bamisad, qalis aunazRaurebadi Sromis sazogadoebriv Sromad aRiarebas.

qali da biznesi

2007 wels gaeros proeqtis “genderi da politika samxreT

kavkasiaSi” farglebSi Catarda biznes seqtoris kvleva, romel-

Sic monawileobdnen saqarTvelos biznesmenTa federaciisa da

samrewvelo-savaWro palatis wevrebi, aseve is organizaciebi,

romelTac seriozuli wvlili SeaqvT qarTuli biznesis ganvi-

TarebaSi. dasaqmebis saerTo maCveneblebSi mamakacebis upirate-

sobis miuxedavad, axali kvlevis monacemebis mixedviT, aSkaraa

dasaqmebulTa Soris qalTa ricxvis zrda. Tu 2006 wels 38 pro-

centi qali iyo dasaqmebuli kerZo seqtorSi, 2007 wels 42 procentia.

67 Schmiemann Manfred, (2006). SME,s and entrepreneurship in the EU. Statistics in Focus: industry, trade and service, 24/2006.

44

igive tendencia SeimCneva aRniSnul organizaciebSi xelmZR-

vanel Tanamdebobebzec. kvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom qalTa

monawileoba 22,3 procentidan gaizarda 38,3 procentamde.68 es

tendencia TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi mzardia. qalebi ufro metad

ikaveben adgils biznesis mmarTvelobis maRal ierarqiul safex-

urze.

miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo wlebSi biznesis keTebis institucio-

naluri barierebi da makontrolebeli organoebis raodenoba

mniSvnelovnad Semcirda, mcire biznesis ganviTarebis xelSemw-

yofi pirobebi mainc arasakmarisia saqarTveloSi. samewarmeo

saqmianobis sakanonmdeblo SezRudvebi qalebisaTvis ar arsebobs,

magram maT Zalian uWirT biznesis warmarTva. mizezi mravalia:

sakuTrebis uflebis xelyofa, arasakmarisi informacia gasaRebis

bazris SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb, sabanko kreditebisadmi da axali

teqnologiebisadmi naklebi xelmisawvdomoba, qmediTi sakonsul-

tacio centrebis (biznes inkubatorebis) araarseboba da sxv.

mikrosafinanso organizaciebis mier, rogoricaa “konstanta”,

“finka saqarTvelo”, “kristali”, “kredo” da sxv., gasul wels

gacemulia krediti 55 aTas msesxebelze, maTi umravlesoba TviT-

dasaqmebuli qalia. soflis meurneobis sferoSi dasaqmebulebi

gansakuTrebiT aRniSnaven sabanko kreditebis moklevadianobasa

da maRali saprocento ganakveTebis arsebobas, rac maT saqmi-

anobas naklebad efeqtians xdis.

Nbanki RaribebisaTvis

2006 wlis nobelis premiis laureatma, ekonomikis profesorma

bangladeSidan muhamed iunusma aRniSnuli premia miiRo Rarib

qalebisaTvis mcire kreditis gacemis xelSewyobisaTvis. bolo 30

wlis ganmavlobaSi man daxmareba gauwia eqvs milion banglade-

Sels, ZiriTadad qalebs. am xnis ganmavlobaSi misma ̀ grammen bank-

ma~ Tavis klientebs 5 miliard dolarze meti krediti gamouyo.

Tavis banks profesori iunusi sxva tradiciuli bankebisagan imiT

ganasxvavebda, rom igi mogebis maqsimizaciis nacvlad eswrafoda

Raribi mosaxleobisaTvis, ZiriTadad qalebisaTvis finansuri

daxmarebis gawevas, raTa maT siRaribe daeZliaT.

sagulisxmoa, rom 90_ian wlebSi iunuss da mis banks am keTilSobi-

luri wamowyebisaTvis boikoti gamoucxada islamistma fundamen-

talistebma. isini fiqrobdnen, arc Tu usafuZlod, rom mikrokred-

itebi xels Seuwyobda da daaCqarebda qalTa emansipaciasa da

daarRvevda qveyanaSi arsebul tradiciul ierarqias.

iunusis gancxadebiT, nobelis premias, romlis moculoba 1.1 mln

evroa, ZiriTadad gamoiyenebda iafi sasursaTo produqtebis

mwarmoebeli fabrikebis, saavadmyofoebis, skolebis asaSeneblad,

sasmeli wylis sistemis rekonstruqciisaTvis, im adamianebis dax-

marebisaTvis, visac es yvelaze metad sWirdeba.69

68 sociologiuri kvlevis angariSi saukeTeso genderuli balansis mqone organizaciis gamosavlenad. “genderi

da politika samxreT kavkasiaSi”. gv. 2-3.69 Muhammad Yunus.Available at: www.answers.com/topic/muhammad-yunus; Prof. Muhammad Yunus&Grammeen Bank awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for 2006. Available at: www.mitradhuafafoudation.org/ index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id

45

4.2. saxelmwifo seqtorSi

dasaqmebis genderuli problemebi

saqarTveloSi dasaqmebuli qalebi upiratesad saxelmwifo seqtors irCeven sam-

uSaod. sajaro samsaxuri dRes ufro metad momzidvelia qalebisaTvis.70 amaze

metyvelebs is, rom yovel 100 mamakacze modis 23 mewarme qali da 91 daqiravebiT

dasaqmebuli qali. amasTan, daqiravebulTa saerTo raodenobaSi saxelmwifo

seqtorSi yovel 100 mamakacze modis 117 qali, xolo dasaqmebulTa saerTo

raodenobaSi ki yovel 100 mamakacze marTvis organos xelmZRanelia 36 qali, 161

umaRlesi donis kvalificiuri specialisti, 159 saSualo donis kvalificiuri

specialisti, 254 informaciis momzadebiT, dokumentebis gaformebiT, aRricxviTa

da momsaxurebiT dakavebuli muSaki. (ix. cxrili 4).

2004 wlamde mzardi umuSevrobis fonze xelisufleba sajaro moxeleebis ricx-

vs ver amcirebda, ris Sedegad gaberili sajaro samsaxuri Camoyalibda. sajaro

mosamsaxureebs dabali xelfasebi hqondaT. mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba 2004

wels daiwyo, roca xelisuflebam saxelmwifo politikis sxvadasxva sferoSi

reformebi wamoiwyo. sajaro samsaxuris reformis sferoSi mTavrobis mier

gadadgmuli pirveli nabijebi zedmeti uwyebebis gauqmebasa da Statebis serio-

zul reorganizacias gulisxmobda. amasTan, erTi da imave donis Tanamdebobe-

bisaTvis sxvadasxva saxelmwifo dawesebulebas gansxvavebuli Tanamdebobrivi

sargoebi gaaCnda.

saxelmwifo seqtori 2006 wlamde iyo qalis upiratesi dasaqmebis sfero, magram

saministroebis reorganizaciis Sedegad 2006-2008 wlebSi dasaqmebuli qalebis

wili mniSvnelovnad Semcirda (ix. cxrili 5). Semcirda xelmZRvanel Tanamde-

bobeze qalebis xvedriTi wilic. 2008 wels es maCvenebeli mkveTrda gauaresda.

amasTan, saxelmwifo seqtorSi qalis saSualo Tviurma xelfasma Seadgina ma-

makacis xelfasis 80-90 procenti. yovelive es aris imis dasturi, rom reorga-

nizacia, upirveles yovlisa, auaresebs qalis dasaqmebis maCveneblebs.

cxrili 5

saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis, saqarTvelos finansTa da saqarTvelos Sromis,

janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministroebSi qalis saSualo saStato ricxovnoba da maTi Sromis anazRaureba 2005-2008 wlebSi (wili mTlian saStato ricxovnobaSi, %) 1

ianvris mdgomareobiT

70 qalaq quTaissa da rusTavSi proeqtis “genderi da politika samxreT kavkasiaSi” farglebSi Catarebuli

gamokvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom rogorc qalebisaTvis, aseve kacebisaTvis, kerZo seqtori miCneulia

dasaqmebis yvelaze saintereso sferod, magramMkerZo seqtorSi qalebis dasaqmeba gacilebiT ufro problema-

turia, vidre kacebisaTvis. mxolod gamokiTxulTa erTi mesamedi miiCnevs, rom am sferoSi qalebs ar unda

hqondeT problema. amdenad umravlesoba aRiarebs, rom Sromis bazari genderulad segregirebulia. (sazoga-

doebrivi azris kvlevis Sedegebi adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaSi genderuli biujetis dasanergad (2007).

gaeros ganviTarebis programis poeqti - genderi da politika samxreT kavkasiaSi. Tb., gv.46-47).

2005 2006 2007 2008

saStato ricxovnoba, sul 65.5 56.7 53.1 52.5

maT Soris:

xelmZRvaneli (ministri da ministris moadgile) - 11.1 13.3 7.1

departamenti da masTan gaTanabrebuli struqturis xelmZRvaneli 37.5 35.7 29.2 24.0

departamenti da masTan gaTanabrebuli struqturis xelmZRvanelis moadgile 37.9 29.6 29.4 26.1

sammarTvelo (ganyofileba) da masTan gaTanabrebuli struqturis xelmZRvaneli 25.3 37.8 28.1 39.3

46

wyaro: qali da kaci saqarTveloSi, (2008). gv.50

amJamad, saqarTveloSi sajaro samsaxurSi mimdinare reformebis Suqze

konkurencia izrdeba. sabiujeto organizaciebSi inergeba korporaciuli qceve-

bi da saxelmwifo dawesebulebebi kvalificiuri muSaxelis mozidvis mozniT

konkurenti firmebis msgavsad moqmedeben. es garemoeba ki mniSvnelovnad zrdis

anazRaurebas am seqtorSi da amasTan, gaurkvevels xdis zogierT garemoebas.

kerZod, erTi da imave Tanamdebobis adamianebs sxvadasxva sajaro dawesebule-

baSi erTnairi unda hqondeT Tu ara anazRaureba? jer-jerobiT es sakiTxi gad-

auwyvetelia. Tumca, rogorc gamokvleva adasturebs, dRemde erTi da imave Tana-

mdebobis adamianebs sxvadasxva dawesebulebaSi sxvadasxva anazRaureba aqvT.

meore problemaa is, Tu ramdenad samarTliania igi. aq gasaTvaliswinebelia

is faqtori, rom saqarTvelo mierTebulia Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaci-

is konvenciebs, sadac mocemulia Tanabari SromisaTvis Tanabari anazRaurebis

principis dacvis moTxovna.

garda amisa, gaurkvevvelia isic, Tu ra principiT unda moxdes damatebiTi anaz-

Raureba, magaliTad, mexanZreebs an policielebs unda hqondeT Tu ara damate-

biTi sargo imis gamo, rom maTi Sroma dakavSirebulia riskTan? Tu es asea,

maSin ratom ar unda mieces damatebiTi anazRaureba maT, vinc flobs ucxo enebs

da muSaobs sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi da a. S. es garemoeba SeiZleba gaxdes

genderulad mgrZnobiare im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aRmoCndeba, rom damatebiTi sar-

goebiT ufro metad mamakacebi isargebleben.

Tu sajaro samsaxuris reformebi ganviTardeba sabazro sistemis mimarTulebiT,

maSin qalebs igive problemebi wamoeSvebaT, rac kerZo seqtorSi arsebobs.

TviTeul sajaro moxelesTan sajaro samasaxurebis administraciam individu-

aluri xelSekrulebis safuZvelze unda daadginos anazRaurebis odenoba, rac

kadrebis mobilurobis TvalsazrisiT ASeiZleba efeqtiani iyos, magram kiTxvis

niSnis qveS dadgeba misi samarTlianoba. aseT pirobebSi ki genderuli gansx-

vaveba kidev ufro gaizrdeba da SesaZlebelia dasaqmebaSi ganviTardes profe-

siuli da seqsualuri Zaladoba.

iqneba sajaro samsaxuri didi korporaciis msgavsi sistema sadac rangireb-

is, socialuri da samarTlebrivi dacvisa da Tanamdebobrivi sargeblis er-

Tiani sistemiT daxasiaTdeba, Tu konkurentuli Sromis bazari, sadac calkeu-

li saxelmwifo dawesebulebebi kvalificirebuli muSaxelis mozidvis mizniT

konkurenti firmebis msgavsad imoqmedeben, Sromis bazris genderul suraTs

mniSvnelovnad Secvlis.

amasTan, sajaro samsaxuris gardaqmnasTan dakavSirebiT aucilebeli xdeba er-

sammarTvelo (ganyofileba) da masTan gaTanabrebuli struqturis

xelmZRvanelis moadgile (konsultanti) 37.9 32.0 34.8 29.2

mTavari specialisti 70.2 74.1 54.3 70.9

wamyvani (ufrosi) specialisti 72.2 72.0 65.3 67.7

specialisti 36.9 61.2 59.1 70.5

StatgareSe TanamSromeli (damxmare mosamsaxure) 46.2 38.2 37.2 46.0

dasaqmebulTa saSualo Tviuri xelfasi (lari) 85.0 81.6 81.6 90.0

aqedan saSualo Tviuri xelfasi:

damxmare mosamsaxureTa 82.2 76.3 80.4 88.6

damxmare mosamsaxureTa 100 100 100 100

StatgareSe mosamsaxureTa 82.6 82.1 34.7 80.2

47

Tiani sajaro samsaxuris Sesaxeb kodeqsis miRebac, 71 romelic gansazRvravs, Tu

romeli modeliT unda imuSaos qveyanam, agreTve gadawyvets genderul prob-

lemebsac, romelic dakavSirebulia qalisa da kacis gansxvavebul pirobebze

samsaxurSi ayvanis, samsaxuridan ganTavisuflebis, Sesrulebuli samuSaos Se-

fasebisa da Tanamdebobrivi sargos dawesebis sakiTxebSi. ZiriTad principad

unda iqnes aRiarebuli genderuli Tanasworoba xelfasebsa da Tanamdebobis

dakavebaSi. SromiTi xelSekrulebis dadebisas genderuli gansxvavebebi unda

iyos minimumamde dayvanili, ris aucilebel safuZvels TviT kodeqsi Seqmnis,

radgan riski imisa, rom kerZo seqtorSi arsebuli genderuli winaaRmdegobebi

saxelmwifo seqtorSic iCens Tavs - sakmaod didia.

Sromis kodeqsi da dekretuli Svebuleba

saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis mixedviT, `dasaqmebuls Tavisi

moTxovnis safuZvelze eZleva Svebuleba orsulobis, mSobiaro-

bisa da bavSvis movlis gamo _ 477 kalendaruli dRis odeno-

biT. ... anazRaurebadia 126 kalendaruli dRe, xolo mSobiarobis

garTulebis an tyupebiT mSobiarobis SemTxvevaSi _ 140 kalen-

daruli dRe~ (muxli 27); sainteresoa, rom saxelmwifo seqtorSi

momuSave qalebic ar iyeneben kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul mTlian

dekretul Svebulebas. Aam SemTxvevaSi gavlenas axdens, ara marto

is, rom dekretuli fasiani Svebuleba limitirebulia, aramed is

faqtoric, rom mwvave konkurentuli garemo axalgazrda dedebs

aiZulebs droze adre dabrundnen TavianT samuSao adgilze da

SeinarCunon profesiuli kvalifikacia. rac ufro maRalanaz-

Raurebadia samuSao, miT ufro male brundebian dedebi samuSaoze,

axalSobil bavSvebs daqiravebul ZiZas utoveben an saukeTeso

SemTxvevaSi bebias. msgavsi tendenciaa kerZo seqtorSi, Tumca

unda aRiniSnos, rom saxelmwifo seqtorSi momuSave qalebs ufro

metad aqvT garantirebuli Sromis kodeqsiT miniWebuli ufle-

bebi.

Kkvlavac SeiniSneba qalis mimarT diskriminaciis SemTxvevebi

samuSao adgilze. SromiTi xelSekrulebis dadebis dros damq-

iravebeli uaryofiT faqtorad miiCneven qalis iseT ojaxur

mdgomareobas, rogoricaa gaTxovili, mravalSviliani, CvilbavS-

viani. qalebs kvlav uWirT sabazro moTxovnebis Sesabamisad axa-

li teqnologiebis aTviseba da axali profesiuli unar-Cvevebis

gamomuSaveba, ar arsebobs qalebisaTvis specialuri programe-

bi.72

sxva problemebi warmoiSveba sapensio sistemasTan dakavSirebiT. Tu unificire-

buli sistema dainergeba, romelic pensias sajaro samsaxurSi gaweuli muSaobis

kompensaciad miiCnevs da igi gaicema sajaro samsaxurSi namsaxurevi wlebis

mixedviT, maSin igi dasaqmebas sajaro samsaxurSi mimzdvelad aqcevs im SemTx-

vevaSi, Tu ki yvela sajaro mosamsaxurisaTvis Rirseuli saxelmwifo pensia

dainiSneba. meores mxriv, ki ibadeba kiTxva, Tu ratom unda Rebulobdes Cino-

vniki ufro met pensias, vidre eqimi an maswavlebeli?

Tu saxelmwifo seqtorSi dainergeba sabazro modelis msgavsi sapensio sqe-

ma, romelic pensias aRiarebs xandazmulobiT gamowveuli SezRuduli unaris

kompensaciad, maSin igi yvelasaTvis Tanaswori unda iyos da kerZo sapensio

71 dRes igi ramdenime kanoniT regulirdeba: kanoniT `sajaro samsaxuris Sesaxeb~, kanoniT `sajaro samsaxurSi

interesTa SeuTavseblobisa da korufciis Sesaxeb~, kanoniT `saqarTvelos mTavrobis struqturis, uflebam-

osilebisa da saqmianobis wesis Sesaxeb~.

72 aTaswleulis miznebi saqarTveloSi, (2005). gv. 22.

48

sqemebma unda gansazRvros damatebiTi anazRaurebis sakiTxi. amJamad qveyana

arCevanis winaSea.

yvelaferi damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra kvalifikacias mianiWeben sapensio urT-

ierTobebs: igi mosamsaxuris cxovrebis manZilze gaweuli samsaxuris kompensa-

cia iqneba Tu muSaobis SezRuduli unaris kompensacia? Tu es xandazmulobiT

gamowveuli Sromisuunarobis kompensaciaa, maSin igi yvelam Tanabrad unda mi-

iRos, magram Tu es sazogadoebisaTvis gaweuli samsaxuris dafasebaa, maSin ra-

tom ar unda daeniSnos Rirseuli pensia im dedebs, romlebmac Svilebi gazardes

da ratom ar unda Sevides maT mier Svilebis gazrdis mizniT daxarjuli Sroma

da wlebi sapensio sqemebSi?

genderuli TvalsazrisiT mizanSewonilia iseTi sapensio sqemebis SemuSaveba,

romelic qalis mier Svilebis gazrdis periods samuSao staJSi CauTvlis da

socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistemis reformis gziT kerZo sapensio sqemebSi

monawileobasac uzrunvelyofs. aseTi saqmianoba mraval qveyanaSi warmatebu-

lia da mimdinareobs misi srulyofa.73 am gamocdilebis gaziarebiT da adap-

tirebiT saqarTvelo mniSvnelovnad win waiwevs demokratiisa da samarTliani

sazogadoebis mSeneblobaSi.

4.3. saxelmwifo intervenciebi umuSevarTa

dasaqmebaSi

umuSevroba saqarTveloSi umwvavesi socialuri problemaa. umuSevrobis

done yvelaze maRalia 20-24 wlis asakobriv jgufSi, agreTve umuSevrebSi yve-

laze maRali wili umaRlesi ganaTlebis specialistebs ukaviaT. maT wilad

modis umuSevarTa saerTo raodenobis erTi meoTxedi. amasTan, umuSevrebSi

umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqoneTa raodenoba aRemateba saSualo da saSualoze

dabali ganaTlebis mqoneTa erTobliv raodenobas.74

2005-2008 wlebSi qalTa umuSevrobis maCvnebeli gacilebiT dabalia kacebTan

SedarebiT. Aam periodSi marTalia Semcirda sabazo zogadi ganaTlebis mqone

qalTa wili mTlian umuSevrebSi, magram gaizarda umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone

qalTa umuSevroba. igive tendencia SeimCneva kacebSic.

cxrili 6

umuSevarTa ganawileba ganaTlebis donis mixedviT (wili mTlianad umuSevrebSi, %)

wyaro: qali da kaci saqarTveloSi, (2008). gv.47.

73 magaliTad, samxreT koreaSi, aSS-Si, kanadaSi da sxv. qveynebSi. saqarTveloSi maTi gamocdilebis gaziareba

specialur Seswavlas moiTxovs. 74 2002 wlis sayovelTao aRweram aCvena, rom saqarTvelos erovnul meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTagan mxolod 12

procenti saqmianobda Tavisi umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesabamisi profiliT da specialobiT.

2005 2006 2007

qali kaci qali kaci qali kaci

dawyebiTi zogadi 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.0

sabazo zogadi 1.0 3.5 1.6 3.1 1.8 3.1

saSualo zogadi 11.0 20.9 9.2 22.4 11.3 20.5

dawyebiTi profesiuli, saxelobo 3.8 4.6 3.4 3.7 1.8 2.1

saSualo profesiuli 10.0 5.8 9.0 7.1 10.0 6.9

umaRlesi 17.0 21.9 16.4 23.5 20.0 22.4

sul 43.0 57.0 39.7 60.3 44.9 55.1

49

erT-erTi nabiji, romelic saqarTvelos mTavrobam umuSevrobis donis Sesam-

cireblad gadadga, iyo 2006 wlis meore naxevarSi ganxorcielebuli dasaqmebis

programa, romlis amocanas Seadgenda 50 aTasi adamianisTvis Sromis bazarze

Sesvlisa da damkvidrebisaTvis xelSewyoba. oficialuri monacemebiT, mewarme-

Ta mxridan yvelaze didi moTxovna SedarebiT dabali kvalifikaciis Semdeg

profesiebze modioda: damlagebeli, dasufTavebis samsaxuris muSaki, sadazRve-

vo agenti, sareklamo agenti, distributori, dacvis TanamSromeli, maRaziis gamy-

idveli, mimtani, gadamzidveli da presis distributori.75

Aam programis ganxorcielebis Sedegad faqtiurad Sromis bazarze mdgomare-

oba ar Secvlila. mas ufro umuSevrebisaTvis moraluri mxardaWeris forma

hqonda. iniciativa moklevadian dasaqmebas da beneficiarebis samTviani stipen-

diiT zrunvelyofas emsaxureboda da naklebad iyo gaTvlili axali profe-

siuli unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebaze. programas saqvelmoqmedo aqcias hgavda

da profesiuli momzadebis an dasaqmebis realuri SesaZleblobebi ar Camoy-

alibda.

SemdgomSi Seicvala damokidebuleba da warmoiSva axali iniciativa, samTvi-

ani anazRaurebadi dasaqmebis nacvlad daigegma SeRavaTiani kreditebis gacema

mcire biznesis xelSewyobaze. igi iTvaliswinebda kreditebis gamoyofas tur-

izmis sferoSi im damsaqmeblebisaTvis, romlebic ganaviTarebdnen am sferos

da daasaqmebden samuSao Zalas. programis beneficiarebi iyvnen ara umuSevre-

bi, aramed turizmis da soflis meurneobis sferos mcire da saSualo zomis

sawarmoebi, romelTac xuTwliani sesxis asaRebad xelisuflebisaTvis unda mi-

emarTaT. misi administrireba komerciul banks evaleboda. komerciuli banki

Rebulobda gadawyvetilebas sesxis gacemis Sesaxeb. paralelurad msxvili ses-

xebis gacemis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas Rebulobda saqaraTvelos ekonomikis

saministro. es programac droebiTi intervencia iyo Sromis bazarze, romlis

zemoqmedeba dasaqmebaze gacilebiT ufro efeqturi iyo, vidre wina periodSi

ganxorcielebuli programa.

meore programa 2007 wlis zafxulSi daiwyo da imave wels ar dasrulebula

Semodgomaze politikuri situaciis gamwvavebis gamo. is dasrulda 2008 wlis

dasawyisSi, Tumca raime mniSvnelovani Sedegi mas ar mohyolia. 2009 wlis da-

sawisSi ruseTTan omis Sedegad ltolvilebis nakadis gamo Sromis bazarze

mdgomareoba kidev ufro daiZaba.


• saqarTveloSi Sromis bazari jerac Camoyalibebis procesSia da ukidu-

resad dabalefeqtiania. igi segmenturia, axasiaTebs aSkara genderuli

asimetria.

• dasaqmebis sferos saxelmwifo regulireba embrionul mdgomareobaSia.

gauqmda umuSevarTa registracia da isini aRmoCndnen saxelmwifo mx-

ardaWeris gareSe, ris Sedegadac, xangrZlivi umuSevrobis ganviTarebis

gamo, gaizarda imis riski, rom isini droTa ganmavlobaSi miematebian uRa-

ribes fenebs.

• cnobilia, rom qals samuSaodan ganTavisuflebis Semdeg naklebi Sansi

aqvs xelmeored dasaqmebisa da ZiriTadad SinameurneobaSi saqmdeba.

arsebuli socialuri infrastruqtura kidev ufro aferxebas maTi pro-

fesiuli ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebs mamakacebTan SedarebiT. ras

75 http://www.government.gov.ge/mtavroba1158838227.php.

50

sTavazobs saxelmwifo maTi samuSaodan ganTavisuflebis sanacvlod?Dra

saxelmwifo RonisZiebebi aris gaTvaliswinebuli, rom qalebma SeZlon

profesiuli momzadebis srulyofa ise, rom Tanabari konkurencia gau-

wion mamakacebs? am kiTxvebze pasuxs saxelmwifo finansuri politika ar

iZleva. saxelmwifo biujetSi gauqmebulia muxli umuSevarTa gadamzadeb-

isaTvis, ris Sedegadac Sromis bazarze umuSevrebi saxelmwifos droebiTi

intervenciebis imedad darCnen.

• liberaluri ekonomikuri modelis Tanaxmad, aRmasrulebeli xelisufle-

ba Tavis Tavze ar unda iRebdes mosaxleobis dasaqmebas biznes-sferoSi;

misi aqtiuroba dasaqmebis zrdaze unda gamoixatebodes gamarTuli sa-

kanonmdeblo bazisa da xelsayreli biznes-garemos SeqmnaSi, rac xels

Seuwyobs biznesis ganviTarebas da Sesabamisad, axali samuSao adgilebis

Seqmnas. amasTan, saxelmwifom dasaqmebis SemuSavebaSi farTod unda gam-

oiyenos misi SekveTiT ganxorcielebuli kerZo struqturebis da insti-

tutebis kvlevebi, daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi. Aam mizniT mizanSewonilia

momzadebisa da gadamzadebis Sesaxeb tenderebis gamocxadeba da kerZo

institutebis CarTva am procesebSi.

• ar SeiZleba uari eTqvas umuSevarTa daxmarebis programebs. am Tval-

sazrisiT, rodesac saqarTvelos “Sromis kodeqsi” ar avaldebulebs dam-

saqmebels kompensacia gaiRos samuSaodan ganTavisuflebisaTvis, saxelm-

wifom unda ikisros sakanonmdeblo gziT im institutebis formireba,

romlebic daexmarebian ganTavisuflebul muSakebs dasaqmebaSi, maT gad-

amzadebasa da daxmarebebis gawevaSi.

• faqtobrivad Camosayalibebelia umuSevarTa gadamzadebis qmediTi in-

stitutebi, romlebic xels Seuwyobdnen dasaqmebis zrdas, pirvel rigSi,

axalgazrdebSi, sadac ekonomikurad aqtiuri kontingenti yvelaze sus-

tadaa gamoyenebuli, xolo umuSevrobis done orjer aRemateba saSualo

qveynismier maCvenebels.

• struqturuli umuSevrobis daZlevis erTerTi centraluri mimarTuleba

unda gaxdes dangreuli profesiul-teqnikuri ganaTlebis sistemis re-

abilitacia Sromis bazris Tanamedrove moTxovnebis Sesabamisad profe-

siuli momzadebisa da gadamzadebis programebis realizacia.

• specialuri yuradReba unda mieqces Raribi da umuSevarTa ojaxebis fene-

bis Svilebis profesiuli ganaTlebisadmi xelmisawvdomobas, rac aris

piroba am ojaxebis siRaribidan gamosayvanad. Aam mizniT aucilebelia

reformebi profesiuli ganaTlebis sferoSi, romelic dResdReobiT ver

amzadebs maRal profesiul kadrebs da profesiuli gamocdilebis miReba

ZiriTadad xdeba mxolod mas Semdeg, rac adamiani dasaqmdeba konkretul

samuSao adgilze.

• saqarTveloSi profesiuli gadamzadeba mxolod fragmentuli, droebiTi

da kampaniuri xasiaTi aqvs, isic mxolod maSin, rodesac cxaddeba prezi-

dentis programa. samuSaodan daTxovnilni, maT Soris saxelmwifo dawese-

bulebebidan, kompensacias ar Rebuloben (gansxvavebiT umetesi ganviTare-

buli qveynebisagan). am TvalsazrisiT genderuli suraTi kidev ufro

mZimea. qalebis dabali anazRaureba mamakacebTan SedarebiT aris maTi

ganaTlebisa da dabalmwarmoebluri Sromis Sedegi. am mizniT aucilebe-

lia qalTa treiningebisa da uwyveti ganaTlebis programebis SemuSaveba

da danergva.

• ramdenadac ar arsebobs Sromis bazarze saxelmwifo intervenciebis Se-

51

fasebisa da monitoringis genderuli meqanizmi, amitom ar SegviZlina

genderuli suraTis garkveva. Sromis bazris genderuli statitistikis

Seqmna unda xorcieldebodes sistematurad.

• socialur politikis mTavar mimarTuleba unda iyos adamianis SromiTi

potencialis aqtivizacia, rac SeiZleba mcire da saSualo biznesis stimu-

lirebiT ganxorcieldes.

• samewarmeo sferoSi gasaanalizebeli iqneba is, Tu ramdenad xelmisawv-

domia kreditebi SinameurneobebisaTvis, ramdenad efeqtiania mikrosafi-

nanso organizaciebis saqmianoba samewarmeo saqmianobis ganviTarebaSi,

kreditebis roli da gavlena dasaqmebaze da siRaribis dasaZlevaSi.76

• mizanSewonilia mikrodafinansebis sqemebSi saxelmwifos monawileoba.

aseTi mxardaWera metad mniSvnelovania, ganaviTarebs mcire bizness da

xels Seuwyobs Sromis bazarze umuSevrobis Semcirebas. amaTan erTad

unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi programebi genderulad Zalian mgrZnobi-

area.

• mraval qveyanaSi SemoRebulia daxmarebis iseTi saxe, rogoricaa kred-

itebi bavSvebsa da dedebs, rac xels uwyobs ojaxebis ganviTarebas da

qalis ojaxSi dasaqmebis sazogadoebriv aRiarebas. aseTi saxis daxmare-

bis aprobacia SeiZleba ganxorcieldes saqarTvelos romelime qalaqSi

adgilobrivi xelisuflebis, arasamTavrobo da mikrosafinanso orga-

nizaciebis monawileobiT da miRebuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze moxdes

misi ganzogadeba.

• soflis Rarib macxovreblebs naklebad miuwvdebaT xeli kreditebisad-

mi. am mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad saxelmwifo politika unda wari-

marTos kreditebisa da subsidirebis sistemis Seqmnisaken, sadac miwa da

uZravi qoneba gaxdeba kreditebis gacemis garanti. soflis meurneobaSi

investirebasa da kreditebis Tanabrad yuradReba unda gamaxvildes mar-

ketingul moRvaweobasa da fasebis stimulirebaze. es RonisZiebebi uzrun-

velyofen mosavlianobis zrdasa da ojaxuri meurnebebis ganviTarebas.

• samwuxarod, ar arsebobs erTiani sainformacio banki, srulyofili gen-

derulad segregirebuli informacia saxelmwifo seqtorSi da kerZod,

saxelmwifo biujetis mxarjav erTeulebSi dasaqmebis Sesaxeb, Tu ra Tana-

mdebobebze, ra kvalifikaciisa da ra xelfasi gaaCniaT qals da kacs. aseTi

informacia savaldebulo unda gaxdes TviTeuli saxazino dawesebulebi-

saTvis da aisaxos maT biujetSi imisaTvis, rom gamovlindes, Tu ramdenad

Tanasworia qalisa da kacis dasaqmeba da anazRaureba saxelmwifo seq-

torSi.

• adgilobrivi xelisufleba mowodebulia Seqmnas monacemTa baza, sa-

dac Seva mosaxleobis demografiuli monacemebi, umuSevarTa kvalifika-

cia, ganaTleba, moTxovna samuSao Zalaze da sxv. man xeli unda Seuwyos

treiningebis organizacias mcire biznesSi, resursuli centrebis Seqmnas

romelic adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mxardaWeriT isargeblebs.

76 2008 wels msoflio bankis informaciiT, saqarTvelo biznesis keTebis (Doing Business) reitingSi me-18 adgili-

dan me-15 adgilze gadainacvla. kreditebis aRebis xelmisawvdomobis mixedviT ki mas 28-e adgili ukavia. 2007

wels am poziciiT 61-e adgili ekava. ( www.Doingbusiness.org). organizaciis “The Heritage foundation”-is ekono-

mikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsiT, 2009 wlis dasawyisSi saqarTvelo, 179 qveyanas Soris, 32-e adgilze imyofeba.

am poziciiT igi e.w saSualod Tavisufali qveynebis kategoriaSi Sedis. Tavisuflebis indeqsi gulisxmobs

biznesis Tavisuflebas, fiskalur Tavisuflebas, sakuTrebis uflebis dacvas, Sromis Tavisuflebas, korufciis

dones, mTavrobis monawileobas ekonomikaSi da sxv. (http://www.heritage.org/index/Ranking.aspx).

52

• mizanSewonilad da SesaZleblad gvesaxeba saxelmwifo biujetis namatis

sul ufro mzardi nawilis gamoyeneba qveynis infrastruqturis, pirvel

rigSi, soflis infrastruqturis ganviTarebisaTvis. igi SesaZleblobas

aZlevs adamianebs warmarTon wvrili vaWroba da xelosnoba. wyliT mo-

marageba MmTel rig soflebSi, gansakuTrebiT sarwyavi wylis nakleboba,

xels uSlis saojaxo meurneobis ganviTarebas, akonservebs soflis ekono-

mikur CamorCenas qalaqTan SedarebiT. igive unda iTqvas energosistemis

Sesaxeb, romelic ver uzrunvelyofs wylebis amotumbvasa da miwodebas.

infrastruqturis ganviTareba mosaxleobis cxovrebisa da komunikacie-

bis pirobebis gaumjobesebasTan erTad gazrdis dasaqmebis dones mTeli

qveynis masStabiT. am saqmianobaSi didia socialurad orientirebuli

fondebis rolic. am mimarTulebiT unda gafarTovdes sainvesticio fon-

debis formireba.

• yuradReba unda mieqces axalgazrdebis dasaqmebasa da garTobas. xelisu-

flebis daxmarebiT axalgazrdobis droebiTi (studenturi) samuSaoebiT

uzrunvelyofas.

• saqarTveloSi Seiqmna mosaxleobis gansakuTrebuli fena, e.w “miwis

muSebi”, romlebic aqiraveben TavianT samuSao Zalas da amuSaveben sxvis

miwebs. isini gadaadgildebian soflidan sofelSi an qalaqSi samuSaos

saZebnelad. maTi TavSesafaria vagzlebi, bazrebi da a.S. ar gaaCniaT ara-

viTari individualuri da socialuri dacvis garantia. maTi Sromis fasi

imdenad dabalia, rom ver uzrunvelyofs maT wyliT, eleqtroenergiiT,

samedicino momsaxurebiT. maT xSirad sacxovrebeli binac ki ar gaaCniaT

da Zalian didia sxvadasxva avadmyofobebis gavrcelebis saSiSroeba.

dasaqmebulTa am fenebisaTvis droebiTi samuSao adgilebis Seqmna an

kidev “sainformacio centris” formireba xels Seuwyobda samuSaos mZeb-

nelTa miznobrivi gadaadgilebis regulirebas qveynis teritoriaze.

• arasamTavrobo organizaciebma did roli SeiZleba Seasrulon gana-

kuTrebiT iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa xandazmulebis movla-patronoba,

invalidebis samedicino daxmarebis aRmoCena, garemos dacva, socialuri

obieqtebis aRdgena, sanitarul-higienuri samuSaoebis warmoeba, social-

uri infrastruqturis obieqtebis remonti da a.S. damatebiTi samuSao

adgilebis Seqmnis programebi did stimuls miscemen kerZo seqtoris aq-

tivizacias. am programebSi monawileobas miiReben adgilobrivi marTvis

organoebic, rameTu eqnebaT pasuxismgebloba droebiTi samuSao adgileb-

is ganxorcielebaze.

evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankis

genderuli iniciativa

2008 wlis 4 dekembers londonSi evropis rekonstruqciisa da

ganviTarebis bankis saTao ofisSi gaimarTa Sexvedra samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebTan. Sexvedraze monawileobas

Rebulobdnen evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis ban-

kis, londonis akademiuri sferos warmomadgenlebi, genderuli

problemebis eqspertebi serbiidan, bulgareTidan, CexeTidan, ger-

maniidan, saqarTvelodan da didi britaneTidan.77 evropis re-

konstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankis iniciativa da genderuli

midgomebis integrireba bankis saqmianobaSi gansakuTrebiT aq-

tualuria msoflioSi mimdinare finansuri krizisis fonze, rodesac

77 www.ebrd.com/oppor/ngo/newsl/index.htm

53

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba finansuri resursebis mobi-

lizaciasa da adamianuri kapitalis unarisa da SesaZleblobe-

bis maqsimalur gamoyenebas. aRniSnul Sexvedraze xazgasmiT iTq-

va, rom am mimarTulebiT wlebis ganmavlobaSi posttranzitul

qveynebSi muSaoba araefeqtiani iyo. ekonomikis transformireb-

is procesSi mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan nawils SromiTi SesaZle-

blobebis realizaciis araxelsayreli pirobebi Seeqmna. es exeba

gansakuTrebiT qalebs, rac mniSvnelovnad aisaxa maT socialur-

ekonomikur statusze.

qalTa ekonomikaSi aqtiuri monawileobis stimulireba, inves-

ticiebis gazrda qalTa samewarmeo ganviTarebisaTvis xels Seuw-

yobs biznes seqtorSi Sromis nayofierebisa da efeqtianobis zr-

das. rodesac qalebs profesiuli ganaTlebis, treiningebisa da

dasaqmebis Tanabari SesaZleblobebi eZlevaT, kompaniebi Tamamad

axdenen samuSao Zalis diversifikacias. kvlevebma aCvenes, rom

kompaniebSi qalTa maRal administraciul Tanamdebobebze daniS-

vna xels uwyobs kompaniis menejmentis srulyofas, produqciis

warmoebis gaumjobebesebasa da warmatebuli biznesis ganxor-

cielebas.78

Sexvedraze gamoikveTa sakiTxebi, romlebic gaTvaliswinebuli

unda iqnes bankis Semdgomi saqmianobis procesSi. kerZod, sakred-

ito politikis gadasinjva, miznobrivi sakredito xazis gamoyofa

qalebisaTvis, rac gazrdis finansuri kapitalis xelmisawvdo-

mobas mosaxleobis daucveli jgufebisaTvis; mcire biznesis mx-

ardaWera mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebs umuSevarTa ricxvs qveyanaSi;

yuradReba unda mieqces profesiuli konkurentunariani samuSao

Zalis momzadebas sabazro moTxovnebidan gamomdinare; ucilebe-

lia adgilobrivi bazris mxardaWera, raTa mewarmes saSualeba

hqondes warmoebuli produqciis realizaciia moaxdinos naklebi

danakargebiT. aseve yuradReba mieqca donorTa koordinaciisa

da gamWvirvalobis gazrdas, proeqtebis dagegmvisas, investirebi-

sas winaswari genderuli eqspertizis Catarebas.79

78 Addressing Gender Issue in ERBD Operation: Analysis and proposed Action Plan, (2008). p.779 www.ebrd.com/oppor/ngo/new/index.htm.

54

Tavi 5

ganaTlebis sferos genderuli aspeqtebi

investiciebis gazrda ganaTlebis sferoSi

qveynis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani

strategia unda gaxdes.

.

5.1. ganaTlebis seqtoris zogadi mimoxilva

saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis sistema moicavs skolamdeli, zogadi, profesiuli da

umaRlesi ganaTlebis safexurebs. zogadi ganaTleba moicavs dawyebiTi da saSu-

alo ganaTlebis skolebs, profesiuli ganaTleba – dawyebiT da saSualo pro-

fesiul saswavleblebs, specializirebul skolebs. umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistema

ki gulisxmobs winasadiplomo, sadiplomo da diplomisSemdgom ganaTlebas.

2004-2005 wlebSi dawyebulma reformebma Zireuli cvlilebebi Seitana rogorc

zogadsaganmanaTleblo, asve umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemaSi:

• SemoRebuli iqna 3-safexuriani 12 wliani zogadsaganmanaTleblo swav-

leba;

• gauqmda umaRles saswavleblebSi misaRebi gamocdebi da SemoRebuli

iqna erTiani erovnuli gamocdebi, romelmac mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli

Tanabari SesaZleblobebisa da saswavlo pirobebis Seqmnas umaRlesi

ganaTlebis miRebaSi, Tanasworobis damyarebas saxelmwifo dafinanseba-

Si, moswavleT Sefasebisa da umaRles saswavlebebSi misaRebi pirobebis

gamoTanabrebaSi (gansakuTrebiT regionebsa da qalaqs Soris);

• Seiqmna resurs-centrebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen skolebs axali unar-

Cvevvebis mqone saTanado specialistebiTa da sxva resursebiT, awarmoe-

ben maswavlebelTa momzadebasa da gadamzadebas;

• zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb axalma kanonma gaaqtiura mSobelTa da moswav-

leTa institutebis roli skolebis marTvaSi, xolo umaRlesi ganaTlebis

Sesaxeb kanonma ki umaRlesi skola dauaxlova evropul standartebs da

gaauqma sabWoT periodidan memkvidreobiT miRebuli aspirantura, samec-

niero xarisxis orsafexuriani sistema da SemoiRo bakalavriatis, magis-

traturis da sadoqtori ganaTlebis safexurebi. A

2004 wels dawyebuli reformebis Sedegad moxda saganmanaTleblo sistemis

transformacia da im pirobebis gauqmeba, romelic inerciiT arsebobda sab-

WoTa periodidan moyolebuli. am reformebma Seitana garkveuli cvlilebebi

im tendenciebSi, romelic gamowveulia siRaribis masStabebiT, Tumca jer kidev

mwvavea ganaTlebis xarisxisa da ganaTlebisadmi yvela socialuri fenis Tana-

bari xelmisawvdomobis problema.

55

5.2. saganmanaTleblo sistemis genderuli

problemebi

skolamdeli ganaTleba

1990-2008 wlebSi skolamdeli ganaTlebis sistemaSi gansakuTrebiT Semcirda am

safexuris dawesebulebebi. 1990-2000 wlebSi 2-jer Semcirda skolamdel dawese-

bulebaTa raodenoba, xolo maswavleblebis raodenoba ki – TiTqmis 3-jer. es

tendencia gagrZelda Semdgom wlebSic.

2005 wels baga-baRebis da bavSvTa saxlebis xelSewyobis nacvlad Seiqmna bavS-

vebis zrunvis programa, safuZveli Caeyara am sferoSi programul dafinanse-

bas, ganxorcielda skolamdeli dawesebulebebis reorganizacia. skolamdeli

ganaTleba rogorc TviTmmarTvelobis, aseve kerZo dafinansebis sferod iqca.

daqiravebiT dasaqmebis mkveTri Semcirebis Sedegad bavSvebze zrunvam skolam-

deli dawesebulebidan gadainacvla ojaxebSi da misi tvirTi ZiriTadad daawva

dedebsa da ojaxis sxva wevrebs. es gansakuTrebiT uaryofiTad Raribi fenebis

ojaxebze aisaxa. am garemoebam gazarda qalis Sromis mniSvneloba da mkveTrad

imoqmeda mis aqtiur samuSao ZalaSi wilis Semcirebaze. zrunvis ekonomikam

daikava qalis drois biujetis mniSvnelovani nawili, romelmac mniSvnelovani

gavlena moaxdina mis socialur-ekonomikur statusze.

zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebi

zogadi ganaTlebis sistemaSi, romelic Tavis mxriv, Sedgeba samsafexuriani swav-

lebisagan da moicavs 12 wels, SenarCunebuli iqna registrirebul moswavleTa

maRali maCvenebeli, magram moswavleTa daswreba 1990 wlis Semdgom periodSi

Seicvala. 1989 wels zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebi, romelic 10-wlis ganmav-

lobaSi or safexurian swavlebas gulisxmobda, moicavda am asakobrivi jgufis

99,6 procents. amasTan qalTa da vaJTa daswreba Seesabameboda maT saerTo

xvedriT wils amave asakis adamianTa jgufSi, rac imaze metyvelebda, rom gen-

deruli problema am jgufis asakobriv jgufebSi ar arsebobda. A

sabaziso ganaTlebis sistemaSi (I-IX klasebi) moswavleTa raodenobis maCven-

eblebi 7-14 wlis asakis bavSvebs Soris met-naklebad sayovelTao (2000 wels

Seadgenda 90 procentze mets) iyo, Tumca es maCvenebeli Semdgom Semcirda, gan-

sakuTrebiT Semcirda arasavaldebuli saSualo ganaTlebis safexurze (X-XI

klasebi) moswavleTa raodenoba.

1990-2000 wlebSi moswavleTa raodenoba skolebSi TiTqmis 30 procentiTESem-

cirda, maSin rodesac mosaxleoba 2002 wels 1990 welTan SedarebiT Semcirda 20

procentiT.80 es garemoeba imaze metyvelebda, rom zogadi skolebi uwindeburad

veRar moicavda skolis asakobriv jgufis absolutur nawils, rac ganpirobe-

buli iyo saqarTveloSi rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve politikuri da eTnikuri

xasiaTis faqtorebis TaviseburebebiT. arsebiTad ki siRaribem, ojaxis Semosav-

lebis donem da TviTdasaqmebis zrdam gavlena moaxdina skolebSi bavSvebis

daswrebazec. aRsaniSnavia, rom am periodSi, mxolod mcireodeni gamonaklisis

garda, ar SeiniSneboda raime gansxvavebebi sqesis mixedviT.

2000-2008 wlebSi gagrZelda wina wlebSi arsebuli tendencia da moswavleTa

raodenoba saxelmwifo zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebSi kidev ufro Semcir-

da, Tumca ufro naklebi tempiT, vidre wina wlebSi iyo. zogadsaganmanTleblo

80 1989 wlis aRweriT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba Seadgenda 5,4 mln kacs, xolo 2002 wlis aRweriT ki – 4.3 mln.

kacs. amasTan, es cifri ar moicavs saqarTvelos konfliqtur teritoriaze mosaxleobas srulad.

56

skolebSi moswavleTa raodenoba 5-19 wlis asakis mosaxleobaSi Semcirda 2005

wels 11 procentiT 2000 welTan SedarebiT.81 maT Soris qalaqebSi Semcirda 9

procentiT, xolo soflad ki – 12 procentiT. 2008 wels ki 2005 welTan Sedarebi

kidev ufro Semcirda moswavleTa raodenoba 4.2 procentiT, aqedan qalebi - 8.3

procentiT, xolo vaJebi ki – 1.3 procentiT.

moswavleTa Semcireba skolebSi SeiZleba avxsnaT imiT, rom soflis mosax-

leobaSi siRaribe ufro sayovelTaoa qalaqTan SedarebiT da es aiZulebs

soflis mosaxleobas gamoiyenon SinameurneobebSi bavSvebis Sroma, rac xSir

SemTxvevaSi skolebSi daswrebis xarjze xdeba. moswavleTa raodenobis Sem-

cireba maRal klasebSi ganpirobebulia imiT, rom Sromisunarian mozardebs

ojaxis Semosavlis gazrdis mizniT mozardebs uxdebaT muSaoba Sinameurneobeb-

Si. gansakuTrebiT es TvalsaCinoa soflad.82

rogorc gamokvlevebi adastureben, 10-15 wlis asakis Raribi moswavleebi ufro

xSirad acdenen gakveTilebs, gansakuTrebiT soflad, vidre SedarebiT SeZle-

buli ojaxebis bavSvebi did qalaqebSi, 83 rac sxvadasxva garemoebebTan er-

Tad imiT unda aixsnas, rom SinameurneobebSi gogonebis Sromas aqvs upiratesi

gamoyeneba. xSirad, rodesac mSoblebi sakarmidamo nakveTze ewevian mZime fizi-

kur Sromas, am asakis gogonebi dakavebuli arian saojaxo saqmianobiT (sadi-

lis momzadeba, mcirewlovani bavSvebis movla da sxva). amasTan, es ganpirobebu-

lia imiTac, rom 2005 wlmde ganaTlebis sistema dabal doneze iyo, ris ZiriTad

mizezebsac warmoadgens maswavlebelTa mier mecadineobebis gacdena, skolebis

materialuri uzrunvelyofis dabali done, saxelmZRvaneloebis da sxva aucile-

beli aRWurvilobisa da inventaris nakleboba. Aam mxriv mdgomareoba gaum-

jobesda, inventariT da kompiuteriT iqna mravali skola uzrunvelyofili, ga-

keTda remonti, gayvanili iqna gaTbobis sitema, magram mravali problema jer

kidev mougvarebelia. gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareobaa maRalmTiani soflis

skolebSi.

Camoyalibda kidev erTi genderuli kanonzomiereba: zogadsaganmanaTleblo

skolebis samive safexurze mTlianad vaJebis raodenoba mcirediT aWarbebs

gogonebisas. vaJebis raodenoba aWarbebs gogonebis raodenobas skolis pirvel

safexurze (dawyebiTi ganaTleba) da meore safexurze (sabaziso ganaTleba), rac

Seesabameba amave asakobriv jgufebSi gogonebisa da vaJebis xvedriT wils

mosaxleobaSi, magram swavlebis mesame safexurze (saSualo zogadi ganaTleba)

vaJebis raodenoba ukve naklebia gogonebis raodenobaze, rac unda aixsnas imiT,

rom am etapze xdeba upiratesad vaJebis dawyebiT profesiul saswavleblebSi

gadasvla.

amdenad, zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolis samive safexurze genderuli balansi

aris ZiriTadad daculi. amasTan, saqarTveloSi eTnikur umciresobaSi gogonebi

adreul asakSi gaTxovebis gamo toveben skolas. bavSvTa Sromis gamoyenebisas

maRalia vaJebis dasaqmeba ekonomikuri saqmianobis sferoSi, xolo araekono-

mikuri (gadauxdeli Sromis) saqmianobis sferoSi ki ZiriTadad arian dasaqme-

bulni gogonebi.84

saSualo profesiuli ganaTleba.

Tavidanve unda SevniSnoT, rom saxelmwifo saSualo specialuri da profe-

siuli ganaTlebis sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia genderuli disbalansi.

81Aaq da yvelgan mosaxleobis raodenoba aRebulia 2002 wlis aRweris Sedegebis mixedviT.

82 ganaTlebis sferoSi genderuli sakiTxebis kvleva saqarTveloSi, (2004). UNICEF, gv. 8.83 saqarTvelo: saxelmwifo xarjebis mimoxilva, (2002). msoflio banki. gv. 41.

84 ganaTlebis sferoSi genderuli sakiTxebis kvleva saqarTveloSi. UNICEF, 2004. gv. 11

57

profesiul saswavleblebSi studentebis saerToO raodenobis SemcirebasTan

erTad gogonebis wili aRmoCnda biWebze ufro meti. ganaTlebis am safexurze

moswavle gogonebi Seadgenen absolutur umravlesobas. amis paralelurad,

gaizarda arasruli profesiuli ganaTlebis mqone pirTa raodenoba, romelTa

absolutur umravlesobas Seadgenen vaJebi. amdenad, vaJebi garda imisa, rom um-

ciresobas Seadgenen, upiratesad anebeben Tavs saswavleblebSi swavlebas.

nawilobriv es unda aixsnas profesiul saswavleblebSi gamefebuli discip-

liniTa da swavlis xarisxis dabali doniT. saerTod, vaJebi ufro naklebad

eqvemdebarebian saswavlo disciplinis moTxovnebs, vidre gogonebi.85

saswavleblis mitovebis ZiriTadi mizezebia prioritetebis mixedviT: 1. qveynis

datoveba; 2. muSaobis dawyeba; 3. skolidan garicxva; 4. daqorwineba; 5. gar-

dacvaleba, 6. avadmyofoba.86

genderulad arasaxarbielo tendencias hqonda adgili maswavlebelTa dasaqme-

baSi. profesiul saswavleblebSi, maswavlebelTa saerTo raodenobis Semcire-

basTan erTad, upiratesad Semcirda pedagogi qalebis raodenoba. es, erTis mxriv,

pedagogi mamakacebis xvedriTi wilis gazrdaze metyvelebs, rac ganaTlebis

sistemisaTvis dadebiTi movlenaa, magram meores mxriv, man gazarda im qalebis

raodenoba, romelic umuSevrobis Sedegad SeuerTda pasiur samuSao Zalas.87

saerTod, ganaTlebis am safexurze xdeba rogorc moswavleTa, aseve maswavle-

belTa SefardebiTi Semcireba, rac gamowveulia rogorc Sromis bazris segmen-

tis cvlilebebiT, 88 aseve am saswavleblebSi miRebuli codnis dabali doniT.89

yovelive aqedan unda davaskvnaT, rom profesiuli saswavleblebi gamoirCe-

vian moswavleebis ganTesvis maRali xarisxiT. imavdroulad igi rCeba upi-

ratesad pedagogi qalebis moRvaweobis asparezi; pedagogTa Soris genderuli

disbalansi da moZvelebuli swavlebis sistema ver uzrunvelyofen srulfaso-

vani ganaTlebis miwodebas. amis Sedegad xdeba umetesad biWebis mier saswavle-

blebis mitoveba.

2008 wels daiwyo seriozuli muSaoba profesiuli ganaTlebis xelSesawyobad.

dResdReobiT arasruli profesiuli ganaTlebis mqone pirTa raodenobaSi ab-

solutur umravlesobas Seadgens biWebi, isini amasTanave Seadgenen studentebis

umciresobasac, rac moiTxovs am sferos seriozul gardaqmnas. Tumca saxelm-

wifo biujetis formatSi profesiuli saganmanaTleblo muSaoba, romelzec

zedamxedvelobas ganaTlebis saministro anxorcielebs da profesiuli ga-

damzadeba, romelic Sromis, jandacvis da socialur sakiTxTa saministros

85 sruli suraTis warmosaCenad Sinameurneobebis gamokvlevebSi saWiroa CarTuli iqnes genderuli kiTxvebic,

rac genderuli disbalansis mizezebis garkvvis saSualebas mogvcemda.

86 ganaTleba, mecniereba da kultura saqarTveloSi, (2006). statistikuri publikacia. saqarTvelos statistikis

saxelmwifo departamenti. http://ww.statistics.ge87 samsaxuridan ganTavisuflebuli qalebisaTvis upiratesad damaxasiaTebelia ojaxSi dasaqmeba da axali sam-

uSaos Zebnaze pasiuri damokidebuleba an TviTdasaqmeba nakleb prestiJul da anzRaurebad sferoSi.

88 saSualo profesiuli ganaTlebis adeqvatur mraval samuSao adgilze saqmdebian umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone

specialistebi. es SesamCnevia sxvadasxva sferoSi. Cvens mier empiriuli dakvirvebiTYgamokvleuli iqna, rom

saavadmyofoebSi, yvela meddis Tanamdebobas faqtiurad ikavebs umaRlesdamTavrebuli eqimi. amave mizeziT

Sromis bazarze SeizRuda pedagogiuri, iuridiuli da industriuli profilis profesiuli saswavleblebis

kursdamTavrebulTa dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebi TavianTi specialobebiT, rac metyvelebs, rogorc umaRles-

damTavrebulTa arasakmaris kvalifikaciaze, aseve profesiuli saswavleblebis mier bazris moTxovnebis gau-

Tvaliswineblobaze.

89 amis magaliTia, 90-ian wlebSi baqo-jeihanis navTobsadenze qarTveli SemduReblebis sruli fiasko Turq

kolegebTan konkurenciaSi, saqarTveloSi espanel meRvineebis mier gamocxadebul tenderSi qarTveli

meRvineebis warumatebloba, mSeneblobebze sazRvargareTidan Camosuli muSebis maRalkonkurentunarianoba

da sxv.

58

prerogativaa, mowyvetilia erTmaneTisagan da dResdReobiT profesiul gad-

amzadebaze arc erT aRniSnul saministros ar aqvs aRebuli sruli pasuxismge-

bloba.

umaRlesi ganaTleba

umaRlesi ganaTleba aris saqarTvelos xelisuflebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi

prioriteti, romelic gansazRvravs qveynis ekonomikur konkurentunarianobas.

rogorc saerTaSoriso gamokvlevebi amtkiceben, saWiroa qveyanas hyavdes

aranakleb 30 procenti umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone piri imisaTvis, rom uzrun-

velyos ganviTarebis maRali tempebi.90

amJamad saqarTveloSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone pirTa xvedriTi wili 15

wlis da meti mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobaSi Seadgens 22 procents. amasTan,

uTanabrod aris ganawilebuli umaRles ganaTlebulTa raodenoba qalaqsa

da sofels Soris. qalaqad umaRles ganaTlebulTa raodenoba qalaqis mosax-

leobaSi samjer da metad aRemateba soflad dasaqmebuli umaRlesdamTavre-

bulTa wils soflis mosaxleobaSi, rac ganpirobebulia qalaqsa da sofels

Soris ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doneebs Soris sxvaobiT.

aseTi viTareba moiTxovs yuradReba mieqces soflis meurneobis adamianuri

resursebiT uzrunvelyofas, soflis macxovrebelTa Tanabari pirobebis Se-

qmnas ganaTlebis yvela safexurze, maTi xelmisawvdomobis gazrdas umaRle-

si ganaTlebisadmi, 91 saSualovadiani da xangrZlivvadian strategiul pro-

gramebSi socialuri Tanasworobis prioritetebis SenarCunebas da umaRlesi

ganaTlebis mqone pirTa raodenobis gazrdas maTi swavlis xarisxis zrdasTan

erTad.

genderuli balansi saqarTvelos umaRles saswavleblebSi miRebuli student-

ebs Soris TiTqmis Tanabaria.92 genderuli balansis safuZvelia tradiciuli

qarTuli mentalitetic, romelic vaJTan erTad qalisaTvis ganaTlebis micemas

aRiarebs prioritetulad. amasTan, saqarTveloSi istoriulad gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba eqceoda qalisaTvis ganaTlebis micemas, romelsac momavalSi unda

gadaeca SvilisaTvis Tavisi codna. mas unda ezruna ojaxze, rac moiTxovda mis-

gan elementaruli ganaTlebis garda zogierTi iseTi mecnierebis safuZvlebis

Seswavlas, rogoricaa medicina, biologia, qimia da sxv.

miuxedavad genderuli balansisa, umaRlesi ganaTlebis sferoSi, saSualo pro-

fesiuli ganaTlebis msgavsad, daumTavrebeli ganaTlebis wili yvelaze maRalia

kacebSi. qalebis odenoba umaRlesi ganaTlebis kursdamTavrebulebSi aRemate-

ba mamakacebis odenobas, Tumca ganaTlebis Semdgom safexurze qalebis profe-

siuli winsvla ferxdeba. diplomisSemdgomi ganaTlebis safexurze da doqto-

ranturaSi qalebis raodenoba aRemateba mamakacebis raodenobas. am safexuris

kursdamTavrebulTa Soris ki isini umciresobaSi arian.93 es imis damadas-

turebelia, rom qalebi ojaxuri garemoebebisa da sxva mizezebis gamo veRar ax-

erxeben swavlis bolomde miyvanas. amdenad, qalebis profesiuli daxelovnebis

zrdis mrudi stabiluria diplomis Semdgom ganaTlebamde, xolo Semdeg ki

90 Захаров Ю., Курбатова М., и др. (2004). Новые Финансовые Инструменты в Высшем Образовании. Университетское Управление: Практика и Анализ. Экономика, Социология, Менеджмент. № 1(29) с. 77-89. Available at: http://www.ecsocman.edu.ru/univman/msg/153450.

91 am mxriv 2005 weli iyo gardatexis weli, ramdenadac erovnuli gamocdebis danergvam da korufciis aRmofx-

vram xeli Seuwyo Raribi fenebisa da soflis raionebidan moswavleebis xelmisawvdomobis gazrdas umaRlesi

ganaTlebisadmi.

92 qali da kaci saqarTveloSi, (2008). gv. 24.

93 qali da kaci saqarTveloSi, (2008). gv. 30-31.

59

igi midis daRmavali mimarTulebiT.

genderuli disbalansi arsebobs maswavlebelTa dasaqmebaSi ganaTlebis sxva-

dasxva doneze. tradiciulad zogadi ganaTlebis safexurze maswavlebelTa 80

procenti qalia, magram ganaTlebis Semdgom safexurze qalebis wili mcird-

eba. umaRles saswavleblebSi profesor-maswavlebelTa saerTo raodenobaSi

qali-pedagogi Seadgens dasaqmebulTa naxevars.

amdenad SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom diplomisSemdgom ganaTlebaSi genderuli

balansi icvleba mamakacebis sasargeblod; marTalia, umaRlesi ganaTlebaSi da

samecniero-kvleviTi muSaobisas genderuli balansi profesor-maswavlebel-

Ta da mecnier-muSakTa Soris aris wonasworuli, magram Semdgomi profesiuli

ganviTarebis saSualeba upiratesad kacebs eZlevaT, xolo qalebis profesiuli

zrda ki ferxdeba.

5.3.ganaTlebis sferos

saxelmwifo dafinanseba

ganaTlebis sistemis saxelmwifo 2006 wlamde emyareboda xarjebis dafinanse-

bis princips, sadac Sromis anazRaurebas hqonda yvelaze maRali wili. miuxe-

davad amisa, misi sidide mniSvnelovnad CamorCeboda saarsebo minimums. es iyo

erT-erTi mizezi imisa, rom dabali iyo swavlebis motivacia, didi iyo gacden-

ebis ricxvi da maRali iyo im maswavlebelTa wili, romlebmac gadaabijes sap-

ensio asaks.

ganaTlebis yvela safexurze dabali iyo kapitaluri danaxarjebic. moSlili

iyo maswavlebelTa gadamzadebis kursebi. skolebi ganicdidnen saswavlo xel-

sawyoebis, biblioTekebis da ZiriTadi saswavlo masalebis ukmarisobas. daufi-

nanseblobisa da mouvlelobis gamo mniSvnelovnad dazianda mravali Senobac.

sxvadasxva regioni araTanabar viTarebaSi iyo erTmaneTTan. SedarebiT upi-

ratesoba gaaCnda qalaqebs. es ki, Tavis mxriv, iwvevda uTanabrobas srulfa-

sovani ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobaSi, gansakuTrebiT es did problemas war-

moadgenda Rarib regionebSi.

saqarTveloSi saxelwmifo xarjebi ganaTlebis tipebisa da safexurebis mixed-

viT nawildeboda sakmarisad araefeqturad da araTanabrad. 2000-2004 wlebSi

finansuri saxsrebi iyo araoptimizirebuli, ris gamoc zogadsaganmanaTleblo

skolebisTvis gamoyofili Tanxa ar iyo sakmarisi misi ganviTarebisaTvis.

profesiul ganaTlebaze danaxarjebi, miuxedavad maTi sakmaod didi wilisa, iyo

zedmetad danawevrebuli da araefeqturi, xolo umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemaSi

ki ganuxrelad izrdeboda kerZo seqtoris wili da sasawavlebelTa raodeno-

ba.94

2005 wlidan dawyebuli ganaTlebis sferos sabiujeto dafinanseba axali

94 umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemaSi ar arsebobs kerZo dafinansebis optimalur zomis normativi. misi wili

ganaTlebis mTlian biujetSi gansxvavebulia qveynebis mixedviT. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi

kerZo dafinansebis wili umaRlesi ganaTlebis mTlian xarjebSi Seadgens 54 procents, koreaSi - 85 procents,

daniaSi - 2,1 procents. saSualod ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis qveynebSi

(OECD) - 21,9 procents (http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/2/10/35286398.xls). saqarTveloSi kerZo dafinansebis

wilis zrda ganpirobebuli iyo kerZo saswavleblebis momravlebiT akreditaciisa da xarisxis uzrunve-

lyofis saxelmwifo sistemis ararsebobis pirobebSi. amis Sedegad dafuZnda mravali saswavlebeli, rom-

lebic ar iZleodnen ganaTlebas, magram hqondaT dawesebuli swavlis dabali gadasaxadi. 2004 wlis Semdgom

ganaTlebis reformebis Sedegad isini gauqmdnen da swavlis gadasaxadic gaizarda. Sesabamisi monacemebis

ararseboba ar iZleva saSualebas zustad gamokvleul iqnas ganaTlebaze gaweul danaxarjebSi kerZo dafi-

nansebis wilis zrdam Tu ra zegavlena moaxdina Raribi mosaxleobis socialur mdgomareobaze.

60

sistemiT warimarTa. zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebSi xarjebis dafinansebis

nacvlad safuZveli Caeyara moswavleTa swavlebis dafinansebis sistemas, raze-

dac mibmuli gaxda maswavlebelTa xelfasebi. am mizniT moxda skolebis sajaro

samarTlis iuridiul pirad gardaqmna da saxelmwifos mier gamoyofili saxs-

rebis gankargvaze sazogadoebrivi monitoringisa da marTvis sistemis dafuZne-

ba.Ffaqtiurad skolebi da profesiuli saswavleblebi gadavidnen programul

dafinansebaze, xolo umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistema ki – sagranto dafinansebaze,

ris Sedegadac gauqmda sabazo danaxarjebis dafinanseba.

2006 weli gardatexis weli iyo saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo reformebSi

finansuri TvalsazrisiT. ganaTlebis sferos dafinanseba daefuZna sakmaod

solidur saxelmwifo investiciebs. ganaTlebis sferoSi xarjebi gaizarda 3,1

jer, maSin rodesac 2000-2005 wlebSi saSualo zrda Seadgenda 1,3 procents.

amasTan, ganaTlebis xarjebis wili MmTlian saxelmwifo xarjebSi Tu 2000-2005

wlebSi Seadgenda 3,2 procents, 2006-08 wlebSi man Seadgina saSualod 8,6 pro-

centi.95 amis Sedegad Tu 2005 wels erT sul mosaxleze ganaTlebaze saxelmwifo

xarji Seadgenda 1,09 dolari, 2006 wels man Seadgina Seadgina 6,5 dolari.

mTlianad 2006-08 wlebSi ganaTlebis sistemaSi saxelmwifo danaxarjebi sta-

bilurad Seadgenda mSp-s 2.4 procents da miuxedavad imisa, rom wina wlebT-

an SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad gaizarda dafinanseba, igi gacilebiT dabalia

ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis wevri qveynebis

saxelmwifoTa analogiur maCveneblebze, sadac es maCvenebeli mTliani Sida

produqtis 4,9-6 procents Seadgens. dawyebiT da saSualo ganaTlebaze ekonomi-

kuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis wevri qveynebi, 2002 wlis

monacemebiT, xarjavdnen am seqtorSi gamoyofili xarjebis 85,8 procents da

saxelmwifo ganaTlebis sistemis biujetis 70 procents. amasTan, am qveynebSi

umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemaSi saxelmwifo dafinanseba Seadgenda am seqtorSi

mTliani xarjebis 71,1 procents.96

saqarTveloSi saganmanaTleblo sistemis dafinansebaSi upiratesoba mieca

zogadsaganmanaTleblo xarjebs, romelmac saxelmwifo biujetis saganmanaTle-

bli xarjebSi Seadgina or mesamedze meti.97 saSualo ganaTlebaze dafinanse-

bis gazrda udaod Pprogresuli movlena iyo. Tu 2000-2004 wlebSi saSualo

ganaTlebaze ixarjeboda centraluri biujetidan ganaTlebis sistemis sruli

biujetis daaxloebiT 28-30 procenti, umaRles ganaTlebaze - 45-50 procenti da

profesiul ganaTlebaze – 18-28 procenti, 2006-08 wlebSi umaRles ganaTlebaze

ixarjeba 11-12 procenti, saSualo ganaTlebaze - 75-79 procenti, xolo profe-

siul ganaTlebaze ki - 11-12 procenti.

dRes saxelmwifo dafinansebis prioritetebs warmoadgens savaldebulo saba-

ziso da saSualo da nawilobriv umaRlesi ganaTleba. saxelmwifos dafinasebis

prioritetad aRiarebulia agreTve invalid bavSvTa skola-internatebi, rom-

lebic gansakuTrebul saswavlo pirobebsa da movlas saWiroeben.

amdenad, ganaTlebis sferoebis mixedviT radikalurad Seicvala finansuri

struqtura da gamoikveTa dafinansebis prioritetebi. aseTi politikis dadeb-

iTi Sedegebi iqneba xelSesaxebi mxolod mas Semdeg, rac es sistema mTlianad

95 2006 wlidan mogebidan mobilizebuli Tanxebis nawili, romelic adre adgilobriv biujets ekuTvnoda, ga-

davida centraluri biujetis saxazino angariSze, ramac xeli Seuwyo ganaTlebis centraluri dafinansebis

zrdas. es gamarTlebuli iqna imiT, rom skolebis marTva gadaeca ganaTlebis saministros reformebis ganx-

orcielebis mizniT.

96 ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis monacemebi. http://www.oecd.org/statisticsdata/0,2643,en_2649_37455_1_119656_1_1_37455,00.html; saqarTvelo. saxelmwifo xarjebis mimoxilva, (2002) msoflio

banki.

97 ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis qveynebSi (OECD) saSualo ganaTlebaze gamoi-

yofa saSualod danaxarjebis 70 procenti. (http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/0/60/35287543.xls)

61

moicavs swavlebis oTxive safexurs. am periodSi ki saswavleblebis struq-

turuli reorganizacia, kadrebis ganaxleba, axali saswavlo kurikulumebis

danergva da sxva RonisZiebebi xorcieldeba. es gardamavali periodi mniS-

vnelovnad imoqmedebs maswavlebelTa yofaze da finansur mdgomareobaze, gan-

sakuTrebiT ki imaTze, vinc umuSevari xdeba.

ar SeiZleba ar vaRiaroT, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom reformebma mniSvnelovnad

gaaumjobesa ganaTlebis resursebisadmi xelmisawvdomoba erovnuli gamocde-

bis SemoRebiT, ganaTlebis sitemaze mosuli saxelmwifo danaxarjebis odenoba

gansxvavebulad nawildeba sxvadasxva socialuri fenis mixedviT da sxvadasxva

socialur jgufs araTanabrad miuwvdeba xeli arsebul resursebze.98

mas Semdeg, rac Seicvala saxelmwifo dafinansebis struqtura, Seicvala maswav-

leblebis Sromis anazRaurebis saxelmwifo struqturac. dafinanseba ganaTleb-

is sferoSi tradiciulad aris dabali. 2006 wels zogadsaganmanaTleblo sko-

lebSi erT maswavlebelze modioda 212 lari, maSin roca dawyebiTi profesiuli

ganaTlebis dawesebulebebSi erT maswavlebelze saxelmwifo dafinanseba Sead-

genda 79 lars, saSualo profesuli ganaTlebis dawesebulebebSi – 38,3 lars,

xolo umaRles saswavleblebSi ki - 142 lars. Mmomdevno wlebSi, miuxedavad

imisa, rom gaizarda dafinanseba, saganmanTleblo saswavleblebi kvlav uTanas-

woro pirobebSi darCnen.

ganaTlebis sistemaSi saxelmwifos mier gaweuli danaxarjebis samarTlian ga-

danawilebasTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli umaRles saswavlebelSi Semsv-

lelTa Soris gansxvaveba socialuri jgufebis mixedviT. arsebobs pirdapiri

kavSiri siRaribesa da ganaTlebis dones Soris. investiciebi ganaTlebaSi aris

siRaribis Semcirebisa da socialuri Tanasworobis mxardaWeris erT-erTi

qmediTi gza. Rarib adamianebs ara aqvT SesaZleblobebi gazardon TavianTi

Semosavlebi. yvelaze ufro Raribi ojaxebidan gamosul bavSvebs ar aqvT sa-

Sualeba miiRon dawyebiTi da saSualo ganaTleba, radgan maT ar SeuZliaT

dafaron saxelmZRvaneloebis, saswavlo masalebisa da inventaris SeZenis xar-

jebi. RaribTa ojaxebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ara marto ganaTlebis dabali

done, aramed bavSvebis adreuli asakidan Sromis dawyeba, amitom isini asakTan

erTad kargaven ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZleblobebs.

erovnuli gamocdebis mosamzadeblad Sinameurneobebi mimarTaven kerZo

repetitorebs, rac zrdis maT xarjebs ganaTlebaze da konkurentunarianobas.

Rarib fenebs ki ar miuwvdebaT xeli maRali kvalifikaciis mqone maswavleb-

lis momsaxurebze. amasTan, saganmanaTleblo infrastruqturis mouwyobloba

(saerTo sacxovrebeli, transporti, saswavlo literatura, kvebis xarjebi da

sxv), zrdis danaxarjebs da naklebad xelmisawvdoms xdis ganaTlebis miRebas.

amitom, am ojaxebidan gamosul moswavleebs Soris mcire raodenoba agrZelebs

ganaTlebis miRebas umaRles saswavlebelSi. yovelive es ki aris umaRlesi

ganaTlebisadmi xelmisawvdomobis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi.

cnobilia, rom rac ufro ganaTlebulia adamiani, miT ufro metad daculia ojaxi.

am garemoebas abrkolebs is, rom qals mamakacTan SedarebiT ufro naklebi

dro aqvs Tavisi ganTlebis asamaRleblad. am mxriv saxelmwifo investireba

adamianur kapitalSi, kerZod qalebis profesiuli ganaTlebis asamaRleblad,

mniSvnelovan rols Seasrulebs ojaxebis ganviTarebaSi.

98 dResdReobioT ar aris gamokvleuli Sinameurneobebis danaxarjebi ganaTlebaze. 1999 wels Catarebuli sao-

jaxo meurneobebis biujetis gamokvlebis Sedegebis mixedviT, Raribi ojaxebi saSualod daaxloebiT 1.5 lars

anu sakuTari biujetis 2 procentze odnav mets xarjavdnen Svilis swavlaze, maSin roca, SeZlebuli ojax-

ebi TiToeul Svilze xarjavdnen daaxloebiT 140 lars, anu maTi mTliani danaxarjebis 5 procentze mets.

(ganaTlebis momsaxureba saqarTveloSi, (2001).

62

saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc sxva qveynebSi, pedagogi qalebi Warboben ma-

makacebs saxelmwifo zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebSi, rac arasaxarbielo gen-

derul disbalans qmnis am sferoSi. mamakacebis simcire ganaTlebis sferoSi

uaryofiTad moqmedebs aRzrdis procesze. am sferos dabali subsidirebis gamo

mamakacebisaTvis igi naklebad mimzidvelia. saxelmwifo umaRles saswavleb-

lebSi ki, marTalia, TiTqmis Tanabari raodenobis qalebi da mamakacebi ar-

ian dasaqmebulni, magram gaanTlebisa da mecnieruli karieris yovel Semdgom

safexurze qals uWirs profesiuli ganviTareba mamakacTan SedarebiT. Tu am

garemoebas miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, maSin umaRlesi ganaTlebis sferoSi mimdin-

are reformebi genderuli TvalsazrisiT dabali kvalifikaciis mqone qalebi-

saTvis (laborantebi, asistentebi, maswavleblebi da sxv.) mtkivneulia, radgan

swored isini xdebian samuSaodan ganTavisuflebis maRali riskis jgufSi.

ganaTlebis sferoSi uwyveti ganaTleba aris Tanamedrove politikis mi-

marTuleba, romlis erT-erTi etapia daxelovnebis zrda da gadamzadeba so-

cialuri muSakebisaTvis da maswavleblebisaTvis. maTi ZiriTadi nawili aris

qali. amdenad, arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWebaa specialuri, kvalifikaciis ama-

Rlebis mizniT treiningebis organizebis sakiTxs, romelic qalTa Semdgomi

dasaqmebis aucilebeli piroba unda gaxdes.

cvlilebebi adgilobrivi biujetidan

ganaTlebis sferos dafinansebaSi.

ganaTlebis sferoSi dawyebul reformebamde adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelo-

bis organoebi valdebuli iyvnen daefinansebinaT skolamdeli dawesebule-

bebi, zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebi, zogierTi specializirebuli skola da

arasaskolo saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi. adgilobrivi saxsrebis nawili

gamoiyofoda invalidi bavSvebis specializirebuli skolebisTvis, profesiu-

li da teqnikuri saswavleblebisTvis da zogierT regionSi mdebare umaRlesi

saswavleblisTvis. ganaTlebis adgilobrivi biujetebi Seadgenda ganaTlebis

sruli biujetis daaxloebiT 80 procents. amisaTvis xelisuflebis adgilo-

briv organoebs gaaCndaT Semosavlis ori ZiriTadi wyaro - transferebi cen-

traluri biujetidan da adgilobrivi mosakreblebi da Semosavlebi. radgan

Rarib regionebs xSirad ar gaaCndaT sakmarisi adgilobrivi Semosavlebi

saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis dasafinanseblad, centraluri biujetidan

ganxorcielebul transferebs didi mniSvneloba hqonda ganaTlebis sistemis

samarTliani dafinansebisaTvis, sxvadasxva teritoriaze mosaxleobis farTo

fenebisaTvis erTnairi saganmanaTleblo SesaZleblobebis SeqmnisaTvis. didi

qalaqebi ukeTes pirobebSi iyo adgilobrivi Semosavlebis mixedviT. trans-

ferebi saSualod Seadgenden ganaTlebis adgilobrivi biujetebis daaxloebiT

40 procents da maTi 80 procenti maswavleblebis xelfasebze ixarjeboda. es

maCvenebeli gacilebiT maRali iyo SedarebiT Rarib raionebSi, romlebsac ar

gaaCniaT adgilobrivi Semosavlis sakmarisi resursebi adgilobrivi saxelm-

wifo saganmanaTleblo organizaciebis dasafinanseblad.

transferuli sistemiT dafinansebis pirobebSi centralur xelisuflebas

hqonda minimaluri kontroli regionebze, aq arsebul saganmanaTleblo da-

naxarjebze da praqtikulad ar hqondaT teqnikuri SesaZlebloba Seefasebi-

naT centraluri da adgilobrivi saganmanaTleblo danaxarjebis Sedegebi da

efeqtianoba. 2005 wlidan zogadsaganmanTleblo skolebSi dafinanseba gaxda

centraluri xelisuflebis prerogativa da ganaTlebis saministrom aiRo pa-

suxismgebloba mis ganviTarebaze. amdenad, centrma garkveulwilad SezRuda is

uflebamosilebani, romelic adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobis organoebs hqon-

daT. am pirobebSi ki gaizarda sazogadoebis roli skolebis finansuri uzrun-

velyofis monitoringze. marTalia, zogadi ganaTlebis dafinanseba centraluri

biujetidan teritoriuli erTeulebis gankargulebaSi arsebuli mcire fin-

ansebis pirobebSi dadebiT movlenas warmoadgenda, magram perspeqtivaSi adgi-

lobriv TviTmmarTvel organoebSi qalebis monawileobis gaZliereba skolis

ganviTarebaze moiTxovs dafinansebis sqemis Secvlas da adgilobrivi erTeu-

lis biujetebis gaaqtiurebas.


saqarTveloSi adamianuri resursebis gazrdis, ganaTlebis sistemis funqcion-

irebis efeqtianobis da konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis mizniT xelisufle-

bam daiwyo radikaluri reformebis gatareba, romelic iTvaliswinebda sagan-

manaTleblo momsaxurebis ganviTarebas da swavlis xarisxis amaRlebas. daiwyo

am seqtoris reorganizacia.

am reformebis ganxorcielebis paralelurad saqarTveloSi adgili hqonda

moswavleebsa da maswavlebelTa Soris genderul disbalanss swavlebis sx-

vadasxva safexurze. amasTan, problemad darCa maRali xarisxis ganaTlebi-

sadmi Raribi fenebis xelmisawvdomobac. am mizniT mizanSewonilad migvaCnia

ganaTlebis politikaSi rigi RonisZiebebis gatareba socialur samarTliano-

bisa da genderuli balansis dasamyareblad, rac mniSvnelovani piroba iqneba

sxvadasxva socialur fenebs Soris ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZleblobebSi gansx-

vavebebis Sesamcireblad.

instituciuri aspeqtebi:

1. ganaTlebis sxvadasxva safexurze moswavleTa saerTo genderuli balansi

aris metnaklebad daculi. sxvadasxva sqesis moswavleebSi proporcia mkve-

Trad gasxvavebulia dawyebiT da saSualo profesiuli ganaTlebis safex-

urze. Tu dawyebiT profesiul ganaTlebaSi vaJebis raodenoba mkveTrad

aRemateba gogonebis raodenobas, saSualo profesiuli ganaTlebis safex-

urze gogonebi Seadgenen absolutur umravlesobas. es problema moiTx-

ovs RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas, romelic yvela sqesis mozards miscems

Tanabar SesaZleblobas miiRos profesiuli ganaTleba;

2. ganaTlebis dawyebiTi da saSualo profesiuli ganaTlebis safexurze

genderuli disbalansis aRmosafxvrelad saWiroa: am safexuris saswav-

leblebSi struqturuli reformebi, reorganizacia da swavlebis xarisxis

amaRleba; maswavlebelTa genderuli Tanafardobis dacva da mamakaci peda-

gogebis mozidva, rac xels Seuwyobs biWebis damagrebas swavlebis saSualo

profesiul doneze; im profesiebis danergva, romelic kursdamTavrebu-

lebs miscems saSualebas dasaqmdnen Sesabamis samuSao adgilebze; genderu-

li Tanafardobis dacva pedagogi qalebis profesiuli gadamzadebis axali

programebis danergvis gziT;

3. profesiuli ganaTlebis sitema is sferoa, sadac didi mniSvneloba eniWe-

ba genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofasa da dasaqmebis xelSewyobas

orive sqesisaTvis. am sferos racionalizaciis Sedegad ganTavisuflebuli

iqna Warbi maswavleblebi. Ees metad mtkivneuli procesia da misi uaryofi-

Ti socialuri Sedegebi yvelaze metad aisaxa pedagogi qalebis umuSev-

robaSi. am movlenis gasaneitraleblad mizanSewonilia qalTa dasaqme-

bis programebis ganviTareba da maTi treiningebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli

xelSewyoba;

63

64

4. specialuri yuradReba unda mieqces Raribi fenebis ganaTlebisadmi xelmi-

sawvdomobas. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom reformebma mniSvnelovnad gazarda am

fenebisaTvis ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZleblobebi yvela safexurze, uTa-

nasworoba mainc arsebobs da moiTxovs:

4.1. zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebSi Raribi fenebisaTvis saskolo saxelmZ-

Rvaneloebisa da inventaris uzrunvelyofaSi saxelmwifos da munici-

palitetebis mzrunvelobas, xolo sxva safexurebze ki saxelmZRvaneloebis

gaqiravebisa da sxva SeRavaTiani sabazro meqanizmebis SemoRebas;

4.2. umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemaSi Sesabamisi infrastruqturis ganviTarebas,

stipendiebisa da saerTo sacxovrebeli infrastruqturis Seqmnas. cnobil-

ia, rom rac ufro meti studenti cxovrobs damoukideblad, miT ufro meti

finansuri daxmareba sWirdebaT maT da rac ufro metad cdiloben isini Ta-

vianTi axalgazrduli Zalisxmeva moaxmaron ganaTlebis sferos, miT ufro

meti mxardaWeris programa aris maTTvis saWiro. umaRlesi ganaTlebis

sferoSi reformebma xeli Seuwyo soflis da raionebis axalgazrdo-

bis CarTvas umaRles saswavleblebSi, ramac gazarda infrastruqturaze

moTxovna. saswavlo infrastruqturis ganviTareba aris aucilebeli pi-

roba studentebis dasamagreblad da swavlis xarisxis gasaumjobeseblad.

am mizniT Sesabamisi fondis formireba xels Seuwyobs saganmanaTleblo

infrastruqturis ganviTarebas rogorc umaRlesi saswavleblebisaTvis,

aseve saSualo profesiuli saswavleblebisaTvis;

4.3. subsidirebisa da dakreditirebis aprobirebuli institutebis farTod

dafuZneba da saxelmwifo xelSewyoba gaaumjobesebs Raribi fenebis dafi-

nansebas da maTi ganaTlebisadmi xelmisawvdomobas. erovnuli gamocdebis

Sedegad Caricxuli studentebis socialuri profilis Seswavlis safuZ-

velze mizanSewonilia Raribi ojaxebidan gamosuli studentebis saswav-

lo infrastruqturiT uzrunvelyofa (stipendiebi, saerTo sacxovreble-

bi, saxelmZRvaneloebi da sxv) da am mizniT Sesabamisi fondis daarseba,

romelic gaiRebs programul xarjebs;

5. samagistro da sadisertacio naSromebSi genderuli mimarTulebiT kv-

levebis gaZliereba da diplomisSemdgomi ganaTlebis sferoSi genderu-

li programebis danergva xels Seuwyobs qalebis profesiul winsvlas da

studenturi ojaxebis ganviTarebas;

6. saskolo ganaTlebaSi samoqalaqo rolis amaRlebis mizniT meurveTa

sabWoSi Semavali wevrebisaTvis specialuri treiningebi da am sferoSi

qalebis profesiuli ganviTareba gaaumjobesebs skolebis marTvas da

swavlebis monitorings;

7. maswavleblis profesiis prestiJis gazrda, am profesiis stimulireba mniS-

vnelovnad gaaumjobesebs pedagogTa genderul balanss;

8. genderuli statistikis srulyofa da gamokvlevebi maswavlebelTa da stu-

dentTa socialuri statusis, motivaciis da sxvadasxva qcevebis gamosav-

lenad xels Seuwyobs genderuli Tanafardobis dacvas da miznobrivi

socialuri dacvis meqanizmebis da programebis SemuSavebas ganaTlebis

sferoSi;

9. mizanSewonilia genderuli problemebis sauniversiteto kvleviT pro-

gramebSi CarTva, axali saswavlo programebis SemuSaveba da swavleba

sxvadasxva specialobebis mixedviT;

65

10. saxelmZRvaneloebisa da da saswavlo programebis analizi genderuli

aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT mniSvnelovania dromoWmuli genderuli ste-

reotipebis aRmosafxvrelad.

finansuri aspeqtebi:

11. ganaTlebis sferoSi saxelmwifo finansebis optimizacia da misi evrokav-

Siris maCveneblebTan miaxloeba SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes didi

raodenobiT viwrod specializebuli, mcire zomis profesiuli saswavle-

blebis da teqnikumebis, umaRlesi saswavleblebisa da samecniero daweseb-

ulebebis racionalizaciis xarjze;

12. imis gamo, rom qveyanaSi maRalia Raribi ojaxebis wili, romlebsac ar

SeuZliaT gaiRon seriozuli dabandebebi TavianTi SvilebisaTvis kargi

ganaTlebis misaRebad, xolo ganaTlebis sferoSi miRebuli momsaxureba

Tavisi xarisxiT jer kidev Sors aris im moTxovnebisagan, rasac ayenebs

qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba, mizanSewonilia saxelmwifos dafinanse-

bis zrda, kerZo dafinansebis upiratesi zrdis tendenciis SenarCunebasTan

erTad;

13. profesiul ganaTlebaSi, rogorc saerTaSoriso praqtika adasturebs, ar

arsebobs saxelmwifo dafinansebisaTvis myari argumentebi, Tumca gamom-

dinare iqidan, rom saqarTveloSi kerZo seqtori ver uzrunvelyofs Se-

sabamisi xarisxis specialistTa gamoSvebas, migvaCnia, rom unda gaizard-

os saxelmwifos pasuxismgebloba da investireba manam, sanam ar moxdeba

Sromis bazris racionalizacia da ar gaizrdeba biznes-seqtoris dainter-

eseba ganaTlebaSi daabandos kapitali;

14. kerZo institutebis stimulireba ganaTlebaSi investiciebis, kreditebisa da

subsidirebis mozidvis mizniT uzrunvelyofs maRalkvalificiuri special-

istebis momzadebas kerZo seqtorisaTvis da igi unda ganxorcieldes Sesa-

bamisi sagadasaxado reJimis formirebiT. amasTan, mizanSewonilia strate-

giul programebSi saganmanaTleblo dazRvevis, saganmanaTleblo fasiani

qaRladebis formireba da saganmanaTleblo kreditirebis meqanizmis Sem-

dgomi ganviTareba da stimulireba, rac daaCqarebs am seqtoris miznobriv

dafinansebas da amiT mniSvnelovnad gauadvilebs Rarib da axalgazrda

ojaxebs maRalkvalificiuri ganaTlebis Semdgom srulyofas;

15. imisaTvis, rom qalebma SeZlon profesiuli ganviTareba, saWiroa special-

uri stipendiebis, wamaxalisebeli programebis danergva maTTvis, vinc

gaxdnen dedebi, romlebic iZulebulni arian profesiuli zrdis sanacvlod

dro dauTmon ojaxur saqmeebs da bavSvis gazrdas. aseTi programebi da

stipendiebi miznad unda isaxavdes qalebis saojaxo saqmeebSi xelSewyobas

da drois gamonTavisuflebas maTi profesiuli ganviTarebisaTvis. miz-

anSewonil iqneba agreTve specialuri wamaxalisebeli jildoebi qalebi-

saTvis, romlebic aRweven mecnierebaSi warmatebas, amasTan, qalTa samec-

niero mivlinebebis, konferenciebSi monawileobis waxaliseba, specialuri

grantebisa da stipendiebis danergva da sxva;

16. reformebis ganxorcieleba, Tundac moklevadian periodSi, moiTxovs

mniSvnelovani danaxarjebis gawevas im mizniT, rom gamonTavisuflebuli

pedagogebi ar aRmoCndenen siRaribis sazRvris miRma. Sesabamisad, sauni-

versiteto socialuri uzrunvelyofis sxvadasxva sqemebis danergva mniS-

66

vnelovnad Searbilebs am problemas;

17. saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo sakredito da subsidirebis institutebis

ganviTareba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iqneba Raribi da naklebad Se-

Zlebuli ojaxebidan gamosuli axalgazrdebisaTvis. amasTanave, es sistema

gansakuTrebiT efeqturia diplomisSemdgomi ganaTlebis misaRebad;

18. skolebis axali dafinansebis sistemis pirobebSi unda gaizardos samo-

qalaqo sazogadoebis roli finansuri monitoringis sferoSi, risTvisac

aucilebelia sazogadoebas gaaCndes imis codna, Tu rogor unda ganax-

orcielos kanoniT miniWebuli zedamxedvelobis funqcia. es ki moiTxovs

skolebis sameurveo sabWoebis momzadebas da am mizniT specialuri trein-

ingebis warmarTvas. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba ki unda daeTmos qalTa

aqtiurobis stimulirebas, maTTvis specialuri saxelmwifo programebis

SemoRebas, radgan tradiciulad bavSvebze zrunvas ganaTlebis misaRebad

dedebi met dros uTmoben, vidre mamakacebi.

saerTaSoriso gamocdileba saganmanaTleblo subsidiebisa da kreditebis Sesaxeb

msoflioSi saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo kreditebisa da sub-

sidiebi ganixileba rogorc ganaTlebisadmi Tanabari SesaZle-

blobebis uzrunvelyofis meqanizmi sxvadasxva Semosavlebis

mqone ojaxebisaTvis. Tumca aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom dadeb-

iT mxareebTan erTad am sistemas gaaCnia uaryofiTi mxareebic:

• saganmanaTleblo kreditebi saganmanaTleblo subsidiebTan

SedarebiT aris saxelmwifo biujetisaTvis naklebi tvirTi;

• kreditic da subsidiac, Tu igi dabrunebis pirobiT gaicema, aama-

Rlebs studentebis pasuxismgeblobas, maTi swavlis xarisxs da

profesiul winsvlas xelfasis zrdis mkacri motivaciiT;

• krediti dabali Semosavlis mqone ojaxebisaTvis qmnis maTi

ukandabrunebis risks, amitom am SemTxvevaSi maTTvis subsidie-

bi ufro xelsayrelia;

• kreditebisa da subsidiebis gacema TviT maRalganviTarebul

qveynebSic ki SezRudulia, amitom maTi gacema xdeba arCeviTo-

biT;

• kreditis gacema riskia da misi administrirebisaTvis saWiroa

didi danaxarji. kreditori mzad unda iyos imisaTvis, rom uke-

Tes SemTxvevaSi gacemuli kreditebis 60-70 procenti daubrun-

deba mas ukan.

• kreditebis gacema ar xdeba gansakuTrebuli pirobebiT, xolo

subsidiebis gacema ki SesaZlebelia iseTi pirobebiT, rogori-

caa magaliTad, profesiis miRebis Semdgom periodSi dafarva,

profesiebis viwro wris gansazRvra subsidirebisaTvis, samx-

edro samsaxuri da sxv.

miuxedavad amisa, saganmanaTleblo sakredito politikis danergva mniSvnelo-

vania mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis da gansakuTrebiT im axalgazrdebisaTvis, rom-

lebic qmnian ojaxebs da aqvT swavlis gagrZelebis survili.

67

gamokvlevam warmoaCina mTeli rigi problemebisa, romlebzedac saWiro iqneba

pasuxis gacema sazogadoebaSi socialuri samarTlianobisa da Tanasworobis

miRwevis mizniT:

• ramdenad sakmarisia saxelmwifo biujetis mier gamoyofili Tanxebi

ganaTlebis sxvadasxva safexurebis mixedviT unarSezRuduli adamiane-

bis ganaTlebisaTvis? ramdenad saWiroa maTTvis damatebiTi danaxarjebi

ganaTlebis misaRebad?

• rogor viTardeba specialuri skolebi da ramdenad moicaven isini un-

arSezRuduli bavSvebis srul raodenobas?

• ramdenad sakmarisi maTze gamoyofili saxelmwifo dafinanseba ganaTleb-

is misaRebad da erovnuli gamocdebisaTvis mosamzadeblad?

• ramden moZraobaSezRudul bavSvs ZaluZs umaRlesi da profesiuli

ganaTlebis miReba da ras akeTebs saxelmwifo maTi stimulirebisaTvis?

aris Tu ara reformebis strategiaSi maTi interesebi gaTvaliswinebu-

li?

• kapitaluri dabandebebis gamoyofisas aris Tu ara gaTvaliswinebuli

skolebSi moZraobaSezRuduli bavSvebis transportirebisa da moZraobis

pirobebi? Mramdeni bavSvi rCeba saxlSi mxolod imitom, rom maT ar aqvT

skolebSi (profesiul saswavleblebSi, umaRles dawesebulebebSi) misasv-

leli gza, biliki, lifti da a.S.? ra keTdeba maTi aqtivizaciisaTvis?

• ramdenad arian sxvadasxva safexuris skolebi mzad imisaTvis, rom Seqmnan

klasebi SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone, araqarTuli enaze mosaubre

bavSvebis ganaTlebisaTvis.

es da sxva sakiTxebi specialur Seswavlas moiTxovs da am adamianebze zrunva

da sazogadoebaSi adaptireba socialuri Tanasworobis damkvidrebis erT-

erTi amocanaa. mizanSewonilia igi aisaxos saxelmwifo biujetSi ganaTlebis

programebis saxiT. M

68

Tavi 6

municipaluri biujetis genderuli problemebi99

6.1. genderulad mgrZnobiare

municipaluri biujetis Taviseburebebi

regionul midgomas genderuli biujetis formirebaSi rigi Tavisebureba

gaaCnia. igi moiTxovs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aqtiur Cabmas uSualod re-

gionis cxovrebaSi. cnobilia, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoeba regionSi Sedare-

biT naklebad aris gacnobierebuli finansebis marTvaSi. Sesabisad, maTi gavlena

sustia sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. amaTan, regionebSi social-

ur-ekonomikuri procesebi ufro mwvaved da mtkivneulad mimdinareobs, vidre

dedaqalaqSi. mZime ekologiuri mdgomareoba, mouwyobeli infrastruqtura, so-

cialuri garantiebisadmi naklebi xelmisawvdomoba, mizeruli anazRaureba da

siRaribe uaryofiT gavlenas axdens mosaxleobis cxovrebis doneze. qveyanaSi

mimdinare socialur-ekonomikuri gardaqmnebis Sesaxeb mosaxleoba saTanadod

informirebuli ara aris. demokratiuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSic adgilo-

brivi xelisufleba regionalur doneze mmarTvelobis procesSi mosaxleobis

aqtiur CarTvas ver uzrunvelyofs. regionebis mosaxleobas aqvs naklebi war-

modgena, Tu rogoria saxelmwifos socialur-ekonomikuri politika, ra Ziri-

Tad prioritetebs isaxavs, ra saxelmwifo programebi xorcieldeba. adgilo-

brivi arasamTavrobo organizaciebi ver axorcieleben Sesabamis monitorings.

samwuxarod, maT arc saTanado kompetencia da gamocdileba gaaCniaT. arada,

adgilobrivi biujeti is berketia, romlis efeqtiani gamoyeneba advilad Sesa-

mCnevia da masze zemoqmedeba da lobireba samoqalaqo sazogadoebam SeiZleba

warmatebiT ganaxorcielos mosaxleobis interesebis dasakmayofileblad.

regionebSi dagrovilia uamravi problema, romelic uSualod dakavSirebulia

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis realur funqcionirebasTan, maTi finansuri

saqmianobis gamWvirvalobasTan da angariSvaldebulebasTan. am funqciis ganx-

orcieleba, rogorc praqtikam gviCvena, marto aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas ar

SeuZlia. didia adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

roli, romelTa urTierTanamSromlobas biujetis formirebis, ganxorcielebi-

sa da monitoringis procesebSi realuri Sedegis motana SeuZlia.

regionuli biujetis Agenderuli analizi xels uwyobs imis gamovlenas, Tu ra

arsebiTi socialuri problemebi arsebobs da ramdenad aris daculi social-

uri samarTlianoba da genderul Tanasworoba adgilobriv doneze.A

municipalitetebSi SeimCneva genderuli disbalansi arsebuli resursebis

ganawilebasa da marTvaSi. yovelive aman garkveuli gavlena iqonia xelisu-

flebaSi qalTa monawileobis donezec. es sakiTxi metad aqtualuria dRes,

rodesac yalibdeba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis praqtika. lozungi, rac

SeiZleba meti qali monawileobdes adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobiT struq-

turebSi, dResac popularulia, magram deklarirebulia. qalebis xelisufle-

baSi yofna aucilebelia Tundac genderuli balansis Ddasamyareblad da yvela

99 ”municipalitetis” cnebas Cven viyenebT rogorc regionis, aseve TviTmmarTveli erTeulis dasaxasiaTeblad

da mis qveS vgulisxmobT rogorc sakuTriv municipalitets, aseve TviTmmarTvel qalaqs.

69

im socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis ukeT gadawyvetisa da SesrulebisaTvis,

romelsac sasicocxlo mniSvneloba gaaCnia qalaqSi mcxovrebi yoveli mosax-

leobisaTvis.

genderuli biujetis win wamoweva regionur doneze, Cvenis azriT, SeiZleba

gaxdes mZlavri instrumenti qalTa gaaqtiurebisaTvis saarCevo kampaniis mim-

dinareobis dros. igi daexmareba ara marto kandidat qalebs, aramed amom-

rCevlebs, xma miscen marTlac xalxis rCeulebs, romlebic ganaxorcieleben

mosaxleobisaTvis winasarCevno dapirebebs da gaaumjobeseben mosaxleobis

socialur-ekonomikur pirobebs.

samwuxarod, naSromSi asaxuli problemebi saTanado statistikuri da sxva

informaciebis naklebobis gamo ver gaSuqda srulfasovnad, miuxedavad amisa,

vfiqrobT, rom genderuli midgomebis demonstrireba aris mniSvnelovani imi-

saTvis, rom daiwyos saqarTveloSi genderul problemebze diskusia adgilo-

brivi mmarTvelobasa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi.

municipaluri biujetis analizi genderuli aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT dasaw-

yisia im saqmianobisa, romelic unda ganxorcieldes adgilobrivi xelisufleb-

is xelSewyobiT, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mizidvisa da demokratiuli proces-

ebis gaRrmavebiT saqarTvelos regionebSi.

G

6.2.municipalitetebis socialur-ekonomikuri

ganviTarebisgenderuli analizis winapirobebi

da problemebi

municipalitetis doneze biujetisGgenderuli aspeqtebis analizi emyareba

regionis demografiul struqturas, ganaTlebis, jandacvisa da adgilobrivi

Sromis bazris maCveneblebs. igi moiTxovs im instrumentebis gamoyenebas, rom-

liTac unda moxdes am sferoebis analizi, imas Tu problemebis gadasawyvetad

rogor unda daigegmos adgilobrivi biujeti. mTlianobaSi igi exeba socialu-

rad samarTliani biujetis dagegmvis, Sedgenisa da ganxorcielebis Tavisebure-

bebs. amave dros mniSvnelovania adgilobrivi da centraluri biujetebis urT-

ierTobis analizic im mizniT, rom gairkves, Tu romeli donis biujets SeuZlian

SedarebiT ukeTesad daakmayofilos adgilobrivi mosaxleobis konkretuli

interesebi. Q

municipalitetebis socialur-ekonomikuri

problemebi

problema 1. mosaxleobis zrdis dabali tempi.

mosaxleoba saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela regionSi q. Tbilisis garda, Sedare-

biT nela izrdeba. es SeiZleba iyos ganpirobebuli sxvadasxva garemoebebiT:

1. demografiuli mdgomareobiT;

2. Sobadobis SedarebiT mcire zrdiT; M

3. siRaribis maRali xvedriTi wiliT sxva regionebTan SedarebiT;

4. axalgazrdobis dasaqmebis problemebiT;

70

5. mokvdaobis maRali wiliT;

6 socialuri dacvis sistemis naklovanebebiT;

7. cudi socialuri infrastruqturiT;

8. axalgazrdobis profesiuli ganaTlebisadmi dabali xelmisawvdomobiT da sxv.

es da sxva problemebi zemoqmedebs ojaxebis rogorc socialur, aseve ekono-

mikur mdgomareobaze da saboloo jamSi warmoSobs winaaRmdegobebs axalo

ojaxebis Seqmnasa da ganviTarebaSi.

P

problema 2. Sinameurneobebis dabali Semosavlebi da siR-aribis maRali done. yvela municipalitets gaaCnia Semosavlebis Tavisi specifikuri wyaro. mosax-

leobis absoluturi umravlesoba damokidebulia mxolod qalaqisaTvis damax-

asiTebeli Semosavlebis wyaroebze. magaliTad, qalaq foTis Semosavlebis Ziri-

Tad wyaroa navsadguri, da masTan dakavSirebuli infrastruqtura. siRnaRis da

zRvispira qalaqebis dRevandeli Semosavlebi mniSvnelovnad damokidebulia

iq Casuli turistebis raodenobaze, xolo q. rusTavis mosaxleobis Semosav-

lebi ki – maT q. TbilisSi dasaqmebaze.

Sinameurneobebis gamokvlevebis safuZvelze da SedarebiTi analizis gziT

dgindeba siRaribis zemoqmedebis intensivoba municipalitetis mosaxleobis

qcevebze. es ki iZleva imis saSualebas, rom municipaluri biujetis dagegmvisas

gaTvaliswinebuli iqnes dabali Semosavlebis mizezezebi (dasaqmebis struqtu-

ra, sainvesticio garemo, Sromis bazris mdgomareoba da sxv.) da municipaluri

biujetis Semosavlebic warimarTos am problemebis gadasaWrelad.

problema 3. umuSevroba.

yovel municipalitetSi arsebobs misTvis damaxasiaTebeli umuSevrobis

garkveuli done. amasTan, municipalitetebSi ar arsebobs dasaqmebisa da umu-

Sevrebis daxmarebis centrebi. mTlianobaSi aqtiuri socialuri politikis

gatarebis gareSe mniSvnelovani Sedegebis miRweva umuSevrobis SemcirebaSi

SeuZlebeli iqneba. im qalaqebSi, sadac viTardeba is dargebi, romlebic dakav-

Sirebulia vaWrobasTan an momsaxurebasTan, qalebs dasaqmebis ufro meti

SesaZleblobebi gaaCnia. turizmis ganviTarebaAkarg SesaZleblobas iZleva

rogorc qalis, aseve kacis dasaqmebisaTvis. mcire biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis

xelsayreli garemos formirebaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs konkretuli

municipaluri programebi.

genderul WrilSi mniSvnelovania imis codna, Tu ramdeni qalia dasaqmebuli

samewarmeo sferoSi (biznesSi). Ees aris samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aqtiuro-

bis indikatori da avlens im infrastruqturis ganviTarebis aucileblobas,

romelic municipalitetma unda ganaxorcielos Tavisi uflebamosilebis far-

glebSi. samwuxarod, dRes msgavsi statistika ar arsebobs da am mimarTulebiT

arc Sromis bazris kvleva ar ganxorcielebula.

71

problema 4. ganaTlebis efeqtianoba.

Sromis bazars mWidro kavSiri aqvs ganaTlebasTan. am kavSiris dadgena mniS-

vnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac igi saSualebas iZleva umuSevrobis mizezebi

veZeboT ganaTlebis arasakmaris doneSi, profesiuli momzadebis naklovanebeb-

Si an kidev kapitaldabandebebSi da investiciebis naklebobaSi. investiciebis

dabandebisaTvis aucilebelia Sesabamisi kadrebis arseboba. aris mzad Tu ara

municipaliteti (qalaqi) imisaTvis, rom investiciebis zrdis pirobebSi adgi-

lobrivi kadrebiT uzrunvelyos Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrda da piriqiT,

municipalitets (qalaqs) gaaCnia Tu ara Sesabamisi SromiTi resursebi, rom-

lebic uzrunvelyofen kerZo seqtoris swraf zrdas da qalaqis strategiuli

mniSvnelobis realizacias?

yovel municipalitetSi funqcionirebs sxvadasxva safexuris saswavlo dawese-

bulebebi. zogierT maTganSi municipalitetebi afinansebdnen universitetebsac.

Tumca finansebis simciris gamo municipalitetis mier universitetebis dafin-

anseba ver uzrunvelyofda maT konkurentunarianobas da gamoSvebuli special-

istebi ki ver akmayofilebdnen bazris moTxovnebs. amdenad, municipalitetis

saganmanaTleblo xarjebiGiyo araefeqtiani.

ganaTlebis saSualo specialuri saswavleblebis dafinanseba municipaluri

biujetidan, iseve rogorc sxva saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis dafinanseba,

dafuZnebuli iyo “danaxarjebis principze“ da igi ar iyo mimarTuli pirda-

pir studentebis dafinansebaze codnis misaRebad. aseTi praqtika saganmanaTle-

blo dawesebulebebs aZlevda Semosavlebis miRebis garantias miuxedavad imisa,

xarisxianad uzrunvelyofda es dawesebulebebi maRali standartebis sagan-

manaTleblo momsaxurebas Tu ara.

mizanSewonilia, municipaluri biujetidan dafinanseba wari-

marTos saxelmwifos mier gamovlenili erovnuli gamocdebis

Sedegad warmatebuli studentebis xelSesawyobad da nacvlad

saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis subsidirebisa, dafinansdes

uSualod studentebi (municipaluri vauCeriT an stipendiiT),

romelsac isini waradgenen im universitetsa an saSualo spe-

cialur dawesebulebaSi, sadac isini miReben ukeTes ganaTlebas.

aseTi praqtika Seqmnis adgilobrivi saganmanaTleblo dawese-

bulebebis dafinansebis konkurentul pirobebs da gazrdis maT

pasuxismgeblobas.

genderul aspeqtSi mizanSewonilia imis codna, TuU ramdeni gogona da vaJi Reb-

ulobs profesiul ganaTlebas da xom ar darCa romelime axalgazrda profesi-

uli ganaTlebis gareSe? igi mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs adgilobrivi Sromis

bazris struqturas da zemoqmedebs Sinameurneobebis ganviTarebaze. rodesac

gogonebi rCebian profesiuli ganaTlebis gareSe, isini samudamod miejaWvebian

saojaxo saqmeebs, rac mniSvnelovnad aferxebs maT Sedgom srulyofasa da samo-

qalaqo sazogadoebaSi adgilis damkvidrebas.

municipalitetebis erT-erTi prioritetia sabavSvo baga-baRebis movla-pa-

tronoba da ganviTareba. sabavSvo baRebis saqmianobis efeqtianobis maCvenebelia

aRsazrdelTa da aq dasaqmebulTa raodenoba da maTze gaweuli xarjebis Tana-

fardoba. amasTan, Sromis bazris da dasaqmebis genderuli struqturis analizi

iZleva imis saSualebas, rom gavarkvioT, Tu ramdenad sargeblobs baRa-bagis

momsaxurebiT dasaqmebuli qalebi, ramdenad sakmarisia baga-baRebis raodenoba,

aris Tu ara baga-baRebis saqmianoba dakavSirebuli qalebis SinameurneobebSi

72

dasaqmebasTan. sabavSvo baga-baRebze moTxovna SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos

imiT, rom mas nawilobriv municipaliteti afinansebdes subsidirebis formiT

da am sargebels im ojaxis Svilebic Rebulobdnen, romelTa mSoblebic ar ar-

ian dasaqmebulni sazogadoebrivi saqmianobiT. Aam ukanaskneli garemoebis

Tavidan asacileblad mizanSewonilia municipaluri Tanxebi gamoeyos mcirew-

lovani bavSvebis dedebs daxmarebis saxiT, rac baga-baRebis dafinansebas mniS-

vnelovnad Seamcirebs. is, Tu romeli midgoma iqneba ufro efeqtiani, mxolod

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis interesebis gamovleniT SeiZleba dadgindes.

Mmunicipaluri biujetis efeqtiani ganawilebisaTvis saWiroa imis codnac,

monawileobs Tu ara damqiraveblebi sabavSvo baRebis dafinansebaSi da aris

Tu ara es wyaro aqtiurad gamoyenebuli? yovelive am kiTxvis miRma genderu-

li suraTi vlindeba da qalebis socialuri mdgomaroeba aSkaravdeba.

problema 5. janmrTelobis dacvis xelmisawvdomoba.

municipalitetebSi funqcionirebs saavadmyofoebi da profilaqtikuri dawese-

bulebebi, magram maT ar gaaCniaT sakuTari samedicino dawesebulebebi. biu-

jetidan gamoyofilia Tanxebi mxolod iseTi programuli miznebisaTvis

aris gaTvaliswinebuli, rogoricaa SeWirvebuli mosaxleobis stacionaluri

mkurnalobis programa, infeqciur daavadebaTa gamovlenisa da mkurnalobis

programa, SeWirvebuli mosaxleobis medikamentebiT uzrunvelyofis programa,

samedicino teqnikis SeZena-ganaxlebis programa, alkoholisa da narkomaniis

winaaRmdeg mimarTuli RonisZiebaTa programa, sanitaruli zedamxedvelobis

programa da sxv.

siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myofi mosaxleobis samedicino dazRvevis komponenti

2006 wlis pirveli ivlisidan Sevida ZalaSi. Kkomponentis samedicino momsax-

urebis sferoebia: mobilur specialistTa brigadebi, stacionaluri samedicino

momsaxureba, ojaxis eqimis, ubnis eqimis, ubnis pediatris momsaxureba, instru-

mentalur-laboratoriuli gamokvlevebi, gadaudebeli stacionaluri momsax-

ureba, sameano momsaxureba, specialistTa konsultacia, gegmiuri qirurgiuli

stacionaluri momsaxureba. am mizniT gaicema samedicino polisebi romlebic

dafinansebuli iqnebian saxelmwifo programebis biujetidan.

imis analizi, Tu ramdeni qali da mamakaci Rebulobs momsaxurebas gamoyofi-

li Tanxebis farglebSi, ramdenia maTi xvedriTi wili qalaqis mosaxleobaSi

da ramden adamians surda mieRo momsaxureba, avlens am resursebisadmi xe-

lmisawvdomobas genderul aspeqtSi da Sesabamisad adgilobriv xelisuflebas

saSualebas miscems dagegmos is programebi, romelic xels Seuwyobs qalisa

da mamakacis Tanabar xelmisawvdomobas samedicino momsaxurebisadmi. munici-

paluri biujetebis monawileoba sadazRevo sistemaSi polisebis ganawilebas

gaxdis miznobrivs da genderulad mgrZnobiare mravali jandacvis programis

efeqtianoba gaizrdeba.

problema 6. socialuri dacvis dabali efeqtianoba.

iRaribis maRali done ganapirobebs socialur dacvaze gamoyofili sabiujeto

Tanxebis dabalefeqtianobas. igi ver moicavs yvela socialurad daucvel fe-

nas. daxmarebebisa da Semweobebis gacema ver uzrunvelyofs maTi siRaribis

sazRvrebidan gamoyvanas. mTlianobaSi municipalitetidan gamoyofili Tanxebi

moicavs siRaribis sazRvrebs qvemoT myofi mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 15 pro-

cents.

73

mosaxleobis socialuri dacva finansdeba rogorc centraluri biujetidan,

aseve municipaluri biujetidan. municipaluri biujetidan socialuri dacvi-

saTvis gamoyofili Tanxebi Seadgens xarjebis aranakleb 3 procents (jandacvis

programebze ki - aranakleb 5 procents)

municipalitetis biujetebidan gacemuli socialur dacvaze danaxarjebis

meniu Seicavs:

• eleqtroenergiaze da komunalur mosaxurebaze SeRavaTebs, mgzavrobas saqalaqo transportiT, ojaxur daxmarebebs, martoxela dedebis, axal-gazrda ojaxebis, oboli bavSvebis, upatrono bavSvebis, xandazmuli asakis adamianebis da sxva daxmarebebs;

• socialuri dacvis programas, romelic iTvaliswinebs sxvadasxva kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SeRavaTebs;

• sasmeli wylis da kanalizaciis Rirebulebis gadasaxads;

• eleqtro kavSiris Rirebulebis gadaxdaze SeRavaTebs;

• mravalSviliani ojaxebis waxalisebis xarjebs da yovelTviuri daxmare-bebs martoxela dedebze da yovel axalSobilze erTjerad daxmarebas;

• xandazmul uxuces pensionerTa erTdroul materialuri daxmarebas;

• mSoblebis mzrunvelobas moklebuli saskolo asakis mozrdebisaTvis ma-terialur daxmarebas da sxva.

municipaluri biujetidan socialuri daxmarebis mimRebTa (beneficiarTa) Zir-

iTadi fena qalebia, rac ganpirobebulia, erTis mxriv imiT, rom ekonomikuri

struqturis gamo dasaqmebulTa ZiriTadi tvirTi modis mamakacebze, qalebi

ki qmnian ZiriTad moTxovnas socialuri daxmarebis misaRebad da uzrunvely-

ofen ojaxis Semosavlebis dacvas. amasTan, isini arian yvelaze daucveli fena,

romlebic mimarTaven municipalitets dasaxmareblad. am garemoebis gaTval-

iswinebiT mizanSewonilia qalebis dasaqmebis Semwyobi infrastruqturiTa da

Sesabamisi ganaTlebiT uzrunvelyofa.

problema 7. infrastruqturis ganviTareba

saqarTveloSi municipaluri infrastruqturis ganviTarebis erT-erTi prob-

lemaa mosaxleobis uzrunvelyofa wyliT, sufTa haeriT, gzebiTa da sanitaru-

li qseliT. infrastruqturis mSenebloba unda emyarebodes normativebsa da

strategiul miznebs. magaliTad, jandacvis msoflio organizaciis SefasebiT, wy-

lis miwodeba unda efuZnebodes Semdeg racionalur normebs:100

100 Water for life: Making it happen (2006). WHO/UNICEF Joint monitoring programme for Water and sanitation p.27. Available at: http://www.wssinfo.org/en/40_wfl _2005.html.

Ppolitikis prioriteti

sabaziso donis miRweva, mosaxleobis higienaSi

ganaTleba

higienaSi ganaTleba, Sesabamisi servisis

xelSewyoba

Hhigiena, servisis optimizacia

Hhigienisagan miRebuli sargebloba

dReSi saSualod 20l. mosaxleobis erT sulze

dReSi saSualod 50l. mosaxleobis erT sulze

dReSi saSualod 100-200l. mosaxleobis erT sulze

riski jandacvaSi

Ddabali, periodulad Cndeba recxvis problemebi

maRali, Cndeba recxvis problemebi

Zalian dabali moxmareba

sabaziso moxmareba

maCvenebeli

saSualo moxmareba

optimaluri moxmareba

dReSi 5l. mosaxleobis erT sulze

wylis moxmareba

Zalian maRalia

Zalian dabali

74

saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva regionSi mosaxleobis wyliT uzrunvelyofa arsad

ar aRwevs optimaluri moxmarebis dones. umravles regionSi igi mxolod saba-

ziso moxmarebis tolfasia, rac Tavis mxriv, warmoSobs higienis da servisebis

problemebs. amasTan, wylis xarisxic mniSvnelovnad dabalia.101 es ki ZiriTa-

dad problemebs uqmnis qalis Sromas ojaxSi.

problema 8. qalaqis strategiuli dagegmva da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis gaZliereba.

municipalitetebs ar gaaCniaT saSualovadiani strategiuli gegma. MmarTalia

am mimarTulebiT gadadgmulia pirveli nabijebi da es procesi daiwyo, magram

adgilobriv da centralur biujetebs Soris mouwesrigebeli urTierTobebi

da gansakuTrebiT ki is garemoeba, rom municipalitets uxdeba finansTa saminis-

trosTan Tavisi gegmebis SeTanxmeba, xels ar uwyobs adgilobrivi TviTmmarT-

velobis damoukidebeli iniciativebis ganviTarebas.

municipalitetis adgilobrivi sagadasaxado Semosavlebis (qonebis gadasaxadi)

administrirdeba centraluri sagadasaxado uwyebis mier. MmarTalia, adgilo-

brivi mmarTveloba sistematurad Rebulobs informaciebs gadasaxadebis mo-

bilizebasTan dakavSirebiT, magram am Semosavlebis prognozirebisaTvis ar

gaaCniaT sakmarisi institucionaluri baza (magaliTad, Sromis anazRaurebis

sistemis cvlilebebi), ris gamoc xarjebis dagegmvaSi mniSvnelovnad damokide-

bulni xdebian centralur saministroze. am pirobebSi ki sakrebulos makon-

trolebeli roli da adgilobrivi iniciativac SezRudulia.

es garemoeba aqtualuria imdenad, ramdenadac municipalitetebis biujets amt-

kicebs sakrebuloebi, romlebsac mxolod post-faqtum uxdebaT xarjebis gegmis

aRiareba anu, mas Semdeg, rac igi finansTa saministrom ukve moiwona.

adgilobrivi xelisuflebis ganviTarebisaTvis da saSualovadiani gegmebis

SemuSavebisaTvis centrsa da adgilobriv xelisuflebas Soris urTierTobe-

bis mowesrigeba da sabiujeto uflebamosilebebis gamijvna aris aucilebeli,

raTa adgilobrivi iniciativebi uzrunvelyofili gaxdes Sesabamisi finansuri

resursebiT. amasTan, qalebis aqtiuri roli unda gaizardos sakrebuloSi, rac

damatebiT instituciur Zalauflebas mianiWebs adgilobriv xelisuflebas saku-

Tari miznebis gansaxorcieleblad.

strategiuli dagegmvis sawyisi punqtia adgilobrivi moTxovnilebebis Seswav-

la. masze unda aigos adgilobrivi biujetebis Sedgena da ganxilva. igi unda

iyos saTanadod uzrunvelyofili finansebiT. saqarTvelos adgilobrivi fi-

nansebis wili konsolidirebul biujetSi ki kvlav umniSvneloa, rac adgilo-

briv TviTmmarTvelobas ar aZlevs saSualebas gazardos Tavisi instituciuri

da ekonomikuri Zalaufleba.

101 2005 Environmental Sustainability Index. Benchmarking National Environmental Stewardship Appendix B. Country Profi les. p.153. Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy, Yale University; Center for International Earth Science Information Network, Columbia University; World Economic Forum, Geneva,

Switzerland; Joint Research Centre, European Commission. Available at: www.yale.edu/esi

75

grafiki 3

adgilobriv biujetebSi transferebis (grantebis) wili qveynebis mixedviT

wyaro: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/39/16/37412344.xls; http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTDSRE/Resources/WBFDISummarycharts17Aug2004.doc saqarTvelos finansTa saministro.

SeniSvna: postsabWoTa qveynebis maCveneblebi gaangariSebulia msoflio bankis monacemebis mixedviT.

biujetis dagegmvis erT-erTi arsebiTi mxarea prioritetebis gamoyofa. yvela

qalaqs aqvs Tavisi ZiriTadi prioritetebi. es SeiZleba iyos sabinao-komu-

naluri meurneoba, dasvenebis organizacia, kultura da sporti da sxv. es pri-

oritetebi gansxavvebulia droSi.

adgilobrivi biujetis gadasaxdelebis analizi gviCvenebs, rom municipaluri

biujetebi naklebad orientirebulia xangrZlivvadiani socialuri sakiTxebis

gadaWraze. is, Tu ra iqneba 3 wlis Semdeg da rogor Seicvleba qalaqis so-

cialur-ekonomikuri suraTi, dResdReobiT ar ganisazRvreba municipalitete-

bis mier. municipaluri xarjebi mimarTulia mxolod moklevadiani amocanebis

gadasawyvetad.

dinamikaSi xarjebis Sefaseba saSualebas iZleva ganvsazRvroT, Tu ra iyo, ra

aris da ra SeiZleba iyos momavalSi. aseTi midgoma gamoavlens imas, Tu ra

SeZlo municipalitetma da raSi sWirdeba mas Tanadgoma, rogor Seicvala so-

cialuri garemo da ramdenad ganviTarda municipalitetSi sxvadasxva social-

uri fenis cxovreba.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

uth Korea ly

orway rtugal

ermany erbaijan land

ance ain ech Republic tonia nland

witzerland kraine tvia oldova

weden enmark lgium jikistan larus ssia

rgizstan eorgia huania

korea

italia

norvegia

portuglia

germania

azerbaijani

poloneTi

safrangeTi

espaneTi

CexeTi

estoneTi

fineTi

Sveicaria

ukraina

latvia

moldova

SvedeTi

dania

belgia

tajikeTi

belorusi

ruseTi

yirgizeTi

yazaxeTi

saqarTvelo

litva

76


es problemebi aris mxolod nawili imisa, romelic saqarTveloSi munici-

palitetebis ganviTarebas axasiaTebs. Aam problemebs Soris aucilebelia

imis identificireba, Tu romeliamunicipalitetis yvelaze didi problema, ra

resursebi sWirdeba am problemis gadasaWrelad.

kiTxvebi, romlebic warmoiSveba municipalitetis biujetis genderuli analiz-

is dros aris:

• ra mdgomareobaSia adgilobrivi statistika da informaciuli baza da ra

unda gakeTdes misi srulyofisaTvis da imisaTvis, rom gvqondes genderu-

lad disagregirebuli/danawevrebuli statistika?

• ramdenad naTlad aris gamokveTili municipalitetis ekonomikuri gan-

viTarebis prioritetebi da aris Tu ara igi uzrunvelyofili sakmarisi

resursebiT?

• ra kriteriumiT xdeba prioritetebis SerCeva? visi prerogativaa igi:

municipalitetis xelmZRvanelobis, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Tu qveynis

mTavrobis?

• rogor ebrZvis adgilobrivi xelisufleba siRaribes? ramdenad naTlad

aris ganazRvruli da identificirebuli siRaribis problemebi adgilo-

briv biujetSi?

• aris Tu ara biujetSi naTlad gamoyofili dedebis, qalTa da sxva fenebis

jandacvis problemebi?

• Aaris Tua ara ganaTleba sayovelTao da ramdeni axalgazrda aris dar-

Cenili profesiuli ganaTlebis gareSe? rogoria maTi genderuli su-

raTi?

• rogor xdeba xandazmulTa dacva? Aarsebobs Tu ara maTTvis klubebis,

kvebis punqtebis da sxva Sesabamisi institutebis ganviTarebis programe-

bi?

• romeli fenebi ufro metad sargebloben sazogadoebrivi kvebiT da ram-

den Rarib ojaxs moicavs igi?

• ramdenma adamianma miRo daxmareba da ramdenad efeqtiania igi imisaTvis,

rom gamovidnen siRaribis sazRvrebidan, rogoria genderuli suraTi?

• ramdenma adamianma gaiara profesiuli kvalifikaciis amaRlebis pro-

grama, ramdeni iyo maT Soris qali da kaci?

• municipalitetis biujeti iTvaliswinebs Tu ara sapensio fondis gazrdis

SesaZleblobebs?

• arsebobs Tu ara dasaqmebis waxalisebis SesaZleblobebi qalebisa da

mamakacebisaTvis da ramdenad aris gaTvaliswinebuli biujetSi?

• ramdeni adamiani muSaobs kerZo seqtorSi da rogoria maTi genderuli

Tanafardoba?

77

• rogor muSaobs monitoringis sistema, Tu Catarebula biujetis Sesruleb-

is SedarebiTi xarisxobrivi analizi da Seswavlili iqna Tu ara misi

gavlena mosaxleobaze?

rekomendaciebi

1. mizanSewonilia municipalitetebSi Seiqmnas informaciuli baza, romelic

genderulad danawevrebuli iqneba da Seva mosaxleobis demografiuli

monacemebi, ojaxebis struqtura, umuSevarTa kvalifikacia, ganaTleba, moTx-

ovna samuSao Zalaze da sxv.

2. aucilebelia municipaluri biujetebis proeqtis ganxilva damtkicebamde

da damtkicebis Semdeg xelisulebis orive Stosa (aRmasrulebeli da

sakrebulo) da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis farTo monawileobiT (rogorc

mamakacebis, aseve qalebis) monitoringis Sedegebis Sesaxeb informirebu-

lobis gazrda mosaxleobaSi.

3. socialuri dacva aris rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve adgilobrivi biujete-

bis ZiriTadi funqcia, dResdReobiT am or biujets Soris urTierToba

saWiroebs srulyofas ara marto transfertebis samarTlianobis as-

peqtiT, aramed decentralizaciis procesebis TvalsazrisiTac. socialuri

daxmarebis ZiriTadi tvirTi kvlav awevs centralur biujets. adgilo-

brivi biujetebis gaaqtiureba sabiujeto decentralizaciis gziT efeqtians

gaxdis socialur daxmarebas radgan adgilobrivi biujetidan socialuri

saqmianobis dafinanseba naklebad biurokratiuli da ufro metad mizno-

brivi da adresuli iqneba. am TvalsazrisiT mizanSewonilia adgilobriv

da centralur biujetebs Soris socialuri funqciebis gadanawileba da

adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis gaaqtiureba.

4. adgilobrivi xelisufleba aqtiurad unda iyos CarTuli socialuri

dacvis procesSi, rogorc mis organizaciaSi, aseve daxmarebebis gacemasa

da mis gansazRvraSi. am sferoSi didia adgilobrivi Temebis monawileoba

qalebis aqtiuri roliT. es aacilebs saxsrebis araefeqtian xarjvasa da

daxmarebebic ufro miznobrivi gaxdeba. am mizniT mizanSewonilia moxdes

gadamzadeba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisa da arasamTavrobo orga-

nizaciebisa, qalTa organizaciebis CarTviT, rom moemzadon adresuli dax-

marebis gansaxorcieleblad. dResdReobiT aseTi saqmianobisaTvis Tanxebi

biujetSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli.

5. socialuri infrastruqturis ganviTareba, sabavSvo baRebis keTilmowyoba

Tanamedrove standartebis mixedviT, momuSave personalis materialuri

dainteresebis uzrunvelyofa da sxv. mniSvnelovnad aumjobesebs qalTa

dasaqmebas.

6. tradiciuli genderuli disbalansi gansakuTrebiT aris gamoxatuli

saqarTvelos regionebis Sromis bazarze, sadac SromiTi SesaZleblobebi

ufro SezRudulia. qalaqis Sromis bazris Seswavla da Sesabamisi profi-

lis profesiuli ganaTlebis srulyofa xels Seuwyobs aRniSnuli disbal-

ansis aRmofxvras.

7. dasaqmebisaTvis umuSevrebs sWirdebaT profesiuli swavleba im axal spe-

cialobebSi, romelzedac arsebobs sabazro moTxovnebi. am mizniT resur-

suli centrebis Seqmna da mcire biznesis xelSewyoba treiningebis organi-

zebiT romelic municipalitetis xelisuflebis mxardaWeriT isargeblebs,

amasTanave axalgazrdebis dasaqmeba da maTTvis droebiTi (studenturi)

78

samuSao adgilebiT uzrunvelyofa mniSvnelovnad srulyofs munici-

palitetis Sromis bazris struqturas.

8. regionebSi mikrosakredito organizaciebis saqmianobis Seswavla, maTi

efeqtianobis gansazRvra samewarmeo saqmianobis ganviTarebaSi, is, Tu ram-

denad Tanabrad xelmisawvdomia kreditebi SinameurneobebisaTvis xels

Seuwyobs realur seqtorSi municipalitetebis mier prioritetebis gan-

sazRvras.

9. didia arasamTavrobo organizaciebisa da mas-mediis roli municipalite-

tis biujetis monitoringis ganxorcielebaSi, biujetis transfrentulobisa

da gamWirvalobis uzrunvelyofaSi;

10. specialuri samuSao jgufis Seqmna Tanabari warmomadgenlobiT, maTi

momzadeba saTanado kvalifikaciiT sabiujeto procesebSi monawileo-

bisaTvis, genderuli ganaTlebis specialuri programebiT swavleba TviT-

mmarTvelobisa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenlebisaT-

vis, agreTve municipalitetebSi debatebis, mrgvali magidebis organizeba

amaRlebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cnobierebas da aqtivobas.

11. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi arCvenebisas genderuli

biujetis ganxorcieleba mniSvnelovania regionSi arsebuli resursebis

ganawilebasa da socialuri samarTlianobis damkvidrebaSi.

79

Tavi 7

saxelmwifos finansuri strategia:

saqarTveloSi genderuli Tanasworobis maCvenebeli

gauaresda. saxelmwifo da municipaluri biujetebis

formatSi genderuli Tanasworobis tendenciebi da

mosalodneli socialuri Sedegebi unda aisaxos

7.1. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo da municipaluri

biujetebis genderuli aspeqtebi

saqarTveloSi “vardebis revoluciis” Semdgom periodSi ganxorcielda mniS-

vnelovani instituciuri da ekonomikuri reformebi: axalma sagadasaxado kod-

eqsma mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesa fiskaluri garemo, Semcirda saxelmwifos

maregulirebeli da makontrolebeli institutebis raodenoba da maTi zemo-

qmedeba kerZo seqtorze, gamartivda da liberaluri gaxda biznes-garemo, ganx-

orcielda seriozuli reformebi ganaTlebis sferoSi, daiwyo axali SromiTi

urTierTobebis formireba da socialuri dacvisa da uzrunvelyofis siste-

mebis danergva. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis institucionalur gardaqmnasTan

erTad radikalurma fiskalurma reformebma safuZveli daudo saxelmwifo

biujetis Semosulobebis mkveTr zrdas. Bbolo 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi biujetis

xarjebi gaizarda 6 jer. aman SesaZlebloba misca mTavrobas ganexorcielebi-

na seriozuli socialuri da ekonomikuri intervenciebi qveyanaSi da ezruna

demokratiuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis formirebaze. es ki kargi pirobaa imi-

saTvis, rom gagrZeldes sazogadoebaSi socialuri Tanasworobis damyareba da

ganmtkiceba.

saqarTvelos 2006 wlis biujetis strategiis prioritetebi iyo: Tavdacva, en-

ergosistemis reabilitacia, ganaTleba, wina wlebSi wamoqmnili davalianebis

dafarva da sajaro moxeleebis Sromis anazRaurebis mowesrigeba. 2007 wlis

biujeti, xelisuflebis azriT, ufro socialurad orientirebuli iyo. xarje-

bis 37% warimarTa socialur sferoze: ganaTleba, janmrTelobis dacva, so-

cialuri uzrunvelyofa, kultura, religia. 2007 wels Tavdacva socialur sf-

erosTan erTad kvlav darCa mniSvnelovan prioritetad.

2008 wlis 5 ianvris saprezidento arCevnebisaTvis mmarTveli partiis saarCev-

no lozungs warmoadgenda “erTiani saqarTvelo siRaribis gareSe”, romelic

arCevnebis Semdgomi mTavrobis moklevadiani samoqmedo programis safuZveli

gaxda.

saqarTvelos mTavrobam siRaribis Sesamcireblad RonisZiebaTa paketi Sei-

muSava, romelTa Soris unda aRiniSnos Semdegi komponentebi: dasaqmeba da in-

vesticiebi – iafi sesxis komponenti, soflis aRorZineba – programa soflis

meqanizacia, 100 axali soflis meurneobis sawarmo, soflis eqimebis aRWurva

inventariT, regionuli turizmisa da xalxuri rewvis ganviTareba, pensiebi, so-

cialuri daxmareba, ganaTleba – 100 axali saavadmyofo, sapensio reforma, dev-

nili mosaxleobis Semweobebi da aS.

am komponentebma wina wlebisagan gansxvavebiT arsebiTad Secvala saxelmwifo

biujetis orientacia da igi im interesebze aigo, romelic gaaCnia samoqalaqo

sazogadoebas, Rarib mosaxleobas, mewarmeebs, pensionerebs da Sesabamisad, igi

80

genderuladac mgrZnobiare gaxda. Tumca, iseve rogorc wina wlebSi, saxelm-

wifo biujetis yvelaze msxvil da swrafad mzard komponents kvlav Tavdacvaze

gaweuli xarjebi Seadgenda (ix. grafiki 4).

G grafiki 4

Tavdacvaze gaweuli sabiujeto xarjebi 2002-2009 wlebSi

amasTan, saqarTvelos Tavdacvaze gaweuli xarjebis wili, ruseTTan wlebis

ganmavlobaSi daZabuli politikuri urTierTobebis Sedegad, yvelaze maRali

aRmoCnda msoflioSi (ix. cxrili 7). es iyo erT-erTi mizezi imisa, rom Social

Watch-is SefasebiT, bolo wlebSi saqarTveloSi mdgomareoba gauaresda so-

cialuri uTanasworobis Semcirebis TvalsazrisiT, radgan saxelmwifo finanse-

bis gamoyenebaSi adgili hqonda regresul tendencias. miuxedavad ganaTlebis

sferoSi mcire progresisa, jandacvis sferoSi saxelmwifo danaxarjebis stag-

naciisa da samxedro dnaxarjebis zrdis Sedegad genderuli Tanasworobis

maCvenebeli 2004-2007 wlebSi Semcirda 3.67 punqtiT da saqarTvelo aRmoCnda

65 adgilze msoflios 156 qveyanas Soris.102

cxrili 7

samxedro xarjebis wili mSp-Si: saerTaSoriso Sedarebebi

102 http://www.socialwatch.org/en/avancesyRetrocesos/IEG/docs/GEI2007.doc; http://www.socialwatch.org/en/in-formeImpreso/pdfs/publicexpenditure2007_eng.pdf

0

2

4

6

8

10

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Tavdacvis xarjebi, mSp-s % (marcxena Skala) Tavdacvis xarjebi, mln aSS dol. (marjvena Skala)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

somxeTi 3.6 3.1 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.8 3.0

azerbaijani

2.3 2.3 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.3 3.4 3.0

belarusi 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.6

saqarTvelo

0.6 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.4 3.3 5.2 7.5

yazaxeTi

0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2

yirgizeTi 2.9 2.3 2.7 2.9 2.8 3.1 3.2 3.5

81

wyaro: msoflio bankis monacemebi, http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport

iseve rogorc wina wlebSi, saxelmwifo biujetis danaxarjebi upiratesad ma-

makacebis dasaqmebis iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa Tavdacva, sazogadoebrivi wes-

rigi da uSiSroeba da saTbob-energetikul kompleqsi, aRemateboda danaxar-

jebs ganaTlebasa, jandacvasa da socialur dacvaSi erTad aRebuli. saxelmwifo

dafinanseba bolo 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi absolutur maCveneblebSi mamakacebis

dasaqmebis sferoebSi ufro metad gaizarda, vidre qalebis dasaqmebis sferoebSi,

mxolod 2008 wlis biujetSi isini mcirediT dauaxlovdnen erTmaneTs. amdenad,

saqarTveloSi genderuli disproporcia saxelmwifo finansebis ganawilebaSi

kvlav Rrma darCa. (ix. Ggrafiki 5).

grafiki 5

saxelmwifo xarjebi: wili mTlian xarjebSi (procentobiT)

moldova 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4

ruseTi 3.7 4.1 4.3 4.3 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.6

ukraiana 3.6 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.9

estoneTi 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.9

latvia 0.9 1.0 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8

litva

1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2

germania 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3

TurqeTi 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.0 2.4 2.1 2.2 2.1

aSS 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.8 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.2

msoflio 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

0 5

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

socialuri dacva da uzrunvelyofa Tavdacva da sazogadoebrivi wesrigi

82

2009 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis kanoniT saqarTveloSi mimdinare movlenebis

gavleniT seriozuli koreqtivebi Seitan� saxelmwifo biujetis struqturaSi.

faqtobrivad, prioretituli xasiaTi miiRo socialurma xarjebma (ix. grafiki

6), rac ganpirobebuli iyo rogorc ruseTTan omiT da globaluri finansuri

krizisis Sedegad ekonomikuri aqtivobis SemcirebiT, ekonomikuri zrdis tem-

pebis dacemiT, umuSevrobis zrdiTa da socialuri fonis gauaresebiT, aseve

saxelmwifos imedad darCenili adamianebis ricxovnobis zrdiT. amis Sedegad.

Tu 2008 wels 400 aTasi adamiani iyo saxelmwifo socialuri daxmarebis benefi-

ciari, 2009 wels beneficiarTa raodenoba gaTvaliswinebulia gaizardos 900

aTas adamianamde.

grafiki 6

genderulad mgrZnobiare saxelmwifo xarjebis wili mTlian xarjebSi

cxadia, rom momavalSi, Tu saqarTvelos finansuri politika realurad mimarTu-

li iqneba siRaribis daZlevisaken, saWiro iqneba pasiuri socialuri politikis

paralelurad ganxorcieldes aqtiuri dasaqmebis politikac, romelic gaTv-

lili iqneba ara moklevadian amocanebze, aramed grZelvadian strategiul

miznebze. dasaqmebis programebis farglebSi saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos

regulirebis iseTi meqanizmebis ganxorcieleba, romelic adamianebs grZelva-

diani dasaqmebis saSualebas miscems. amasTan dakavSirebiT ki ibadeba kiTxva,

Tu konkretuli finansuri samoqmedo gegma rogor iqneba asaxuli am prob-

lemis gadaWraSi; riTi moxdeba upiratesad mamakacebis dasaqmebaze saxelmwifo

danaxarjebis kompensireba qalebisaTvis; romeli socialuri fenebis (biznes-

samyaros, politikuri elitis, saxelmwifo biurokratiis, Raribi da sxv.), aseve

genderuli TvalTaxedviT, vis interesebs emsaxureba saxelmwifos finansuri

RonisZiebebi da sxva.

socialur ganviTarebas aqvs genderuli Sinaarsi. qalebi Tavis Tavze iReben

da tradiciulad dakisrebuli aqvT zrunvis ekonomikis ganxorcieleba. ase-

Ti ekonomika gulisxmobs ojaxis, bavSvebis, moxucebulTa movla-patronobas.

amitom saxelmwifo programebis, jandacvis xarisxis gaumjobeseba, ganaTlebis

srulyofa da xelfasis gazrda, romelic qalebs exeba, aris misasalmebeli. sxva-

nairad qalebi da bavSvebi ver iqnebian saxelmwifo politikis pirdapiri sam-

9.00

9.50

10.00

10.50

11.00

11.50

12.00

2006-2008 2009 0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

jandacva, ganaTleba, socialuri dacva (marcxena Skala) Tavdacva, saz. wesrigi da usafrTxoeba (marjvena Skala)

83

izneebi. am TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania ara marto SinameurneobebSi da zrun-

vis ekonomikaSi qalTa Sromis aRiareba, aramed iseTi garemos Seqmnac, romelic

xels Seuwyobs qalis reproduqciuli da ekonomikuri saqmianobebis saTanado

Sexamebas, saTanadod anazRaurebadi da usafrTxo samuSaos uzrunvelyofas. am

TvalsazrisiTac, socialuri uTanasworobis Semcirebis aspeqtSi zemoTaRniS-

nuli saqmianobisaTvis mTavrobis mier gamoyofili programebi genderuli

miznebis ganxorcielebas emsaxureba, magram ramdenad prioritetulia igi, amis

Sefaseba im formatSi, romelic biujetis kanonSia mocemuli, SeuZlebelia. ami-tom aucilebelia saxelmwifo biujetis (agreTve municipaluri biujete-bis) formatis daxvewa socialuri Tanasworobis mimarTulebiT; biujetis organizaciul WrilSi saxelmwifo (municipalur) seqtorSi dasaqmebuli qalisa da mamakacis raodenobis miTiTebiTa da biujetis funqcionalur WrilSi ki mosalodneli socialuri Sedegebis asaxvis gziT.

saxelmwifo xarjebis zemoqmedeba mosaxleobis sxvadasxva fenaze gansxvavebu-

lia da is, Tu igi ramdenad nawildeba Raribi fenebis sasargeblod da ojaxebis

ganviTarebis xelSesawyobad, aucilebeli pirobaa socialuri uTansaworobis

Sesamcireblad. samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da mTavrobis erTiani xedva gender-

uli Tanasworobis sakiTxebSi aucilebelia saxelmwifo biujetis ganawilebaSi

genderuli sxvaobis aRmosafxvrelad.

msoflios finansuri institutebis genderuli xedva

bolo wlebSi genderuli problemebi msoflios finansuri

institutebis yuradRebis arealSi moeqca. genderuli uTanas-

woroba ganixileba, rogorc qveynis ganviTarebis xelisSemSleli

faqtori, romelic aferxebs ekonomikur aRmavlobas. es sakiTxi

gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dgas gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebis

winaSe.

2006 wlis maisSi msoflio bankma genderuli moqmedebaTa gegma

miiRo, sadac mocemulia msoflio bankis genderuli strategia so-

cialur-ekonomikuri valdebulebebis realizaciaSi. genderuli

aspeqtebis gaTvaliswineba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania qveynis

siRaribis daZlevis programis ganxorcielebis procesebSi. gen-

deruli Tanasworobis miRweva bankis strategiuli saqmianobis

sxvadasxva sferoSi miCneulia rogorc socialuri usafrTxoebis

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori, ekonomikuri zrdisa da mosax-

leobis keTildReobis uzrunvelyofis indikatori.

msoflio bankis genderul moqmedebaTa gegmis - “Gender Equal-

ity as Smart Economics`` (pirobiTi Targmani – “genderuli Ta-

nasworoba gonivrul ekonomikaSi”) leitmotivia: qalebma unda

daikavon Rirseuli adgili msoflios ekonomikaSi.103 msoflio

bankis genderuli jgufi Tvlis, rom posttranzitul qveynebSi Tav-

dapirvelad aucilebelia genderuli indikatorebis SemuSaveba,

raTa gaizomos finansuri resursebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobe-

bi da realuri ukugeba orive sqesisaTvis.

103 Gender Equality as Smart Economics: A World Bank Group Gender Action Plan (Fiscal years 2007–10) September, 2006 Available at: www.worldbank.org/INTgender/Resources/GAPNov2.pdf.

84

7.2. genderuli biujetis formirebis

saerTaSoriso gamocdileba

me-20 saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolodan msoflios MmTel rig qveynebSi gaiz-

arda interesi genderuli biujetis mimarT104 da intensiurad daiwyo biujetis

Sedgena-ganxorcielebaSi genderuli aspeqtebis gaTvaliswineba.105

genderuli biujeti gaxda axali midgoma socialuri Tanasworobis dasamyare-

blad. amJamad Amsoflios daaxloebiT 60-ze met qveyanaSi aris danergiliY gen-

deruli biujeti.106

avstralia. avstralia iyo pirveli qveyana, romelmac daiwyo aseT biujetis

danergva. adre mas uwodebdnen ”qalis biujets”, sadac mocemuli iyo imis Se-

faseba, Tu qals ra sargebloba hqonda biujetisagan. aseTi maCveneblebi moicav-

da TiToeuli saministros saqmianobas.

1980-iani wlebis qalTa avstraliuri biujeti moicavda 300 gverds. es biujeti

ganixileboda rogorc oficialuri sabiujeto dokumenti. genderuli biujets

axasiaTebda sami Tavisebureba: 1. qalebisaTvis danaxarjis gansazRvra, anu im

programebis Rirebulebis gansazRvra, romelic upiratesad qalebisaTvis iyo

gamoyofili; 2. saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebisaTvis Tanaswori pirobebis Se-

qmna, romelic gulisxmobda rogorc Tanabari raodenobis qalisa da kacis me-

nejerul Tanamdebobebze dasaqmebas, aseve maT xelfasebSi sxvaobis Semcirebas;

3. im xarjebis gansazRvras, romelsac xelisufleba gamoiyenebda imisaTvis, rom

momavalSi moexdina genderze orientirebuli biujetis srulyofa.

avstraliis gamocdileba SemdgomSi gamoyenebuli iqna sxva qveynebis mier

genderuli biujetis danergvisas. jer Einglisma da SemdgomEki afrikulma

da aziurma qveynebma daiwyes genderuli biujetis Seqmna. aseTi biujeti gaxda

qalebis diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg brZolis kargi iaraRi. amasTan, genderuli

biujetis Tvisebebma – transfarentulobam, moqnilobam, zedamxedvelobam mTav-

robis saqmianobaze, SesaZlebeli gaxada aseTi midgomebi gamoyenebuli yofili-

yo ganviTarebuli demokratiis qveynebSic, sadac moqalaqeebs miecaT saSualeba

mieRoT adeqvaturi da sruli informacia. mogvianebiT evropis qveynebic dain-

teresdnen aseTi biujetis SeqmniT.

amJamad avstraliis mTavroba axorcielebs mraval rekomendacias, yovelwli-

urad ibeWdeba ”qalis biujeti’. dRemde mTavroba dainteresebulia am sfero-

Ti.

evropa da evrokavSiris qveynebi. evrokavSiris qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebe-

lia miznobrivi genderuli midgoma, genderuli perspeqtivis dagegmva qalebisa

da mamakacebisaTvis kanonmdeblobis, politikisa da ekonomikis sferoSi, aseve

dagegmil moqmedebaTa procesis Sefaseba. genderul proeqtebs axasiaTebs didi

mravalferovneba da kvlevisas gamoyenebulia mravalferovani xerxebi da in-

strumentebi. am saqmianobaSi CarTulia finansTa saministros warmomadgen-

104 Judd Karen (ed.), (2002). Gender Budget Initiatives: Strategies, Concepts and Experiences, new Yourk: UNIFEM.105 saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis daxasiaTebisas gamoyenebulia Semdegi naSromebi: Гендерные Бюджеты.

Пособие для тренеров. (2005). Программа развития ООН. Авторский текст: Дебби Бадлендер. Пер. c Англ. языка, Братислава., стр. 27-41; Stotsky J., G. (2006). Gender Budgeting. IMF Working Paper, WP/06/232, p.24-30; Budlender D., Review of gender budget initiatives. Community Agency for Social Enquiry. Available at: http://www.international-budget.org/resources/library/GenderBudget.pdf; Budlender D., Elson D., Hewitt G., Mukhopadhyay T. (2001). Gender Budgets Make Cents.Understanding gender responsive budgets. Available at: http://www.lib.utah.edu/ereserve/trms/annual/ECON/Knowledge/Berik/cents.pdf.

106 genderuli biujeti cnobilia sxvadasxva saxelwodebiT: “saxalxo biujeti”, “keTildReobis biujeti”, “so

cialuri biujeti” da igi xorcieldeba mravali qveynis samTavrobo politikaSi

85

lebic.

evrokavSiris qveynebSi finansuri politikasa da biujetis SedgenaSi gender-

uli meinstrimingi dainerga amsterdamis xelSekrulebiT da strategiiT gen-

deruli Tanasworobis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb (1997 weli).107

2001-2005 wlebSi evrokavSiris yvela wevri SeuerTda qalebis winaaRmdeg yvela

formis diskriminaciis likvidaciis konvencias (CEDAW) da aiRo valdebule-

ba misi ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb. amasTan, evrokavSirma gamosca rekomendaciebi,

romelic mouwodebda mTavrobebs Seeqmna balansirebuli politika qalisa da

kacis Tanasworobis misaRwevad.

2001 wlis oqtomberSi briuselSi Catarda konferencia genderuli biujetis

meSveobiT ekonomikuri da finansuri marTvis srulyofis Sesaxeb.108 am konfer-

enciis saboloo rezolucia mouwodebda evrokavSiris qveynebs SeeqmnaT Tana-

bari uflebebi qalisa da kacisaTvis, sajaro gaexadaT da gaezardaT saxelm-

wifo finansebis gamWvirvaloba. amasTan, genderuli biujetis roli saxelmwifo

finansebis efeqtianobis gazrdaSi iyo xazgasmuli. erT-erT mizans Seadgenda

dasaqmebis barierebis gansazRvra, mewarmeobis ganviTareba da mikrokredite-

bis xelmisawvdomoba.

inglisSi genderuli biujeti samoqalaqo sazogadoebis iniciativas daemyara.

qalTa biujetis jgufi Camoyalibda 1989 wels. es jgufi orientirebuli iyo biu-

jetis Semosavlebis muxlebze da aqcents akeTebda gadasaxadebsa da saxelmwifo

daxmarebebze da ara danaxarjebze. isini ayenebdnen qalTa ekonomikuri dax-

marebis programebis gazrdis moTxovnas, rac avtomaturad Seamcirebda bavSvTa

siRaribes. Tumca xSirad maT proeqtebs upirispirdeboda ojaxSi qalebisa da

mamakacebis tradiciuli rolis Sesaxeb politikosebis warmodgenebi, rac gu-

lisxmobda imas, rom fuli, romelic ojaxSi Sedis, mis wevrebs Soris nawildeba

miznobrivad miuxedavad imisa, Tu vin aris misi mimRebi, amitom saxelmwifo dax-

marebis gacemisas ar unda hqonoda mniSvneloba imas, Tu ojaxis romeli wevri

ixdida gadasaxads da vis sWirdeboda es daxmareba. SemdgomSi es warmodgena

iqna daZleuli da daxmareba mieca pirdapir qals, vinaidan qalebisaTvis gad-

axdili fuli ufro miznobrivad moxmardeboda ojaxs. swored am argumentze

dayrdnobiT 2003 wlidan bavSvTa daxmarebebi gaicemoda uSualo mzrunvelze

(es ukanaskneli ki umetes SemTxvevaSi qalia) da ara ojaxis ZiriTad donorze

(umetesad mamakacze).

erT-erTi proeqti warmatebuli gamodga imis Sesaxeb, rom ganTavisuflda gad-

asaxadisagan ori momuSave mSoblidan erTi. manamde ki meuRle, romelic gamoi-

muSavebda naklebs, momgebianad ar Tvlida daqiravebiT muSaobas.

avstriaSi 2001 wels Seiqmna organizacia ”qali da biujeti”, romelmac daiwyo

qveyanaSi genderuli midgomebis propaganda. finansTa saministrom gamoaqveyna

angariSi: ”’avstriis sagadasaxado sistema namdvilad aris Tu ara genderulad

neitraluri?”, riTac avstrielebisaTvis gaxda cnobili, rom dabegvrisas SeRa-

vaTebiT ufro metad sargebloben mamakacebi, vidre qalebi.

avstriaSi amJamad saxelwmifo finansebis analizi xdeba genderuli Tvalsaz-

risiT, mTavari orientiri aRebulia fiskalur politikaze. finansTa saminis-

troSi iyeneben kvleviTi centrebis gamokvlevebs.

niderlandebSi dainerga sapiloto proeqtebi da ganxorcielda specifikuri

genderuli problemebis dafinanseba. damuSavda biujetis Sefasebis sistema gen-

deruli perspeqtividan, kerZod, Tu ra saxsrebi ixarjeboda qalTa emansipaci-

107 http://www3.europarl.eu.int/omk/omnsapir.so/.108 http:// www.dgdc.be.

86

isTvis da ra finansebi ixarjeboda konkretulad qalebisa da mamakacebisaTvis.

2000 wlis ianvarSi mTvrobam Seqmna uwyebaTaSorisi departamenti, romelic

yvela ZiriTad tendencias genderuli perspeqtividan gaaanalizebda. departa-

ments hyavda ori samuSao jgufi da ramdenime direqtori. erTi jgufi sabiu-

jeto danaxarjebs ganixilavda qalebisa da mamakacebisaTvis Tanabari SesaZle-

blobebis perspeqtividan. 2001 wlebSi jgufma sapiloto kvleva Caatara, raTa

gamoerkvia calkeul uwyebaTa danaxarjebis marTlzomiereba Tanabari Sesa-

Zleblobebis aspeqtiT. es proeqti ganxorcielda finansTa, socialuri urT-

ierobebisa da dasaqmebis da garemos dacvis, urbanizaciis saministroebSi. am

kvlevis safuZvelze dadginda, rom am saministroebSi gaweuli xarjebi qalebisa

da mamakacebisaTvis Tanabari SesaZloblebebis SeqmnisTvis uwyebaTa biujete-

bis 0,01-0,06 %-s warmoadgenda.

SvedeTSi genderuli perspeqtiva integrirebulia xangrZlivvadian progra-

maSi. sapiloto sferoebia socialuri politika, regionaluri ganviTareba da

transporti. amasTan, xelisuflebam aRiara, rom qalTa dasaqmeba CamorCeba ma-

makacTa dasaqmebas da samewarmeo saqmianobaSi isini arian SezRudulni,Aamitom

man SeimuSava programa, romelic xels Seuwyobda qalebis samewarmeo saqmi-

anobis ganviTarebas. am programis Tanaxmad, yovelwliurad xorcieldeba xe-

lfasebis Sefaseba da Seasabamisi Tanamdebobis qalisa da kacis xelfasebis

erTmaneTTan Sedareba. mewarmeebi valdebulni iyvnen sami wlis ganmavlobaSi

gamoesworebinaT mdgomareoba.

safrangeTSi 2000 wlidan xdeba biujetis genderuli analizi. maT TavianT

”Yellow Report”-Si gaanalizes yvela departamentisa da saministros xarjebi

genderuli aspeqtiT. arsebobs erTiani saxelmwifo programa qalebis mewarme-

obis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.

germaniaSi genderuli biujeti inergeba q. berlinSi. adgilobrivi xelisufle-

ba qmnis grZelvadian safinanso strategias. Ggenderuli biujeti xorcieldeba

2006 wlidan. am mizniT Tavdapirvelad Seiqmna monacemTa baza da gaanalizda

proeqtebis efeqtianoba, xolo Semdeg ki gamoiyo finansuri saxsrebi, romelic

Tavisi bunebiT aris daculi muxli. amaSi CarTulia yvela departamenti da Se-

sabamisi profilis kvlevis centrebi.

belgiaSi saxelmwifo biujetis genderuli analizi tardeba akademiur insti-

tutebTan TanamSromlobis gziT. sawyis etapze xdeba kvlevis instrumentebis

amorCeva, Semdeg ki akademiuri mkvlevarebi regularulad xvdebian saminis-

tros warmomadgenlebs Sedegebis gasacnobad da sTavazoben rekomendaciebs.

SotlandiaSi 2000 wels SemuSavda “Tanasworobis miRwevis gegma”. am gegmaSi

ganxiluli iyo is meTodebic, romliTac Sefasdeboda biujetis gavlena Tanas-

worobis principebze.

saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis politekonomia

genderuli biujetis SeqmnaSi sxvadasxva qveynis Zalisxmeva gansxvavebuli iyo

da maT sxvadasxva gziT ganaxorcieles misi danergva. qveynebis umravleso-

bam genderuli biujetis danergva daiwyo Tavisi meTodologiiT, miznebisa da

midgomebis adaptirebiT. aseTi iniciativa warmoiSva samoqalaqo sazogadoebi-

dan, parlamentidan, an mTavrobidan. maTi mizani iyo ara damatebiTi Tanxebis

gamoyofa qalebisaTvis, aramed samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi socialuri, ekono-

mikuri da kulturuli tradiciebis xelSewyoba da kargi mmarTvelobis dan-

ergva.

zogierT qveyanaSi genderuli biujeti dakavSirebuli iqna politikur moZ-

87

raobasTan da Zalauflebis cvlilebasTan (Sotlandia). sxvagan iniciatorebi

iyvnen an mTavroba donori qveynebis xelSewyobiT, an samoqalaqo sazogadoeba,

an kidev parlamenti. SveicariaSi genderuli biujetis iniciatorebi gaxdnen

profkavSirebi da qalTa organizaciebi, xolo norvegiaSi mTavrobam yvela

saministros saSualovadian programaSi danerga genderuli midgoma. igi aisaxa

yovelwliuri biujetis danarTSi.

adreul stadiaze sxvadasxva qveyanaSiM genderuli iniciativa iyo SezRuduli

analitikuri kvleviT da rekomendirebuli iyo erTi an ori politikis sf-

eros arCeva da misi genderuli Sefaseba. analizis Sedegebi ki warmodgeni-

li iyo ori mimarTulebiT: rogorc calke biujeti, rogoricaa qalis biujeti,

rogorc es iyo avstraliaSi, an kidev rogorc biujetis Semadgeneli nawili,

rasac magaliTad, safrangeTSi uwodeben ”Yellow page”. zogierTma qveyanam

upiratesoba mianiWa qalebisaTvis xarjebis gamoyofis anlizs, xolo sxvebma ki

genderuli biujetis analizs. irlandiaSi socialuri Tanasworobis analizi

Sevida erovnuli ganviTarebis gegmaSi.

yoveli qveyana, romelic iwyebda genderuli biujetis danergvas, awydeboda meT-

odologiuri xasiaTis winaaRmdegobebs. ZiriTadi gza, romelsac adgnen qveynebi,

iyo is, rom genderuli kvlevebis ganxorcielebis gziT moexdinaT genderuli

indikatorebis integracia biujetis dagegmvis, ganxilvis, ganxorcielebisa da

monitoringis stadiebze.

rogorc saerTaSoriso gamocdileba metyvelebs, mniSvnelovania, rom genderu-

li iniciativa xorcieldebodes kvlevebis gziT, sadac samoqalaqo sazogadoebac

iRebs monawileobas, xolo mTavroba ki gamoTqvams mzadyofnas danergos ase-

Ti kvlevis Sedegebi. amasTan, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis da sazogadoebis

wevrebis treiningebi mniSvnelovani elementi iyo imisaTvis, rom zemoqmedeba

moexdinaT saxelmwifo finansebze. amis Sedegad xdeboda genderulad mgrZno-

biare biujetis formireba. aseTi biujeti arsebiTad arasamTavrobo organiza-

ciebis, kvleviTi centrebis, mas-mediis da im saxelmwifo institutebis Tanam-

Sromlobis erToblivi Sedegi iyo, romlebic ayalibebden da anxorcielebdnen

politikas.

qveynebis umravlesoba iyenebda arasamTavrobo organizaciebisa da eqsperte-

bis daxmarebas. magaliTad, daniaSi 2002-2006 wlebis biujetis SedgenaSi

monawileobdnen eqspertebi. inglisSi qalebis jgufi regularulad afasebda

finansTa saministros strategias. saministroebis warmomadgenelTa trein-

ingebi da konferenciebi xels uwyobda genderuli proeqtebis danergvas. aseve

xdeboda popularuli da specialuri beWdviTi naSromebis gamoqveyneba da par-

lamentarebTan pirdapiri kontaqti.

da bolos, ar arsebobs universaluri recepti, romelic gamoadgeba yvela qveya-

nas genderuli biujetis dasanergad, radgan gansxvavebulia qveynebSi qalebisa

da mamakacebis mdgomareoba da gansxvavebulia maTi ekonomika, xolo saxelm-

wifo da adgilobrivi biujetebi emsaxureba sxvadasxva mizans. yoveli qveyana

Tavisi gamocdilebiT unda midiodes genderulad mgrZnobiare biujetis dan-

ergvis aucileblobamde socialuri Tanasworobis damyarebis gzaze.

88

bolosityvaoba

genderuli sakiTxebis aRiareba ar aris biujetis specialuri Tema da saxelm-

wifo da municipaluri biujetebis proeqtebSi arc aris yuradReba gamaxvilebu-

li am sakiTxebze. adamianuri kapitalis (resursebis) ganviTarebisa da social-

uri problemebis gadaWris efeqtiani dagegmisaTvis genderulad mgrZnobiare

biujetis SemuSaveba aris sakvanZo sakiTxi. biujetebSi aisaxeba mravali mniS-

vnelovani RonisZieba, romlis gacnobierebac aucilebelia genderul aspeqtSi.

Tumca aris ramdenime pozicia, romelic SeiZleba gaxdes msjelobis sagani. saer-

Tod, ki mTavaria politikuri neba, rom genderuli biujetis danergva ganxor-

cieldes rogorc samTavrobo doneze, aseve samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi. amasTan,

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba mTavrobasTan erTad unda inawilebdes pasuxismge-

blobas biujetis efeqtianad Sesrulebasa da monitoringze, romelic udides

rols TamaSobs socialuri samarTlianobis damkvidrebaSi.

finansuri politikis zogierTi genderuli areali SeiZleba Semdegnairad gan-

vsazRvroT:

1. ekonomikis zrdis TvalsazrisiT samoqalaqo sazogadoebisaTvis mniS-

vnelovania infrastruqturis ganviTareba. magaliTad, imis garkveva, Tu

ramdenad sayovelTao gaxdeba infrastruqtura, ramdenad moicavs saT-

bob-energetikuli resursebis ganawileba saqarTveloSi Rarib region-

ebsa da soflebs? ramdenad miaRwevs Rarib regionebamde da soflebamde

infrastruqturaSi warmoebuli momsaxureba. es sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT

mtkivneulia qalebisaTvis energetikis warmoeba-moxmarebis sferoSi.109

cnobilia, rom energoresursebis deficiti qalebze ufro negatiurad moq-

medebs, vidre mamakacebze, rac uaxloesi warsulis magaliTebidan warmoCnda

saqarTveloSi, energopolitikis warmarTvas momxmarebelTa interesebis

dacvis gaTvaliswinebiT, qalTa Cabmas energoseqtoris menejmentis yvela

doneze (rac dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi naklebad xdeba) didi mniSvneloba

eniWeba. metic, msoflio gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom ganaxlebadi energore-

sursebis iniciativebis waxaliseba genderuli Tanasworobis damkvidrebas

uwyobs xels, radgan ganaxlebad energoresursebze xelmisawvdomoba am-

subuqebs qalis Sromas, Sesabamisad maT meti dro rCebaT profesiuli

ganviTarebisa da dasvenebisTvis.110

2. finansuri politikis genderuli orientacia aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom

qalebma mamakacis Tanabrad miiRon dawinaurebis SesaZlebloba. biujeti

unda iZleodes pasuxs, Tu ramdenad gaizarda saxelmwifo da municipalur

seqtorSi qalebis samuSaoze dasaqmebis areali. 2005-2008 wlebSi saqarT-

velos sami saministros saSualo saStato ricxovneba gviCvenebs, rom gan-

sakuTrebiT gaRrmavda vertikaluri segregacia.111

3. siRaribis daZlevaSi msoflio did yuradRebas uTmobs mikrokreditebis

ganviTarebas. ra gaakeTa xelisuflebam imisaTvis, rom mikrokreditebi

yofiliyo xelmisawvdomi Raribi fenebisaTvis, maT Soris qalebisTvisac.

es Zalian mtkivneuli Temaa genderuli TvalsazrisiT. samewarmeo ganvi-

Tarebis erT-erT Semaferxebel faqtorad iTvleba kreditebis mopoveba

qalebisaTvis. maTTvis SedarebiT xelmisawvdomia mcire moculobis ses-

xebi, magram didi raodenobis sesxi, romelic moiTxovs sagarantiod sa-

kuTrebis uflebis mtkicebulebas, mamakacebisaTvis ufro aris misaRwevi.

109 urbanuli institutis mier 2004 wels ganxorcielebuli kvlevis Sedegad qalTa yvelaze mwavave pirvel

problemad dasaxelda ufaso mkurnaloba, konsultaciebi, wamlebi da meore problema ki iyo uSuqoba, ugazoba

da uwyloba. sakmarisad mwvave problemebs Soris pirveli iyo mZime fsiqologiur mdgomareobaSi yofna. (ix.

qalTa problemebi da saWiroeba adgilobriv xelisuflebasTan mimarTebaSi. Tb., 2004 gv.8-10).

110 Klans, J., Oparaocha, Sh Roer U., (2004). Gender Equality and Renewable Energies, Thematic Background Paper, Con-ference Materials. Bonn; sabedaSvili, T., durgliSvili. n. genderi da energetika: saqarTvelos magaliTi. qor

inTerneSenali. Tb., gv. 34.

111 qali da mamakaci, (2008). Tb., gv. 54-55

89

4. socialuri politikis sferoSi finansuri politikis efeqtianoba

ganisazRvreba imis mixedviT, Tu saxelmwifo da municipalur programebs,

romelic mimarTulia bavSvebze da qalebze, ra wili ukaviaT saxelmwifo

xarjebSi, ramdenad qmediTi arian isini socialuri pirobebis

gaumjobesebaSi, ramdenad moicva man yvela socialurad daucveli bavSvi

da ra efeqti moaxdina Sinameurneobebze. amasTan, ramdenad gaizarda

socialurad daucveli mravalSviliani ojaxebis daxmareba inflaciis

gaTvaliswinebiT da socialuri daxmarebis sistema saSualebas aZlevs

Tu ara ojaxebs Tavi daaRwion ukiduresad gaWirvebul mdgomareobas?

mniSvnelovania izrdeba Tu ara obol da mSobelTa mzrunvelobas moklebul

bavSvTa zogadsaganmanaTleblo skola_internatebis, bavSvTa saxlebis,

sareabilitacio centrebis, damxmare sanatoriuli da specializirebuli

sabavSvo skola-internatebis xelSewyobis programebis dafinanseba.

5. sazogadoebas ainteresebs siRaribis programis monitoringi, is, Tu rogor

nawildeba monetaruli daxmarebebi RaribebSi da ramdenad aris am sferoSi

korufcia aRmofxvrili adgilebze. ramdenad Seicvleba umuSevarTa

daxmareba. rogor moxdeba maTi monitoringi. cnobilia, romEes sferoebi

adre korufciis wyaro iyo.

6. imis gamo, rom rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, wina wlebSi saxelmwifo biujetSi

danaxarjebi ZiriTadad orientirebuli iyo mamakacebis dasaqmebis sferoebis

zrdaze, Sesabamisad, ibadeba kiTxva, Tu ramdenad gaizarda Semosavlebi

im adamianebisa, romelic zrunvis ekonomikaSi arian dasaqmebulni? Aam

mimarTulebiT finansuri politikis analizi aucilebelia, imisaTvis, rom

siRaribis programa deklarirebuli strategia ar gaxdes da racionaluri

balansi arsebobdes socialur sferosa da saxelmwifo dafinansebis sxva

sferoebs Soris.

7. sazogadoebas ainteresebs, Tu ramdenad efeqtianad imuSavebs ganaTlebasa

da mecnierebaSi dafinansebis axali sistema. ganaTlebis adgilobrivi

xarjebis gadakisreba centraluri xelisuflebisaTvis ramdenad

racionaluria adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisaTvis, sadac ganaTlebis

sferos ZiriTadad qalebi kurireben, rogor warimarTeba mecnierebis

reforma da ramdenad Seuwyobs igi xels genderuli balansis SenarCunebas

dasaqmebis am sferoSi.

8. arsebiTi sakiTxia Tu ra adgils daikavebs qali adgilobrivi

TviTmmarTvelobis reformebSi da ramdenad qmediTi gaxdeba misi

monawileoba adgilobrivi biujetis formirebaSi? am mizniT iqneba

Tu ara saxelmwifos xelSewyoba Sesabamisi kadrebis momzadebis

sakiTxSi? ramdenad Tanasworad gadanawildeba saxelmwifo transferebi

saqarTvelos regionebSi, ramdenad iqneba transferebis ganawilebis axal

sistemaSi gaTvaliswinebuli siRaribis regionaluri sxvaoba.

9. saqarTvelos informaciuli bazis srulyofasTan dakavSirebiT cvlilebebi

aris gaTvaliswinebuli statistikis departamentis saqmianobaSi.

genderulad detalizebuli monacemebi finansuri politikis dagegmvisa

da ganxorcielebis winapirobaa. genderulad danawevrebuli monacemebi

aris saWiro imisaTvis, rom gairkves, Tu rogor nawildeba socialuri

daxmarebebi, ekonomikis sxvadasxva dargebSi. saWiroa axali indikatorebis

SemuSaveba.

10. samoqalaqo sazogadoebas ainteresebs, Tu ras miiReben isini biujetidan.

maT unda icodnen realoba. amitom mTavrobis angariSSi mizanSewonilia

warmodgenili iyos analizi genderuli aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

genderuli biujeti ki amis SesaZleblobas namdvilad aadvilebs.

SvedeTi

fineTi

norvegia

germania

islandia

dania

holandia

litva

espaneTi

latvia

gaerTianebuli samefo

bulgareTi

estoneTi

belgia

xorvatia

potugalia

poloneTi

slovenia

rumineTi

ungreTi

irlandia

Sveicaria

saberZneTi

safrangeTi

italia

moldova

ukraina

ruseTi

belarusi

saqarTvelo

yazaxeTi

azerbaijani

somxeTi

yirgizeTi

90

danarTi112

genderuli Tanasworobis indeqsi da genderulad mgZnobiare indikatorebi

(saerTaSoriso Sedarebebi)

* genderuli Tanasworobis indeqsi gamoxatavs qalisa da kacis mdgomareobas sami ZiriTadi ganzomilebis:

ekonomikur aqtivobis, Zalauflebisa da ganaTlebis mixedviT. igi SemuSavebul iqna Social Watch-is mier 2004 wels. ix: http://www.socialwatch.org/en/avancesyRetrocesos/IEG/docs/GEI2007.doc

** genderuli ganaTlebis reitingi moicavs gansxvavebas qalsa da mamakacs Soris ganaTlebis doneSi, dawyebiT,

saSualo da profesiul ganaTlebaSi qalsa da mamakacs Soris Tanafardobas

112 danarTis cxrilebSi gamoyenebulia: gaeros, SocialWatch-is, msoflio bankisa da jandacvis saerTaSoriso

organizaciis monacemebi: http://www.socialwatch.org/en/avancesyRetrocesos/IEG/docs/GEI2007.doc http://www.socialwatch.org/en/informeImpreso/pdfs/genderequity2007_eng.pdf www.socialwatch.org/statistics2007; http://www3.who.int/; http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/;

sufTa wyliT mosaxleobis

uzrunvelyofis indeqsi (mosaxleo-

bis %)

sanitaruli gayvanilobiT

mosaxleobis uzrunve-lyofis indeqsi (mosaxleobis %)

genderi da ganaTleba

(reitingi)**

tendencia (zrda, kleba)

genderul

TanasworobaSi (2004-

2007)

genderuli

Tanasworobis

indeqsi (100)*

Eevropis qveynebi

89 5,51 1 100 100

84 4,82 2 100 100

83 7,98 4 100 100

80 100 100

79 4,61 7 100 100

79 -3,03 7 ` 100 100

77 5,96 10 100 100

77 1,69 10

77 14.42 10 100 100

76 0,32 13 78 99

74 4,02 19 100

74 -3,75 19 99 99

74 -1,16 19 97 100

74 9,38 19

73 5,48 25 100 100

73 2,9 25

72 -3,74 30

72 -0,57 30 99 100

71 1,19 37 57

70 1,14 39 95 99

69 5,66 44

67 4,12 52 100 100

67 5,95 52

64 1,46 67 100

63 0,01 71

PpostsabWoTa qveynebi

74 0,02 19 68 92

72 0,01 30 96 96

71 -3,55 37 87 97

66 7,77 55 84 100

65 -3,67 62 94 82

64 3,86 67 72 86

62 1,98 73 54 77

58 -4,63 92 83 92

57 -5,75 97 59 77

91

genderulad mgZnobiare indikatorebi

(gagrZeleba)

fexmZime qalebis eq-

imTan viziti

(fexmZime qalebis %)

mSobiaroba eqimis

daxmarebiT

(mSobiarobis %)

dedebis

sikvdilianoba

(10000 dabadebulze)

kontraceptivis

gamoyeneba axalgazrda

qalebSi (15-49 wlis

asakobriv jgufSi %)

evropis qveynebi

2

100 6

16

8

0

5

100 16

100 19 47

4 81

100 42 48

99 13 84

99 32 42

100 63

10

100 8

100 5

100 13

100 17

89 98 49 64

100 16

100 5

7 82

9

17 75

5 60


98 100 36 68

90 99 35 68

96 99 67

100 35 50

91 96 32 41

82 99 210 66

70 84 94 55

82 97 55 61

88 98 110 60

SvedeTi

fineTi

norvegia

germania

islandia

dania

holandia

litva

espaneTi

latvia

gaerTianebuli

samefo

bulgareTi

estoneTi

belgia

xorvatia

potugalia

poloneTi

slovenia

rumineTi

ungreTi

irlandia

Sveicaria

saberZneTi

safrangeTi

italia

moldova

ukraina

ruseTi

belarusi

saqarTvelo

yazaxeTi

azerbaijani

somxeTi

yirgizeTi

92

genderulad mgZnobiare indikatorebi

(gagrZeleba)

Eevropis qveynebi

3 3 4

41 16 18

4 3 4

6 4 5

2 2 3

6 4 5

6 4 5

67 7 9

20 4 5

71 9 11

9 5 6

36 12 15

49 6 7

10 4 5

65 6 7

35 4 5

32 6 7

23 3 4

188 16 19

30 7 8

9 5 6

6 4 5

17 4 5

10 4 5

6 4 4


214 14 16

151 13 17

160 14 18

68 10 12

89 41 45

160 63 73

90 74 89

98 5 6

157 58 67

tuberkuliozis

SemTxveva

(10000 kacze)

bavSvTa

sakvdilianoba

(10000 dabdebulze)

5 wlamde

bavSvTa sakvdilianoba

(10000 dabadebulze)

SvedeTi

fineTi

norvegia

germania

islandia

dania

holandia

litva

espaneTi

latvia

gaerTianebuli

samefo

bulgareTi

estoneTi

belgia

xorvatia

potugalia

poloneTi

slovenia

rumineTi

ungreTi

irlandia

Sveicaria

saberZneTi

safrangeTi

italia

moldova

ukraina

ruseTi

belarusi

saqarTvelo

yazaxeTi

azerbaijani

somxeTi

yirgizeTi

1 0.963 83.2 80.0 100.0 88.2 29,283 40,000 0.980 0.944

3 0.958 82.3 77.5 100.0 92.2 31,663 40,000 0.989 0.916

4 0.958 82.7 78.0 100.0 96.7 26,055 40,000 0.991 0.924

2 0.963 83.4 78.7 100.0 97.5 27,866 38,152 0.993 0.934

13 0.944 81.1 76.2 99.1 96.2 23,295 40,000 0.985 0.894

5 0.958 82.8 78.4 99.0 89.8 30,976 37,067 0.974 0.928

12 0.944 85.8 78.8 85.4 87.7 18,334 40,000 0.949 0.957

10 0.946 83.9 78.7 81.4 84.0 26,278 40,000 0.936 0.941

6 0.952 83.8 76.8 97.4 93.5 24,529 39,731 0.978 0.923

8 0.949 82.2 75.8 100.0 93.2 27,667 38,262 0.993 0.901

9 0.946 80.3 75.7 100.0 92.6 29,796 40,000 0.993 0.884

23 0.929 82.4 76.7 92.1 89.0 16,047 40,000 0.962 0.910

19 0.937 80.6 75.4 96.9 88.1 25,613 40,000 0.968 0.884

11 0.945 84.0 77.4 99.9 93.3 20,174 38,280 0.971 0.928

17 0.939 82.0 76.1 95.9 92.8 20,683 40,000 0.974 0.901

15 0.940 81.3 76.9 100.0 97.0 21,181 40,000 0.980 0.901

16 0.939 83.3 77.4 94.7 89.1 19,168 38,878 0.965 0.923

14 0.941 81.3 76.9 92.8 85.9 26,863 38,596 0.957 0.903

21 0.937 82.0 76.4 87.5 88.6 24,138 39,600 0.954 0.904

24 0.920 81.3 73.8 98.1 87.7 19,246 31,010 0.969 0.878

28 0.897 81.0 74.7 91.6 86.2 15,842 26,061 0.927 0.882

30 0.894 79.3 73.0 85.1 81.9 16,603 27,585 0.938 0.853

36 0.875 77.2 69.0 94.0 86.6 14,658 21,951 0.960 0.802

37 0.872 79.5 71.1 91.4 84.2 11,084 18,466 0.952 0.839

39 0.870 78.3 70.5 83.1 77.9 13,311 22,583 0.928 0.824

40 0.869 76.8 65.7 98.2 84.6 15,122 23,859 0.964 0.771

41 0.868 78.2 67.1 97.6 87.2 13,265 18,533 0.968 0.795

43 0.862 77.5 66.9 97.5 83.2 12,530 18,704 0.961 0.788

51 0.832 76.5 69.3 82.9 81.8 8,219 12,459 0.930 0.798

54 0.825 75.8 68.7 81.7 76.7 8,648 12,286 0.914 0.786

60 0.816 75.0 62.9 92.3 86.8 7,722 12,028 0.958 0.730

61 0.805 71.8 61.0 95.1 88.5 8,039 11,782 0.966 0.689

62 0.805 72.3 58.7 86.1 78.0 10,360 16,474 0.933 0.669

72 0.780 74.1 69.2 66.3 75.7 4,959 17,988 0.824 0.776

70 0.783 73.7 62.0 91.5 86.3 4,648 8,045 0.956 0.712

73 0.773 75.0 68.3 75.6 70.0 3,524 6,420 0.903 0.780

.. .. 74.6 66.8 77.3 72.1 2,044 6,185 0.909 0.763

Rirebuleba humanuri

ganviTarebis indeqsi

Rirebuleba Rirebuleba qali qali qali kaci kaci kaci rei

tingi

93

genderuli ganviTarebis indeqsi

genderuli

ganviTarebis

indeqsi (2006)

ganaTlebaSi

registrirebul

moswavleTa

erToblivi

maCvenebeli (%) (2006)

gamomuSavebuli Se-

mosavali (mydvelo-

biTi pariteti aSS

dolarSi) (2006)

sicoc

xlis

xangrZ

liobis

indeqsi

ganaT

lebis

indeqsi

sicocxlis

xangrZlioba (2006)

1 islandia

2 norvegia

3 kanada

4 avstralia

5 irlandia

7 SvedeTi

8 iaponia

10 Sveicaria

11 safrangeTi

12 fineTi

13 dania

14 avstria

15 SeerTebuli Statebi

16 espaneTi

17 belgia

18 saberZneTi

19 italia

21 didi britaneTi

23 germania

26 slovenia

33 portugalia

35 CexeTi

38 ungreTi

39 poloneTi

41 slovakia

42 estoneTi

43 litva

44 latvia

56 bulgareTi

62 rumineTi

67 belarusi

71 yazaxeTi

73 ruseTi

76 TurqeTi

82 ukraina

83 somxeTi

93 saqarTvelo

94

humanuri ganviTarebis

indeqsi (%) (%) (%)

1 5 0.881 33.3 29 56 0.73

2 2 0.915 36.1 33 50 0.79

3 11 0.829 24.9 36 56 0.65

4 7 0.866 29.6 38 56 0.73

5 3 0.727 15.5 31 52 0.58

7 1 0.925 47.0 32 51 0.84

8 58 0.575 12.3 10 47 0.46

10 10 0.829 27.2 31 46 0.66

11 17 0.780 19.6 38 48 0.62

12 3 0.892 41.5 30 55 0.72

13 4 0.887 38.0 25 53 0.74

14 19 0.748 26.6 29 48 0.40

15 18 0.769 16.6 42 55 0.64

16 12 0.825 33.6 32 48 0.53

17 9 0.841 36.2 31 49 0.52

18 26 0.691 14.7 27 49 0.53

19 21 0.734 20.2 33 47 0.49

21 14 0.786 19.6 35 47 0.70

23 8 0.852 30.6 38 50 0.61

26 37 0.625 10.0 33 56 0.62

33 20 0.741 28.3 33 51 0.61

35 31 0.650 16.0 29 53 0.60

38 54 0.586 11.1 37 61 0.67

39 39 0.618 18.0 35 61 0.60

41 34 0.638 19.3 28 58 0.59

42 30 0.655 20.8 34 68 0.63

43 42 0.614 17.7 40 71 0.72

44 33 0.644 20.0 41 64 0.67

56 44 0.605 21.7 32 62 0.66

genderuli Zalauflebis indeqsi

reitingi Rirebuleba

81 0.755 70.9 63.6 65.3 67.2 4,915 7,495 0.881 0.704

.. .. 67.2 58.7 .. .. 3,461 5,420 0.907 0.630

97 0.715 72.2 64.9 75.0 68.9 1,865 2,969 0.900 0.727

100 0.698 70.1 63.7 71.7 74.7 1,646 2,727 0.890 0.698

102 0.690 69.7 61.8 79.8 75.6 1,333 2,306 0.919 0.678

106 0.680 69.2 63.9 64.3 77.4 1,182 2,041 0.691

wyaro: http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDI2008Tables.xls

97 azerbaijani

108 TurqmeneTi

113 moldova

119 uzbekeTi

122 yirgizeTi

124 tajikeTi

islandia

norvegia

kanada

avstralia

irlandia

SvedeTi

iaponia

Sveicaria

safrangeTi

fineTi

dania

avstria

SeerTebuli Statebi

espaneTi

belgia

saberZneTi

italia

didi britaneTi

germania

slovenia

portugalia

CexeTi

ungreTi

poloneTi

slovakia

estoneTi

litva

latvia

bulgareTi

genderuli

Zalauflebis

indeqsi

parla-

mentari

qalebi

mosa-marTle, saxelm-

wifo moR-vawe da mTavari menejeri qalebi

profe-sionali da teqnikuri

muSaki qalebi

qalis mier

gamomuSavebuli

Semosavlebis

Tanafardoba

mamakacis Se-

mosavlebTan

95

62 80 0.500 9.6 30 57 0.70

67 .. .. 32.5 .. .. 0.64

71 74 0.524 12.3 38 67 0.68

73 65 0.544 11.5 39 64 0.63

76 101 0.371 9.1 8 33 0.28

82 86 0.453 8.2 38 64 0.58

83 95 0.405 8.4 24 65 0.55

93 96 0.399 6.0 33 62 0.33

97 88 0.434 11.4 16 51 0.66

108 .. .. 16.0 .. .. 0.64

113 63 0.552 21.8 39 64 0.63

119 .. .. 16.4 .. .. 0.60

122 59 0.573 25.6 35 62 0.58

wyaro: http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDI2008Tables.xls

rumineTi

belarusi

yazaxeTi

ruseTi

TurqeTi

ukraina

somxeTi

saqarTvelo

azerbaijani

TurqmeneTi

moldova

uzbekeTi

yirgizeTi

saxelmwifo finansebis gamoyenebis Sefaseba *

wyaro: http://www.socialwatch.org/en/avancesyRetrocesos/IEG/docs/GEI2007.dochttp://www.socialwatch.org/en/informeImpreso/pdfs/genderequity2007_eng.pdf

* saxelmwifo finansebis Sefasebisas gamoyenebuli indeqsebi:

- saxelmwifo finansebis wili mSp-Si;

- jandacvaze gamoyofili saxelmwifo finansebis wili mSp-Si;

- saxelmwifo valis momsaxurebis wili mep-Si;

- samxedro xarjebis wili mSp-Si

ukeTesi mdgomareoba belorusia

saSualod ukeTesi mdgomareoba latvia; moldova; uzbekeTi; ruseTi

saSualod uaresi mdgomareoba azerbaijani; estoneTi; yazaxeTi; yirgizeTi; latvia; tajikeTi; ukraina

gauaresebuli mdgomareoba somxeTi; saqarTvelo

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sasargeblo bmulebi:

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http://www.genderandpolitics.ge;9. evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki. www.ebrd.com/; 10. The Heritage foundation. http://www.heritage.org/;11. saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba saqarTvelo. http://www.transparency.ge/12. Social Watch. http://www.socialwatch.org/;13. UNICEF. http://www.unicef.org/georgia/index.html14. http://www.ecsocman.edu.ru/univman/msg/153450.

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