saqartvelos sota rustavelis teatrisa da kinos · tumca, miuxedavad amisa, aravin – zrunavs masze...
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saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti
Tbilisi, 0108, saqarTvelo
humanitarul, socialur mecnierebaTa, biznesisa da marTvis fakulteti
xelovnebaTmcodneobis mimarTuleba
medea gunia
X saukunis Sua xanebis qarTuli safasado plastikis
Taviseburebani
kumurdos taZris magaliTze
sadisertacio naSromi
warmodgenilia xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtoris (PhD)
akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad
. .2015
samecniro xelmZRvaneli – xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, profesori nato gengiuri
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saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos
saxelmwifo universiteti
humanitarul, socialur mecnierebaTa, biznesisa da marTvis fakulteti
sadoqtoro programa:
xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi kvlevebi,
xelovnebaTmcodneoba
qvedargis kodi 100707
saidentifikacio nomeri
avtoris xelmowera .................................
Cven, qvemoT xelismomwerni vadasturebT, rom gavecaniT gunia
medeas mier Sesrulebul naSroms dasaxelebiT: `X saukunis Sua xanebis
qarTuli safasado plastikis Taviseburebani, kumurdos taZris
magaliTze~ da vaZlevT rekomendacias saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis
Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul, socialur
mecnierebaTa, biznesisa da marTvis fakultetis sadisertacio sabWoSi
mis ganxilvas doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad.
. .2015
xelmZRvaneli:
nato gengiuri, xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, Teatrisa da kinos
universitetis profesori
recenzentebi :
dimitri TumaniSvili, xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, Tssa profesori
Tamar xundaZe, xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, Tssa asoc. profesori
eqspertebi:
dimitri TumaniSvili, xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, Tssa profesori
qristian fraigangi, xelovnebaTmconeobis doqtori, berlinis Tavisufali
universitetis profesori
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saavtoro uflebis gverdi
fizikuri pirebis an sxva dawesebulebebis mier medea gunias
sadoqtoro naSromis `X saukunis Sua xanebis qarTuli safasado
plastikis Taviseburebani, kumurdos taZris magaliTze~ gacnobis mizniT
moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi misi arakomerciuli miznebiT kopirebisa da
gavrcelebis ufleba miniWebuli aqvs ,,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis
Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitets’’. avtori inarCunebs
danarCen sagamomcemlo uflebebs. mTliani naSomis Tu misi calkeuli
nawilis gadabeWdva an sxva raime saxiT reproduqcia dauSvebelia
avtoris werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe.
avtori irwmuneba, rom naSromSi gamoyenebul saavtoro uflebebiT
dacul masalebze miRebulia Sesabamisi nebarTva (garda mcire zomis
citatebisa, romlebic moiTxoven specifikur midgomas literaturis
citirebaSi, rogorc es miRebulia samecniero naSromebis Sesrulebisas)
da yvela maTganze iRebs pasuxismgeblobas.
avtoris xelmowera ..................................
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reziume
X saukunis Sua xanebi, qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, aris gardamtexi periodi, rodesac safuZveli eyreba safasado Semkulobis erTiani axali sistemis Camoyalibebas. ostatebis winaSe dgeba Semkulobis saerTo kompoziciaSi figuruli reliefis organulad CarTvis sakiTxi. iwyeba calkeuli dekoraciuli maxvilebis saxiT warmodgenili gamosaxulebebis ideuri da mxatvruli urTierTSerwyma. amasTan, am periodis Zeglebis Semkulobis mxatvruli kompoziciis Semadgenel elementTa SerCevaSi upiratesoba maT azrobriv-simbolur mniSvnelobas eniWeba.
swored imisaTvis, rom Cveni istoriuli winaprebis mier saukuneTa siRrmidan mowodebuli Setyobineba met-naklebad Sesatyvisad iqnas gagebuli, kvlevis miznad safasado reliefebis azrobriv-simboluri mniSvnelobis arsis warmoCena davisaxeT. amisaTvis, upirveles yovlisa, mniSvnelovania Tvali gavadevnoT Sua saukuneebis qarTuli sakulto nagebobebis safasado dekoraciuli sistemis ganviTarebis gzas.
qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebis ZeglebSi mZafrad warmoCenili simboluri Txrobis elementebi, yvelaze uxvad, X saukunis II naxevris taZrebSia Tavmoyrili. erT-erTi yvelaze idumali, maRali ostatobiT Seqmnili Zegli gaxlavT 964 wliT daTariRebuli kumurdos sakaTedro taZari. aqedan gamomdinare, Cven gadavwyviteT esoden vrceli Tema erTi konkretuli Zeglis garSemo Segveswavla da swored kumurdos kvlevis Sedegad warmogveCina X saukunis Sua xanebis safasado reliefis azrobriv-simboluri mniSvnelobis mTavari aspeqtebi.
kumurdos xuroTmoZRvari safasado SemkulobaSi mraval simbolur formulas gvTavazobs. X saukuneSi eklesiis samwysosTvis es formulebi cxadze cxadi iqneboda. Cvens epoqaSi ki moxda wyveta, erTgvari gaucxoveba da daSoreba simboloTmetyvelebisgan da amitom Cven gviwevs yovel gamosaxulebas siRrmiseulad gavyveT rom CavwvdeT maT arss.
am mxriv, SerCeuli meTodi, rac gulisxmobs ara mxolod konkretuli kompoziciis simboluri mniSvnelobis warmoCenas, rac aqamde ara erT mkvlevars aqvs ganxorcielebuli, aramed taZris Semkulobis saerTo sistemaSi yoveli niuansis urTierTkavSiris ideuri mxaris dadgenas da erTiani semantikuri sazrisis istoriul WrilSi gaazrebas, mniSvnelovani daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas gvaZlevs.
sadoqtoro naSromis sakvlev problematikasTan dakavSirebiT, komparativistuli meTodis gaTvaliswinebiT, damuSavda qristianuli samyaros sxvadasxva qveynis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvruli skolis safasado Semkulobis maxasiaTeblebi, CuqurTmovani repertuarisa da figuruli gamosaxulebebis roli da maTi urTierTsinTezis xarisxi. TiToeuli regionaluri skolis Taviseburebis qarTul safasado Semkulobis ganviTarebis etapebTan Sejerebis Sedegad ki, saSualeba mogveca, moZiebuli paralelebis fonze, qarTuli xelovneba ganvixiloT msoflio xelovnebis konteqstSi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmo agreTve, adreqristianuli epoqidanve Camoyalibebul gamosaxulebaTa simbolikis kvlevas.
kumurdos taZris udidesi kulturuli Tu mxatvruli Rirebulebis miuxedavad (rasac aRniSnavs mravali xelovnebaTmcodne da sxvadasxva saxis kvlevebSi mas saetapo mniSvnelobis Zeglad ixsenieben) mis Sesaxeb srulebiT damoukidebeli (monografiuli xasiaTis) kvleva aravis
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ganuxorcielebia. amitomac, Cven vecadeT, dReisaTvis mitovebuli da savalalo mdgomareobaSi myofi Zegli maqsimalurad Segveswavla da SeZlebisdagvarad gagveSala yvela is Tema, rac kumurdos taZris istorias ukavSirdeba da mis dRevandel mdgomareobas asaxavs.
kvlevam daamtkica kumurdos xuroTmoZRvris udideso ostatoba da Rrmadganswavluloba, ramdenadac igi mtkiced warmodgeba rogorc Zlieri arqiteqtori, romelic srulad flobs konstruqciul elementTa teqtonikurobis SegrZnebas. kumurdos eqsterierSi mocemuli srulebiT cxadi da, TiTqos, martivi Tavisufali jvris gegma, Sida sivrceSi moulodnelad damatebiT elementebad nawevrdeba, magram amave dros xazs usvams rogorc maT damoukidebel arsebobas, ise erTi mimarTulebiT – centrisken – gumbaTqveSa sivrcisken miswrafebas. es yovelive ki miRweulia, saqarTveloSi arsebuli mravalafsidiani yvela nimuSisgan gansxvavebiT, gverdiTa mklavebSi afsidTa erTmaneTis paralelurad SewyvilebiT da ara gumbaTqveSa sivrcis garSemo radialurad ganlagebiT (gogiuba, kiaRmis-alTi, boWorma, nikorwminda, da sxva.). amave dros, kumurdos ostati udides niWs avlens ornamentul Semkulobasa da reliefuri figuruli gamosaxulebebis urTierTSerwymis mxrivac, sadac orive komponents TavisaTavadi mniSvneloba gaaCnia, Tumca reliefi ideuri sazrisis wamyvani elementia, xolo CuqurTmovani figurebi misi arsis Semavsebeli da Semamkobeli.
ramdenadac kumurdoSi mTavar fasads aRmosavleTi warmoadges azrobriv-simboluri qvakuTxedic swored aq iSleba. mxatvruli kompoziciis analizis safuZvelze, Tamamad SeiZleba daskvnis gakeTeba, rom kumurdos ostati flobs saocar unars dauqvemdebaros X saukunis II naxevrisTvis qarTuli safasado dekoraciisTvis cnobili yvela xerxi mis mier Cafiqrebuli ideur-semantikuri sazrisis warmoCenas. igi iyenebs, rogorc feradovan aqcentebs, sibrtryobriv-grafikul kaligrafiul maneras, ise Zlierad moculobiTad modelirebul figurebs. anu, aq swored mxatvruli xerxebiT xdeba mTavari ideuri aqcentebis gamoyofa da erTgvarad, rebusiviT daSlili arsis TiToeuli Semadgeneli nawilis Tanmimdevrobis miniSneba.
amgvarad, aq mocemulia formulebis saxiT: mxatvruli kompoziciis saerTo qargis Semkvreli sami jvris Tema, rac centrSi qristes mewamuli jvriT aris xazgasmuli, xolo fasadis gverdiTa, qveda sarkmlebTan wnuli jvrebiT. unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu gaviazrebT qarTul safasado SemkulobaSi ikonografiuli programis arsebobis sakiTxs, romelic gansazRvravs, garkveul wilad, gamosaxulebaTa ganlagebis struqturas – es yvelaze Tamamad swored sami jvris kompoziciasTan mimarTebaSi SeiZleba. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Cven moviyvaneT levan rCeuliSvilis kvleva da naTlad davinaxeT Tu rogor imkvidrebs fexs es kompozicia qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis gzis vrcel qronologiur WrilSi da rogor xdeba droTa ganmavlobaSi misi gamomsaxvelobiTi struqturis cvalebadoba, sadac naTlad Cans Tavidan misi ideis upiratesoba (bolnisis sioni), xolo Semdgom ukve (gurjaanis yvelawmindidan dawyebuli) misi mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi aspeqtis gazrda da centraluri fasadis saerTo Semkulobis sistemaSi aqtiuri monawileoba. amasTan dakavSirebiT, unda iTqvas, rom kumurdos ostati abalansebs sami jvris ikonografiuli sqemis simbolur mniSvnelobas da mis mxatvrul funqcias. radganac Cven mravaljer davrwmundiT, rom igi arc erT mcire detals SemTxveviT ar iyenebs da maT yovelTvis ideurad
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tvirTavs, gverdiTa jvrebTan dakavSirebuli ornamentuli elementebi niSandoblivad gveCvena, amitomac dakvirvebiT ganvixileT yvela mcire niuansi da (erTi SexedviT mxolod dekoraciuli elementebi, rac moicavs qarTul safasado SemkulobaSi Rrmad damkvidrebul gadanakecian TavsarTs, xolo meore mxares, TiTqmis, analogiurad wnuli ornamentiT dafarul TaRs, da aseve mcire ornamentul detalebs) vvaraudobT, rom aq asaxulia erT mxares momnanie avazakis simbolo, romelmac Seicno qristes RvTiuri gangebuleba da uflis SendobiT zeciuri sasufevlis Rirsi gaxda, amitomac misi jvari flankirebulia samebis niSnebiT (rac aseve TavisTavSi moicavs maradisobas, sam wminda niWs da aS.) da daburulia gadanakeciani TavsarTiT, rac samoTxis Ria karad davinaxeT, xolo meore mxares warmodgenilia avazaki romelic qristes bolomde Seuracxyofda da wilad xvda qerubimebiT daculi samoTxis daxSuli kari. amgvarad, esec gaxlavT erT-erTi dasturi imisa rac zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom kumurdos ostati warmogvidgens qristianuli sarwmunoebis fundamentur movlenebs, vrceli azrobrivi mniSvnelobis damtev Zalian lakoniur, konkretul gamosaxulebebs, rac uzrunvelyofs sakraluri mniSvnelobis Sefarulad warmodgenas.
kumurdos Semkulobis azrobriv-simboluri arsi amiT ar amoiwureba, igi bevrad ufro farTod iSleba da centraluri sarkmlis sapireSi Caiqsoveba. Cven maqsimaluri yuradRebiT SeviswavleT dekoris yvela komponenti da, TiTqos, `sasxvaTaSorisod~ warmodgenil gamosaxulebebSi qristianuli sarwmunoebis kidev erTi fundamenturi mniSvneloba amovikiTxeT. es gaxlavT sarkmlis SemomzRudavi samkaulis masiuri reliefuri TaRis konsolebis kuTxeebSi sibrtyobrivad gamokveTili adamianis saxis niRbebi. aq, erT mxares - orsaxa ianusis cnebis qristianul religiaSi transformaciiT, warsulisa da momavlis gamaerTianebeli, Zveli da axali aRTqmis simboluri arsi amovikiTxeT, xolo meore mxares qveynis oTxi mxaris mcveli genia. am gamosaxulebebs erTvis maxarebelTa oTxi simboluri cxovelis saxiT warmodgena. Cven gvaqvs araerTi SemTxveva sadac calkeulad gamoisaxeba xarisa Tu lomis gamosaxulebebi, xSirad Sesasvlelis Tu sarkmelTa Riobis mcvelebis saxiT, rasac uZveles tradiciasTan mivyavarT, magram ase konkretulad oTxi maxareblis simbolos saxiT angelozis, arwivis, frTosani lomisa da frTosani xaris gamosaxulebebis magaliTi reliefur, monumentur qandakebaSi ar mogvepoveba (Tu ar CavTvliT kankelis fragments artaanidan da oSkis rvawaxnaga svetis kapitelis gamosaxulebebs Soris, maxarebelTa simboloebis tetramorfis saxiT aRbeWdvas).
marTlac, kumurdos simboloebis semantikis kiTxva qvemodan TanmimdevrobiT rom daviwyoT, warmogvidgeba Semdegi suraTi: golgoTas mTaze aRmarTuli sami jvriT, rodesac ganxorcielda RvTis gangebuleba- qristem sakuTari sisxliT gamoisyida adamis codva da monanie avazaks mieca uflis gverdiT samoTxeSi adgilis damkvidreba. swored amis Semdgom, oTxi maxarebeli qristes sityvebs iqadagebs qveynis oTxiv mxares da wminda werili (Zveli da axali wigniT, rogorc erTi moZRvrebiT) gaxdeba safuZveli, amqveyniuri cxovrebis Semdgom, zecaSi qristes didebis Tanazirad gaxdomis da maradiuli cxovrebis damkvidrebis. es ukanaskneli ki, (jvris qvemoT) `samoTxis~ mcenareebiT gamSvenebuli, wriuli sarkmliT gamoisaxeba. maradiulobis, cxovrebis Seuqcevadobis simbolo xom swored Sekruli wre aris.
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SemTxveviTi arc is unda iyos, rom taZris maSenebeli ioane episkoposi Tavis savedrebel warweras swored jvarsa da wriul sarkmels Soris aTavsebs da ufals Txovs Sewyalebas “dResa mas”.
gverdiTa fasadebze niSebis konqebSi warmodgenili adamisa da evas figurebi ki, swored maT gamoxsnil mdgomarebas unda asaxavdes da sarkmelTa ornamentuli Semkulobis figurebSi daqaragmebuli simboloebiT, kvlav samoTxis yvavilebiTa da frinvelebiT savse samyaroSi Tu wnulebiT xazgasmul maradisobaSi warmogvidgenen maT. es ki, erTgvar mowodebas Tu imeds iZleva mrevlisvis, rom ufali mowyalea.
aqve unda ganvixiloT Sida sivrceSi warmodgenili taZris Tanadrouli anikonuri mxatvroba. konqis saWeqi naxevarwriuli, wiTeli feris qvidan momdinare `sxivebi~ udaod mzis asociacias iwvevs [tab.#11g)]. mzis kulti uZvelesi periodidan saxvadasxva religiuri panTeonis mTavari RvTaeba iyo. CvenTvis cnobilia egvipturi reliefuri filebi, Tu kedlis mxatvroba, sadac asaxulia mzis kulti frTosani solaruli diskos saxiT. mze, rogorc zecidan yovelives gamnaTebeli, gamaTbobeli erT-erTi damkvidrebul simboloTagani gaxda qristianebisTvisac.
kumurdos ostati uzomod Tavisufalia Tavis gadawyvetilebebSi da arqiteqturis simbolikaSi ierarqiulad aRmatebul adgils - gumbaTqveSa trompebs, rac mxolod zeciur mkvidrTa adgils warmoadgens - Tamamad uTmobs qtitorTa gamosaxulebebs. qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, gogiubas taZris saxiT, Cven gvaqvs gumbaTqveSa trompebSi ciur mnaTobTa da maxarebelTa gamosaxvis magaliTi, aseve yarsis somxur arqiteqturaSi Tu dasavleT evropis romanuli periodis taZrebSi maxarebelTa simboluri gamosaxulebebisTvis TiToeuli trompis daTmoba (Jaca,Cathedral of St Peter the
Apostle ), xSiria am adgilebSi angelozTa gamosaxvac (The Sainte-Foy abbey-
church in Conques), magram kumurdos msgavsad, trompebSi qtitorebis warmodgenas analogi ar moeZebneba. Cven SevecadeT amogvexsna Tu ra iyo maTi aq ganTavsebis mizezi. Semkulobis yvela elementis, struqturul-formiseli analizis safuZvelze, ideuri arsis amokiTxviT mivediT im daskvnamde, rom aq asaxulia zeciur sasufevelTan myofi, gardacvlili leon mefe (rasac xazs usvams misi gamosaxva SaravandiT da aseve Crdilo-dasavleT afsidSi daculi sulis mosaxseniebeli warwera) da misi sulisTvis mavedrebeli guranduxt dedofali. am mxriv, aq mocemulia ara tradiciuli saqtitoro reliefi, risi araerTi magaliTi gvaqvs qarTul monumentur mqandakeblobaSi, aramed srulebiT sxva kuTxiT gaazrebuli istoriuli pirebis gamosaxva. aq xdeba im Temis gagrZeleba rasac mTeli taZris Semkuloba eZRvneba – es gaxlavT adamianTa sulis xsna, sikvdilis damarcxeba da saukuno samyofelis damkvidreba. marTalia, oSkis vedrebis kompoziciebSi qtitorTa CarTvac am Temas asaxavs, magram iq aqcentirebulia amqveynier mmarTvelTa didebuleba, rasac xazs usvams maTi mdidruli Sesamoseli. aq ki piriqiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom ostatisTvis kargad aris cnobili moculobiTi sxeulis gamoqandakebis teqnika, igi sxeulsganSorebuli, gardacvlili leon mefis warmosaCenad maqsimalurad sibrtyobriv, statiur, sada, Seumkobel gamosaxulebas warmogvidgens, rasac acocxlebs mxolod farTod gaxelili, sulis sarke – Tvalebi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom es Tema: aRdgomis Jams qristes sikvdilze gamarjveba, triumfi – X saukunis ZeglebisTvis Zalian organulia da sxvadasxva saxis simboluri kompoziciiT vlindeba. gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva wm. daniel winaswarmetyvelis (azavreTi, burnaSeTi, tabawyuri,
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joisubani da sxva) Tu wm. iona winaswarmetyvelis saswaulebrivi xsnis (javaxeTi-sof. saRamos taZris ekvderis sarkmelze; kvaisajvaris SemorCenili reliefi, xaxulis karibWis Semamkobeli erT-erTi gamosaxuleba) amsaxveli kompoziciebis simravle, rac, yvelasaTvis cxadia, Zvel aRTqmaSi warmodgenil aRdgomis winaswaruwyebas gulisxmobs. Tumca vfiqrobT, kumurdo maT Soris gansakuTrebul adgils ikavebs, radganac aq mocemulia ara erTi formula, aramed simboloTmetyvelebis mTeli cikli, sadac TiToeuli figuruli gamosaxleba Tu ornamentuli motivi erTmaneTs avsebs da erTianad qadagebs qristianobis arss.
am mxriv, kumurdos, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvruli skolis erT-erTi marTlac unikaluri da uaRresad Rirebuli taZris, Rirsebebis warmoCenis Semdgom kidev ufro mtkivneulia taZris dRevandeli savalalo mdgomareoba. naSromSi Cven detalurad aRvwereT taZarze warmoebuli 1939-40 wlis Tu 1970-80-iani wlebis sarestavracio samuSaoebi, maTi udidesi mniSvneloba da amasTanave nakli, rac mis arasrulyofilad Catarebas gulisxmobs. is, rom mklavebis gadaxurva ar dasrulda dResac didad azianebs taZars. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, aravin – zrunavs masze da aravin cdilobs am kulturuli faseulobis gadarCenas (elementarulad, ar xorcieldeba fasadebze gaCenili sokos qimiur-biologiuri analizi, mklavebis gadaxurvis SekeTeba – aRarafers vambobT morRveuli gumbaTisa da dasavleTi mklavis Sesaxeb – radganac es rTuli sakiTxia da mravalmxriv gansaxilveli Temaa, magram gadaudebeli sareabilitacio-sakonservacio samuSaoebi rom Casatarebelia es udaoa. masTan gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania taZris mimdebare teritoriis arqeologiurad Sesaswavla, rac aucileblad gansaxorcielebelia.
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RESUME
Urgency of the topic: Middle of the 10th century became a turning point for the
Georgian architecture. This was a period when a new common system of the facade decoration
was formed and conceptual and artistic merger of the nature of sculptures with decorative
accents took place.
Kumurdo Cathedral, which was built in 964, is one of the most enigmatic high profile
architectural monuments. Based on its importance we decided to make it the main object of our
investigation and use it as a basis for presentation of the findings about the major aspects of
contextual and symbolic meanings of the facades and their shapes that were typical for the
middle of the 10th century.
Kumurdo’s architect suggests and uses numerous symbolic formulas in the facade
decorations, which in the 10th century should have been more than obvious to understand for the
parish of the church. As long as we witness a certain interruption, alienation and separation from
the perception of symbols, it becomes an absolute necessity for us to follow each of the images
in order to understand their essence.
Goal of research, its object and methods: The thesis intends to present conceptual symbolic
meanings of the facade decorations in order to provide relevant understanding of old messages
from our ancestors.
We used a complex approach in order to demonstrate not only symbolic meaning of
specific compositions of the cult constructions, but to determine ideological side of each
connecting nuance of the joint system of decorations and analyze semantic concepts from the
historical perspective as well.
Research topic of the PhD thesis took into consideration necessity to conduct stylistic
analysis and apply comparative method and focused on the study of characteristic features of the
facade decorations from different Christian countries. The work also investigated the role of the
carvings and figures and their synthesis with each other. Comparative analysis of peculiarities of
each regional school and development stages of Georgian facade decorations made it possible to
discuss Georgian art of the Middle Ages in the global context. Special interest was paid to the
research of the symbols from the early Christian period.
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Major findings and scientific novelties: Despite huge cultural and artistic value of the
Kumurdo Cathedral, it has never been an object of an independent research in a form of a
monograph. We made an attempt to study abandoned and lapidating monument to the most
possible extent and cover all topics that are connected to its history and describe the current state.
Research proved that the church was constructed by a highly skilled master with a very
good in-depth knowledge of tectonic side of the construction elements. Designer demonstrated
great talent of combining ornaments and the shapes of figures and in parallel managed to
preserve independent importance of both components: reliefs remained the leading element of
the ideological side while decorative figures were used as their content fillers and beautifiers.
Main facade of Kumurdo is located on the Eastern side of the building. Correspondingly,
it contains the most important ideological and symbolic aspects of the construction. Analysis of
artistic composition provides enough proof to conclude that designer of the church had an
amazing ability to apply all known methods (the second half of the 10th century) of producing
Georgian facade decorations in order to share his ideological and semantic messages. He used
color accents, ways of processing the space and relevant graphic, models of figures with strongly
expressed shapes.
Decorations of Eastern wall present main semantic accents in a form of the ideological
formulas: topic of the “three crosses from Golgotha”, which is emphasized by the purple cross of
Christ in the middle of the composition and wicker crosses next to the lower windows unite the
context. Later contextual and symbolic meaning of the decorations from Kumurdo is revealed in
a wider way and connects to the surrounding ornaments of the central window. A very thorough
study of all elements of decorations and managed to find one more fundamental meaning of the
Christianity in “ordinary” images. These are the human masks that are located at the corners of
the consoles of massive relief arcs. On the one side we can see ancient two-faced Janus - a
symbol of the pagan beliefs, which are transformed in the Christianity and create links between
the past and the future, demonstrate symbolic understanding of the Old and New Testaments. On
the other side we find images of the protectors of the four sides of the world.
In addition, decorations include figures of four symbolic animals of annunciation.
Facades often show separate figures of bulls and lions – protectors of the entrances and windows.
And this fact brings us back to the ancient traditions. However, Georgian relief decorations do
not know examples of four annunciators in a form of an angel, an eagle, a lion and an ox with
wings. The only examples are the fragments of the iconostasis from Artaani and tetramorph
images of the symbols of annunciators between the figures on the eight-faceted pillars from
Oskhi.
11
Here Christian ideology is shown in a form of a formula – four annunciators will preach
words of Christ on four sides of the world and Old and New Testaments will become basis for
uniting the processes of glorification of Christ and eternal life in heaven. The latter is shown on
the bottom of the cross in a form of a round window (symbol of eternity and irreversibility of
life) that is decorated with the plants from the paradise. Figures of Adam and Eve from the vaults
of the side facades demonstrate their free state and are shown through the symbols of eternity in
the wattled ornaments of the windows. They are surrounded by the world full of flowers and
birds. This should be an appealing aspect and give hope to the parish that the god is gracious.
Here we have to discuss aniconic paintings from the interior of the church too. Semi-
circles of the vaults are made of the red stones and have “beams” that go in different directions.
They are undoubtedly associated with the sun, which became one of the established symbols of
Christianity based on its ability to provide light and warmth from the heaven.
Kumurdo’s designer is quite free in his decisions and boldly reserves hierarchically the
most important symbolic location at the trompe of the cupola (usually determined for the
inhabitants of heaven) for the donors of the construction. This has no analogue in church
decorations. We tried to find the reason behind the decision and after having had analyzed all
elements of décor and conducted structural analysis of forms and ideology, came to a conclusion
that the image should show late King of Abkhazians Leon III who must have been close to the
heaven (he is depicted bearing a halo) and the Queen Gurandukht who prays for saving of his
soul. The church replaces traditional relief of the donors with a new approach of depicting
instead of them the historic figures. Here we continue to deal with the main topic of the
decorations of the constriction: saving of the human souls, combating of the death and finding an
eternal place in heaven.
It has to be mentioned that the subject of the resurrection and victory of Christ over the
death is quite organic for the monuments of the 10th century and is demonstrated through
different types of symbolic compositions. However Kumurdo should be given a special place as
here we encounter not only one formula but also a whole cycle of symbolic expressions where
each figure or ornament supplements each other and makes a statement about the essence of the
Christian ideology.
After establishment of high value of Kumurdo as one of the unique monuments of
Georgian architecture it is especially regrettable and painful to see its poor current state. The
PhD thesis provides detailed description of the restoring works that took place in in 1939-40 and
1970-80, discusses their importance and emphasizes the shortcomings – results of imperfectly
conducted restoration works. The fact that different arms of the church were left without a
ceiling is one of the reasons for the damage it is still suffering from nowadays.
12
Poor current state of the Kumurdo Cathedral indicates a need for rapid rehabilitation of
the construction. It is of special importance to start archeological excavations on the territory of
the church as it may reveal fragments of the Western façade and the cupola enabling researchers
to restore full picture of the initial system of decorations.
Practical value of the work: The Case of Kumurdo proved that facade decoration of the
churches from the second half of the 10th century and their ideological and symbolic meaning
have to become subject of a complex research. Kumurdo’s detailed study gives us a chance to
learn about one of the most important monuments of Georgian architecture not only because of
its multiple facades but also to investigate it as one of the first monuments with united system of
architectural forms, composition and artistic side of decorations, conceptual and ideological
issues.
13
Sinaarsi
Sesavali --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------gv. 14
I Tavi – kumurdos taZris istoria da arqiteqturis aRwera
1.1. samecniero literaturis mimoxilva --------------------------------------------------- 19 1.2. kumurdos taZris istoriis mimoxilva ------------------------------------------------ 24
1.3. kumurdos taZris arqiteqtura ----------------------------------------------------- 30
1.3.1. safasado Semkulobis aRwera ------------------------------------------------------------- 37 1.4. kumurdos Sida sivrcis ganxilva ------------------------------------------------------ 56 1.4.1. kumurdos kedlis mxatvroba ----------------------------------------------------------- 65 1.5. kumurdos taZarze warmoebuli sarestavracio samuSaoebi ------------- 73 II Tavi – kumurdos mxatvrul-stilisturi analizi
2.1. kumurdos Sida sivrcis stilisturi analizi ------------------------------------ 78
2.2. kumurdos gare masebis mxatvrul-stilisturi analizi -------------------- 86 2.2.1. gverdiTa fasadebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 105
III Tavi - kumurdos taZris simboloTmetyveleba
3.1. qristianuli simbolikis sawyisebi -------------------------------- ----------------------109 3.2. kumurdos mqandakeblobis saerTo sazrisis gamokvleva-------------------- 113 IV Tavi – qarTuli X saukunis xuroTmoZRvruli Semkulobis saxviTi ena
4.1. Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis safasado Semkulobis saerTo niSnebi ---------------------------------------------------------------- 130
4.1.1. qarTuli saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis safasado gaformebis sistemis erovnuli maxasiaTeblebi da misi Sedareba sxva xuroTmoZRvruli skolebis TvisebebTan ---------------------------------------------------------------------------142
4.1.2. qarTuli da iberiis naxevarkunZulis preromanuli stilis reliefuri qandakebis saxviTi enis Tanxvedra ------------------------------ 153
4.1.3. X saukunis qarTuli monumenturi qandakebis stilisturi maxasiaTeblebi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------160
daskvna ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 175 bibliografia ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 187 danarTi
14
Sesavali
Sua saukuneebis qarTul xuroTmoZRvrul skolas myarad
Camoyalibebuli, TviTmyofadi saxe aqvs. misi niSan-Tvisebebi mkafioa,
rogorc arqiteqturuli tipologiis gadawyvetis TvalsazrisiT, ise
safasado Semkulobis mxriv. qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis safasado
gaformebis sistemis evoluciuri ganviTarebis gzaze, didi adgili
eTmoba ornamentul dekoraciul elementebs. amavdroulad,
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, ideur-semantikuri TvalsazrisiT, eniWeba
figurul gamosaxulebebs. aRniSnuli simboluri xasiaTis reliefebi
Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvis garda, mxatvruli gaformebis aqcentebis saxiT
gvevlineba da xels uwyobs xuroTmoZRvruli formebis saerTo
esTetikuri saxis Seqmnas.
X saukunis Sua xanebi, qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, aris gardamtexi
periodi, rodesac safuZveli eyreba safasado Semkulobis erTiani axali
sistemis Camoyalibebas. ostatebis winaSe dgeba Semkulobis saerTo
kompoziciaSi figuruli reliefis organulad CarTvis sakiTxi. iwyeba
calkeuli dekoraciuli maxvilebis saxiT warmodgenili gamosaxulebebis
ideuri da mxatvruli urTierTSerwyma. magaliTad: dolisyanas,
kumurdos, oSkis, xaxulis safasado gaformebaSi qandakebas
ganmsazRvreli adgili uWiravs. amasTan, am periodis Zeglebis
Semkulobis mxatvruli kompoziciis Semadgenel elementTa SerCevaSi
upiratesoba maT azrobriv-simbolur mniSvnelobas eniWeba.
erTian drosa da sivrceSi paralelurad mimdinare istoriuli
movlenebis urTierTkavSiri, cxadia TvalnaTliv aisaxeba saeklesio
xuroTmoZRvrebis reliefur Semkulobazec. Sua saukuneebis qristianul
samyaroSi, gansakuTrebiT ki saqarTveloSi (radganac mudmivad mterTan
brZolis gamo, arasodes miscemia mdidruli sasaxleebis, kolosaluri
memorialuri obeliskebis Tu sxva saxis saero daniSnulebis
arqiteqturis Seqmnis saSualeba), qveynis mmarTvelTa moRvaweobis
umniSvnelovanesi asparezi sataZro mSenebloba iyo. es gaxldaT is rasac
gaaCnda maradiuli da saero Rirebuleba. qtitorebs esmodaT, rom garda
uSualod saRvTo saqmisa, sakuTari sulis cxonebisTvis gaRebuli
Sesawirisa, taZris fasadebi erisTvis garkveuli Setyobinebis
15
gavrcelebis saSualebac iyo. amitomac, Zalian xSiria qarTul
xuroTmoZRvrul Zeglebze saqtitoro gamosaxulebebi Tu warwerebi,
rasac (monarqTa SemTxvevaSi) axlavs maTi RvTivkurTxeul mmarTvelTa
upiratesobis warmoCenis mimaniSnebeli, qristianuli simbolikiT
gamdidrebuli, atributebi. savaraudod, im periodSi rodesac es Zeglebi
iqmneboda, simboluri niSnebis Tu saero pirebTan kavSirSi gamosaxuli
sxvadasxva wmindanTa figurebis Sinaarsi bevrad ufro cxadi iqneboda da
naklebad saZiebo da rTulad amosaxsneli, rogorc es CvenTvis aris. am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT dimitri TumaniSvili Tavis erT-erT statiaSi,
romelic eZRvneba Sua saukuneebis arqiteqturis sazrisisa da mxatvruli
formis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs, aRniSnavs: `arc isaa dasamali,
ramdeni ramaa kvlavac sakvlevi – isic dasadgenia, yovel kerZo
SemTxvevaSi romeli elementebi Tu maTi erTobliobaa uwyebulis, ase
vTqvaT, `sityvebi~ anda `asoebi~. didi sifrTxilec gvmarTebs, raTa
erTgan dadasturebuli nebismierad sxvagan ar STavikiTxoT, CvenTvis
sasurveli ZvelTa CvenTa ganazraxad ar gavasaRoT”.1
swored imisaTvis, rom Cveni istoriuli winaprebis mier saukuneTa
siRrmidan mowodebuli Setyobineba met-naklebad Sesatyvisad iqnas
gagebuli, kvlevis miznad safasado reliefebis azrobriv-simboluri
mniSvnelobis arsis warmoCena davisaxeT. amisaTvis, upirveles yovlisa,
mniSvnelovania Tvali gavadevnoT Sua saukuneebis qarTuli sakulto
nagebobebis safasado dekoraciuli sistemis ganviTarebis gzas.
sainteresoa warmodgena imisa, Tu rogor xdeba, qarTul wiaRSi,
garkveuli ikonografiuli Temebis damkvidreba, maTTvis fasadebze
adgilis gansazRvra, gamokvleva imisa, arsebobda Tu ara qarTul
monumentur mqandakeblobaSi, kedlis mxatvrobis msgavsad, garkveuli
ierarqiuli programa, romelic gansazRvravda ama Tu im kompoziciis,
saero Tu saxarebiseul personaJTa adgils.
ramdenadac qarTuli xelovneba, TavisTavad, msoflio xelovnebis
nawilia, komparativistuli meTodis gaTvaliswinebiT, mimovixilavT
aRniSnuli periodis, qristianuli samyaros sxvadasxva qveynis saeklesio
1 d. TumaniSvili, sazrisisa da mxatvruli formis mimarTebisTvis Sua saukuneebis qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi (mcxeTis taZrebis magaliTze), gzajvaredinze, Tb., 2008, gv.:94
16
xuroTmoZRvruli skolis safasado Semkulobis zust maxasiaTeblebs,
CuqurTmovani repertuarisa da figuruli gamosaxulebebis rols da maTi
urTierTsinTezis xarisxs. TiToeuli regionaluri skolis Taviseburebis
qarTul safasado Semkulobis ganviTarebis etapebTan Sejerebis Sedegad
ki, saSualeba gveZleva, moZiebuli paralelebis fonze, qarTuli
xelovneba ganvixiloT msoflio xelovnebis konteqstSi.
amisaTvis pirvel rigSi, gaviTvaliswineT saqarTveloSi
qristianobis gavrcelebis gzebi da qarTuli saeklesio cxovrebis
kulturuli kavSirebi garemomcvel qristianul samyarosTan.
rogorc aRvniSneT, qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebis ZeglebSi mZafrad
warmoCenili simboluri Txrobis elementebi, yvelaze uxvad, X saukunis
II naxevris taZrebSia Tavmoyrili. erT-erTi yvelaze idumali, maRali
ostatobiT Seqmnili Zegli gaxlavT 964 wliT daTariRebuli kumurdos
sakaTedro taZari. aqedan gamomdinare, Cven gadavwyviteT esoden vrceli
Tema erTi konkretuli Zeglis garSemo Segveswavla da swored kumurdos
kvlevis Sedegad warmogveCina X saukunis Sua xanebis safasado reliefis
azrobriv-simboluri mniSvnelobis mTavari aspeqtebi.
kumurdos taZris udidesi kulturuli Tu mxatvruli Rirebulebis
miuxedavad (rasac aRniSnavs mravali xelovnebaTmcodne da sxvadasxva
saxis kvlevebSi mas saetapo mniSvnelobis Zeglad ixsenieben) mis Sesaxeb
srulebiT damoukidebeli (monografiuli xasiaTis) kvleva aravis
ganuxorcielebia. amitomac, Cven vecadeT, dReisaTvis mitovebuli da
savalalo mdgomareobaSi myofi Zegli maqsimalurad Segveswavla da
SeZlebisdagvarad gagveSala yvela is Tema, rac kumurdos taZris
istorias ukavSirdeba da mis dRevandel mdgomareobas asaxavs. imeds
vitovebT, es mokrZalebuli Sroma misdami yuradRebas gaaZlierebs da
sanam daingreva, manamde moxdeba misi dacva-reabilitacia (rasac
aucileblad arqeologiuri Seswavla waemZRvareba).
sadoqtoro naSromis sakvlev problematikasTan dakavSirebiT,
damuSavda rogorc qarTuli xuroTmoZvrebisadmi miZRvnili naSromebi,
aseve adreqristianuli Tu ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis qristianuli
samyaros: bizantiis, siria - palestinis, somxeTis, vladimir-suzdalis,
preromanuli da romanuli arqiteqturis Sesaxeb arsebuli samecniero
masala.
17
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmo agreTve, adreqristianuli
epoqidanve Camoyalibebul gamosaxulebaTa simbolikis kvlevas. damuSavda
Sesabamisi Temisadmi miZRvnili samecniero naSromebi Tu sacnobaro
xasiaTis literatura. maT Soris graf a.uvarovis vrceli naSromi
qristianuli simbolikis Sesaxeb2; katakombebis mxatvrobis analizze
dayrdnobiT warmoebuli n. pokrovskis kvleva adreqristianuli
xelovnebis ikonografiaze3 da sxva. maTSi dawvrilebiT aris ganxiluli
pirveli qristianebis msoflmxedveloba, qristianobis fundamenturi
arsis saidumlod dafarvis koncefcia, ramac ganapiroba simboluri enisa
da gamosaxulebaTa ciklis Seqmnis aucilebloba.
qarTuli taZrebis safasado reliefur Semkulobas farTod
ikvlevda cnobili xelovnebaTmcodne naTela aladaSvili. man araerTi
Sroma miuZRvna aRniSnul sakiTxs. qarTuli monumenturi mqandakeblobis
warmoCenisas mecnieri taZrebis Semamkobel reliefebs calkeulad
dawvrilebiT ganixilavs.4 yuradRebas miapyrobs, Tu sad aris
moTavsebuli esa Tu is gamosaxuleba. paraleluri vizualuri masalis
warmodgenis fonze safuZvlianad aRwers da stilisturad aanalizebs
maT.
reliefuri Semkulobis erT-erTi ganuyofeli komponentis -
ornamentis genezisi Seswavlili aqvs daviT kakabaZes5, rene Smerlings6.
sainteresoa qarTuli xelovnebis saxviTi enis arsisadmi miZRvnili asmaT
oqropiriZis statia7. aRsaniSnavia agreTve, istorikos-eTnografis irakli
surgulaZis mier qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis simbolikaze Catarebuli
kvleva8 da sxva uamravi masala sadac Cveni kvlevis sakiTxisadmi SexebaSi
myofi esa Tu is Temaa gaSlili.
miuxedavad qarTveli mecnierebis fasdaudebeli Sromisa da uzomod
didi Rvawlis Sedegad Seswavlili Sua saukuneebis qarTuli
xuroTmoZRvrebis istoriisa, jerac amouwuravia im periodis ostatTa
2 А. С. Уваров, Христианская символика. М. С-Пб. 2001 3 Н. Покровский, Живопись катакомб, Памятники искусства и иконографии в древнехристианский период,
Санкт-Петербург, 2000 г. 4 Н.А. Аладашвили, Монументальная скульптура Грузии, Москва, 1977 5 d. kakabaZe, qarTuli ornamentis genezisi, Tb. 2003 6r. Smerlingi, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvruli ornamenti, Tb., 1954w. 7 a. oqropiriZe, qarTuli xelovnebis saxviTi enisaTvis, akademia, tomi 6-7, 2006; 8 i. surgulaZe, qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis simbolika, Tb., 1993
18
qmnilebebis araerTi aspeqti. amitomac, winamdebare sadisertacio kvlevis
mizania, erT-erTi uaRresad saintereso da mniSvnelovani sakiTxis -
xuroTmoZRvrebis SemkulobaSi dateuli, qristianuli religiis ideur-
Sinaarsobrivi gzavnilebis amokiTxvis mcdeloba.
rogorc ukve iTqva, miznis misaRwevad avirCieT kumurdos taZari.
igi Sesrulebulia saocrad ganswavluli, simboluri sametyvelo
mxatvruli enis Zalian Rrma mcodnis mier, romelic aris aseve Zalian
daxvewili, originaluri gemovnebis mqone ostati - sakocari. Cven
SevecadeT skulpulozurad gavyolodiT Semkulobis yvela saxis
elements, iqneba es reliefuri figuruli gamosaxuleba Tu ornamentuli
motivi. kvlevis dasawyisSive warmoCnda, rom ostati mxolod mxatvruli
gamomsaxvelobiT ar xelmZRvanelobs da mis mier Seqmnil yovel mcire
detalsac ki, garkveuli simboluri datvirTva gaaCnia da ideuri
sazrisis Semadgenel nawilad gvevlineba.
am mxriv, SerCeuli meTodi, rac gulisxmobs ara mxolod
konkretuli kompoziciis simboluri mniSvnelobis warmoCenas, rac aqamde
ara erT mkvlevars aqvs ganxorcielebuli, aramed taZris Semkulobis
saerTo sistemaSi yoveli niuansis urTierTkavSiris ideuri mxaris
dadgenas da erTiani semantikuri sazrisis istoriul WrilSi gaazrebas,
mniSvnelovani daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas mogvcems.
es daexmareba momaval Taobas kidev ufro saintereso da
siRrmiseuli safuZvlebi dainaxon Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi da Cveni
eris umniSvnelovanesi memkvidreobis, kulturuli uamravi Zeglis
Seswavlas kompleqsuri kvlevis meTodiT miudgnen.
kvlevisadmi amgvari, sakmaod sapasuxismgeblo, midgomis Sedegad
warmovadgenT Semkulobis semantikis wakiTxvis Cveneul versias, rac
emyareba qristianuli simbolikis safuZvlebs, wminda werilis teqstebs
da a.S. Tumca, ramdenadac simbolos axasiaTebs mravalmniSvnelianoba,
polisemantizmi, TavisTavad, SesaZlebelia TiToeuli gamosaxulebis
ideis arss alternatiuli axsnac moeZebnos. es mxolod misasalmebeli
iqneba da ZeglTa kvlevis process kidev ufro sainteresos gaxdis.
19
I Tavi
kumurdos taZris istoria da arqiteqturis aRwera
1.1. samecniero literaturis mimoxilva
kumurdos taZris kulturul-istoriuli mniSvneloba, ra Tqma unda,
cxadze cxadia, amitomac igi ixsenieba qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebisadmi Tu
saqarTvelos istoriul-gegrafiuli sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnil mraval
naSromSi.
kumurdos taZarma mkvlevarTa yuradReba XIX saukunis miwurulidan
moyolebuli, pirvel rigSi, misi mravalafsidiani gegmiTa da uxvi
lapidaruli warweriT miipyro. es ukanaskneli marTlac Zalian
mniSvnelovania, radganac kumurdom Semogvinaxa misi mSeneblobis zusti
weli (964) rac saSualebas aZlevs, rogorc xelovnebaTmcodneebs ise
istorikosebs imsjelon mraval sakiTxze da moiSvelion igi sxva
Zeglebis daTariRebisTvis da aS. am mxriv gasakviri ar aris, rom
miuxedavad kumurdos taZris Zalian maRali donis arqiteqturul-
mxatvruli mravali aspeqtisa, mkvlevarTa yuradReba Zeglis zogadi
daxasiaTebidan mis epigrafikaze fiqsirdeboda. swored mis epigrafikas
miuZRvna monografiuli naSromi valeri silogavam9 da Tavi mouyara
sxvadasxva mecnierTa mier kumurdos warwerebis wakiTxvis versiebs. man
srulad Seiswavla yovelive - iqneba es saqtitoro, sxvadasxva
savedrebeli, saaRape Tu reliefebis Tanmxlebi warwerebi. amasTanave
damoukidebeli Tavi miuZRvna kumurdos eparqiis istorias, rasac Tan
axlavs kumurdoeli mRvdelmTavrebis Sesaxeb arsebuli cnobebi da
qarTlis kaTalikosisadmi miwerili maTi erTgulebis wignebi.
1847 wels mari brosem adgilze Seiswavla kumurdos taZari da misi
warwerebi, rasac SemdgomSi moyva iv. rostomaSvilis (1898w.)
e.TayaiSvilis (1902w.), n. maris (1922w.), n. berZeniSvilis (1933w.)
v.ciskariSvilis (1959w.), da sxva mkvlevarTa mier Seswavla. unda
aRiniSnos, rom ramdenadac kumurdos ZiriTadi asomTavruli lapidaruli
warwerebi Zalian mkveTri da mwyobri moxazulobis aris, mecnierebs ar
9 v.silogava, kumurdos taZris epigrafika, Tb., 1994 w.
20
gasWirvebiaT maTi amokiTxva da amitomac versiebi umetesad Tanxvdeba.
amgvarad, taZris pirvel samSeneblo periodad uryevad 964 welia
miCneuli. qtitorebis vinaobac faqtiurad azrTa sxvadasxvaobas ar
iwvevs10.
marTlac, kumurdos warwerebi Zalian saintereso cnobebs iZleva
rogorc uSualod taZris istoriis kvlevisTvis, ise zogadad X saukunis
II naxevris samxreT saqarTvelos istoriuli viTarebis gaazrebisTvis.
XVIII saukunis istorikos-geografosi vaxuSti batoniSvili samcxe-
javaxeTis X saukunis istoriis Txrobisas kumurdozec wers11. igi aRwers
kumurdos `did-Seni taZris~ mSvenierebas, Tumca taZris maSeneblad
`mirianis Jams konstantines mogzavnil galatozebs” asaxelebs. am mxriv,
aq rogorc Cans, aRreulia kumurdos realuri, avtoris Tanadrouli
suraTi da misTvis cnobili gadmocemebi (ix. qvemoT, gv.:14).
kumurdoze, rogorc javaxeTis erT-erT uZveles sofelze, mis
mosaxleobasa da, ra Tqma unda, taZarze saubari aqvT istoriul
geografiisadmi miZRvnil naSromebSi niko berZeniSvils12 da devi
berZeniSvils13.
rac Seexeba kumurdos arqiteqturis uSualod
saxelovnebaTmcodneo kvlevas, am kuTxiT pirvel rigSi unda aRvniSnoT
giorgi CubinaSvilis naSromi `kumurdo da nikorwminda...~.14 aq mocemulia
taZris vrceli aRweriloba da amasTanave gaanalizebulia misi
mxatvrul-teqtonikuri saxe. rogorc naSromis saTaurSive Cans,
g.CubinaSvili kumurdos taZris formiseul struqturaSi, arqiteqturul
masaTa urTierTmimarTebaSi xedavs cxovelxatuli (barokos) stilis
mtkiced gaazrebul sawyiss, risi Semdgomi ganviTarebis fazac
nikorwmindas mravalafsidiani taZris magaliTzea warmodgenili. amave
naSromSive moyvanilia nikoloz severovis mier Sedgenili kumurdos
10 leon afxazTa mefis zeobis dros (957-967ww), ioane episkoposma aago sakocaris xeliT. 11 vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba, tomi IV, Tb., 1973 12 n. berZeniSvili, istoriuli geografia, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, wigni I, Tb., 1964 13 d. berZeniSili, narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiidan, (zemo qarTli, Tori, javaxeTi), Tb., 1985w 14 Г.Чубинашвили, Кумурдо и Никорцминда как пример разных этапов развития бароккального стиля в
Грузинском искусстве, Вопросы истории искусства, Том I, Тбилиси, 1970 г.
21
rekonstruqciis naxazebi da maTi saerTo mosazrebebi taZris pirvandeli
garegnobis SesaZlo saxeze.
sainteresoa aseve vaxtang beriZis15 mier, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis
ganviTarebis etapebis maxasiaTeblebis warmoCenisas, kumurdos
araerTgzisi xseneba, rogorc saetapo mniSvnelobis Zegli. avtori xazs
usvavs taZris arqiteqturis Zalian daxvewil, maRal dones.
taZris uxvi reliefuri mqandakebloba, ra Tqma unda, yuradRebis
miRma ver darCeboda naTela aladaSvils. igi qarTuli monumenturi
qandakebisadmi miZRvnil naSromSi,16 X saukunis ZeglebTan dakavSirebiT,
kumurdos taZris reliefebs aRwers da miuTiTebs sibrtyobriv-
grafikuli stilisa da moculobiTi formebis Tanaarsebobaze.
qarTuli ornamentis Seswavlis farglebSi, kumurdos taZarze
warmodgenili CuqurTmovani repertuari ganxiluli aqvs rene
Smerlings17. igi saubrobs qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi ornamentuli
Semkulobis wilis gazrdaze, rac pirvel rigSi, aisaxa sarkmelTa
srulad SemosviT. aRniSnavs aseve, Tu rogor enacvleba erTmaneTs
geometriuli da mcenareuli ornamenti. am yovelives sailustraciod ki,
mkvlevari kumurdos asaxelebs.
sainteresoa aseve TinaTin virsalaZis18 mier kumurdos taZris
interierSi SemorCenili kedlis mxatvrobis naSTebis aRweriloba.
mkvlevari atenis sionisa da tao-klarjuli kedlis mxatvrobis
Seswavlisas, paralels avlebs kumurdos pirvandel anikonur
mxatvrobasa da XI saukunis dasawyisSi Sesrulebul kompoziciebTan.
mniSvnelovania zaza sxirtlaZis19 mier gamocemuli statiac, sadac
warmodgenilia kumurdos taZris samxreT-aRmosavleT afsidSi daculi,
reliefuri nalesobiT Sesrulebuli da Semdgom daferili, miZinebis
kompoziciis naSTebi. avtori maqsimalurad aRwers yovel SemorCenil
detals da, maTi saSualebiT, ganixilavs am unikaluri mxatvrobis maRal
dones.
15 v. beriZe, Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1974 w./ v. beriZe, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis istoria, Tb. 2014 16 Н.А. Аладашвили, Монументальная скульптура Грузии, Москва, 1977 17 r. Smerlingi, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvruli ornamenti, Tb., 1954; 18 T. virsalaZe, qaTuli mxatvrobis istoriidan, Tbilisi, 2007 w. 19 z. sxirtlaZe, RrmTismSoblis miZinebis kompozicia kumurdos eklesiaSi, mecnierebaTa akademiis macne, istoriis seria.-1992.-N2.-gv.143-159
22
kumurdos taZris arqiteqturul tips ixseniebs aseve naTela
jabua20. igi gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom kumurdosa da nikorwmindas
mravalafsidiani gegmis struqturas, iseve rogorc sxva am jgufis
taZrebs, safuZvlad udevs qrizmis asaxva.
SemorCenilia daviT kakabaZis mier, qarTuli Sua saukuneebis
xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebis Sesaxeb, sakuTari filmisTvis gakeTebuli
kumurdos Canaxatebi. 1931 wlisTvis, filmze muSaobisas daviT kakabaZem
Seasrula qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis gamorCeuli Zeglebis
(sveticxoveli, atenis sioni, bagrati, gelaTi, nikorwminda, alaverdi da
sxva) safasado gaformebis im detalebis Canaxatebi, romelic mas yvelaze
metad metyvelad miaCnda. samwuxarod aRsaniSnavia, rom filmi Cvenamde ar
Semonaxula da masze msjeloba mxolod aRniSnuli kadrirebis
saSualebiT aris SesaZlebeli21 [tabula #3-e)].
kumurdos taZris Sesaxeb saubaria Zvel periodul presaSic. mis
Sesaxeb, 1880-82 wlebSi, wers `vinme mesxis~ fsevdonimiT cnobili ivane
gvaramaZe22. igi aRwers taZars da yuradRebas amaxvilebs mis epigrafikaze.
Tumca, gamoqveynebul 13 warweraSi uzustobebic Cans, maT Soris taZris
TariRTan dakavSirebiT.
1889-1891 wlebis `iveriaSi~ kvlav Cndeba kumurdos Sesaxeb
informacia, (mRvdel-monazon) kalistrates avtorobiT23. igi mokled
mimoixilavs samcxe-javaxeTis taZrebs: wers zeda varZiaze, wundaze da
SedarebiT ufro vrclad kumudoze. igi aRniSnavs, rom taZars gumbaTi da
kedlebi Camongreuli aqvs, magram ezoSi Camocvenil qvebs erTsac ver
naxavTo. amasTanave moyavs warwerebis teqstebi (aseve SigadaSig
SecdomebiT) da yuradRebas amaxvilebs interierSi guranduxt dedoflis
relifsa da mis mopirdapired mamakacis figuraze, romelsac SecdomiT
bagrat III miiCnevs.
20 n.jabua, qrizmis asaxvis versia saqarTvelos saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, (Jurnali) saqarTvelos Sua saukuneebis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, Tbilisi, 2008w. 21 m.donaZe, daviT kakabaZis filmi qarTuli Suasaukuneebis xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebis Sesaxeb, sabWoTa xelovneba, #10,1984 gv.:83 22 vinme mesxi, (gvaramaZe iv.,), javaxeTidam arxelogiuri SeniSvnebi, droeba, 1882 (20 ivl.), #150, gv2-3; droeba, 1882 (22 ivl.), #151, gv2-3; droeba, 1880 (17seqt.), #196, gv., 1-3 23 kalistrate mRvdelmonazoni, saistorio masala, iveria, 1891w., # 239, gv.3
23
`kumurdos didebuli naSTi” ixsenieba aseve 1916 wlis gazeT
saqarTveloSi,24 sadac saubaria taZris `unugeSo~ mdgomareobaze da
aRniSnulia wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis warmomadgenlis
mier saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis gamgeobisgan taZris
CuqurTmebisa da warwerebis dacvis moTxovniT mimarTvis Taobaze.
kumurdos taZris mokle aRwera da anotaciuri xasiaTis informacia
mocemulia kidev araerT krebulsa Tu samecniero SromaSi. maT Soris
aris javaxeTis gzamkvlevi25, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebi da aS.
kumurdos taZari poeziaSic aisaxa. misma didebulebam da amasTanave
savalalo mdgomareobam gansakuTrebiT imoqmeda oTar WilaZeze.Epoetma
vrceli leqsi miuZRvna kumurdos taZars (ix. danarTi), sadac saocari
tkiviliT gvauwyebs: `inTqmeba, iqceva, nadgurdeba
kumurdos umrevlo kaTedrali.~
24 gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1916w., #154 25 saqarTvelos gzamkvlevi, javaxeTi, tomi I, Tb., 2000w.
24
1.2. kumurdos taZris istoriis mimoxilva
kumurdos taZari javaxeTSi, axalqalaqidan 12 kilometrSi
moulodnelad Cndeba mtkvris xeobis mTian platoze. igi
aRmarTulia amave saxelwodebis sofelSi, romelic mWidrodaa
dasaxlebuli 1829 wels arzrumis mxaridan Camosaxlebuli somexi
ojaxebiT. kumurdos saepiskoposo taZari erT dros mTis ferdis
simwvaneSi erTianad Cawerili, galavniTa da senakebiT garSemortymuli,
dRes xiT TuU blokebiT nageb, sakmaod usaxur, erTmaneTis msgavs
saxlebs Soris aris amoziduli. mzis Suqze saocrad mJReria misi
perangis movardisfro, odnav moyviTalo feris qvebi. javaxeTis mraval
darbazul taZarTa Soris jvar-gumbaTovani kumurdo, marTlac
gansakuTrebulad monumenturi,'grandiozulia, magram gumbaTis gareSe
igi gvirgvindakargul xelmwifes hgavs. misi sruliad morRveuli
dasavleTi mklavi, CuqurTmiT dafaruli stoas nangrevebi'Tu qvemoT
Camoyrili qvis filebi, ulamazesad wnuli ornamentis fragmentebi
naTlad warmogvidgenen taZris mZime istorias. Tumca, amasTanave aSkarad
ikveTeba masze mzrunvelobis faqtebic _ sarestavracio-sakonservacio
samuSaoebis kvalis saxiT. aseTi iyoO ZeglTa dacvis departamentis ori
eqspedicia 1938-39wlebSi nikoloz severovisa da 1970-80-ian wlebSi
rusudan gverwiTelisa da Tamar nemsaZis xelmZRvanelobiT.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom kumurdos amJamindeli mravalafsidiani
taZari 964 wels aigo Zveli taZris adgilas. amas safuZvlad udevs,
pirvel rigSi, is faqti, rom 506 wlis dvinis qarTul-somxur-albanuri
eklesiebis krebis dadgenilebis xelmomwerTa Soris kumurdoeli
episkoposi iosebic ixsenieba. amasTanave gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa
kumurdos maxloblad, zevanisa da mtkvris xeobis napirze mdebare
areStis (areSi) nasoflarze 1942 wels mikvleuli stelis warwera
[tab.#7-a)], romlis mixedviT 881-891ww. gurgen kurapalatis Ze kumurdos
taZars swiravs sofel areSts: `[saxeliTa RmrTisaÁTa. aSot, an:
adarnase], Zeman gurgen kurapalatisaman, Sewira areSti saydrisa
kumurdoÁsasad.~ 26 am mxriv aSkara xdeba, rom kumurdos saydari jer
26 v. silogava, kumurdos taZris epigrafika, Tb., 1994 w., gv.: 24 (areSis qvasveti 1959 wels, daculobis mizniT, gadaitanes kumurdos taZris ezoSi), gv.:77
25
kidev IX saukunis bolosTvis ukve arsebobda da mas Tavisi mamulebic
hqonda. SesaZloa, rodesac vaxuSti batoniSvili wers kumurdos Sesaxeb:
wundas eklesiis zeviT "xramis Tavs, mindorzed, samxriT kerZod, ars
kumurdos eklesia gumbaTiani, friad did-Seni, Suenierad naSeni, romeli
aRaSenes kostantines mogzavnilTa Jamsa mirianisasa. ijda episkopozi,
mwyemsi sruliad javaxeTisa xerTviss zeiTisa."27 igi garkveul
gadmocemebs iSveliebs da gulisxmobs pirvandel taZars. amasve aRniSnavs
devi berZeniSvili. misi TqmiT, aq unda vivaraudoT, rom konstantine dids
(306-337ww.) warmougzavnia `galatozi” da kumurdoSi augiaT saydari,
romelic Semdgom javaxeTis saepiskoposod qceula.28 samwuxarod,
kumurdos taZris mimdebare teritoria arqeologiurad jerac ar aris
Seswavlili da am yoveliveze saubari varaudis doneze rCeba.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, kumurdos taZarze Semonaxulia mravali
warwera, rac mniSvnelovan cnobebs iZleva, ara marto uSualod taZris
agebis Sesaxeb, aramed im periodis saqarTvelos istoriaSi javaxeTis
rolze.·am mxriv gansakuTrebulia samxreTi Sesasvlelis balavris qvaze
warmodgenili warwera, sadac aRniSnulia, rom igi aago 964 wels ioane
episkoposma xuroTmoZRvari sakocaris xeliT, leon afxazTa mefis
zeobisas, `erisTaobasa zuiaÁssa~:
`SewevniTa RmrTisaÁTa. ioane ebiskoposman dadva saZirkveli amis
eklesiisaÁ ÃeliTa Cem codvilisa sakocrisaÁTa, leon mefisa zÀ, adiden
RmerTman, qronikonsa rpd, Tuesa maÁssa a, dResa SafaTsa, a mTuarisasa,
erisTvobasa zuiaÁssa; ese balahvari man dadva; qriste Seewie monasa
Sensa, amen.~29
es warwera asaxavs saqarTvelos istoriis im droindel viTarebas,
rodesac dasavleT saqarTvelos - afxazTa samefos SemadgenlobaSi
javaxeTic Sedioda da mas im periodSi afxazeTis mefis, giorgi II-is Ze,
leon III edga saTaveSi (daax. 957-967ww.) aRsaniSnavia, rom gamefebamde igi
daniSnuli iyo qarTlis erisTavad, ibrZoda kaxeTis SemosaerTebladac,
magram mizans ver miaRwia. kaxeTSi erT-erT brZolas giorgi II (957w)
27 vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba, tomi IV, Tb., 1973 gv.: 670-15 28 d. berZeniSili, narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiidan, (zemo qarTli, Tori, javaxeTi), Tb., 1985w 29 v. silogava, kumurdos taZris epigrafika, Tb., 1994 w. gv.:83
26
emsxverpla kidec, rasac moyva afxazeTSi leon III-is gamefeba. am
periodSi afxazeTi yvelaze Zlieri iyo qarTul samefo-samTavroebs
Soris. leon III-is drosve moZlierda eklesia da bizantiisgan
damoukideblobis mopovebac SeZlo. am faqtis dasturad leon mefem
moqvis saepiskposo taZari aRmarTa da, rogorc vxedavT, mis saxelsve
ukavSirdeba kumurdos kaTedralic.
taZris kedlebma Semogvinaxa kidev araerTi mniSvnelovani cnoba.
maT Soris aRsaniSnavia samxreT karibWis arqitravis mogrZo filaze
reliefurad amoziduli samstriqoniani asomTavruli mwyobri warwera.
v.silogava mas taZris agebis Tanadroulad miiCnevs:
`†saxeliTa RmrTisaÁTa me, Áoane episkoposman daudev dRe axusebaÁ
aRapad vaCe erisTavsa. vin Secvalos – krulia amiT xatiTa, CemiTa
juariTa.~30
xolo samxreTi Sesasvlelis timpanis SemomzRudav TaRze
amokveTili warwera ki, X s-is 80-90-iani wlebiT ifargleba da igi
gabriel kumurdoelis saaRape warweras warmoadgens [tab.#7]. aqve,
mimdebare teritoriaze sxva araerTi saaRape warweraa (sadac aseve
meordeba kumurdos xatis Sesaxeb cnoba), romelTac v. silogava X
saukunis dasasruliTa da XI s-is dasawyisiT aTariRebs.
samxreTiTve, miSenebuli stoas kedelze ki SemorCenilia kidev
erTi mniSvnelovani warwera, romelic gvauwyebs, rom mefe bagrat IV
dedis mariam dedoflisa da zosime kumurdoeli episkoposis nebiT
"aReSena StoÁ ese" anu, es amowmebs im faqts, rom XI s-is 30-ian wlebSi
dasavleT mklavs sami mxridan gars Semoertya stoa, romlis
dazianebuli nawilebic dRemdea SemorCenili:
`[† adiden RmerTman bagrat mefe da dedaÁ ma]Ti mariam dedofali;
aReSÀna StoÁ ese mefobasa maTsa, mRdelTmoZRurobasa zosime
kumurdoelisasa . . .~ (warweras amJamad dasawyisi aklia; SeiZleba igi
boloSic nakluli iyos, radgenac filebi restavraciis dros aris
Casmuli).31
amave periodis aris samxreTi Sesasvlelis marjvniv, zosime
kumurdoelis kidev erTi warwera:
30 v. silogava, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv.: 41 31 v. silogava, gv.:59-61
27
`saxeliTa RmrTisaÁTa. me, zosime kumurdoelman Sevmose
sakurTxeveli, barZim-feSxumi, juari da Sevamke xati RmrTaebisaÁ ÃeliTa
daviTisaÁTa. daudev salocvelad bzvobisa e, kÂrieleisoniTa; dekanozi
Seusuenebdes wmidasa samebobasa SesuenebiTa. krulia amiT xatiTa, vin
Seucvalos.~32
aRniSnuli warweriT vigebT, rom taZris epigrafikaSi araerTxel
naxsebeni kumurdos `saSineli~ xati – `RmrTaebisaÁ~ macxovars unda
asaxavdes. rogorc Cans, mas gansakuTrebuli Zala da madli gaaCnda da
mniSvnelovan siwmindes warmoadgenda. misi xseneba gvxvdeba kumurdoeli
episkoposebis mier qarTlis kaTalikosis mimarT dadebul erTgulebis
ficis teqstebSic. sadac yovelTa uzenaes siwmindeTa Semdgom `yovlad
saSinelisa kumurdos xatisa Tavsmdebobaa” aRniSnuli da erTgulebis
niSnad ficia dadebuli. asea 1451-1459 wlebiT daTariRebuli iovane
kumurdoelis daviT qarTlis kaTalikosisadmi miwerili erTgulebis
wignSi. Semdgom (1500-1503) gerasime kumurdoeli mTavarepiskoposis evagre
qarTlis kaTalikosisadmi; (1519-1528) zosime kumurdoelisa basili
yovlisa saqarTvelos patriarq-kaTalikosisadmi miweril erTgulebis
ficis teqstebSi. aRniSnuli werilobiTi wyaroebi warmoadgenen
mniSvnelovan sabuTs imis Sesaxeb, rom maSin rodesac XV saukunis meore
naxevarSi samcxis aTabagi yvarvare II, sakuTari Zalauflebis
gasamtkiceblad, didad iRvwoda saqarTvelos eklesiis erTianobis
daSlisTvis da samcxis mRvdelmTavarTa umetesoba gadaibira kidec,
kumurdoeli episkoposi dedaeklesiis erTguli rCeba.
XVI saukunis I naxevarSi javaxeTis saero da sasuliero
sazogadoeba jer kidev Zlieri iyo. swored am periodSi kumurdos taZari
mniSvnelovnad SekeTda. amis Sesaxeb gvauwyebs dasavleTi minaSenis
Sesasvlelis timpanis warwerebi:
`iesu qriste, didebul-hyav orTave Sina cxorebaTa meored
aRmSenebeli patroni elisbal, deda maTi qristina, mecxedre maTi marix,
Zeni maTni da asulni; amin.~33
32 v. silogava, gv.:60 33 iqve, gv.: 61
28
aqve moxseniebulia zosime kumurdoelis saxeli: `zosime
kumurdoelsa Seundos RmerTman, amin” da Cndeba kidev erTi mSeneblis
saxeli: `RmerTman galatozsa miqaels Seundven”34.
mosaxseniebeli da saaRape warwerebi sxvac mravalia, maTi
umetesoba X-XI saukunis dasawyisiT TariRdeba. valeri silogavas
naSromSi yoveli maTganis Seswavlis istoria srulyofilad aris
mocemuli, amitomac maTze aq aRar SevCerdbiT.
am mxriv, kumurdos epigrafika gvawvdis vrcel istorias rac
kumurdos taZris garSemo yofila 964 wlidan XI saukunis dasawyisis
CaTvliT da Semdgom XVI saukuniT gagrZelebuli. aq moxseniebulia ara
erTi istoriuli piri, iqneba es kumurdoeli episkoposebi (iovane – Xs-is
50-60-iani wlebi; gabrieli– Xs-is 70-80-iani wlebi; efremi– Xs-is 80-90-iani
wlebi; grigoli_ Xs-is dasasruli– XIs-is dasawyisi; zosime – XIs-is Sua
xanebi; iovane (II) lasurisZe – XV s-is Sua xanebi; gerasime _ XVI s-is
dasawyisi; zosime (II) nauasZe – XVI 10-iani wlebis dasasruli; serapion –
XVI s-is Sua xanebi), saero xelisufalni, sxvadasxva saero piri Tu
uSualod taZris xuroTmoZRvari sakocari da aRdgenis monawile miqael
kalatozi.
XVI saukunis II naxevrisTvis samcxe-javaxeTis mkvidr mosaxleobas
umZimesi periodi daudga. isini osmalebma didi raodenobiT amoxoces,
darCenilebi ki ojaxebiT ayares, TurqeTis teritoriaze gadaasaxles da
gaamusulmanes. swored am periodidan kumurdoSi Sewyda wirva-locva.
XVII–XVIII saukuneTa mijnaze ki, Zlieri miwisZvris Sedegad, kumurdom
daaxloebiT iseTi saxe miiRo, rogoradac dRes warmogvidgeba35 [tab.#1].
mlocvelTa da gulSematkivarTa gareSe darCenili taZari Camocvenili
qvebisganac nel-nela gaiZarcva. gansakuTrebiT XIX saukunidan
moyolebuli, rodesac aq axali, arzrumidan Camosaxlebuli somexi
mosaxleoba gaCnda. maT yofiTi saWiroebebidan gamomdinare ukve
dazianebuli, taZris mTavari sivrce sawyobad gamoiyenes, xolo Semdgom
stoaSi yvelis qarxana moawyves.
34 v. silogava, dasaxelebuli naSromi., gv.:62 35 Г.Чубинашвили, Кумурдо и Никорцминда как пример разных этапов развития бароккального стиля в
Грузинском искусстве, Вопросы истории искусства, Том I, Тбилиси, 1970 г. gv. 238
29
sabednierod, kumurdos taZris mimarT mkvlevarebis yuradReba
xSirad aqtiurdeboda. rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, misi lapidaruli
warwerebi did interess uRvivebda yvelas. wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli
sazogadoebisa da, 1930-ian wlebSi dafuZnebuli, ZeglTa dacvis komitetis
wyalobiT mis dacvas, avad Tu kargad, mainc axerxebdnen. yovel
SemTxvevaSi mosaxleobis TviTnebiTi minaSenebi moarRvies da taZris
sivrce gaaTavisufles. garkveuli sarestavracio-sakonservacio
samuSaoebic warimarTa, razec qvemoT dawvrilebiT visaubrebT. Tumca,
kumurdos gadarCenis sakiTxi kvlav mougvarebelia. dReisaTvis misdami
realuri yuradRebis gamoCenis simwiris gamo, taZris mdgomarebis
gaumjobesebis nacvlad, bunebrivi movlenebisgan Tu miuxedaobiT is sul
ufro metad uaresdeba.
30
¡ 1.3. kumurdos taZris arqiteqtura
kumurdos taZari arqiteqturuli kompoziciis mxriv, qarTuli
xuroTmoZRvruli skolis erT-erTi gamorCeuli Zeglia. igi warmoadgens
jvar-gumbaTovan, mravalafsidian nagebobas. taZris ZiriTadi sivrcis
gegma jvris formas Semowers da, eqsterierSi, kedlebi sworkuTxa,
geometriulad mwyobr siluets qmnis [tab.#2]. Sida sivrceSi kedlebis
sworxazovneba, TiTqmis srulad qreba da afsidalur monakveTebad
`nawevrdeba”. gamonakliss mxolod, sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro
dagrZelebuli da sworkuTxa, dasavleTi mklavi warmoadgens.
aRmosavleTiT mocemulia Rrma afsidaluri sakurTxeveli. gverdiTa
mklavebSi ki, or-ori afsida erTmaneTis paralelurad aris ganlagebuli.
gumbaTi, afra-trompebis saSualebiT, aRmarTuli iyo afsidTa kedlebidan
Zlierad Sveril maRal, waxnagovan burjebze.
kumurdos taZris jvruli gegmis TiToeul mklavs lorfinebis
orferda gadaxurva aqvs, rac xels uwyobs fasadebze maRali
proporciis, frontoniani kedlis sibrtyis Seqmnas. aq xuroTmoZRvari
warmogvidgens safasado gaformebis sakmaod cxad, simetriul mxatvrul
kompozicias, risi ganmsazRvrelic kedlis sibrtyis damanawevrebeli
samkuTxa niSebia: aRmosavleTiT ori – centraluri sarkmlis aqeT-iqiT;
samxreT da CrdiloeTiT ki centrSi moTavsebuli da or-ori sarkmliT
flankirebuli.
mTlianobaSi Zalian rTulia, dRevandel mdgomareobaze dayrdnobiT,
taZris arqiteqturuli kompoziciis srulfasovnad aRwera, misi saerTo
proporciebisa da siluetis Sesaxeb saubari, ramdenadac taZars aklia
rogorc gumbaTi ise dasavleTi mklavi da karibWis mniSvnelovani nawili.
Tumca, isic aRsaniSnavia, rom 1938-39 wlebsa da 1970-iani wlebSi masze
warmoebuli sarestavracio-sareabilitacio samuSaoebi rom ara, taZars
SesaZloa Cvenamde saerTod ver moeRwia.
amgvarad, mniSvnelovani sareabilitacio samuSaoebi kumurdos 1938-
39 wlebSi nikoloz severovis xelmZRvanelobiT Cautarda. am periodis
kvalis wakiTxva Zalian advilia, radganac, gamoyenebuli masala Tavisi
civi, ruxi feriT mkveTrad gamoirCeva, movardisfro-moyviTalo kargad
Tlili bazaltiT Semosil, yvela fasadze.
31
restavraciamdeli fotoebi (daviT kakabaZis, eqvTime TayaiSvilis
kvlevisas gadaRebuli Tu giorgi CubinaSvilis da Nnikoloz severovis
kumurdosadmi miZRvnili naSromis vrceli foto masala36) [tab.:#3] naTlad
mowmoben taZris aRmosavleTi fasadis qveda registrSi, niSebis orive
mxares da aseve, centrSi gamoclil, “gamoRrutnul” adgilebs, rac
aSkara vandalizmis saxes atarebs. garda amisa, miwisZvrisgan Tu
bunebrivi naleqisa da qaris zemoqmedebisgan taZris gumbaTi, jvris
mklavebis gadaxurva, mTeli dasavleTi mklavi srulebiT CamorRveul-
ganadgurebuli iyo. Sedegad ki, SemorCenili nawilebic srulebiT
daucveli aRmoCnda momdevno permanentuli dazianebisgan. amgvarad, (XX
s.-is) pirveli sareabilitacio samuSaoebi, xarisxis miuxedavad,
taZrisTvis udaod sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis iyo.
aRmosavleT fasadze [tab.:#5] 1938-39 wlebis restavraciis kvali
(ruxi filebi) - gvxvdeba cokolidan zemoT, daaxloebiT sami-oTxi
mwkrivi srulad, Semdgom marcxena qveda sarkmlis garSemo. sabednierod,
Cven SemogvrCa sarkmlis TaRovani Wrilis Semamkobeli pirvandeli
detali da masze dabjenili ornamentuli wnuliT Semdgari jvari,
romelic Tavis mxriv Semofarglulia aseve ornamentirebuli TavsarTiT.
marjvena mxares sarkmlis sapire mTlianad aRdgenilia Seumkobeli
qvebiT, Tumca umetesad gamoyenebulia, nakluli filebis zomis
Sesabamisi, Tanadrouli movardisfro qvebi. am mxriv gamoCnda
restavratorTa damokidebuleba: sadac SesaZlebeli iyo adgilze
damagrda Tavdapirveli qvebi, xolo zogan gamoyenebul iqna Camocvenilis
zomis Tanadrouli filebi37. swored es ganapirobebs adgil-adgil ruxi
feris didi masebidan Tvalis dasvenebas da pirvandeli qvebis
monacvleobiT fasadis Semsubuqebas. vfiqrob, es ukanaskneli Zalian
mniSvnelovani gamosavali iyo Seqmnili situaciidan. Tumca, aRniSnuli
yvela SemTxvevaSi ver iqna gamoyenebuli. magaliTad, aseTia aRmosavleTi
mklavis samxreTi kedeli, sadac, Zvel fotoebze dayrdnobiT, mxolod
SuaSi - filebis sami mwkriviRa iyo SemorCenili, sxva danarCeni ki
srulebiT moSiSvlebuli. Sesabamisad, es vrceli danakargi axali
masaliT iqna Sevsebuli. aseTive mdgomareobaSia aRmosavleTi fasadis
36 Н. Северов, Г. Чубинашвили, Кумурдо и Никорцминда, Памятники Грузинской архитектуры, Ч. I, М., 1947 37 isini xSirad safasado perangis saerTo tonalobidan amovardnilia, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom morRveuli dasavleTi mklavis interieris filebs warmoadgens.
32
frontoni, sadac ruxi Tanabari zomis filebiT moxda zeda registris
amoyvana da gadaxurvisTvis safuZvelis Seqmna. sainteresoa, rom
aRmosavleTi fasadis karnizis marcxena qanobi severovis droindeli
restavraciis Sedegia, xolo marjvena 1970-80-iani wlebis. es, sxva mraval
detalTan erTad, mowmobs, rom am periodSi dagegmili samuSaoebi ver
dasrulda da igi mxolod 30 wlis Semdeg gagrZelda, rac aseve Sua
gzaze iqna mitovebuli. (kumurdos sarestavracio-sareabilitacio
samuSaoebs dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT 1.5. qveTavSi).
ratomRac, XX saukunis arc erTi periodis sarestavracio samuSao
samxreT karibWes ar Sexebia [tab.:#6-d)] da igi dResac iseve
perangmorRveuli warmodgeba, rogorc daviT kakabaZis arqivSi dacul
fotoebze, Tu d.ermakovisa da i.gilgendorfis restavraciamde asaxul
foto masalaze.38 Zvel fotoebze dakvirvebisas [tab.#3-b)] ikveTeba erTi
saintereso faqtic: karibWis eqsterieris aRmosavleT kedelze dRemde
SemorCenilia (erTmaneTis Tavze) mxolod samiod ruxi fila. maT
gagrZelebas Cven taZris samxreTi fasadis marjvena mxares (da aseve, amave
mklavis aRmosavleT kedelze) qvemodan mexuTe da meeqvse rigebis saxiT
vxedavT [tab.:#6-d)]. pirvelad Zvel fotoze amis danaxvam dabneuloba
gamoiwvia, radganac foto asaxavs restavraciamdel kumurdos, xolo muqi
feris qvebi ki ukve SeimCneva. dReisaTvis, adgilze kargad dakvirveba
gviCvenebs, rom aRniSnuli filebi, TiTqmis, iseTive nacrisferia rogorc
Cven severovis mier restavrirebuli nawilebisas aRvwereT, Tumca maT
Soris tonalobaSi mainc SeimCneva sxvaoba - isini odnav ufro muqia.
aseve, filebi erTmaneTTan sufTad aris dakavSirebuli, ar Cans duRabis
kvali, xolo 1938-39 wlebis restavraciis kuTvnil monakveTebze duRabi
gamosulia zedapirze da yvelgan CamoRvenTilia. amrigad, vadasturebT
ufro adrindel saremonto samuSaoebis kvals. dasavleTi minaSenis
warweraze dayrdnobiT Cven viciT, rom XVI saukuneSi taZars
mniSvnelovani sareabilitacio samuSaoebi Cautarda da SesaZloa swored
am periodis kuTvnili iyos es detalebic, Tumca Tavad minaSenis
mopirkeTeba muqi vardisferia.
38 Г.Чубинашвили, Кумурдо и Никорцминда как пример разных этапов развития бароккального стиля в Грузинском искусстве, Вопросы истории искусства, Том I, Тбилиси, 1970 г
33
taZris samxreT fasadze 1938-39 wlebis samuSaoebis kvali Cans aseve
marcxena sarkmlis Wrilis garSemo da Semamkobeli “warbis” TaRovan
moxazulobaze. aq marjvniv Tavdapirveli movardisfro qvaa gamoyenebuli,
marcxniv ki ruxi. sabednierod, gadanakecebi pirvandeli saxiT SemorCa,
rac warmogvidgens ornamentuli Semkulobis nimuSs. fasadis centrSi
SeWril niSaSic, marjvena kedlis Sua welze ikveTeba ruxi da amasTanave
muqi Rvinisferi qvebi. [tab.:#7-b)].
miuxedavad imisa, am periodis restavraciisas ruxi feris qva iqna
gamoyenebuli, Tu adgilze damagrda pirvandeli qva, misi gamorCeva mainc
advilia, radganac CamoRvenTili duRabi da xelosanTa ugulisyuro
muSaoba yvelgan Zalian SesamCnevia. samxreTi fasadis marjvena sarkmeli
Tavisi SemkulobiT dauzianeblad SemorCa, rac CvenTvis friad bednieri
SemTxvevis wyalobaa, radganac swored mis zemoT mavanT Tofis mizanSi
sroliT SeuqceviaT Tavi. fasadebze araerTgan aris natyviarevis
calkeuli kvali, magram es adgili gansakuTrebiT moswonebiaT samizned
da mravalgzisi srolisgan vrceli monakveTia gamoRrutnuli.39 [tab.#6,a)]
samxreT fasadze, marcxena sarkmlis mimdebare perangis wyoba
araTanabar zedapirs qmnis. es gaxlavT Camocvenis piras myofi qvebis
adgilze uxeirod damagrebis Sedegi, ris drosac ar iqna
gaTvaliswinebuli duRabis saWiro sisqe, ar momzadda saTanadod kedlis
wyobis Sida struqtura da a.S. [tab.#6,g)] gansakuTrebiT wamoweulia,
sarkmlis Wrilis garSemo da TavsarTis Tavdapirveli ornamentirebuli,
centraluri filebis (rac karibWeSi dawyobil fragmentebs Soris
amovicaniT) nacvlad, 1939 wlis restavraciisas, Casmuli ruxi qvebi.
rac Seexeba samxreTi fasadis Semamkobel karnizs, sabednierod,
misi Tavdapirveli ornamenti, TiTqmis, srulad SemorCa. mxolod marcxena
kideSi Tvals kvlav Wris ruxi feris samiod fila da aseve TvalsaCinoa
centrSi uSualod kexSi gamoyenebuli Ria vardisferi filebi, rac
momdevno restavraciis Sedegia.
39 aRsaniSnavia, rom k.kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa institutSi dacul eq. TayaiSvilis foto masalaze (e.TayaiSvilis fondi, saqaRalde - 259, konverti – 4) (1902w.) es adgili srulebiT uvnebelia. aRniSnuli masala gamoqveynebulia: Maтepиалы пo apxeoлoгии Кaвказa,
Выпуск ХII, Под ред. Графини Уваровой, Москва 1909
34
Zeglze dakvirvebas dasavleTiT vagrZelebT [tab.#8]. rogorc ukve
aRvniSneT, aq fasadis kvalic ki aRar aris darCenili. Tvals xvdeba
mxolod mokveTili mklavis Sedegad CamorRveuli, gaSiSvlebuli
duRabis gulis qvaRorRiani monakveTebi da samxreT-dasavleTi da
Crdilo-dasavleTi monakveTebis sxvadasxva feradovani laqebiT
aTamaSebuli Sesamoseli. es ukanaskneli, TiTqmis, srulad 1938-39
wlebis restavraciis Sedegi unda iyos. aq moyviTalo-movardisfro
filebis pirvandeli wyoba mxolod orive mxaris kideSi warmodgeba. sxva
danarCen monakveTebze erTmaneTis mimdevrobiT qaosurad mimobneulia
ruxi, Rvinisferi da moyviTalo feris filebi.
Cven vcdilobT ganvsazRvroT, Tu Tavdapirvel wyobaSi ramdenad
figurirebda Rvinis feri qvebis aseTi simravle. dakvirveba gvaZlevs
varaudis safuZvels, rom es qvebi marTlac kumurdos kuTvnilia, Tumca
ara safasado wyobis, aramed dasavleTi mklavis Sida kedlebis, radganac
interierSi marTlac xSirad gvxvdeba msgavsi feris kvadrebi. fasadebi ki
erTiani movardisfro-moyviTalo bazaltis qvebiT iqneboda
mopirkeTebuli da mxolod aRmosavleTi fasadis ideur-mxatvrul
sistemaSi warmodgeboda aqcentebis saxiT, rogoric aris mewamuli jvari
da centraluri sarkmlis Semkulobis Semadgeneli Sida wiTeli TaRi.
vfiqrobT, saremonto samuSaoebisas maqsimalurad gamoiyenes maT xelT
arsebuli Camocvenili filebi da SiSvel fasadze `droebiT~ daamagres
isini. nikoloz severovs damuSavebuli hqonda kumurdos srulad
aRdgenis proeqti [tab.:#4] da advili safiqrebelia, rom is, iseve
rogorc Semdgom 1970-80-ian wlebSi taZris reabilitaciaze momuSave
rusudan gverdwiTeli da Tamar nemsaZe, axlo periodSi taZris
srulyofilad aRdgenas moeloda, Tumca verc erT SemTxvevaSi, araTu
sruli restavracia, aramed restavratorTa mier im konkretul momentSi
dagegmili samuSaoebic ki, ver iqna bolomde miyvanili (dawvrilebiT ix.
Tavi1.5.). dakvirvebis Sedegad gamotanil am daskvnas amyarebs 1902 wlis
periodis foto masala,40 rac kumurdos dasavleT mxares srulebiT
perangSemorRveul kedlebs warmogvidgens. qronologiurad mogviano
40 xelnawerTa instituti - e.TayaiSvilis fondi, saqaRalde - 259, konverti – 4 (es fotoebi gamoqveynda: Maтepиалы пo apxeoлoгии Кaвказa, Выпуск ХII, Под ред. Графини Уваровой,
Москва 1909))
35
fotoebze41 ki, ukve Cndeba sxvadasxva tonalobis filebis monacvleoba.
[tab.:#3 g)]
rac Seexeba CrdiloeT fasads [tab.#9], aqac qveda registri
mTlianad nacrisferi qvebiTaa Semosili. igi moicavs qvemodan qvebis
daaxloebiT Svid rigs. marjvena mxares am aRdgenil monakveTSi erTi-ori
Tavdapirveli qvaa Casmuli. amis Semdgom kedlis zedapiri
uswormasworoa, rac gapirobebulia qvebis adgilze (uxeirod)
damagrebiT. sabednierod, orive sarkmlis Wrili Tu TavsarTi
xeluxleblad SemorCa, Tumca droTa ganmavlobaSi am fasads soko
gansakuTrebiT moedo da marjvena sarkmlis TavsarTi mTlianad dafara.
karnizis vrceli nawilic, Tavisi ornamentuli motivebiT, Tavdapirvelia.
mxolod marjvena qanobis qveda kideSia Casmuli Seumkobeli oriod qva
da aseve centrSi gvxvdeba ukanaskneli restavraciis vardisferi filebi.
ruxi filebis sami rigi mocemulia aseve marcxena sarkmlis TavsarTis
zemoT. rac Seexeba Crdilo-aRmosavleT monakveTs (anu aRmosavleTi
mklavis CrdiloeT kedelsa da CrdiloeTi mklavis momijnave monakveTs)
[tab.#9 d)], aqac qveda registri mTlianad ruxi feriTaa amoyvanili,
Tumca wyobis simWidrove da `sisufTave~, aseve muqi ruxi feri
gvafiqrebinebs, rom igi 1938-39 wlebis restavraciamde arsebobda.
xelnawerTa institutSi dacul, eqvTime TayaiSvilis, zemoT xsenebul,
masalebSi Semonaxuli fotoebi Cven saSualebas gvaZlevs gavamyaroT
Cveni varaudi, ramdenadac maTze TvalnaTliv Cans am adilebze muqi
feris filebis ukve arseboba. zeda registrSi ruxi feris qvebi Casmulia
mxolod mklavTa gadakveTasTan ornamentiT Semkuli trompis gaswvriv -
orive mxares. miuxedavad imisa, rom es adgilic pirveli restavraciis
kuTvnili filebiT aris awyobili, rogorc Cans, 1938-39 wlebSi adgilze
damagreba gaxda saWiro, razec metyvelebs sqlad gamoJonili duRabis
kvali.
istoriuli drois siave gansakuTrebiT naTlad 1938-39 wlebis
samuSaoebis Sedegebs etyoba. yvelasaTvis cnobilia, rom es iyo
saqarTveloSi umowyalo represiebis periodi, rasac emsxverpla
uSualod kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis komitetis damaarsebeli da
qarTuli Zeglebis saremonto samuSaoebis samwliani proeqtis
41 1955w. galaktion tabiZis mogzaurobis fotoreportaJi.
36
iniciatori dimitri SevardnaZe. am yovelives gaazrebiT ki, naTeli xdeba
Tu im periodSi ra viTarebaSi uwevdaT Zeglebze muSaoba. erTdroulad
mimdinareobda 30 umniSvnelovanesi Zeglis reabilitacia, rasac win
uZRoda yvela maTganis zedmiwevniTi Teoriuli Seswavla. Cven
konkretulad kumurdoze visaubrebT, risi dasturic g. CubinaSvilis
kvleva da n. severovis naxazebia, magram uSualod saqmis warmarTvisas
specialistis mier xelosnebis zedamxedvelobis nakleboba aSkaraa. am
ukanasknelis Sedegi ki, samuSaoebis xarisxze aSkarad uaryofiTad aisaxa.
magram miuxedavad amisa, mainc unda gaviTvaliswinoT aRniSnuli umZimesi
wlebi. faqti erTia, dResac ki, Cvens qveyanas ar Seswevs unari da
saSualeba, ara Tu gamoasworos im winare samuSaoebis uaryofiTi
memkvidreoba, aramed taZari daicvas amJamindeli mdgomareobisgan, rac
droTa ganmavlobaSi ufro da ufro mZimdeba. samwuxarod, Cven mowmeni
vxdebiT kumurdos absoluturad bedis anabara mitovebulobis, radganac
ukve 30 welze metia, mis mimarT arc erT saxelmwifo struqturas
saTanado yuradReba ar gamouCenia. mas mxolod adgilobrivi mosaxleoba
ar tovebs da myudro TavSesaqcevi adgilis saxiT taZris Sida sivrces
saqeifo da banqos saTamaSo adgilad iyenebs. am sakiTxs kidev araerTxel
SevexebiT, radganac es Zlier savalaloa.
37
1.3.1. safasado Semkulobis aRwera
Tu kumurdos taZris arqiteqturuli masebis danaklisis
garkveulwilad warmodgena, aRdgena SesaZlebelia, misi Semkulobis
danakargis rekonstruqcia srulebiT miuRwevelia (axali masalis
aRmoCenamde).
miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, mainc SeiZleba miviCnioT, rom kumurdos
taZris safasado Semkulobis mTavar aqcents aRmosavleTi fasadi
warmoadgenda [tab.:#5]. aq kedlis sibrtyeze maxvili kuTxiT SeWrili
ori niSa, Tavisi ganlagebiT, mkveTrad gansazRvravs mTeli fasadis
danawevrebas. niSebs Soris moqceulia fasadis centrSi gaWrili,
saSualo zomis, TaRovani sarkmeli, rTuli ESemadgenlobis SemkulobiT.
fasadis kideebSi ki, erTmaneTis Tavze, ornamentebiT damSvenebuli,
pastoforiumebis or-ori sarkmelia. qveda `sarTulis” sarkmlebi odnav
gverdiT, niSebisken aris moTavsebuli, zeda wyvili ki niSasa da kedlis
kides Soris Tanabari daSorebiTaa gaWrili. kidev ufro zemoT, fasadis
centralur RerZze, kvlav CuqurTmebiT Semofargluli wriuli
sarkmelia, rasac mosdevs ioane episkoposis, erTstriqoniani, didi zomis,
mwyobri asomTavruli warwera. bolos ki yovelive golgoTas mewamuli
jvariT gvirgvindeba. Tumca, rogorc g. CubinaSvilis aRwerilobidan da
n.severovis rekonstruqciuli naxazidan Cans42 [tab.:#4] restavraciamde,
aRniSnuli jvris zemoT, kidev erTi mkveTri maxvilis saxiT, mewamuli
ferisve rombebis asxmiT warmodgenili jvari avsebda frontons.
samwuxarod, CvenTvis misi aRqma mxolod warmosaxvas Tu daefuZneba,
radganac Zvel (Tundac 1902wlis) fotoebzec ki, srulebiT ar ganirCeva.
aq yvela detali, fasadis Semkulobis TiToeuli elementi Zalian
saintereso da mniSvnelovania, amitom saWiroa yoveli maTganis detaluri
aRwera.
amgvarad, fasadis mTavar maxvils centraluri sarkmeli
warmoadgens. misi TaRovani Wrilis formas imeorebs, ormagi Tasmisgan
Semdgari, msubuqad wnuli ornamentuli sapire. Semdgom mas erTvis
Rvinisferi (mewamuli) qvebisgan warmodgenili TaRi, romelic fasadis
42 Г.Чубинашвили, Кумурдо и Никорцминда как пример разных этапов развития бароккального стиля в Грузинском искусстве, Вопросы истории искусства, Том I, Тбилиси, 1970 г. gv.: 245
38
vardisfer perangTan SepirispirebiT mkveTradaa aqcentirebuli. am
yovelives ki, agvirgvinebs rTuli Sedgenilobis moCarCoeba. sarkmlis
Wrilidan, ufro zustad ki mewamuli TaRidan, didi intervaliT
mocemulia maRali reliefuri TavsarTi. igi Semkulia mcenareuli
ornamentiT, romelic warmoadgens samdanayofian, Sewyvilebul farTo
foTlebs, rac TaRis kideebidan maRla miemarTeba da centrSi
SeumCnevlad erwymis erTmaneTs. aRniSnuli sakmaod masiuri TavsarTi
ebjineba marTkuTxa formis kronSteinebs. [tab.:#5-g-d)]. es gaxlavT, erT-
erTi yvelaze saintereso, originalurad Semkuli detali kumurdos
safasado dekoraciul sistemaSi. marjvena mxares mocemulia kedlis
sibrtyidan Zlier gamoziduli `bloki”. zeda nawili, anu uSualod
TaRis sayrdeni, viwro lavgardanis saxiT, Seumkoblad aris datovebuli.
mis qvemoT ki, gamosaxulia adamianis Sewyvilebuli, or-ori `niRabi”.
ramdenadac gamosaxulebebi uSualod waxnagebzea warmodgenili,
frontalurad yurebisas Cans mxolod niRbis nawili: nuSis formis, gare
kideSi odnav daxrili Tvalis moxazuloba; piris, aseve daxrili, Wrilis
naxevari da `Sublis” centridan gadasrolili, zemoT gadrekili erTi
`dalali”. kronSteinis frontalur mxareze, niRbebs Soris moTavsebulia
qvemoT patara ori burTula (centrSi CakveTili wertiliT), romelsac
Semofarglavs zemoT aziduli, erTmaneTis sapirispiro mxares oTxad
gantotili, burTulebiani daboloebis mqone gamosaxuleba. [tab. #5 g)]
rac Seexeba marcxena kronSteins, aq igive principiT gamosaxulia
mxolod ori niRabi (erTi TiTo mxares). uSualod waxnagze modis saxis
centraluri RerZi. ris gamoc, frontaluri aRqmisas, Cans mxolod
profili. am SemTxvevaSi mkveTrad moxazuli nuSis formis Tvalis Wrili
ar aris dabla daxrili. samwuxarod, saxis qveda kide kuTxeebSi
Camotexilia da ar Cans piris Wrili. rac Seexeba zeda nawils, aq ostati
mkafiod Semowers Sublis centridan Rrmad CakveTil ormag Rars. igi
marTkuTxedis mcire gverdze isevea zemoT gadrekili rogorc marjvena
gamosaxulebis SemTxvevaSi aRvniSneT, xolo centralur mxares ki,
savaraudod adgilis uqonlobis gamo, CakveTili ormagi Rari saxis
formas ar scdeba, anu gadrekili monakveTi aklia. amis Semdgom ki,
mokle, wvrili da xSiri talRovani RarebiT gadmocemulia Tmebisa Tu
Tavsaburis miniSneba. `niRbebis~ gamosaxulebaTa Soris frontaluri
39
sibrtyis uSualod centrSi ori morkaluli Rerodan amozrdilia
foToli (rac erTgvarad waagavs stilizebul Subis wvers, maxvils),
xolo Tavebs zemoT, orive mxares gamosaxulia mcire zomis erTnairi
figura, rac gaSlili frTebiT, TaviT dabla, mfrinav mtreds
mogvagonebs. [tab. #5 d)]
aRniSnuli detalebi ebjineba maT qvemoT (vertikalur RerZze)
Sewyvilebulad warmodgenil figurebs. es gaxlavT oTxi maxareblis
simboluri gamosaxuleba _ angelozis, arwivis, xarisa da lomis saxiT
[tab. #5 b)]. marjvniv, zemoT mocemulia Saravandiani arwivi – igi
gamosaxulia sarkmlisken mimarTuli, Tumca frTebi frontalurad aqvs
gadaSlili. niskartTan mcire oTxkuTxa formis detalia kedlis
sibrtyidan sakmaod maRla amoziduli (ufro maRla vidre uSualod
arwivis Tavia), mis centrSi ki CakveTilia (tolmklava) jvari. didi
klanWebiT aqcentirebuli fexi, rac, profilSi gamosaxvis Sesabamisad,
mxolod erTi Cans, dadebuli aqvs momrgvalebuli zedapiris mqone
Sverilze. arwivis sxeuli da frTebis zeda nawili damuSavebulia
qvemodan momrgvalebuli RarebiT, riTic xdeba calkeuli mcire
nawilebis gamokveTa bumbulis miniSnebis saxiT. frTebis qveda nawili ki,
plastikurad gadrekili sami grZivi bumbuliT sruldeba. rac Seexeba
kuds, igi trapeciuli formis mkveTri geometriuli moxazulobiT
gamoirCeva da warmodgenilia oTxi CakveTili RariT (bumbulTa
gancalkevebis mizniT). mis qvemoT mocemulia frTosani cxoveli.
samwuxarod, cxovelis Tavi, romelic horeliefurad iyo gamosaxuli,
orive mxares motexilia. Tumca, marjvniv Cans ufro mokle da odnav
ofro msxvili wina kidurebi, riTic eyrdnoba aseve momrgvalebuli
zedapiris mqone Sverils. am niSnebiT, vfiqrob, igi loms unda
warmoadgendes. samwuxarod, orive mxares frTebi sakmaod dazianebulia,
magram imis garCeva kia SesaZlebeli, rom zedapiri sakmaod sqematurad
iyo damuSavebuli da bumbulis faqturis asaxvas ar daeTmo didi
yuradReba. cxovelTa masiuri sxeulis gamo naklebi adgili darCa
frTebisTvis, amitom maTi asaxuloba mxolod viwro, zemoT
momrgvalebuli, qvemoT ki gadrekili saxis reliefuri formiT
ifargleba. rac Seexeba marcxena mxares angelozis gamosaxulebas, igi
gaxlavT sakmaod sibrtyobriv-grafikuli xasiaTis. mkveTrad
40
gamokveTilia mxolod Saravandi, xolo misgan odnav amozidulia Tavis
ovali. wvrili daxrili xazebiT (Sublis centridan orive mxares
gadaSlis saxiT) gamosaxulia Tmebi. CakveTilia Tvalis nuSis formis
Wrilebi, sakmaod grafikulad miniSnebulia cxviris moxazuloba
CaWdeuli nestoebiT da tuCebis viwro Rari. tanze gadasvla
xorcieldeba mokle kisris saSualebiT. aq dazianebuli zedapiris gamo,
rTulia Sesamoselsa da frTebs Soris zusti sazRvris wakiTxva, Tumca
mainc mkafioa samosis zogadi Strixebi. mxrebze mocemulia daaxloebiT
eqvsi ovaluri CakveTili Rari, maT Soris ki centrSi samkuTxa Rarebis
asxmaa. qvemoT, gulmkerdTan, marcxena mxares, isev ovaluri moxazulobis
`nakecebia~. aqve Zalian patara da Txeli xelebia mocemuli, sadac
marjvena xelSi wignia aqcentirebuli, xelebis qvemoT ki isev grZeldeba
sxvadasxva mxares mimarTuli (ovaluri da horizontaluri) mokle
grafikuli CakveTili Rarebis monacvleoba, rac arSiis saxiT dabla
daxrili kideebiTa da centrisken mimarTuli RarebiT sruldeba. Tavi
imdenad gazrdilia zomaSi, rom srulebiT darRveulia sxeulis
proporciebi. rogorc aRvniSneT, xelebi faqtiurad arc Cans, maT
arsebobas mxolod saxarebis pyroba warmoaCens. rac Seexeba fexebs, isini
gamosaxulia Zalian pirobiTad, quslebiT ebjineba erTmaneTs da
urTierTsapirispirodaa gaSlili. kvlav zedapiris dazianebis gamo
rTulia zustad Tqma, magram, rogorc Cans, aq warmodgenilia TiTebis
falangebis aRmniSvneli Rarebi.
am gamosaxulebaTa Semdgom sapire ikvreba, dabali reliefis, or
lilvs Soris moqceuli, S–seburi formis mcenareuli ornamentiT. is
SeiZleba miviCnioT stilizebul, vazis daklaknil, uwyvet lerwad,
saidanac gamozrdilia samdanayofiani mcire foTlebi. aq foTlis zeda
nawili warwvetebuli da gadrekilia, Semdgom modis elifsuri formis,
Sua nawili da bolos, yvelaze mcire - burTulis saxis, rac damatebiT
centrSi Rrma CakveTili wertiliT sruldeba.
rogorc aRvniSneT, aRmosavleTi fasadis centraluri sarkmeli
orive mxridan flankirebulia gegmaSi samkuTxa, maRali niSebiT, ris
TaRovan daboloebaSic Casmulia dekoraciuli trompebi figuruli
horeliefebiT [tab. #5-e)]. trompebis qveda kideSi warmodgenilia, sakmaod
moculobiTi formis, wverosani mamakacis Tavebi, romelTa zemoTac
41
trompis zedapiri dafarulia radialurad ganfenili reliefuri
RarebiT (sxivebiT). marcxniv, sadac asomTavruli CakveTili warweris
Tanaxmad (caÁ)43 zecis personifikaciaa warmodgenili– samkuTxa niSis
maxvili kuTxidan iSleba TaRovani Semowerilobis sada, srulebiT
Seumkobeli qvis zedapiri saidanac maRali reliefiT, Zlier
moculobiTi Tavis qalis ovaliT warmodgenilia wverosani mamakaci,
romelic zemodan gadmoscqeris yovelives, iseve rogorc marjvena mxares
analogiurad ganTavsebuli wverosani kacis Tavi (gamosaxulebasTan
datanil asomTavrul niSnebs mkvlevarebi kiTxuloben rogorc -
q(ue)y(ana)[Á] )44. orive gamosaxulebis mTavari maxasiaTeblebi: Tavis qalis
moculobiTi (`burTiviT~) forma; gamoSverili, mrgvali yurebi; Rrmad
CakveTili farTo Tvalebis Wrili, gadabmuli warbebi; mkveTrad
wagrZelebuli, wawvetebuli wverebiT Semosili saxe – absoluturad
identuria. amis gaTvaliswinebiT ki, TvalsaCinoa maTgan ganfenili
radialuri sxivebis gansxvavebuloba. marjvena mxares sxivebi
amoburculi saxiTaa damuSavebuli, xolo marcxena mxares piriqiT
CaRrmavebulia. 45
unda aRiniSnos, rom gamosaxulebebis zedapiri, gansakuTrebiT
cxvir-piris areSi sakmaod dazianebulia da rTulia ufro detalurad
aRwera.
amave fasadze, niSebs Soris centralur RerZze gaWrilia
ornamentiT Semkuli wriuli sarkmeli. aq warmodgenilia konturuli
saxis wvrilad Semomfargvleli zolis SigniT sakmad ganieri sartyeli,
sadac mocemulia palmetebCawerili rgolebis asxma.
amis zemoT ki, mocemulia asomTavruli, mwyobri saqtitori
warwera: `q(rist)e, S(ei)w(yal)e Áov(a)ne eb(is)k(opo)si, am(i)si
m(a)S(À)n(e)b(e)li, dR(e)sa m(a)s~.46 xolo yovelives ki, dReisaTvis,
agvirgvinebs mewamuli feris, orsafexurovani postamentidan amozrdili,
golgoTas jvari. wm. eqvTime TayaiSvili kumurdos aRmosavleTi fasadis
aRwerisas, aRniSnavs, rom warweris zemoT feradi qvebiT Seqmnili
43 v. silogava, kumurdos taZris epigrafika, Tb., 1994 w. gv.:51 44 iqve, gv.,52 45 aRsaniSnavia, rom qveynis gamosaxulebis msgavsad, CrdiloeTiT evas Tavs amkobs amoburculi sxivebi, xolo zecis gamosaxulebis msgavsad CaRrmavebulad aris gadmocemuli sxivebi samxreTiT, adamis TavTan. 46 v. silogava - dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv.:44
42
lamazi jvaria, Tumca qvebis didi nawili amovardnilia (`Надъ этою
надписью былъ красивый крестъ составленный из разноцветныхъ камней, но камни
теперь большею частью выпали.”47). marTlac, mis mier warmodgenil foto
masalaze Cans safexurovan postamentze jvris mkveTri moxazuloba.
Tumca, cxadia fotoebi Sav-TeTria da Zalian rTulia imis Tqma, Tu ra
igulisxmeba `ferad qvebSi”. Cvenamde igi aRdgenili saxiT aris
moRweuli. dakvirvebis Sedegad naTlad Cans Casmuli qvebis adgilebi.
postamenti qveda mklavis sawyisiT, pirvandeli mewamuli ferisaa,
Semdgom Casmulia muqi vardisferi qvebi (sadac duRabi gamoJonilia da
zedapirze mkveTrad Cans), aseve muqi vardisferi daboloeba aqvs marcxena
mklavs, xolo sxva nawilebi ki pirvandeli kuTvnilebis unda iyos da
mxolod mciredad aris duRabiT Semagrebuli. amgvarad, Tavdapirveladac
aq mxolod mewamuli feri iyo gamoyenebuli da rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
giorgi CubinaSvilis aRwerilobis Sesabamisad, mewamulive, wveriT
dayenebuli kvadratebisgan Semdgari jvari avsebda frontons48.
aRmosavleTi fasadis Semkulobis mkacr simetriulobas xazs usvams
pastoforiumebis sarkmlebis ganlageba [tab. #5-a)]. qveda viwro Wrilis
sarkmlebi odnav Caweulia niSebisken, xolo zeda ki, zustad centrSia
gaWrili. rogorc safasado wyobis aRwerisas aRvniSneT, aRmosavleTi
fasadis qveda registri, swored sarkmlebis midamoebSi, srulebiT
gamongreuli iyo, amis gamo Semkulobis sruli aRwera SeuZlebelia,
Tumca sabednierod, mniSvnelovani fragmentebi mainc saxezea.
amgvarad, marjvena mxares qveda viwro, ovaluri sarkmlis Wrilis
Semomfargvleli Seumkobeli qvebi restavraciis Sedegia, aq
gamoyenebulia umetesad Tanadrouli movardisfro bazalti, mxolod
zemoT, uSualod TaRovan nawilSi Casmulia “myvirala” ruxi fila,
razec gamoyvanilia jvris qveda mklavi [tab.#5-v)]. am detaliT iqmneba
laTinuri jvari, romlis zeda mklavebic Tavdapirvel ornamentul
Semkulobas warmogvidgens. aq gamosaxulia jvris moxazulobis
konturuli sartylis SigniT ormagi wvrili Tasmebisgan (pirobiTad rom
vTqvaT, rvianebis, Tu usasrulobis niSnis), mWidro uwyveti wnuliT
47 Maтepиалы пo apxeoлoгии Кaвказa, Выпуск ХII, Под ред. Графини Уваровой, Москва 1909, gv.: 36 48 Г.Чубинашвили, Кумурдо и Никорцминда как пример разных этапов развития бароккального стиля в Грузинском искусстве, Вопросы истории искусства, Том I, Тбилиси, 1970 г. gv.: 245
43
Semdgari ornamenti, sadac zeda mklavebis kuTxeebidan gamozrdilia
mkveTrad gamoyofili `burTulebi~ (kuTxeebidan Sverili mcire rkalebis
saxiT, centrSi CakveTili wertiliT). jvris gamosaxulebas ki erTvis
mxolod zemodan wvrili zoliT Semofargluli, amgvarive uwyveti
grexili ornamentis mcire TaRi, risi dasawisi da dasasrulic
aqcentirebulia erTnairi gamosaxulebiT. es gaxlavT reliefuri, Zalian
wvrili ormagi zolisgan Semdgari, erTmaneTze gadabmuli ori
(erTmaneTisDSesayarze gaxsnili) rgoli. TiToeuli maTganis centrSi,
gulSi CakveTilia wertili. es ukanasknelnic Semofarglulia saerTo
TasmiT. rgolebis qveda Sesayarze mcire ornamentuli detalia, rac
erTmaneTze “zurgiT” mibjenil or naxevarrkals warmoadgens da bolos
– rgolebis qvemodan orive mxares Camozrdilia TiTo, boloSi
gadrekili reliefuri detali, rac Tavisi plastikuri moxazulobiT,
frTebis asociacias iwvevs.
fasadis marcxena mxares, qveda sarkmlis Semkulobis SemTxvevaSi
gagvimarTla. aq SemorCa TaRovani Wrilis Semamkobeli ornamentuli
sapires fragmenti, saidanac amozrdilia, marjvena mxares aRwerili
jvris analogiuri gamosaxuleba. ramdenadac saxeze srulad gvaqvs
TaRovani moxazulobis ornamentuli sapiris centridan amomavali jvris
gamosaxuleba, vxedavT rom igi realurad sulac ar yofila iseTi
grZeli qveda mklavis mqone, rogorc, marjvena mxares, restavraciis
Sedegad gamovida. aq warmodgenilia mkafio moxazulobis jvari,
romelic, rogorc ukve aRvwereT, Sedgeba konturul monaxazs SigniT
uwyveti, ormxares kvanZebisgan Semdgari (rvianebi/usasrulobis niSani)
lentisgan. xolo marjvena sarkmlisgan gansxvavebiT aq jvari
gvirgvindeba ara aseTive ornamentuli TaRiT, aramed rgolebis jaWviT
Semkuli gadanakecebiani TavsarTiT. sainteresoa, rom am ukanasknel
SemTxvevaSi, jvris zeda mklavis orive mxares mocemulia samyura niSani
(Triquetra). [tab.#5-v)]
rac Seexeba zeda sarkmlebs, maTi zoma ufro mcirea, Tumca isinic
iseTive TaRovani Wrilis mqonea, romelsac amkobs srulad
Semomfargvleli ornamentuli sapire. Soridan orive sarkmlis
Semkuloba zogadad erTnairia, ramdenadac TaRovani arSiis SigniT
viTardeba Tanabari moculobis ornamenti, Tumca realurad mamkobi
44
motivebi srulebiT sxvadasxvaa [tab.#5-z)]. marjvena mxares mocemulia
didi da patara rgolebis erTmaneTSi gardamavali, gadawnuli
girlianda. aRsaniSnavia, rom aq xazgasmulad yvela detali erTmaneTs
erwymis, maT Soris ki – yoveli rgoli ara marto erTmaneTzea kvanZebiT
gadabmuli, aramed gare Semomfargvlel arSiasa da Sida uSualod
sarkmlis Wrils Semovlebul msgavs kontursac adgil-adgil xveulebiT
ukavSirdeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom yovel mcire xveulSi CakveTilia Rrma
wertili, rac liTonze punsonian Semkulobas mogvagonebs. am sarkmlis
SemkulobaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani gaxlavT is mcire figurebi rac
TiToeul mozrdil rgolSia moTavsebuli. aq qveda zolze mocemulia
sam rgolSi Casmuli sami frinveli. kideebSi gamosaxulebebi gverdulad
aris mocemuli da mimarTulia centrisken. xolo Sua rgolSi ki
frontalurad frTebgadaSlili frinvelia, romelic Tavisi garegnobiT
Zalian hgavs qarTul reliefur mqandakeblobaSi arerTgzis gamosaxul
arwivis figuras. gverdiTa frinvelebi warmodgebian mcire zomis TaviTa
da niskartiT, Tumca mkveTrad win wamoweuli guliT, grZel
bumbulebiani frTebiTa da gaSlili kudiT. saerTod, unda aRiniSnos,
rom sarkmlis Semkulobis zedapiri sakmaod dazianebulia, gadacrecilia
da rTulia TiToeuli gamosaxulebis zusti aRwera, es gansakuTrebiT
exeba marjvena anyolis qveda rgolSi Casmul figuras, rac savaraudod
kvlav frinvels warmoadgens, Tumca dazustebiT amas ver vityviT.
marcxena mxares ki, mocemulia mcire rgolebisgan Semdgari
punsonebCakveTili jvari. mis Tavze kvlav centrisken mimarTuli
frinvelia. sapirispiro mxares ki, xaxadaRebuli, kudaprexili lomis
gamosaxulebaa. Semdgomi figurebi orive mxares erTnairi eqvsi
furclisgan Semdgar, lotosiviT gadaSlil yvavils asaxavs. maT Tavze
ki, kvlav erTnairi frinvelebia, rac qvemoT gamosaxulTagan ufro
wagrZelebuli da mokauWebuli niskartiT gansxvavdeba. uSualod centrSi
ki, sadac mcire rgolia mocemuli, patara vardulia Casmuli.
fasadis marcxena zeda sarkmelze, rogorc aRvniSneT,
gansxvavebuli ornamentuli motivia warmodgenili. zemoT (TaRSi) da
sarkmlis qvemoT SedarebiT farTo Tasmebis badisebri wnulia. xolo
gverdiTa anyolebze ufro wvrili da ormagi Tasmebi enacvleba da
45
mWidro wnul bades qmnis. am SemTxvevaSic unda aRiniSnos, rom
ornamentis zedapiri Zlier gadacrecilia.
rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva, aRmosavleTi fasadis lavgardani
srulad aris aRdgenili da amitom saerTo dekorSi dReisaTvis veRar
monawileobs, Tumca gverdiTa fasadebis Semkulobidan gamomdinare,
faqtia, rom Tavis droze taZars mTlianad Semouyveboda CuqurTmovani
arSia.
rac Seexeba gverdiTa fasadebs, aq warmodgenilia or-ori sarkmeli,
romelTa Sorisac, aRmosavleTi fasadis msgavsi, TiTo niSaa SeWrili.
samxreTi fasadis [tab. #6-7)] SemTxvevaSi, gegmaSi samkuTxa niSis konqur
daboloebaSi, Cveulebisamebr, gadaSlilia `sxivebi”, rac aRmosavleTi
fasadis marcxena niSis (zecis gamosaxulebiT) msgavsad, qvis zedapiris
CaRrmavebiT, cilindruli formis Rarebis saxiTaa mocemuli. masze ki,
warweris Tanaxmad, adamis Tavia gamosaxuli. adamis saxe Zalian
dazianebulia [tab. #6-b)]. Tavis marcxena nawili - Sublis, Tvalisa da
cxviris CaTvliT, Camongreulia. gadarCenili nawili ki warmogvidgens:
Tval-warbis nuSis formis moyvanilobas, garkveulwilad tuCis da
cxviris monaxazs da wverebiT dafarul nikaps. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tmisa
da wverebis are sqematuri CaRrmavebebiT uxeSad aris damuSavebuli, rac
Soridan Tmis faqturis STabeWdilebas iZens. aRniSnuli Tavi, pirdapir
gamozrdilia fonidan, kisris Tu sxva detalis gareSe.
samxreT fasadze sarkmlebis ganlageba da Semkulobis zogadi saxe
CrdiloeTi fasadis identuria. aq mocemulia maRla (niSis TaRovani
daboloebis odnav qvemoT) gaWrili ori farTo sarkmeli, romelTac
amkobs gadanakeciani TavsarTi [tab. #6-g)]. es ukanaskneli kedlis
zedapiridan mciredadaa amoziduli da mas ukavSirdeba daxrili
kideebiT (yovelgvari safexurebis gareSe). TavsarTis ornamentuli
Semkuloba ki, warmodgeba nalis formis TaRebis mwkrivis saxiT, Tanac
yoveli maTgani Semofarglavs, mis wiaRSi Caweril yvavilis kokors. es
gaxlavT swori Reros mqone butoni ori wyvili gadaSlili,
erTmaneTisgad daSorebuli, grZeli foTliT (rac, vfiqrob, titas
mogvagonebs). aRsaniSnavia, rom TiToeuli yvavilis qveda foTlebi ise
ebmis TaRebis quslebis mijnidan CamoSvebul gadrekil Reroebs, rom
iqmneba uwyveti talRovani lenti. amave dros, zeda nawilSi TiToeul
46
TaRs Soris mocemulia erTidaigive figura, rac (rogorc aRmosavleT
fasadze, centraluri sarkmlis TaRis marcxena kronSteinze, orsaxa
gamosaxulebas axlda), marTalia, Zalian pirobiTi, magram plastikuri
siluetiT, TaviT dabla daSvebul mtreds mogvagonebs.
rac Seexeba marcxena sarkmlis Semkulobas, samwuxarod, igi
dazianebuli iyo da Cvenamde aRdgenili saxiT moaRwia. amitom TavsarTis
TaRovani nawili gluvi filebiT aris mocemuli. Tumca, uSualod
gadanakecebis ornamentuli safariT SegviZlia warmovidginoT am Riobis
sruli Semkuloba. aq mocemulia erTmaneTis sapirispirod (qvemodan da
zemodan) momarTuli mozrdili `kokori~, rac ori mxridan, talRovani
formebiT amoizrdeba da zemoT centrSi erTdeba. am saxiT iqmneba
samyura yvavilis erT-erTi saxeobis (Trefoil) msgavsi gamosaxuleba.
TiToeuli maTgani damatebiT flankirebulia sxvadasxva mxares
mokauWebuli ReroebiT.
samxreTi fasadis lavgardanis Semkuloba kvlavac ornamentuli
motiviT aris warmodgenili [tab. #6-g)]. am SemTxvevaSi mTel mklavs
Semowers erTiani sartyeli, rac ormagi Tasmisgan Semdgar, erTmaneTze
gadawnul zigzagebis mWidro rigs warmoadgens, ris Sedegadac rombebis
asxma iqmneba.
samxreTiT gansakuTrebul rols taZris Tanadrouli karibWe
asrulebs [tab. #7-a-b)]. igi Zlieraa dazianebuli _ SemorCenilia mxolod
aRmosavleTi afsida, rac, Tavis mxriv, aseve dazianebulia: centrSi
gamongreulia wyobis nawili da eqsterierSi srulebiT Semoclilia
perangi. amis gamo, mis gare masebze bevrs ver visaubrebT. Tumca, aRvwerT
mis Sida sivrces, sadac daculia umniSvnelovanesi lapidaruli
warwerebi da, amas garda, reliefuri gamosaxulebebi.
amgvarad, morRveuli samxreTi da dasavleTi kedlebis Sedegad
gaSiSvlebulad warmodgeba karibWis Sida sivrce [tab. #7-b)]. aq kedlebi
mopirkeTebulia kargad Tlili, movardisfro-moyviTalo, zogan muqi
Rvinisferi bazaltis kvadrebiT. mwyobri arqiteqturul-konstruqciuli
detalebiT igi zustad esadageba taZris ZiriTadi masis mSeneblobis
xasiaTs. taZarSi Sesasvleli karis timpanis zemoT Semowerilia `yru~
TaRi, romelic grZeldeba aRmosavleTiT (da, Tavis droze, srulad
Semouyveboda karibWis Sida sivrces). TaRebis forma, odnav Seisruli,
47
zemoT mimarTuli proporciebiT imeorebs taZris Sida sivrcis TaRebis
moxazulobas. TaRebs Soris Casmulia mcire dekoraciuli trompebi,
romlebSic warmodgenilia angelozis TiTo reliefuri figura. [tab. #7-
v)] srulebiT CamorRveuli gadaxurvis gamo, isini pirdapir Ria cis
qveSaa moqceuli. angelozebi mocemulia moculobiTi, daunawevrebeli
sxeulis formebiT, orantis JestiT da eqspresiulad gazrdili
SaravandiT Semosili TavebiT. [tab. #7-v)] SedarebiT ukeTesad SemorCa
samxreT-aRmosavleTi trompis angelozis figura, radganac igi ar
ganicdis wvimisa da qaris pirdapir `dartymas”. Tumca, uSualod qvis
bloki, romelzec gamosaxulebaa gamokveTili, amJamad srulebiT
gancalkevebuladaa darCenili. mas mxolod pirvandeli samSeneblo
periodis (X saukunis) ostatTa duRabis Sezavebis saocari codnis
unariT miRebuli guli amagrebs, radganac aq yovelgvari sxva
konstruqciuli sayrdeni gamoclilia da igi mxolod kedlis Sida
qvaRorRTan aris SekavSirebuli (ase Cvenamde ki moaRwia, magram
sakiTxavia, rodemde mouwevs mzrunveli xelis lodini?!).
aRniSnuli figuris zeda nawili, Tavis midamoebSi, sokos aqvs
dafaruli da is qvemoTken, samoszec Camouyveba. miuxedavad Yyvelafrisa,
Cven SegviZlia aRvweroT mcire SaravandiT Semosili gazrdili zomis
Tavis ovali, nuSisebri, didi zomis Tvalebi, mcire cxviri da patara,
Tumca mkveTri moxazulobis tuCebi, uwvero pirisaxe, romelic mokle
kisriT ukavSirdeba koWebamde samosiT dafarul tans. xelebi idayvebiT
ganzea gaweuli, xolo Semdgom zemoT apyrobili. amiT iqmneba mkveTri
kuTxovani xazebi. angelozis frTebi (cota ar iyos araorganulad)
idayvebis qvemodan aris CamoSlili. bumbulis faqtura warmodgenilia
mokle, vertikaluri, amoburculzedapiriani fenebis saxiT, rac dabla
TandaTan sigrZeSi imatebs da odnav ganze idrikeba. samosis drapireba ki,
gaxlavT Zalian pirobiTi Rarebis saxiT. aq, mxrebidan gul-mkerdis
CaTvliT, swori, vertikaluri xazebia CakveTili. Semdgom gamosaxulia
sartyeli. samwuxarod, am monakveTSi reliefis zedapirze modebuli soko
ar gvaZlevs kargad garCevis saSualebas, Tumca moCans samkuTxa detali,
rac sartyelTan aris dakavSirebuli. es SeiZleba iyos gulsakidi (Tumca
igi ar aris gamosaxuli zustad centrSi) an samosis gadanakeci. am zeda
sartylis Semdgom samosis vertikaluri Rarebi odnav ganze miemarTeba.
48
welTan ki, meore sartyelia mocemuli, rac centrSi kvanZiT aris
Sekruli. qvemoT iSleba mokle da sqematuri Rarebi, romelTa
mimarTuleba mudmivad icvleba - Tu marjvena mxares SedarebiT sworad
modis, marcxniv morkalul formas iZens, Semdgom centrSi kvlav swori
Rarebis mwkrivia, rac marcxnisken zomaSi klebulobs da kabis kidesTan,
qvemoT mimarTul morkalul RarebSi gadadis. kabis qvemodan ki mcire
zomis, Txeli fexebi moCans. samwuxarod, am nawilSi fila Camotexilia,
Tumca mainc - es figura Tavisi gamZleobiT kumurdos taZris `gmiria~.
taZarSi Sesasvlelis marjvniv, srulyofilad SemorCa figuris
arqiteqturul-konstruqciul formebTan Serwymis pirvandeli saxe. Cven
vxedavT mcire trompisgan gamoSveril marTkuTxa masiur filas
angelozis gamosaxulebiT da mis Semomwer, aseve masiur TaRs. rogorc
aRvniSneT am mxares Zlieria bunebrivi naleqebisa da qaris zemoqmedeba,
amitomac gamosaxulebaTa zedapiri gadacrecilia da ar ganirCeva
saWreTlis zusti nakvalevi. angelozis SaravandiT moculi Tavi zomiT
kvlav gazrdilia. Tvalebis Wrili aRar ikiTxeba, Tumca mkveTria
cxviris mogrZo forma. pirisaxe kvlav uwvero unda iyos. Semdgom modis
TavTan mokle kisriT dakavSirebuli sxeuli, sadac samosis damuSaveba
ar unda iyos iseTi mWidro da arc ZiriTadad vertikaluri mokle-mokle
Rarebisgan Semdgari, aramed aq ufro farTo, Tavisufali, sxvadasxva
mxares mimarTuli naWdevebia, Tumca detaluri aRwera SeuZlebelia. misi
sartyeli ki mxolod welze SeimCneva. xelebi analogiurad ganze da
Semdgom zemoT aris apyrobili, xolo frTebi idayvebis monakveTidanaa
CamoSvebuli; fexebis adgili momtvreulia.
rac Seexeba marcxena figuras, igi yvelaze tanmorCilia da Txeli
sxeuliT gamoiCeva, sadac aqcentirebulia ara imdenad uSualod Tavis
ovali, ramdenadac Saravandi. saxe da mTlianad figuris zedapiri
imdenad waSlilia, rom SeuZlebelia raimes aRwera, Tumca, vfiqrob,
Tvalis Wrilebi iqneboda didi zomis, xolo samosis zedapiri Zalian
sqematurad da ara ise detalurad damuSavebuli, rogorc gansakuTrebiT,
Cvens mier pirvelad aRwerili angelozis SemTxvevaSia. Aam reliefuri
filis Semdgom karibWis dasavleTi mxare CamorRveulia, da es figurac
naxevrad haerSia gamokidebuli.
49
uSualod taZarSi Sesasvleli Semkulia geometriul ornamentTan
Serwymuli vrceli saqtitoro warweriT [tab. #7-d)]. igi Tavisi
SinaarsiT friad mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac istoriul pirebTan erTad
dasaxelebulia taZris mSeneblobis zusti TariRi.
Cven zemoT ukve visaubreT taZris epigrafikaze da amitom aq aRar
SevCerdebiT.
samxreTi Sesasvlelis marTkuTxa Wrili dagvirgvinebulia
timpaniT, romlis centrSic gaSlilia erTidaigive saxis stilizebuli
geometriuli ornamentis (talRovani gverdebis mqone kvadratebi, rac
TiTqos varskvlavebsac emsgavseba) `xaliCa~. aRniSnul Semkulobas
mkacrad SemosazRvruli marTkuTxa forma aqvs, xolo timpanis ovaluri
Wrilis zeda da gverdiTa areebi ki daTmobili aqvs asomTavrul
saqtitoro warwerebs. asoebi da striqonebi imdenad mijriTaa
warmodgenili, rom erTi SexedviT, ornamentuli Semkulobis Semadgenel
nawilad aRiqmeba [tab. #7-d-e)]. aq centrSi mocemulia umniSvnelovanesi
oTxstriqoniani warwera, romlis wyalobiTac Cven vici taZris agebis
zusti weli (964) da misi maSeneblebi. warweris dasawyisi da dasasruli
aqcentirebulia ornamentuli ideogramebiT.49 marjvena mxares es gaxlavT
erTmaneTSi gardamavali ori wawvetebuli elifsisgan Semdgari jvari,
xolo marcxniv – uwyveti kvanZebiT Seqmnili wawvetebuli `foTlovani~
jvari. yoveli ornamentuli motivi, jvrebi Tu Sida varskvlavebis
`xaliCa~, iseve, rogorc zemoT aRwerili, safasade ornamentaciis didi
nawili Sedgenilia ormagi Tasmebisgan. Semdgom warwera grZeldeba
marcxena mxares, xolo timpanis marjvena kide ki, daTmobili aqvs
maSenebelTa kvereqss da `giorgis warweras~.50 timpanis aRniSnuli
warwerebi paleografiuli niSnebiT erT periods ganekuTvneba.
rogorc Cans, es iyo karibWe-samlocvelo, radganac igi aRWurvilia
rogorc sakurTxevliT, ise mcire samkveTloTi, rac gaWrilia taZris
samxreTi Sesasvlelis marjvniv, Rrma niSis saxiT. kumurdos taZris
gegmaze aRniSnuli detali mkafiod Cans [tab.#2].51
49 rasac v. silogava maltur jvrad ixseniebs, Tumca, vfiqrob, misgan formiT sakmaod gansxvavdeba da amitom am gansazRvrebas ver daveTanxmebi. 50 v. silogava, kumurdos taZris epigrafika, Tb., 1994 w. gv.:39 51 v. beriZe, Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1974 w.
50
sainteresoa am ukanasknelis arqitravis mogrZo filaze
reliefurad amoziduli samstriqoniani asomTavruli mwyobri warwera.
v.silogava mas aseve taZris agebis Tanadroulad miiCnevs.52 aqve,
mimdebare zedapirze, X saukunis dasasruliTa da XI s-is dasawyisiT
daTariRebuli, sxva araerTi saaRape warweraa. xolo samxreTi
Sesasvlelis timpanis SemomzRudav TaRze amokveTili warwera ki, Xs-is
80-90-iani wlebiT ifargleba da igi gabriel kumurdoelis saaRape
warweras warmoadgens [tab.#7-d)].
rac Seexeba dasavleT fasads, rogorc ukve iTqva, ganadgurebis
gamo mis Sesaxeb verafers vityviT [tab.#8]. Tumca, SemorCenilia
dasavleTi stoas nangrevebi, romelic taZars XI saukunis dasawyisSi
miaSenes. igi warmodgeba plastikuri ornamentis nairgvari repertuariT.
amiT ki kumurdos taZari kidev erT Rirebul cnobas gvaZlevs, qarTuli
xelovnebis istoriis arc Tu vrcel monakveTSi, mxatvruli sametyvelo
enis ganviTarebis amplitudaze.
yvelaze ukeT SemorCenilia stoas samxreTi kedeli, rac mnaxvels
izidavs Tavisi ornamentuli Tanabari zomis TaRnariT [tab.#10)]. aq ruxi
feris qvis blokebis orsafexurian cokolze, mis mimarT kontrastulad,
warmodgenilia moyviTalo feris, grZivi sabaziso ornamentirebuli qvebi,
razec damyarebulia Sewyvilebuli, daxrili RarebiT dafaruli
zedapiris mqone lilvebi. am ukanasknelT ebjineba erTiani, marTkuTxa,
mkveTri moxazulobis konsolebi, saidanac uSualod TaRebi amoizrdeba.
marjvnidan meore TaRSi gaWrilia Sesasvleli da igi
aqcentirebulia Wrilis uSualod Semomfargvleli, ormag Txel lilvze
dafuZnebuli, ornamentuli TaRiT, rac kedlis saerTo sibrtyidan
TvalsaCinod gamozidulia. Semdgom mas erTvis kedlis sibrtyezeve
Sesrulebuli plastikuri siluetis palmetebis sartyeli. es
ukanaskneli, zeda nawilSi, ifargleba kvlav gamoziduli, gansxvavebuli
ornamentuli `kamariT~, xolo Semdgom, sadad datovebuli perangis
filebis mcire intervaliT, uSualod TaRedis ZiriTadi profili
warmogvidgeba. marjvniv mxolod kidev erTi yru TaRi Semoiwereba.
marcxniv ki, marTalia TaRi dReisaTvis mTlianad amovsebulia, magram
Tavis droze igi gaWrili unda yofiliyo, iseve rogorc misi momijnave,
52 v. silogava, dasaxelebuli naSromi: gv.: 41
51
Cvens mier aRwerili TaRi. aq, zeda nawilSi, Tavdapirveli yore qvis
wyobaa, rac dafaruli iqneboda perangis filebiT, xolo centrSi ki,
uaxloes warsulSi Casmuli masiuri qvebia, savaraudod imdroindeli,
rodesac mosaxleobam taZari saxvadasxva daniSnulebiT gamoiyena.
aRsaniSnavia, rom aq centrSi orsafexurovani cokoli dadablebulia da
mxolod qveda safexuria warmodgenili iseve rogorc gverdiT gaWrili
karis SemTxvevaSi. amas emateba isic, rom marcxena qveda kideSi SemorCa
ornamentuli Semkulobis mcire detali. es yovelive ki imas mowmobs, rom
aqac, momijnave Semkulobis msgavsad, warmodgenili iyo karis Wrili da
misi Semomfargvlel-damagvirgvinebeli iarusebiani TaRovani moCarCoeba.
stoas samxreTi kedlis TiToeul TaRSi warmodgenilia
erTmaneTisgan gansaxvavebuli ornamenti. iqneba es am periodSi tao-
klarjeTidan momdinare, farTod gavrcelebuli S-iseburi ornamentis
saxesvaoba, wreSi Cawerili palmetebisa da lotosebis lenti, Tu
rgolebisa da rombebis xlarTebisgan Semdgari badeebi da jaWvebi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom erTmaneTis gverdiT ornamentebi mudmivad icvleba.
Tumca, erTis gamotovebiT meordeba. magaliTad, pirveli TaRis
Semkuloba meordeba meore TaRis cokolze; pirveli TaRis cokolis
Semkuloba meordeba mesames TaRze da aS. mTlianobaSi (TaRis, konsolisa
da bazisis ornamentaciebSi) warmodgenilia 9 saxis motivi.
miuxedavad taZris ZiriTadi samSeneblo periodisgan gansxvavebisa,
yoveli CuqurTmis wamyvani Tasma kvlavac ormagia da, unda iTqvas, rom
aSkarad igrZnoba taZris erTiani mxatvrul-kompoziciuri
struqturisadmi mizanmimarTuli daqvemdebareba da Tanwyoba. amitomac aq
mocemulia sxvadasxva fasadze gafantuli ornamentaciis ZiriTadi
motivebis interpretacia. es ki, mxatvruli enis ganviTarebis kuTxiT
CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa. am yoveliveze qvemoT mxatvruli
analizisadmi daTmobil TavSi (gv.:80) dawvrilebiT visaubrebT.
rac Seexeba dasavleT mxares, aq warmodgenilia minaSeni centrSi
kvadratuli sapireTi Semofargluli kariT. uSualod Sesasvlelis
Wrils ebjineba rgolebis orrigad mimdinare xlarTebis jaWvi (am
SemTxvevaSi saerTo Tasma sammagia). mas ki, Tavis mxriv, Semowers ormagi
lilvuri moCarCoeba sadac centrSi amozrdilia jvari. (jvris mklavebi
kideebSi gaganierebulia; dazianebis gamo kargad ar ganirCeva burTebiT
52
aris boloebi Semkuli Tu wawvetebulia). aRniSnuli jvris garSemo -
timpanze moTavsebulia oTxi sxvadasxva warwera. maTgan mniSvnelovani
adgili ukavia taZris `meored maSenebelTa~ mosaxseniebel warweras.53
aRniSnuli warwera paleografiuli niSnebiTa da aq moxseniebuli
istoriuli pirebiT 1511-1515 wlebiT TariRdeba. rogorc Cans, am
periodSive sagrZnoblad SeakeTes CrdiloeTi minaSenic. am ukanasknelis
safasado perangis qvebi TiTqmis srulad Secvlilia. ramdenadac sokos
daavadeba aq Zalian aqtiuria, qvebis zedapiri yviTlad aris dafaruli
da kargad gaTlili zedapiri sul dakoJrilia. aRsaniSnavia, rom aq
warmodgenilia ori Sewyvilebuli lilvi, maTze dabjenili marTkuTxa
formis masiuri konsolebiT. sainteresoa, rom lilvebis qveda nawili
isevea daxrili xazebiT daRaruli, rogorc samxreT mxares. zemoT ki
gamocvlili, Seumkobeli lilvebiT grZeldeba. SemorCenilia aseve
konsolebisa da sabaziso qvebis CuqurTmebi. taZris CrdiloeT fasadTan
momijnaved, dReisaTvis, filebi CamoSlilia, Tumca darCenilia
Sewyvilebuli lilvis qveda nawili da ornamentirebuli marTkuTxa
formis bazisi. aq gamosaxulia mxolod erTi, Zalian plastikuri S-seburi
monaxazis palmeti. Semdgom modis lilvebis Camomtvreuli fragmenti,
rac bevrad ufro masiuria vidre Tavdapirveli lilvebis naSTebi da
mZimed adevs bazisis qvas. aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom kumurdos
Camocvenili ornamentuli fragmentebis mcire nawili dReisaTvis samxreT
karibWeSi awyvia [tab.#7-z)],54 maTgan erT-erTi Tavisi marTkuTxa formiT
da zomiT zustad Seesabameba CrdiloeTi minaSenis kedelze warmodgenil
konsolebs. mis zedapirze gamosaxulia ormagi TasmiT Semowerili ori
erTmaneTze gadabmuli wre, raSic Cawerilia ori faskunji [tab.#10-d)].
TiToeuli wris Tasma garSemo Sveril kvanZebs ikeTebs. TiTqos,
gamokveTilia oTxi maTgani (zemoT ori, qvemoT ori), magram maT Soris
kidev Cndeba kvanZebi, riTic erwymis blokis arSias, rac mTlianad, amave
zomis, kvanZebis rigs warmoadgens. faskunjebi Zalian reprezentaciuli
`ieriT~, erTmaneTisken arian mimarTulni. orive maTganis niskartTan
mcire gamosaxulebaa. misi sqematurobis gamo rTulia zusti
53 dasaxelebuli naSromi gv.:74 54 2014 wlis Tebervlamde ewyo, Tumca mavanTa mousvenrobiT sul sxvadasxva adgilas, bolos ki yvelaferi Zirs aRmoCnda gadmoyrili. qvebs Soris gansakuTrebiT dazianda mamakacis Zalian saintereso reliefuri gamosaxuleba.
53
identificireba, Tumca vfiqrob Tevzs unda asaxavdes. gansakuTrebiT
plastikurad aris naZerwi maTi zemoT aziduli, gadaSlili kudebi, rac
moxazulobiT, aqve aRwerili bazisis palmetis foTlis siluets
imeorebs. rac Seexeba CrdiloeTi minaSenis momdevno lilvs, is qveda
nawilSi pirvandeli saxiT SemorCa da amitom bazissa da mas Soris
daculia proporciebi. bazisis bloki Semkulia geometriuli ornamentiT,
rac mokle sam-samad dajgufebuli vertikaluri da horizontaluri
xazebis monacvleobiT Seqmnil `xaliCas~ warmoadgens. kronSteinze ki
mocemulia, marTkuTxa blokSi Zalian mwyobrad Calagebuli, erTmaneTze
gadanaskvuli eqvsi rgoli. TiToeuli maTganis centrSi (CakveTili)
burTulebia gamosaxuli. rgolebs Soris, SuaSi, ori varskvlavia, zeda
da qveda kideebTan ki samkuTxedebi. Zalian sainteresoa aseve mesame
lilvebis wyvilis Semkuloba. aq qveda nawili kvlav pirvandelia, Tumca
Zalian dazianebuli zedapiriT. bazisi dafarulia ormagi Tasmis uwyveti
mWidro kvanZebiT, ise rom qvis zedapiri, fonis saxiT, saerTod ar Cans.
aRniSnul kvanZebSi gamoirCeva ori mozrdili rgoli, romelSic
dazianebulobis gamo, ver vaxerxebT figurebis garCevas. rac Seexeba
lilvis damagvirgvinebel bloks, masze warmodgenilia oTxi,
maRalyeliani faskunji, romlebic Sewyvilebulad yurZnis mtevans
Seeqcevian. miuxedavad imisa, rom aq igrZnoba sasuraTe aris zomiT
ganpirobebuli simWidrove, ostats ar aqvs saSualeba misTvis
damaxasiaTeblad sruli plastikuri xazebiT gamoZerwos gadaSlili
kudebi, grafikuli xerxebiT axdens Zalian warmosadeg, amayad mdgom
frinvelTa figurebis gamosaxvas.
minaSenis CrdiloeT kedelzec, iseve rogorc samxreTiT, Tavis-
Tavad gadasrolili iqneboda TaRedi, rac kidev ufro mravalricxovan
ornamentul motivebs SemogvTavazebda, magram dReisaTvis maTi kvali
saerTod waSlilia. lilvebs Soris ki, yru kedelSi or adgilas
kvadratulad amoWrilia qvis filebi, rac etyoba XIX saukunis
dasawyisSi, taZris sxvadasxva daniSnulebiT gamoyenebisas dasWirda
adgilobriv mosaxleobas.
rac Seexeba uSualod taZris CrdiloeT fasads, igi samxreTi
fasadis mxatvruli gadawyvetis identuria (karibWis gamoklebiT). aqac
fasadis kedlis centrSi gvaqvs maxvili samkuTxedis formis niSa
54
konqisebri daboloebiT, sadac dekoraciul trompSi mocemulia
reliefiuri qandakeba. [tab.#9] am SemTxvevaSi (aso-niSnebis Tanaxmad –
[e]v||a) evas gamosaxulebiT55, romlis zemoTac radialurad gadaSlilia
sxivebi (`qveynis” gamosaxulebis msgavsad, sxivebi amoburculi zolebis
saxiT aris mocemuli, rac miRweulia martivad, mxolod CakveTili
gamyofi Rarebis saSualebiTa da ZiriTadi nawilebis zedapiris
momrgvalebiT). uSualod qandakeba ki, masiurad aris gamoziduli
fonidan da erTiani moculobiTi formiT warmogvidgeba [tab. #9-b)].
gamosaxulebis Sublamde Camoziduli da gverdebze, yurebis dafarviT
Tavisuflad CamoSvebuli Tavsaburi Tavis mkveTrad momrgvalebul
formas imeorebs. saxis damuSavebis mxriv ki, ostati saWreTliT mxolod
martiv formebs Semowers, rogoric aris yvrimalebidan qvemoT saxis
ovali, odnav CakveTili Tvalis Wrilebi, miniSnebuli cxviri (zedapiri
dazianebulia), maRali yeli. es ukanaskneli Zalian pirobiTad aris
damuSavebuli da usicocxlo sayrdens ufro waagavs, vidre sxeulis
nawils.
niSis aqeT-iqiT moTavsebuli sarkmlebi sakmaod dominanturia,
ramdenadac warmoadgens farTo (aRmosavleTi fasadis sarkmlebTan
SedarebiT) Wrils, rasac agvirgvinebs ornamentebiT Semkuli
gadanakeciani TavsarTi [tab. #9-g)]. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, wlebis
manZilze modebuli sokovani `xavsis~ gamo kumurdos unikaluri
arqiteqturuli Zegli Zalze savalalo dReSia, gansakuTrebiT
`daavadebuli~ ki swored CrdiloeTi fasadia. dReisaTvis sokovani
xavsi, TiTqmis, srulad faravs marjvena sarkmlis TavsaraTis zedapirs,
sadac warmodgenilia mWidro uwyveti badisebri wnuli ornameti.
marcxena mxares ki, girliandebis asxmaa, sadac rgolebi isea erTmaneTze
gadabmuli, rom TiToeuli ZiriTadi rgolis gulSi momdevnoze
gardamavali kvanZi iqmneba. uSualod TavsarTi kedlis sibrtyidan
amozidulia mcire simaRlis, Tumca mkveTri erTiani fenis saxiT, rac
fonTan daxrili kideebiT aris dakavSirebuli.
CrdiloeTi fasadis karnizis SemkulobaSi gamoyenebulia marcxena
sarkmlis ornamentis msgavsi motivi, oRond ufro didi, farTo da
55 v. silogava, kumurdos taZris epigrafika, Tb., 1994 w. gv.:51
55
Tavisufali wnuli girliandebis saxiT, sadac TiToeuli rgolis
monaxazi Sedgeba ormagi Tasmisgan [tab.#9g)]. amgvarive ornamenti
grZeldeba CrdiloeTi mklavis aRmosavleT nawilSic. am faqtze
dayrdnobiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom karnizis dasavleTi mxare aRdgenilia
da ar SemorCa adrindeli Semkulobis kvali, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom
CrdiloeTi mklavis yvela waxnagze karnizis Semkuloba erTnair motivs
warmoadgenda. aRmosavleTi mklavis karnizis CrdiloeT mxareze ki, Cven
vxedav srulebiT gansxvavebul ornamentul Semkulobas [tab.#9d)]. am
SemTxvevaSi, aq mocemulia ormagi TasmiT Semowerili mcire nalis
formis TaRebis mwkrivi, sadac yoveli maTganis orive bolo Sida mxares
aris natifad Sexveuli, xolo TaRTa mijnidan ki, CamoSvebulia samyura
foToli56. rac Seexeba aRmosavleTi da CrdiloeTi mklavebis Sesayars,
sadac karnizTa gadakveTaze damatebiTi maxvilkuTxiani monakveTi unda
iqmnebodes (sxva fasadebis Sesabamisad, Tumca aq igi CamoSlilia)
SemorCenilia ornamentuli Semkulobis mcire fragmentebi (monakveTis
dasawyisi da dasasruli), rac srulebiT damoukidebel motivs
warmoadgens. [tab. #9d)] aq mocemulia ormagi Tasmis uwyveti, erTmaneTSi
gardamavali xveulebi rac daaxloebiT mxedruli anbanis, gverdiT
gadaxril `z” asos moxazulobas mogvagonebs. mis qvemoT ki, mcire
trompSi gamosaxulia centrisken mzardi samyura foToli, romelic
saWreTlis Rrmad CakveTiT, plastikuri formis Semoweris Semdeg, qvis
zedapirze momrgvalebul, garkveul moculobiT formas iZens.
56 amgvari motivi meordeba interierSi, gumbaTqveSa afra-trompebis sawyisTan erT-erT miniaturul svetze, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mogvagonebs yarsis e.w. kumbet kilises (Xs.) interieris pilastris kapitelis ornamentul Semkulobas.
56
1.4. kumurdos Sida sivrcis ganxilva
samxreTiT, kumurdos karibWidan, sadac Cven mier zemoT aRwerili
mTavarangelozebi qristes didebis niSnad xelapyrobilni gvegebebian,
SevdivarT taZris Sida sivrceSi [tab.#11]. aq yovelive mopirkeTebulia
sxvadasxva zomis da sxvadasxva feradovnebis Tlili bazaltis kvadrebis
mwyobri rigebiT. aRsaniSnavia aRmosavleTi afsidis konqSi Casmuli
naxevarwriuli saWeqi qva da misgan radialurad, sxivebis saxiT
gadmoSlili grZivi trapeciuli filebi. sainteresoa, rom saWeqi qva da
`sxivebi”, erTis monacvleobiT, wiTlad aris daferili. amasTanave,
dReisaTvis, kumurdos interieris qvaTa bunebriv feradovnebas emateba
srulad Camorecxili freskebis baTqaSis naSTebi, aqa-iq, bednieri
SemTxvevis wyalobiT, SemorCenili moxatulobis wiTeli konturebi, Tu
laJvardovani feris gamonaTeba. mklavebis (bolomdemiuyvaneli)
restavrirebuli lorfinebidan CamoJonili wylis marilebi TeTri
kvalis saxiT faravs kedlebis zeda registrebs da Semofarglavs
nestisgan gaSavebul qvis zedapirebs. ukve araerTxel iTqva, rom
kumurdos gumbaTi morRveulia, amitomac – mcxunvare mze, wvima, setyva,
Tovli Tu qari ar aklebs Tavis `xels~ Cvens Zvirfas taZars.
eqsterieris erTiani, monumenturi, Sekruli formebisgan
gansxvavebiT, taZarSi SesvlisTanave gadaiSleba mravalkomponentiani,
garkveulwilad erTmaneTisgan izolirebuli, Tumca, amasTanave, erTi
mimarTulebiT moZravi xuTafsidiani Sida sivrce.
taZris centrSi aRmoCenisTanave erTdroulad aRiqmeba
aRmosavleTiT, Tavisi zomiT dominanturi sakurTxevlis afsida da
gverdiTa mklavebis, erTmaneTis paralelurad ganlagebuli, or-ori
momcro zomis afsidaluri sivrce. kumurdoSi afsidebis siRrme
miRweulia bemebis saSualebiT. es gansakuTrebiT exeba aRmosavleT
mxares, sadac bema imdenad Rrmaa, rom mklavis cilindruli kamaris
simyarisTvis damatebiT sayrdeni TaRia Casmuli [tab.#11-g)]. amiT kamara
sam `striqonad” warmodgeba: gumbaTqveSa sivrcidan, kedlis Sveril
masiur svetebze gadasrolili, odnav Seisruli TaRidan patara
intervaliT warmogvidgeba (faqtiurad) imave formis TaRi, rac dabali
konsoliT, eyrdnoba kedlis naxevramde CamoSvebul pilastrs. Semdgom
57
ki, intervalis ganmeorebiT, sakurTxevlis afsidi iqmneba. aqac TaRi
eyrdnoba, odnav ufro mozrdili zomis, simboluri gamosaxulebebiT
Semkul konsols (rasac qvemoT dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT).
aRsaniSnavia, rom kumurdos Sida sivrceSi dominantur rols
asrulebs afsidTa kedlis Sverilebis saxiT warmomdgari gumbaTqveSa
svetebi [tab.#11]. aq oTx ZiriTad svets damatebulia, gverdiTa
Sewyvilebuli afsidebis saerTo kedlidan gamoziduli, burjebi. es
ukanaskneli ufro Seweulia siRrmeSi da amiT iqmneba heqsagonaluri,
farTo, Ria gumbaTqveSa sivrce, sadac adamianis mzera Tavisuflebis
SegrZnebiT zeviT miiswrafis [tab.#11-a-b)]. am mimarTulebiT mizidulobas
kidev ufro aZlierebs, aRniSnul eqvs, masiur da amasTanave Zalian
mwyobri proporciis, mravalwaxnagovan svetebze gardamavali odnav
Seisruli TaRebi. svetebis pirveli sabaziso qvebi ufro ganieria, Tumca
festonebis moxazulobiT maTi zeda kide iZens erTgvari arSiis saxes da
Semdgom Zalian bunebrivad erwymis ZiriTad tans. kapitels rac Seexeba,
esec yovel maTganze erTnairi sada ierisaa, sadac festonebisve msubuqi
arSiis Semdgom, kvlav waxnagovani, orSemadgenliani farTo da
amasTanave dabali kapiteli warmodgeba [tab.#11-d)]. igi zeda nawilSi
kuTxovani, brtyeli da xisti geometriuli formisaa. xolo qvemoT,
moculobiTobis SeZenis mizniT, zedapiri mkafiod momrgvalebulad aris
damuSavebuli. svetis Tavebidan ki amoizrdeba samsafexurovani TaRebi.
qvemodan mesame eyrdnoba kapitelis Tavze, centrSi `wamoskupul”
miniaturul `svets”. es gaxlavT: (mcired aRniSnuli) mravalwaxnaga
zedapiris mokle svetis tani da Semdgom mozrdili zomis kapiteli, rac
yovel maTganze gansxvavebuli ornamentiT imkoba. EerT-erT maTganze,
romelic yvelaze ukeT SemorCa, gamosaxulia zeda kideSi Camwkrivebuli
nalis formis patara TaRebi, romelTa boloebi Sida mxares aris
Segragnili, momijnave TaRebis Sesayaridan ki dabla eSveba samyura
foToli. centralur, mogrZo foTols kidev emateba dabla mimarTuli
`cremlis~ formis detali, xolo am ukanasknelidan ki
gverdiTmdgomisken gadafenilia ormagi bafTi. meore SemTxvevaSi Cven
warmogvidgeba dabla momarTuli, amjerad samfurcla, yvavili (rac
gaSlil titas mogvagonebs). aq centraluri furceli ufro farToa
(kvlav `cremlis” formis) xolo ori gverdiTa Txeli, Semdgom igi
58
Semowerilia boloebSexveuli TasmiT. am saxiT iqmneba Zalian
daxvewili, TavSekavebulad sazeimo ornamenti. Tumca, is imdenad mcire
zomisaa da Tanac maRla moTavsebuli, rom interieris Semkulobis
TvalsazrisiT, aqtiur, wamyvan rols srulebiT ar TamaSobs. aramed,
Tlili qvis filebiT Seqmnili, mwyobri arqiteqtonikuri formebis
Tanmxleb natifi dekoraciuli Strixis xasiaTs atarebs. rac, kumurdos
ostatis SemoqmedebiTi alRos wyalobiT, mnaxvelTa mexsierebaSi
mkafiod ibeWdeba.
miniaturuli svetebis Tavze erTgvari (rgolebiT flankirebuli
burTis saxis) bunia, saidanac amotyorcnilia mcired Seisruli TaRi.
TaRebsSoris ki trompebia Casmuli [tab.#11-d)].
aRsaniSnavia, rom aRmosavleTiT afra-trompebSi warmodgenilia
figuruli reliefebi – marjvniv mamakacis, marcxniv ki qalis
gamosaxulebiT [tab.#12]. qalis figuras axlavs warwera
[g(u)r(an)d(ux)t]57, ris Tanaxmadac Cven vigebT, rom igi gamogvixatavs
qtitors – dedofal guranduxts, xolo ramdenadac mis gverdiT
gamosaxuli mamakacis figuras warwera ar axlavs, istoriuli
viTrebidan gamomdinare da aseve samxreTi Sesasvlelis Tavze, Cvens mier
ukve moyvanili, saqtitoro warweris Tanaxmad, ivaraudeba (guranduxtis
Zma) leon III afxazTa mefe, Tumca arsebobs sxva mosazrebac, rom igi
warmoadgens guranduxt dedoflis meuRles gurgen kurapalats.58 es
ukanaskneli figura gamoqandakebulia marTkuTxa filaze, arc Tu
maRali reliefurobiT, frontalurad gamosaxuli sxeulis formebiT,
rac qmnis fonis paralelur sibrtyes, Tumca kideebis momrgvalebis
Sedegad odnav miniSnebuli moculobiTobis SegrZnebac iCens Tavs.
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa saxis damuSaveba. aq warmodgenilia
wverosani mamakaci, mkveTrad, Rrmad CakveTili, nuSisebri Tvalis
konturiT, swori cxviriTa da patara piriT, rasac Semofarglavs
msubuqi, odnav SesamCnevi talRovani RarebiT warmodgenili wver-ulvaSi.
Subls zemoT, Tmis sawyisis mimaniSnebeli Raria, xolo mis zemoT ki
ovaluri Saravandi. ostats am ukanasknel detalze yuris gamosaxvac ar
daviwyebia, riTic xazi esmeva, Cveulebisamebr, Saravandis mis miRma
57 v. silogava, kumurdos taZris epigrafika, Tb., 1994 w. gv.:49 58 Г.Чубинашвили, Кумурдо и Никорцминда как пример разных этапов развития бароккального стиля в
Грузинском искусстве, Вопросы истории искусства, Том I, Тбилиси, 1970 г.
59
arsebobas. wverebis bolodan pirdapir tani, anu Sesamoseli iwyeba, rac
Sexsnil mosasxams warmoadgens. aRsaniSnavia, rom samosis saxeloebi
CamoSvebulia dabla, Tumca figuras xelebi gayrili aqvs ara maTSi,
aramed dawyobili aqvs gul-mkerdze (marjvena gulze, xolo marcxena
mucelze) ise rom mtevnebi, (Txeli, grZeli TiTebiT) Sexsnili
mosasxamis ornamentebiT (ormag lents Soris burTulebis asxma) Semkul
arSiaze aqvs zemodan dadebuli. Tavisuflad Camokidebuli saxeloebis
kideebic msubuqad aris ornamentirebuli (diagonalurad gavlebuli
ormagi TasmiT warmodgenili jvaredini). Tvals gansakuTrebiT xvdeba
mxrebis mkveTri ovaluri moxazuloba, aseve samosis ZiriTadi nawilis
absoluturad Seumkoblad warmodgena. aRsaniSnavia, rom figuras aqa-iq
Rrma dazianebebi aqvs xvrelebis saxiT, rac natyviarebs hgavs.
gansakuTrebiT dazianebulia qveda nawili, sadac SedarebiT mokle
mosasxamis qveS Sesamoselis fragmenti moCans, xolo mis Semdgom ki
quslebSeerTebuli da terfebiT sxvadasxva mxares mimarTuli fexebia
gamosaxuli. SesamCnevia fexsacmlis wawvetebuli wveri da quslze
Semosaxvevi - riTic `wuRs” waagavs.59
rogorc aRvniSneT, sakurTxevlis marcxniv, gumbaTqveSa afra-
trompSi gamosaxulia qalis figura. rom ara Tanmxlebi warwera, rac
gvisaxelebs konkretulad `guranduxts~, mas vedrebis kompoziciis
RmrTismSoblad warmovidgendiT. Qqalis sxeuli gamosaxulia marTkuTxa
filaze, romlis zeda kuTxeebi Semdgom momrgvalebulia, xolo qveda
kuTxeebi afra-trompis samkuTxa sawyisisTvis mosargebad, wakveTili.
(amgvaradvea mocemuli mamakacis gamosaxulebis fonis moyvaniloba).
dedofali warmodgenilia sakurTxevlisken mimarTuli. aq, TiTqos,
figuris sammeoTxedSi gamosaxvis mcdeloba gvaqvs: Tavi gadaxrilia
gverdiT, mxrebi fasSia, xolo xelebi aRmosavleTisken aris gawvdili.
amave mimarTulebas imeorebs ganlageba fexebisa, romelTac koWebamde
faravs absoluturad sibrtyobrivad gadmocemuli Sesamoseli. unda
aRiniSnos, rom kacis figuris Sesamoseli, miuxedavad minimaluri
damuSavebisa, bevrad ufro momrgvalebuli kideebiT, erTgvarad
59 “wuRa - saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSia cnobili. saZired iyenebdnen Zroxis, xaris, cxenis, kameCis tyavs. wuRi - uquslo fexsacmelia, qarTuli wuRis quslebs fexis koWTan Semosaxvevi ekvroda da fexzec margad ecmeboda“ s. makalaTia, mesxeT-javaxeTi, Tb., 1938
60
moculobiTobis miniWebiT aris gadmocemuli, rac qalis figuraze
naklebad iTqmis. guranduxt dedoflis SemTxvevaSi, Tu moculobiTobaze
visaubrebT, es mxolod mis saxes SeiZleba Seexebodes. marTlac, aq qvis
zedapiris rbili, momrgvalebuli modelirebiT saxis ovalia
gamokveTili (odnav wawvetebuli nikapiT), rasac `leCaqi” mosavs. Tvalebi
farTo nuSis formis moxazulobisaa. cxviric aseve gamokveTilia, xolo
tuCebi odnav moCans. sainteresoa, rom aqac, iseve rogorc fasadze evas
gamosaxulebis SemTxvevaSi, sxva danarCeni nebismieri figurisgan
gansxvavebiT, kiseria gamosaxuli, riTic bunebrivad xdeba gadasvla
mxrebis momrgvalebul formaze. mrgvali sayelos aRmniSvneli Raris
Semdgom warmodgenilia sami jvris gamosaxulebiT Semkuli Sesamoseli,
rac erTianad eSveba dabla. mis qvemoT moCans kidev ufro grZeli `kaba~.
unda aRiniSnos, rom samosi sruliad sibrtyobriv xasiaTs atarebs da
rom ara figuris zeda nawili, verc gavarCevdiT mas fonis qvis
blokisgan. aq mxolod ramdenime CakveTili xazia - ori mokle marjvena
moxrili xelis idayvTan da Semdgom samiod grZivi amgvaradve CakveTili
Rari. gansakuTrebuli geometriuli xisti formiT gamoirCeva gawvdili
xelis majidan CamoSvebuli `naWeri~, romelsac amkobs erTmaneTze
gadabmuli rgolebiT Semdgari girliandisebri ornamenti.
trompebidan uSualod gumbaTis yelis sawyisia amozrdili
[tab.#11b)]. es ukanaskneli 1970-iani wlebis restavraciis dros,
SemorCenili detalebis mixedviT aRadgines da Sekres gvirgvini. amasTan,
Tavdapirveli Semkulobis Sesabamisad, SemogvTavazes trompebs Soris or-
ori, ritmulad ganmeorebadi samyura mcire niSebis mxatvruli dekori.
amis Semdgom, Tavis droze, gumbaTis yeli amoizrdemoda. misi
Semkulobis, Tu sarkmlebiT danawevrebis Sesaxeb, SemorCenili
mcireodeni konstruqciuli detalebisa da paraleluri Zeglebis
magaliTis gaTvaliswinebiT, garkveuli daskvnebis gamotana dReisaTvis
mxolod varaudis donezea SesaZlebeli.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, nikoloz severovi aRniSnavs, rom kumurdos
gumbaTis yelis sayrdeni nawilebi amJRavnebs msgavsebas qronologiurad
axlomdgom taZrebTan (oSki, xaxuli, wyarosTavi, kacxi, gogiuba da sxva)
da askvnis, rom aq unda yofiliyo, 12 waxnaga gumbaTis yeli, TiTos
61
gamotovebiT, warmodgenili 6 sarkmeli, razec metyvelebs 6 gumbaTqveSa
sveti, 6 gumbaTqveSa TaRi, 12 trompi da 12 samyura niSi60. [tab.#4].
Semdgomi periodis restavratori T. nemsaZe61 eTanxmeba severovis am
mosazrebas da mxolod umatebs, rom kumurdos gumbaTis yeli interierSi
TaRebiT iqneboda damSvenebuli.
rac Seexeba kumurdos interieris ZiriTad sarkmlebs -
sakurTxevlis afsidSi warmodgenilia erTi centraluri Riobi, romelic
farTo TaRovani Sida moxazulobidan TandaTan gareTken viwrovdeba da
fasadze saSualo zomis Wrilis saxiT gamodis. mis zemoT, sakmao
intervalis Semdeg moTavsebulia wriuli sarkmeli, romelic aseve odnav
ganieri Wrilidan siRrmeSi viwrovdeba. gverdiTa mklavebSi,
paralelurad ganTavsebul afsidebSi, TiTo sarkmelia gaWrili.
ramdenadac maTi zoma fasadzec sakmaod ganieria, daviwroeba Sida
sivrcis sawyisi moxazulobidan arc ise mkveTrad xdeba.
Cven ukve araerTxel aRvniSneT, rom kumurdos dasavleTi mklavi
srulad morRveulia. gegmis mixedviT, igi sworkuTxa formis yofila da
SedarebiT ufro grZiv sivrciT erTeuls qmnida [tab.#2]. dReisaTvis,
dasavleTiT dgomisas, rTuli aRsaqmelia is realuri sivrce,
arqiteqturul masaTa urTierT Sefardeba, rac xuroTmoZRvari sakocaris
mier iqna Seqmnili.
aRsaniSnavia, rom orive gverdiTa mklavis dasavleTiT momijnave
kedelze, zeda registrSi gaWrilia TiTo sakmaod farTo sarkmeli
[tab.#8]. am SemTxvevaSi, maTi profili zemoaRwerilTagan srulebiT
gansxvavdeba. kedlis wyobidan xdeba, mcire (Taro) konsolze
dayrdnobili orsafexuriani TaRis Semowera. aq aRar gvxvdeba fasadisken
mimarTuli Wrilis daviwroeba, rac gamowveulia imiT, rom igi
warmoadgenda dasavleT mklavze meore sarTulad Semoyolebul
patronikesTan makavSirebel fanjaras. amgvarad, dasavleTi mklavi
orsarTuliani iyo, SigniTken gaxsnili garsSemosavleliT. mis samxreT
da CrdiloeT kedelebze, zemoT, SemorCa TaRis mrudis sawyisebi.
dasavleTi mklavis orsarTulian gadawyvetas pasuxobs
sakurTxevlis orive mxares aseve `orsarTuliani” oTaxebi. qvemoT
60 Н. Северов, Г. Чубинашвили, Кумурдо и Никорцминда, Памятники Грузинской архитектуры, Ч. I,М., 1947 61 2002 wels - masTan Sexvedrisas, pirad saubarSi dagvidastura. amasve mowmobs mis mier Sedgenili kumurdos sarestavracio proeqtis naxazebi.
62
Sesasvleli gverdiTa afsidebSi gaWrili marTkuTxa karis saxiTaa
mocemuli. aq warmodgenilia viwro, afsidaluri, cilindruli kamariT
gadaxuruli sivrce, xolo zemoT asasvleli, savaraudod, aqve Weris
centrSi moTavsebuli Riobis saSualebiT iqneboda (dReisaTvis qveda
sarTulis gadaxurvis centraluri qvebi Camocvenilia). rTuli
warmosadgenia zeda sarTulis saTavsos aqtiuri funqcionireba. igi
bevrad ufro viwroa da uxeSad damuSavebuli, uswormasworo qvis
filebiT aris nagebi _ misi gamoyeneba albaT mxolod gansakuTrebul
garemoebebSi xdebod [tab.#15].
amgvarad, Cven ganvixileT kumurdos inetrieris ZiriTadi saxe,
Tumca aris kidev mcire detalebi, rac Tavisi gamomsaxvelobiT mxolod
sada, TiTqos umniSvnelo dekoraciul samkaulebad warmogvidgeba, Tumca
guldasmiT dakvirvebisa da Seswavlis safuZvelze maTi Zalian Rrma
semantika gadagveSleba.
ramdenadac IV saukunemde eklesia araoficialurad arsebobda da
qristianTa devna periodulad, sakmaod xSirad mZafrdeboda, amitom
pirveli qristanebisTvis mniSvnelovani iyo TavdacvisTvis erTgvari
Sefaruloba. cnobilia, rom qristianebma Seqmnes ara mxolod
simboloebis gamomsaxvelobiTi sistema, aramed simboluri ena, romelic
gaugebari iyo ucxoTaTvis. amgvarad, simbolika qristianuli
kulturisTvis ganuyofeli iyo, ramdenadac igi axdenda principuli
mniSvnelobis ideebis daqaragmebulad warmodgenas. am TemasTan
dakavSirebiT n. pokrovski aRniSnavs, rom qristianuli axali xelovneba
gaCnda sulieri sawyisebidan, amitomac igi metyvelebda ara
grZnobebisTvis, aramed sulisTvis.62
am TvalTaxedviT, SevexebiT Cven sakurTxevlis afsidis TaRis
sayrdeni konsolebis Semkulobas [tab.#11-e-v)]. taZris adgilze
daTvalierebisas Tvali marTlac aRiqvams sada ornamentuli formebis
ganmeorebas - rac marjvniv, wreSi Cawerili, oTxi rgolis SekvriT
Seqmnil jvars warmoadgens, xolo marcxniv _ usasrulobis niSnis
mwkrivia. Tumca, Zeglis aRweraze muSaobis msvlelobaSi, fotoebis
daxmarebiT, saintereso moulodnel rames gadavawydiT: aq kvlav Cndeba
`niRbebis~ gamosaxuleba, swored iseTnairi, rogoric ukve Segvxvda
62 Н. В. Покровский. Происхождение древнехристианской базилики. СПб., 1880, с. 78.
63
aRmosavleTi fasadis centraluri sarkmlis Semkulobis Semadgenel
nawilSi.
erTi SexedviT, Tvals pirvel rigSi, xvdeba marTkuTxa qvis
blokis gverdebis zedapirze centraluri gamosaxulebebi, rac zemoT
aRniSnul ornamentul ideogramebs warmoadgens. mxatvruli xerxiTac
maTi forma ufro mkafioa, radganac ostati Semowers wres, Semdgom
amokveTs oTxi `cremlis” formis (mrgvali moxazulobis da jvris
mxareTa SesarTavTan wawvetebul) figurisgan Seqmnil jvars. marcxena
mxares ki ostati ormagi momrgvalebulzedapiriani TasmiT qmnis
erTmaneTSi gardamaval or rgols. aq gadajvaredinebuli monakveTis
centrSi CakveTilia Rrma wertili. es yovelive: maTi SedarebiT
mkafiooba, ganmeorebadoba grZel marTkuTxa gverdze, iwvevs mzeris
fiqsirebas uSualod sibrtyeze. xolo kuTxeebSi gamosaxuli `niRbebi”,
Sesrulebis sibrtyobrivi maneris wyalobiT, sadac gamqralia kumurdos
SemkulobaSi mravaljer gamoyenebuli ormagi moculobiTi Tasma Tu
raime sxva mxatvrul-dekoraciuli xerxi, yuradRebis miRma rCeba. am
SemTxvevaSi sityva `niRabi~ yvelaze adeqvaturia, radganac aq kvlav
fonis dadablebis wyalobiT, Semowerilia mxolod saxis ovali, xolo
srulebiT brtylad datovebul zedapirze CakveTilia nuSisebri Tval-
warbisa da viwro piris moxazuloba [tab.#11-v)]. sxva aranairi
modelireba, nakvTisa Tu xasiaTis gadmomcemi Strixi aq ar gvxvdeba. am
SemTxvevaSic saxis nawili modis blokis erT mxares, nawili ki meoreze
da amiT iqmneba orsav mxares momzirali, yovlismxedveli `Tvalis”
STabeWdileba. analogiuri gamosaxulebebia orive kronSteinis meore
kuTxeSic, anu mlocvelisTvis srulebiT uxilav adgilas (mxolod
sakurTxevelSi myofi sasuliero pirisTvis, zemoT sagangebod axedvisas,
iqneboda saxilveli) – riTic xazi esmeva maT ara mxatvrul-dekoraciul
funqcias, aramed gaazrebul ideur-semantikur arss, rac arc Tu
savaldebuloa yvelasTvis SesamCnevi iyos. amrigad, igi warmogvidgeba
taZris Semkulobis semantikuri programis erT-erT kvanZad, riTic sxva
yvelaferTan erTad, dasturdeba kumurdos interiersa da eqsterierSi
erTiani ideuri sistemis arseboba.
kumurdos ostati, rogorc Cans, iyo ara mxolod maRali donis
xelovani, aramed Rrmad ganswavluli Teologi, romelic zustad
64
irCevda saTqmelis Sesatyvis gamomsaxvelobiT xerxs. Cven viciT, rom
qristianuli RvTismsaxureba mTlianad saidumloebaTagan Sedgeba.
arsebobs msaxurebis garkveuli monakveTebi rac mrevlisTvis xiluli da
sasmenia, xolo aris iseTi monakveTebic, romelnic ara Tu
kaTakmevelTaTvis, aramed TviT mrevlisTvisac saidumloa da
sakurTxevelSi xorcieldeba. vfiqrob, sakurTxevlis siRrmeSi
gamosaxuli es ideuri niSnebi asaxavs swored mTavari saidumlos -
evqaristiis Semadgenel nawils da amitomac gamiznulad Sefarulad
warmodgeba. aqve unda aRvniSnoT konqis wiTlad daferili saWeqi qvisa
da misgan momdinare `sxivebis~ arseboba, rac erTian simbolur
kompozicias unda qmnides. cxadia, am Temas ufro dawvrilebiT
ganvixilavT qvemoT, kumurdos semantikuri sazrisisadmi miZRvnil TavSi
(gv.:108).
65
1.4.1 kumurdos kedlis mxatvroba
kumurdos taZari Sua saukuneebis mkvlevarTaTvis mravalmxriv
saintereso Zeglia. igi mniSvnelovani Seswavlis obieqtia, rogorc
arqiteqturuli TvalsazrisiT, ise monumenturi mqandakeblobis,
safasado Semkulobis sistemis kvlevisa da aseve kedlis mxatvrobis
mxriv.
kumurdos taZris aRwerisas aRvniSneT, rom misi interieris
kedlebi sufTad Tlili da, amasTanave, mwyobr rigebad dalagebuli qvis
kvadrebiT warmogvidgeba. es ki metyvelebs imaze, rom taZris Sida sivrce,
iseve rogorc tao-klarjeTis Tanadroul ZeglebSi (oSki, xaxuli,
tbeTi), ar iyo srulad mosaxatad gaTvlili. Tavdapirvelad, aq mxolod63
sakurTxevlis konqs hqonda daTmobili, anikonuri mxatvrobiT Seqmnili,
ideur-mxatvruli maxvilis funqcia. es gaxlavT, rogorc zemoT aRvwereT,
wiTlad daferili, naxevarwriuli saWeqi qvidan radialurad
gadmoSlili, erTis monacvleobiT wiTladve dafaruli, trapeciuli qvis
filebi [tab.#11-g)]. analogiuri saxiT gvxvdeba atenis sionis pirveli
moxatulobis fenaSic64. amgvari grafikuli xasiaTis mxatvrobis nimuSebi
gvaqvs tao-klarjeTis ara-erT Zeglze (oSkis taZris konqebSi) Tumca,
umetesad is safasado filebs amSvenebs xolme (dolisyana, oSki,
parxali). aRniSnul, TiTqos, erTi SexedviT SeumCnevel gamosaxulebas
Cven kumurdos Semkulobis semantikis kvlevisas (ix. gv.:108) kidev
davubrundebiT da ufro farTod SevexebiT.
miuxedavad 964 wels kumurdos xuroTmoZRvris mier interieris
Semkulobis organizebaSi freskuli mxatvrobis gauTvaliswineblobisa,
XI saukunis dasawyisSi aq mniSvnelovani kedlis mxatvroba Seiqmna,
gansakuTrebiT srulad moixata sakurTxevlis afsida, sadac
samregistriani `didebis~ kompozicia Sesrulda.
ramdenadac kumurdos gumbaTi morRveulia, bunebrivi movlenebi
mudmivad ayenebs taZars zians. es gansakuTrebiT kedlis mxatvrobas
63 am SemTxvevaSi sityva `mxolod~ - pirobiTad aris naxmari, radganac gumbaTis realuri aRweriloba SemorCenili ar aris. 64 T. virsalaZe, gv.:113
66
exeba. dReisaTvis freskebi, TiTqmis mTlianad ganadgurebulia, mxolod
adgil-adgil ganirCeva Camorecxili fragmentebi [tab.#14].
giorgi CubinaSvili kumurdos taZris rogorc barokaluri stilis
nawarmoebis ganxilvisas, mokled aRwers misi kedlis mxatvrobis
naSTebs65. igi aRniSnavs, rom mxatvroba ukeT SemorCa sakurTxevlis
afsidSi da aq ganirCeva kompoziciaTa gamyofi ferweruli moCarCoeba.
kompoziciuri ageba Seesabameba arqiteqturul formebs. sarkmlis aqeT-
iqiT, aseve bemaSic, lurj fonze SesaZlebelia moyavisfro figurebis
garCeva. maTgan zogi fasSi, zogi ki sammeoTxedSi. g. CubinaSvili
SeniSnavs, rom mTlianobaSi mxatvroba Zlier gamomsaxvelobasa da
maRalxarisxovnebas amJRavnebs. moxatulobis kvali SeimCneva taZris sxva
nawilebSic: Crdilo-aRmosavleT afsidSi SemorCenilia datirebis
kompoziciis fragmenti RmrTismSoblis gamosaxulebiTa da
menelsacxeble dedebis, TiTqmis gaqrobamde misuli, ori figura [tab.#14
b-g)]. Crdilo-dasavleTi afsida nalesobiT mTlianadaa dafaruli, magram
moxatulobis gareSe. baTqaSis naSTebi Cans aseve samxreT-aRmosavleT
afsidSi, sadac ikiTxeba reliefurad amoziduli da daferili
kompoziciis fragmenti -– ori mfrinavi angelozis gamosaxulebiT (amave
afsidis dasavleT kedelze gamoZerwilia tolmklava, gamSvenebuli
jvari, razec wiTeli pigmentebi SeimCneeva da aseve odnav mosCans wiTeli
saRebavi Crdilo dasavleT mxares kedelSi Casmuli angelozis
gamosaxulebaze).
TinaTin virsalaZis mier qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobis kvlevam
saSualeba mogvca kidev ufro mniSvnelovani cnobebi migveRo kumurdos
moxatulobis Sesaxeb.66 mecnieri, X-XI saukuneebis qarTuli Zeglebis
kedlis mxatvrobis Seswavlisas, kumurdos araerTxel ixseniebs da mas
tao-klarjul skolasTan akavSirebs. igi aRniSnavs, rom kumurdos
kedlis mxatvroba XI saukunis mesame aTwleulSi unda SeesrulebinaT,
dasavleTi mklavis garSemosavlelis agebis Semdgom. 67
65 Г. Чубинашвили, Кумурдо и Никорцминда как пример разных этапов развития бароккального стиля в Грузинском искусстве, Вопросы истории искусства, Том I, Тбилиси, 1970 г. gv.: 66 T. virsalaZe, qarTuli mxatvrobis istoriidan, Tb.,2007, gv.: 113 67 T. virsalaZe, gv.: 57
67
T. virsalaZe kumurdos moxatulobas Semdegi saxiT aRwers:
sakurTxevlis moxatulobas warmoadgenda sami registrisgan Semdgari
`didebis~ kompozicia, iseve rogorc es tao-klarjul ZeglebSi iyo
gavrcelebuli. aq sakurTxevlis konqSi gamosaxuli iyo aRsaydrebuli
qriste, serafim-qerubimni cecxlovani borblebiT, Semdgom – mociqulTa
rigi SuaSi RmrTismSobliTa da wminda ioane winamorbediT, qveviT – wm.
mRvdelmTavarTa mwkrivi. mkvlevari aqve aRniSnavs, rom mklavebSi
fragmentebad SemorCenili iyo wm. winaswarmetyvelni, mirqmisa da
datirebis kompozicia da a.S.
aRniSnuli freskuli kompoziciebis Tematikis SerCeva zustad
Seesabameba oSkis, iSxnis, xaxulisa da tbeTis (mcire variaciebiT)
moxatulobaTa sqemebs. yvela maTgani XI saukunis II-III meoTxedSi moixata.
zusti TariRi cnobilia oSkis SemTxvevaSi da igi 1033 wliT konkretdeba.
aRniSnuli Zeglebi uaRresad mdidari tao-klarjuli mxatvruli skolis
saukeTeso magaliTebia da ar aris gasakviri, rom momijnave regionis –
javaxeTis _ erTaderTi jvar-gumbaTovani taZari swored mis gavlenas
ganicdis.
tao-klarjeTis kedlis mxatvrobis Zeglebi mowmoben myarad
Camoyalibebul ikonografiul sistemas. amis yvelaze naTeli da
srulyofili warmomCeni iSxnis moxatulobaa. ganviTarebuli Sua
saukuneebis epoqaSi saqarTvelos garda moxatulobis amgvari programa
arsad moipoveba. rogorc Cans, CvenTan arsebuli sqemebi
xatmebrZoleobamdeli periodis centralur-gumbaTovani taZris
moxatulobas efuZneba.
ramdenadac saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebaSi simboluri mniSvnelobis
TvalsazrisiT umTavresi adgili sakurTxevels eTmoba, kedlis
mxatvrobis ikonografiul sqemebSic umTavresi swored sakurTxevlis
moxatulobis kompoziciuri gadawyvetaa. `am mxriv uZvelesi Tema –
myisieri esqatologiuri Teofaniaa, romelic mravalgvarovani
ikonografiuli variaciebiT aris cnobili. garda VII saukunis wromis
mozaikisa, romelic am Temis gansakuTrebul variants warmoadgens, yvela
sxva, CvenTvis cnobil, sakurTxevlis moxatulobas safuZvlad amaRleba –
meored mosvlis oriarusiani kompoziciis sqema udevs, romelic `saqme
mociqulTa~-s teqsts miyveba da monumenturoba-reprezentatulobis
68
misaRwevadaa gadamuSavebuli~68. umetesad kompoziciis ori iarusi
moxatulobis or damoukidebel registrs warmoqmnis, romelTac afsidis
konqi da kedlebi eTmoba (sabereebisa da dodos rqis moxatulobebi (IX-X
ss.), nesgunis (IX-Xss. ) da Cvabianis (XI s.-is damdegi) da a.S.)
`saerTo sqemis miuxedavad, yvela es moxatuloba erTmaneTisgan
detalebiT sxvaobs: zeda registrze qristes xan mxolod
mTavarangelozebi axlavs, xan esaiasa da iezekielis
winaswarmetyvelobiTi xilvebis, uarqaules moxatulobebSi ki aseve
gamocxadebis midevnebiT – zeciuri Zalnic. qveda registri SeiZleba
gamotovon kidec, magram umetes SemTxvevaSi masze mociqulTa mwkrivia
gaSlili, SuaSi ki Cveulebriv (arcTu aucileblad) RmrTismSobelia
warmodgenili (misi gamosaxuleba aseve SeiZleba sxvadasxva
ikonografiuli tipisa iyos). “69
am sistemas miyveba rogorc kumurdo, ise X-XI saukuneebis tao-
klarjuli moxatulobebi – oTxTa eklesia, iSxani, xaxuli, oSki da
tbeTi, im gansxvavebiT rom maT mesame iarusic emateba wminda
mRvdelmTavarTa registris saxiT.
mniSvnelovania, rom kumurdos taZarSi, iseve rogorc tao-
klarjuli skolis ZeglebSi, saqarTvelos sxva regionebis
moxatulobebisgan gansxvavebiT, Taviseburi ikonografiuli detali iCens
Tavs, aq RmrTismSoblis gverdiT gamosaxuli iyo wm. ioane
winaswarmetyveli gaSlili gragniliT. es ki mxolod mcire aziis
moxatulobebSi moipoveba, konkretulad ki, axlo paralels povebs
kapadokiis samonastro moxatulobebTan, sadac wamyvani kvlavac `maesta~-
sa da `vedrebis~ TemaTa kompoziciebi iyo. 70
xuroTmoZRvrebis simbolikaSi semantikuri TvalsazrisiT gumbaTi
upiratesia, rogorc zeciuri ierarqiis mwvervali. Cven viciT, rom
moxatulobaTa ikonografiuli sqemebi erTiani ideiT ikvreba, romlis
amosavals sakurTxevlis kompozicia warmoadgens, xolo misi sazrisis
gagrZelebas gumbaTis Semkuloba unda asxavdes. tao- klarjul ZeglebSi
Cven vxedavT jvris gamosaxulebas. is saukeTesod SemorCa iSxnisa da
xaxulis taZarSi (iSxnis SemTxvevaSi - oTxi angelozis mier jvris
68 T. virsalaZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv.:84-85 69 T. visalaZe, gv.:84 70iqve, gv.:85
69
amaRlebis kompoziciaa). safiqrebelia, rom amgvarive gamosaxuleba iyo
warmodgenili kumurdos gumbaTis moxatulobaSic.
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom kumurdos moxatulobaze saubari mxolod,
XX saukuneSi moRvawe mkvlevarTa, marTalia fragmentuli, magram mainc
mniSvnelovani cnobebis safuZvelze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia. dRevandeli
dRisTvis taZris Sida sivrcis mTavari mamkobi kvlav Tavdapirveli qvaTa
wyobaa. mxolod alag-alag SemorCa baTqaSis Camorecxili fragmentebi.
amasTan, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania samxreT-aRmosavleT afsidSi
reliefuri nalesobis naSTebi.
dasawyisSi vaxseneT g. CubinaSvilis aRwera, sadac igi samxreT-
aRmosavleT afsidSi ixseniebs mfrinavi angelozebis, baTqaSiT
reliefurad amoyvanil da Semdgom daferil, figurebs. es cnoba did
yuradRebas aRZravs, Tumca imdenad Zunwia, rom adamians sagonebelSi
agdebs. amgvarive gancdis gamo zaza sxirtlaZe gansakuTrebulad
dainteresda am fragmentebiT da zedmiwevniT Seiswavla isini.71 [tab.#14-d)]
z. sxirtlaZe aRniSnavs, rom ZiriTadi riTic es kompozicia
imsaxurebs yuradRebas, misi Sesrulebis uCveulo xerxia. rogorc
aRvniSneT, igi xasiaTdeba figurebisa da garkveuli detalebis
reliefurobiT da Semdgom daferviT. amasTan, mniSvnelovania, rom
kompoziciis SemomsazRvreli, (reliefuradve Sesrulebuli) moCarCoeba
vertikalurad mimarTuli marTkuTxa formisaa, rac zemoT TaRovani
SveriliT aris aqcentirebuli. am saxiT igi (Weduri, qvis, spilos Zvlis
Tu ferweruli) xatebis farTod gavrcelebul im tips mogvagonebs,
romlis zeda nawilic swored aseTi, naxevarrkalisebri formiT
gamoirCeva.
1992 wels gamocemul statiaSi z. sxirtlaZe wers: `kompoziciis
centrSi warmodgenili qristes figuridan amJamad laJvardisferi
Saravandi, odnav daxrili da sam-meoTxediT marjvniv msubuqad
mitrialebuli saxis detalebi (ZiriTadad sarCuli) SemorCa, agreTve
nalesobiT reliefurad gamoyvanili Sesamoselis - kvarTisa da cisferi
himationis ramdenime umniSvnelo detali mxarTan, mkerdsa da welis
doneze. aqve ganirCeva mosamzadebeli naxatis oriode naSTic. macxovris
71 z.sxirtlaZe, RrmTismSoblis miZinebis kompozicia kumurdos eklesiaSi, mecnierebaTa akademiis macne, istoriis seria.-1992.-N2.-gv.143-159.
70
gamosaxulebis qvemoT, scenaSi sarecelze mwolare figuris samosiT
dafaruli qvedatanis mozrdili fragmenti ipyrobs yuradRebas.
Sesamoselis fragmentebi drapirebis Zalze Txeli, uzado ostatobiT
Sesrulebuli naxatiT, fonidan sul odnav aris amoweuli. dakvirvebisas,
aqve gairCeva, fergadaclili, sarecelis monaxazic.~72
dReisaTvis kompoziciis zeda nawilSi, marcxena mxares, mfrinavi
angelozis figuris mniSvnelovani kvalia SemorCenili [tab.#14-d)]. es
gaxlavT uaRresad plastikuri, rbili modelieribiT gamoyvanili
reliefuri sxeuli, romelic Tavisi gamomsaxvelobiT aSkaras xdis
sruli kompoziciis pirvandel Rirebulebas da, Sesabamisad, uzomod
zrdis danaklisis simZimes. es swored im adgilTagania, sadac
restavraciis dros daSvebuli Secdomebis Sedegad ver moxda mklavebis
srulyofilad gadaxurva da wvimis Sedegad kedlebi mudmivad teniT
iJRinTeba (ix. qvemoT taZarze warmoebuli sarestavracio samuSaoebisadmi
miZRvnili qveTavi). amgvarad, rogorc iTqva, xatis umetesi nawilis
nalesoba mTlianad CamoSlilia, feradovnebaze ki mxolod drapirebis
RarebSi, wertilovnad SemorCenili laqebis saSualebiT SeiZleba
saubari. aq ganirCeva kvarTze cisferi, laJvardisferi saRebavi, xolo
himationi ki wiTlad unda yofiliyo warmodgenili. ramdenadac,
angelozis zeda tani CamoSlilia, mxolod mcire fragmenti SemorCa
makurTxeveli marjvenis, razec gansakuTrebul yuradRebas miapyrobs z.
sxirtlaZe da aRniSnavs, rom `sagangebo yuradRebas imsaxurebs mfrinavi
angelozis makurTxeveli marjvenis uzado Sesrulebis manera; xelis
mtevnis moZraoba araCveulebrivad artistulia, konturi erTob
daxvewili, TiTebi natifi, moqnili da plastikuri.~73
rac Seexeba kompoziciis marjvena mxares, aq warmodgenili meore
angelozis figura im drosve, Zlier dazianebuli yofila. mxolod
Sindisferi da laJvardisferi ramdenime fragmenti ganirCeoda. am
monakveTze, aseve umniSvenelo fragmentebad, erTmaneTis ukan mdgomi
figurebis gamosaxulebebi yofila SemorCenili.
siuJetis personaJebis mixedviT es uCveulo, nalesobiT
reliefurad naZerwi, ferweruli didi `xati~ RmrTismSoblis miZinebis
72 z.sxirtlaZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 147 73 iqve
71
ikonografiul sqemas asaxavs. aRsaniSnavia, rom amgvari xerxiT taZris
moxatulobaTagan mxolod aRniSnuli kompoziciaa Sesrulebuli da amiT
Zlier aris aqcentirebuli. ra Tqma unda, amas garkveuli mizezi
eqneboda. marTalia, kumurdos taZari RmrTismSoblis saxelzea nakurTxi,
magram, SesaZlebelia, igi konkretulad RmrTismSoblis miZinebis
dResaswaulisadmi yofiliyo miZRvnili (samwuxarod, amis
damadasturebel cnobas jer-jerobiT versad mivakvlie). yuradRebis
miRma ver dagvrCeba is mniSvnelovani garemoeba, rom kumurdos cnobili
didi siwminde, `saSineli~ xati macxovris iyo, magram es ar unda
gamoricxavdes Cvens varauds.
mxatvrul-stilisturi TvalsazrisiT, SemorCenili mcire
detalebic ki udaod cxadyofs maRal ostatobas. aq Seqmnilia
moculobiTi, plastikuri sxeuli, ris formebsac organulad miuyveba
samosis drapireba. aRsaniSnavia, rom Cven vakvirdebiT mxolod
kompoziciis absoluturad fergadaclil fragments, anu mxolod imas
rac winapiroba iyo SemdgomSi laJvardisfrad, wiTlad da oqrosfrad
daferili da srulyofilebamde miyvanili kompoziciisa da am
SemTxvevaSic ki, Znelia aRfrTovanebis damalva. z. sxirtlaZe miZinebis
kompoziciis ganxilvisas aRniSnavs, rom yovelive metyvelebs ostatis
maRal profesionalizmTan erTad, mis mier plastikuri gamomsaxvelobis
xerxTa Tavisufal flobaze da cxadyofs formaTSegrZnebis aq
gamJRavnebuli procesis siRrmesa da yovlismomcvelobas.74 amiT igi
naTlad pasuxobs qarTuli mqandakeblobis ganviTarebis im etaps,
rodesac moculobiTi, plastikuri sxeulis Seqmna srulad aris
daZleuli da mTavar sametyvelo enas warmoadgens. riTic, Sesabamisad, XI
saukunis pirveli naxevris periods srulad exmianeba.
Zalian sainteresoa aseve, Crdilo-aRmosavleT afsidSi SemorCenili
datirebis kompoziciis mcire fragmenti. is asaxavs baTqaSze wiTeli
saRebaviT konturulad Sesrulebul macxovris sxeulTan daCoqil
RmrTismSobels. CamoSlili, gadacrecili, afsidis Tlili qvebis
wyobaSi, TiTqmis, Cakarguli es fragmenti, xedvis arealSi
moxvedrisTanave, mainc Zlierad axdens dramatizmis gadmocemas. es
gaxlavT yvela aspeqtiT didi ostatobiT Sesrulebuli mxatvroba.
74z. sxirtlaZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 151
72
sxeulis formebi, figuraTa urTierTmimarTeba, moZraoba, xasiaTi –
srulebiT bunebriv, natifad Sesrulebul, gancdebiT gajerebul
kompozicias qmnis. aqve, qvemoT SeimCneva sam-meoTxedSi mobrunebuli ori
figuris konturuli monaxazi rac menelsacxeble dedebs unda asaxavdes,
Tumca imdenad waSlil-Camorecxilia, rom damatebiT raimes Tqma rTulia.
aRniSnuli stilisturi niSnebiT, Crdilo-aRmosavleTi afsidis
moxatulobis fragmentebi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba sakurTxevlis freskebis
maxasiaTeblebisgan. adamianuri gancdebis, dramatizmis xazgasmiT, rasac
Zalian bunebrivad gadmogvcems figurebis gamometyveleba Tu moZraoba,
qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobis ganviTarebis mogviano periods migvaniSnebs.
mariam didebuliZe datirebis kompozicias XIII saukunes miakuTvnebs.
73
1.5. kumurdos taZarze warmoebuli sarestavracio samuSaoebi
kumurdos taZris istoriul–kulturuli Rirebuleba yvelasaTvis
naTelia. misi problemebic ukve naTlad warmoCnda, magram vfiqrob, maTi
dawvrilebiTi ganxilva friad mniSvnelovania, radgan taZarze
aucileblad Casatarebeli sareabilitacio samuSaoebi jer kidev
Sesasrulebelia.
2002 wels saqarTvelos sapatriarqom aRadgina kumurdos
episkoposis wodeba. aRdgenidan axalqalaqisa da kumurdos eparqia
gadaeca mitropolit nikolozs (faCuaSvili), romelic didi xania
moRvaweobs javaxeTSi da romlis uSualo TaosnobiTac am regionze
mravali adamianis yuradReba iqna mipyrobili. am periodidan ganaxlda
kumurdos taZarze sareabilitacio samuSaoebis dawyebaze fiqri, magram
mravali dabrkolebis gamo, rac umetesad adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan
konfrontaciis Tavidan acilebis saWiroeba warmoadgens, es sakiTxi jer
kidev ar damdgara dRis wesrigSi.
kumurdos Camoqceuli gumbaTi, sruliad morRveuli dasavleTi
mklavi Tu CuqurTmiT dafaruli stoas nangrevebi naTlad warmogvidgenen
taZris mZime istorias. Tumca, rogorc taZris safasado wyobis aRwerisas
ukve visaubreT, aSkarad ikveTeba masze mzrunvelobis faqtebic
sarestavracio-sakonservacio samuSaoebis kvalis saxiT. aseTi iyo
ZeglTa dacvis departamentis ori eqspedicia 1938-39 wlebSi nikoloz
severovis da 1970-80-ian wlebSi rusudan gverwiTelisa da Tamar nemsaZis
xelmZRvanelobiT.
sanam gadavalT TiToeuli eqspediciisas Sesrulebuli samuSaoebis
dawvrilebiT ganxilvaze, vfiqrob, umniSvnelvanesia im istoriuli
garemoebebis asaxva, rac konkretulad 1938-39 wlebis restavracias
uZRoda win. am sakiTxs mivyavarT 1934 wlamde, rodesac am periodis erT-
erTi yvelaze aqtiuri sazogado moRvawis, dimitri SevardnaZis
TaosnobiT saqarTvelos centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis (caki)
prezidiumTan Seiqmna kulturis ZeglTa dacvis komiteti, romlis
Tavmjdomare uSualod cakis Tavmjdomare filipe maxaraZe iyo, xolo
moadgiled (faqtiurad saqmis xelmZRvaneli) arCeul iqna dimitri
74
SevardnaZe.75 swored misi TaosnobiT Seiqmna kvalificiuri samecniero
sabWo – ivane javaxiSvilis, giorgi CubinaSvilis, Salva amiranaSvilis
da pavle ingoroyvas SemadgenlobiT. maT moawyves Zalian mniSvnelovani 9
eqspedica - aRnusxes gansakuTrebulad safrTxis qveS myofi
mniSvnelovani Zeglebi da Seadgines sakavSiro centraluri komitetis
generaluri mdivnis ioseb stalinis saxelze 1936 wlis miwuruliT
daTariRebuli mniSvnelovani istoriuli dokumenti. `maT yovelmxriv
dasabuTebuli hqondaT is didi mniSvneloba romelic qarTuli
kulturis ZeglTa dacvas eniWeboda, agreTve is Tu 121 wlis
ganmavlobaSi velikoderJavuli SovinizmiT gaJRenTili rusuli
imperiuli politika rogor uwyobda xels qarTuli kulturis Zarcva-
glejas.”76 moxsenebiTi baraTi mTavrdeboda TxovniT, rom `ioseb stalins
aRmoeCina Tavisi avtoritetuli daxmareba da saqarTvelos ZeglTa
dacvis komitetisaTvis xuTi milioni maneTis asignacia gadmoericxa, sami
wlis ganmavlobaSi qarTuli kulturis Zeglebis sarestavracio
samuSaoebis Casatareblad.”77 1937 wlis 28 Tebervlis dadgenilebiT
saqarTvelos marTlac gadmoericxa aRniSnuli Tanxa. Tumca Sida
dabrkoleba bevri arsebobda, pirvel rigSi is, rom ZeglTa dacvis
komitets ar gaaCnda baza, elementaruli farTobi, sadac moZiebul
masalas daagrovebda. miuxedavad yovelivesi, pirveli wlisTvis (1937w.)
saremontod SeirCa 30 Zegli, swored maT ricxvSi mesxeTis raionis
Zeglebidan Sevida Wule, kumurdo da varZia. TiTqmis bolomde miyvanil
saqmes didi winaRoba Sexvda - centraluri xelisuflebidan daigegma
reorganizacia da saqme gaWianurda, magram dimitri SevardnaZe mainc
ZalTa dauSureblad aqtiurobda da yvelafers akeTebda imisTvis, rom
Zeglebis gadasarCenad da saqmis xarisxianad Casatareblad yvela piroba
Seeqmna. am Sromas ukvalod ar Cauvlia da Zeglebs marTlac Cautarda
gadaudebeli samuSaoebi, risi magaliTic kumurdo gaxlavT, magram es
yvelaferi ganxorcileda dimitri SevardnaZis monawileobis gareSe,
radganaca 1937 wlis 10 ivniss saqarTvelos imJamindeli umaRlesi
xelisuflebis sanqciiT `xalxis mtrad” miCneuli dimitri SevardnaZe
75 i. abesaZe, q. bagratiSvili, dimitri SevardnaZe, Tb.,1998w, gv.:211-212 76iqve. 77 iqve.
75
daapatimres, rasac misi likvidireba mohyva. misi saxelisa da naRvawis
xseneba ki tabudadebulad iqca.
1938–39 wlebSi saqarTvelos kulturis ZeglTa dacvis komitetma,
nikoloz severovis xelmZRvanelobiT, Seasrula sakonservacio-
sarestavracio samuSaoebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom kumurdo nagebi iyo mTa
abulis movardisfro-moyviTalo bazaltiT, maT gamoiyenes ruxi feris
bazalti. es SeiZleba profesiuli midgomac iyos, magram faqtia, rom aman
aSkara disonansi Seitana fasadTa Tbil tonalobaSi [tab.#1].
gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleT fasadze, sadac centrSi zedmiwevniTTlil
erTmaneTis tol, Ria feris filebis sapirispirod, zeda da qveda
nawilTa aRdgeniT igi nacrisfrad Semoses. dasanania isic, rom daikarga
mxatvruli kompoziciis mniSvnelovani elementi – frontonSi
warmodgenili wveriT dayenebuli kvadratebisgan Semdgari mewamuli
jvari – risi arsebobac Cven mxolod g. CubinaSvilis aRwerilobidan
viciT da aseve n. severovis rekonstruqciul naxazzec mkafiod SeimCneva
[tab.#4]. am periodSive, ruxi feriT aRadgines interieris mniSvnelovani
nawilebi da taZars Semoavles lavgardani. iyo aseve mcdeloba
gaegrZelebinaT, XVI-saukuneSi dawyebuli, jvris mklavebis gadaxurviTi
samuSaoebi, magram, rogorc arqiteqtorma Tamar nemsaZem pirad saubarSi
aRniSna, 1930-iani wlebis eqspediciam ver SeZlo gamoesworebina is
mniSvnelovani Secdoma, romelic XVI saukuneSi SekeTebisas daiSva,
rodesac CrdiloeT da samxreT afsidTa kamarebis gazrdili radiusis
gamo saxuravis qanobze amoburculi zedapiri Seiqmna, amitom samuSaos
dasruleba ver moxerxda da miatoves.
kumurdos feradovnebaSi ikveTeba aseve SedarebiT axali, Ria
movardisfro bazaltis filebic _ 1980-iani wlebis restavraciis kvali.
am periodSi, SemorCenili fragmentebis mixedviT, amoiyvanes afrebszeda
nawili gumbaTis uSualod sayrden sartyelamde. amoiyvanes aseve,
mklavTa gadakveTaze gumbaTis sayrdeni Sverili waxnagebi da TiTqmis
daasrules mklavTa lorfinebiT gadaxurva. Tumca, Secdoma aqac gaipara,
ris gamoc gumbaTis yelis sawyisTan, aRmosavleTi mklavis gadaxurva
bolomde ver iqna miyvanili. Sedegad ki, aqedan wvima mTel kedels
asvelebs. samwuxaroa, rom am patara niuansis gamo, gaweuli Sromis
miuxedavad, taZars ziani adgeba.
76
kumurdos erT–erTi yvelaze didi danakargi, ganadgurbuli
dasavleTi mklavia. dReisaTvis misi saxis warmodgena Zalze Znelia,
vinaidan aranairi xelCasaWidi fragmenti ar arsebobs. Sida sivrces rac
Seexeba, SemorCenili elementebisa da qronologiurad axlos myofi
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebis mixedviT mniSvnelovani
rekonstruqciuli naxazebia Seqmnili. nikoloz severovis mixedviT
dasavleTi mklavi unda yofiliyo orsarTuliani, SigniT gaxsnili
garsSemosavleliT da patronikeTi.
rac Seexeba gumbaTs, samwuxarod, arc misi gadawyvetis raime
Rirebuli naSTia SemorCenili. g. CubinaSvili, n. severovi aRniSnaven, rom
gumbaTis yelis sayrdeni nawilebi amJRavneben msgavsebas qronologiurad
axlos myof taZrebTan (oSki, xaxuli, wyarosTavi, kacxi, gogiuba da
sxva)78. aqedan gamomdinare, mas gumbaTis yeli 12 waxnagad warmoudgenia,
eqvsi sarkmliT (razec metyvelebs 6 gumbaTqveSa sveti, 6 gumbaTqveSa
TaRi, 12 trompi da 12 samyura niSi). am periodis taZarTa analogiurad
asaxavs aseve, misi simaRlis Sefardebas siganesTan, nagebobis saerTo
masebTan, mklavTa gadaxurvasa da yelis TaRediT danawevrebasTan.
arqiteqtor gia ciciSvilsa da Tamar nemsaZesac safuZvliani
Seswavlis Sesabamisad warmodgenili aqvT taZris rekonstuqciuli
naxazebi, romelnic dasavleTi mklavis Sida sivrcis gadawyvetaSi,
TiTqmis eTanxmeba severovis mosazrebas. odnavi cvlilebebia gumbaTis
yelis simaRlesa da interieris gadawyvetaSi. maTi mosazrebiT, igi
Signidan TaRnariT unda yofiliyo Semkuli.
aRsaniSnavia, rom taZris kedlebis simsubuqis STabeWdilebis
Sesabamisad msubuqi iqneboda TviT gumbaTis yelic. amitom, imisaTvis,
rom gumbaTis aRdgenisas ar moxdes kedelTa damZimeba, maTi azriT,
aucilebelia msubuqi konstruqciis gamoyeneba, karkasuli sistemis
TvalsazrisiT. xolo sasurveli SedegisaTvis Tavdapirvelad
SesaZlebelia xis gumbaTi daidgas, rac TvalsaCinos gaxdis misi zomebis
Sefardebas taZris saerTo masasTan.
am yovelivedan gamomdinare, aSkaraa rom kumurdos sareabilitacio
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT momzadebulia sakmaod mniSvnelovani Teoriuli
masala. zustad aris Seswavlili, Tu ra aucilebeli samuSaoa
78 Н. Северов, Г. Чубинашвили, Кумурдо и Никорцминда, Памятники Грузинской архитектуры, Ч. I, М., 1947
77
Casatarebeli taZris momdevno dazianebis SesaCereblad konservaciis
saxiT. amis paralelurad mzad aris samxreTi karibWisa da XI -s–is 30-ian
wlebSi dasavleTiT miSenebuli stoas rekonstruqciis proeqti, rac
TavisTavad aranakleb mniSvnelovania. damuSavebulia aseve taZris
mTlianad restavraciis sakiTxic, anu misTvis gumbaTis dadgma da
dasavleTi fasadis amoyvana. ra Tqma unda, yvelasaTvi naTelia, rom es
advilad gadasawyveti sakiTxi ar aris da uaRresad sapasuxismgebloa.
amgvarad, Cven mokled mimovixileT yvela is samuSao rac kumurdos
taZarze Catarebula, magram aqve yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT imazec,
rom miuxedavad zemoT CamoTvlili kvlevebisa, kumurdos taZari jer
kidev ar aris bolomde Seswavlili, ramdenadac mis mimdebare
teritoriaze arqeologiuri samuSaoebi ar warmoebula. amis gareSe ki
warmoudgenelia Zeglze Seiqmnas sruli warmodgena da misi aRdgenis
proeqtebis ganxilva. kulturuli Rirebulebis arqiteqturuli Zeglebis
mimarT aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis warmoebis saerTaSoriso debuleba,
romelic veneciis qartiis saxeliT gamoqveynda79 pirdapir miuTiTebs, rom
Zeglis restavracias, romelic gulisxmobs misTvis esTetikuri da
istoriuli Rirebulebis dacva–ganaxlebas, win unda uswrebdes
arqeologiuri kvleva.
am etapze ki Zalian rTulia miemxro taZris srul restavracias Tu
mxolod mis konservacias. kumurdo unikaluri Zeglia, rogorc Tavisi
arqiteqturuli gadawyvetis, ise misi skulpturuli Semkulobis mxriv da
misi reabilitaciis sakiTxi Zalian faqizi Temaa. erTi ki cxadia, rom
drois svlasTan erTad mas ziani adgeba da qmediTi RonisZiebebis Zalian
Sors gadadeba SeiZleba savalalo aRmoCndes. saubari imaze, rom
kumurdo mZime sofelia, radgan misi mosaxleoba saurTierTod rTulia,
taZarTan profesiuli midgoma dakavSirebulia politikur viTarebasTan
da aTasi sababis dasaxeleba safuZvels moklebuli ar aris, magram
garkveuli nabijebis gadadgmis gareSe mdgomareoba ufro da ufro
mZimdeba.
79 The Venice Charter 1964, Restoration, Aticle 9. available at http://www.international.icomos.org (ukanasknelad gamoyenebul iqna 21.12.12)
78
II Tavi
2.1. kumurdos Sida sivrcis stilisturi analizi
kumurdos taZari QqarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis
istoriisadmi miZRvnil, TiTqmis, yvela saxis naSromSia aRniSnuli
rogorc erT-erTi saetapo Zegli. pirvel rigSi, xazi esmeva mis
arqiteqturul tips. Cven ukve araerTxel vTqviT, rom igi warmoadgens
mravalafsidian taZars da amasTanave saqarTveloSi cnobil am tipis
ZeglTagan srulebiT gamorCeuli da TviTmyofadia.
mravalafsidiani taZrebi arc Tu mravlad Seiqmna qarTul
xuroTmoZRvrul skolaSi, cnobilia mxolod rva Zegli da maTi
qronologiuri CarCoebi X-XI saukuneebiT ifargleba. rac Seexeba
geografiul areals es gaxlavT: tao-klarjeTi (gogiuba, kiaRlis-alTi,
olTisi); javaxeTi (kumurdo); kaxeTi (boWorma); samegrelo (nojixevi);
imereTi (kacxi); raWa (nikorwminda). umetesi maTgani eqvsafsidiania –
(gogiuba, kiaRmis-alTi, olTisi, kacxi, boWorma), mxolod erTgan
gvxvdeba rvaafsidiani Zeglis gegmis mqone taZari rac nojixevSi
arqeologiuri gaTxebis Sedegad aRmoCnda. xolo rac Seexeba kumurdos,
igi iseve rogorc nikorwminda, xuTafsidian gegmas Semowers. miuxedavad
imisa, rom kumurdos garkveulwilad XI-saukunis I naxevarSi,
nikorwmindas saxiT, mewyvile SeeZina – sadac xuTafsidian Sida sivrceSi
aqcentirebulia Rrma sakurTxevlis afsidi da sworkuTxa dasavleTi
mklavi, igi mainc inarCunebs ganumeoreblobas. nikorwmindas
xuroTmoZRvari erTguli darCa, qarTul xuroTmoZRvrul skolaSi
warmodgenili, mravalafsidiani taZrebis gavrcelebuli tipis da
afsidebi, gumbaTqveSa sivrcis garSemo, radialurad ganaTavsa.
kumurdoSi ki, rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, xuroTmoZRvari afsidebs
gverdiTa mklavebSi Sewyvilebulad, erTmaneTis paralelurad
ganalagebs, riTic xazs usvams jvris mkveTr siluets [tab#2].
qristianuli sakulto nagebobebis istoriisTvis Tvalis midevnebiT
Cans, rom konstantine didis epoqidanve, rodesac qristianoba saxelmwifo
religiad gamocxadda – gaCnda axali tendenciebi, rac taZrebisTvis
reprezentabeluri ieris miniWebaSi aisaxa. amiT xdeba uflis
79
didebulebis xazgasma, aqamde devnili religiis triumfis aRniSvna da
amasTanave uSualod saxelmwifos siZlieris, simdidris warmoCena.
amitomac, konstantines epoqaSi iqmneba grandiozuli taZrebi. taZris
rolis gazrdam gamoiwvia `eklesiis~ simboluri mniSvnelobis uSualod
arqiteqturul nagebobaze gadasvla. IV saukunidan ukve Cndeba taZarTa
mSeneblobisas simboluri koncefciis gaTvaliswineba da zogierT taZars
safuZvlad uCndeba jvris formis gegma. dimitri TumaniSvili
`arqiteqturis ikonografiis~ Sesaxeb80 saubrisas aRniSnavs: `Znelad Tu
badebs romelime xuroTmoZRvruli forma iseT pirdapir da uSualo
simbolur asociaciebs, rogorc jvrissaxa eklesia-xati qristianuli
eklesiis umTavresi simbolosi. . . . gansakuTrebiT es exeba Tavisufali
jvris tips. i. strigovskim es warmodgena konkretuli sabuTiT gaamyara:
`man yuradReba miaqcia warweras, romelic wm. ambrosi mediolanelma
moaTavsa milanos wm. mociqulTa eklesiis kedelze: `jvris formis
taZari qristes gamarjvebis taZaria”.
cxadia simbolur-sakralur arss qarTuli saeklesio
xuroTmoZRvrebac efuZneba. swored jvruli gegmareba gaxda yvelaze
ufro Sesisxlxorcebuli arqiteqturuli forma, rac yvela kuTxeSi
erTnairad ganviTarda (marTalia garkveul regionebSi umetesad
darbazuli tipis taZrebi Sendeboda, risi magaliTic uSualod
javaxeTis da svaneTis xuroTmoZRvrebaa, magram es adgilobrivi
reliefis specifikidan unda iyos gamowveuli).
jvris simbolo TavisTavSi itevs mravlismomcvel ideas. rogorc
zemoT iTqva, is gaxlavT uSualod qristes vnebisa da sikvdilze
gamarjvebis iaraRi da amavdroulad ori samyaros – zeciuri sauflosa
da amqveyniuri samyofelis urTierTmakavSirebeli. swored am sakiTxs
ganixilavs nato gengiuri qarTuli arqiteqturis simbolikisadmi
miZRvnil statiaSi.81 aq saubaria qalaqganaSenianebis, uSualod taZris
struqturisa da calkeul formaTa miRma gaazrebul simbolur
mniSvnelobaze. avtori dasZens, rom: `eklesiis agebuleba da calkeuli
nawilis forma konkretul azrs itevs, magram am azrisa da mniSvnelobis
80 d. TumaniSvili, `arqiteqturis ikonografiis~ Sesaxeb, werilebi, narkvevebi, Tb., 2001w. gv.:17-18 81 n. gengiuri, arqiteqturis simbolika (qristianuli saqarTvelo), SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universiteti, saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #4 (37), 2008 gv.:277
80
xazgasma mravalferovani mxatvruli xerxebiT xdeba da Seesabameba
erovnuli xuroTmoZRvrebis individualur esTetikas, xasiaTs, ostatis
SemoqmedebiT alRos.”82 swored ostatis SemoqmedebiTi alRo aris is
mTavari RirsSesaniSnavi aspeqti rac kumurdos taZars gamoarCevs.
xuroTmoZRvari sakocari iCens saocar niWsa da gambedaobas,
rodesac jvruli gegmis Tavisufal monaxazSi mravalafsidian Sida
sivrces aqsovs, Tanac ise, rom erTmaneTs Tanabrad erwymis gumbaTqveSa
heqsagonaluri da jvruli sivrce [tab#2-a)]. naTela jabua qarTul
xuroTmoZRvrebaSi qrizmis asaxvis versiisadmi miZRvnil statiaSi83
mravalafsidian taZarTa gegmis simbolikaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas da
maT Soris, ra Tqma unda, kumurdozec: `mravalafsidiani tipis gegmis
safuZvlad, Cveni varaudiT, gamoyenebul iqna qrizma, romelic qristes
saxelis pirveli ori berZnuli asos urTierTSeTanxmebiT aris Seqmnili.
qrizma macxovris niSan-simbolos warmoadgens da uflis swavlebisa da
moZRvrebis simbolod qristianul samyaroSi jvaris darad aRiqmeba. . .
eqvsi afsidis radialuri ganlageba an xuTi afsidiT da sworkuTxa
mklaviT Seqmnili kompozicia zustad miesadageba qrizmis ori asos X da
P urTierTSerwymiT Seqmnil eqvssegmentian monogramas, romlis zeda P-s
mxare sakurTxevlis afsidas Seesatyviseba... pirveli jgufis
mravalafsidiani taZrebis gegmaSi qrizma wres miaxlovebul
mravalwaxnaga formaSia mocemuli. wreSi qrizma qristianuli moZRvrebis
yovlismomcvelobis da maradiulobis ideas gamosaxavs. meore jgufis
kumurdosa da nikorwmindaSi qrizma moqceulia jvrul formaSi, riTac
xazgasmulia qristes vnebisa da Zlevis idea.~84
sataZro xuroTmoZRvruli formebis simbolikis kvlevas,
TavisTavad, safuZvlad udevs geometriul formaTa simbolika. amis
Sesabamisad, taZris kvadratuli sivrce amqveyniur samyarosTan, mis oTx
mxaresTan asocirdeba, xolo konqi, kamarovani gadaxurva Tu gumbaTi
Tavisi wriuli formebiT – zeciuri maradiulobis maniSnebelia.
kumurdoSo swored afsidebidan amozrdili konqebi da vrceli
gumbaTqveSa heqsagonaluri sivrce dominirebs, cxadad warmoCenil, `am
82 n. gengiuri, iqve, gv.:280 83 n. jabua, qrizmis asaxvis versia saqarTvelos saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, saqarTvelos Sua saukuneebis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, Tbilisi, 2008w. 84 n.jabua, dasaxelebuli naSromi
81
qveyniuri” samyofelis oTx mxareze. qarTuli mravalafsidiani
taZrebisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac afsidebi radialuradaa ganlagebuli –
sakocaris mxatvruli alRo, vfiqrobT, swored cxadi kontrastis
warmoCenisken miiswarafvis. igi taZris Sida sivrceSi ki ar STanTqavs
jvrul gegmas, rogorc amas nikorwmindas SemTxvevaSi vxedavT, aramed
gviCvenebs kuTxovani da naxevarwriuli formebis Tanaarsebobas,
urTierTSerwymas da amasTanave, ukanasknelTa dominantobas [tab#2-b)].
`zeciuri maradisoba~ ver imarjvebs mxolod dasavleTiT. Cven viciT, rom
qristianul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi dasavleTi wyvdiadTan asocirdeboda,
amitomac sakocari mas unarCunebs `miwier” formas da upirispirebs ara
Tu mxolod sakurTxevels, rogorc es xdeba darbazul an
sworkuTxamklavian taZrebSi, aramed mTels danarCen nawils.
amgvarad, `upiratesni” samxreTiT gamarTuli centraluri
SesasvleliT, karibWis gavliT, pirdapir `zesTa sofels” erwymodnen,
dasavleTi sworkuTxa mklavidan taZarSi Semsvleli ki, mxolod
garkveuli manZilis gavlis Semdgom, srulebiT moulodnelad xvdeba,
arqiteqturul komponentTa harmoniuli TanafardobiT Seqmnil, gaSlil,
zeazidul gumbaTqveSa sivrceSi da saSualeba eZleva eziaros
maradiulobas.
darwmunebuli SegviZlia viyoT, rom am `momnusxvel~ zemswraf
mxatvrul efeqts gansakuTrebiT gaaZlierebda gumbaTis yelis
sarkmlebidan `ganfenili~ ganaTeba, amasTanave aRmosavleTi afsidis
centraluri sarkmlidan Semosuli Suqi sakurTxevels Semosavda, xolo
maRla gaWrili wriuli sarkmlidan Semomavali koncentrirebuli Suqis
nakadi ki swored taZris centrSi daecemoda da morwmunes, Sekruli
wriT naTlad ametyvelebuli maradisobis Tanaziars gaxdida.
Sesabamisad, SegviZlia gamovitanoT daskvna, rom kumurdos
xuroTmoZRvruli kompoziciis struqtura iseve gajerebulia semantikuri
sazrisiT, rogorc misi Semkulobis saerTo sistema. aq Cven naTlad
vkiTxulobT qveynisa da zecis, miwierebisa da RvTis sauflos
simboloTa metyvelebas, sadac maradiuli samyofeli sazeimo sidiadiT
warmodgeba.
82
kumurdos xuroTmoZRvris mier Seqmnili dinamikuri, kontrastuli
da mRelvare, sazeimo gancdiT gaJRenTili arqiteqturuli kompozicia
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis axal tendencias qmnis.
Cven zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom kumurdo yvelaze farTod
ganxiluli aqvs giorgi CubinaSvils85. igi aRniSnavs, rom qarTuli
arqiteqturis ganviTarebis istoriaSi X-XI saukuneebidan ukve gvxvdeba
iseTi Zeglebi romelic Tavisi mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobiT aSkarad
pasuxobs barokos stils. am mimarTulebis pirvel Zeglebad ki, giorgi
CubinaSvili kumurdosa da nikorwmindas asaxelebs da aRniSnavs, rom es
ori Zegli asaxavs erTidaigive arqiteqturul kompozicias, kerZod,
xuTafsidiani, centralur–gumbaTovani tipis taZars, Tumca mxatvrul–
stilisturi gadawyvetis TvalsazrisiT, maT Soris mkveTrad igrZnoba am
mimdinareobis ganviTarebis gansxvavebuli fazebi. Tu kumurdoSi didi
mniSvneloba eniWeba arqiteqturul masebs, maT mwyobr formebs da
gvxvdeba TavdaWerili ornamentuli aqcentebi, nikorwmindaSi igi icvleba
mdidruli, wina planze gamomavali, mravalferovani CuqurTmiT.86
barokos, ferweruli stili gansakuTrebiT Seisisxlxorca qarTuli
arqiteqturis ganviTarebis momdevno etapma da saxeli daimkvidra
cxovelxatuli stilis saxiT.
cxadia, Cven saqme gvaqvs ara mxatvruli stilis gavrcelebasa da
erTi konkretuli qveynis miRwevaTa gavlenasTan, aramed xelovnebis
ganviTarebis gzaze sxvadasxva qveyanasa da epoqaSi Taviseburad
Tanxvedr movlenasTan.
barokaluri xelovneba XVI-XVII saukuneebis mijnaze italiaSi
warmoiSva, ramac Caanacvla renesansis stilis krizisi – manierizmi. es
iyo movlena, rac ganpirobebuli iyo garkveuli mxatvruli stagnaciidan
gamoRwevis surviliT. mamoZravebeli faqtori iyo erTgvari energia, rac
arsebulis uaryofis mizniT radikalurad axlis Seqmnisken miiltvoda.
Semoqmedni, romelTa moRvaweobamac axali stilis dabadeba ganapiroba,
miiswrafodnen antikuri xelovnebis aRorZinebis Sedegad klasikuri
simSvidis, gawonasworebuli, simetriuli formebis ugulvebelyofisken.
Tumca, italiaSi barokos stilis Camoyalibebas akavSireben ara mxolod
85 Г.Чубинашвили, Кумурдо и Никорцминда как пример разных этапов развития бароккального стиля в Грузинском искусстве, Вопросы истории искусства, Том I, Тбилиси, 1970 г. 86 g. CubinaSvili, dasaxelebuli naSromi.
83
mxatvrul wreebSi mimdinare aRniSnul procesebTan, aramed konkretul
istoriul movlenebTan, rogoric iyo XVI saukuneSi kaTolikuri
eklesiis didi reformacia. aseve xazi esmeva monarqiuli absolutizmis
gavlenas.
xelovneba yovelTvis pasuxobs istoriul procesebs, yvela
movlena ganpirobebulia konkretuli viTarebiT da, ra Tqma unda, zemoT
dasaxelebul faqtorebs marTlac didi mniSvneloba eqneboda dasavleT
evropaSi am sadResaswaulo, triumfaluri suliskveTebiT gaJRenTili
xelovnebis mimarTulebis SeqmnisTvis.
hainrix velflini naSromSi „renesansi da baroko" pirvel rigSi
saubrobs barokos stilis bunebaze da xelovnebis istorikosTa mier
misi definiciisas gamoyenebul „ferweruli stilis" terminis
gansazRvrebaze.87
ferweruli stili ukavSirdeba araprognozirebad cvalebadobas,
sadac ikargeba gansazRvruli konturuli monaxazi da yovelive
erTmaneTSi gadaedineba. yvelaze naTlad barokos axasiaTebs dinamiuri,
sazeimo xasiaTi, aseve Suq–CrdilTa monacvleoba, emociurobisa da
mRelvarebis gadmocema. es ukanaskneli faqtori gaxlavT is ZriTadi
Strixi, rac sxvadasxva qveynis adgilobrivi erovnuli xasiaTidan
gamomdinare, barokos stilis nimuSebs ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisgan.
ra akavSirebs kumurdos aRniSnul stilTan? - aq yvela detali,
iqneba es safasado sibrtye Tu Sida sivrce – Tavis adgilas,
TviTmyofadi sisruliT warmodgeba. yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtori, rac
kumurdoSi axali mimarTulebis saxiT vlindeba, gaxlavT Sida sivrcisa
da gare masebis srulebiT moulodneli sxvaoba. giorgi CubinaSvili,
kumurdo da nikorwmindasadmi miZRvnil naSromSi aRniSnavs, rom
kumurdos xuroTmoZRvari ganudga qarTuli arqiteqturisTvis
damaxasiaTebel princips, romelic warmoadgens gare masebis srul da
gaazrebul Sefardebas Sida sivrcesTan. es faqti misi epoqiT aris
nakarnaxebi da mis progresulobaze metyvelebs88. eqvsafsidian sxva
ZeglebSi, rogoric aris kacxi, boWorma, olTisi, kiaRmis-alTi da
gogiuba mravalSemadgeneli organizmi iyo warmomdgari damoukidbeli
87 Heinrich Wölfflin, Renaissance and Baroque,Collins, The Fontana library, 1964 გვ.: 29 88 Г.Чубинашвили, Кумурдо и Никорцминда как пример разных этапов развития бароккального стиля в Грузинском искусстве, Вопросы истории искусства, Том I, Тбилиси, 1970 г.
84
nawilebiT, aq ki jvris gverdiTa mklavebSi erTmaneTis paralelurad
Tavsdeba afsidebi, xolo aRmosavleTiT mkafiod ikiTxeba sakurTxevlis
afsidis dominantoba. am yovelives ki upirispirdeba Zlierad Sverili,
waxnagovnaddamuSavebuli gumbaTqveSa burjebi, rac Tavisi srulyofili
garegnobiT izidavs mzeras da, trapeciuli bemebis daxmarebiT, calkeul
elementebs erTmaneTSi kravs da gumbaTqveSa sivrceSi uyris Tavs. am
mxriv iqmneba kontrastuli dinamika, rac TiTqos TavisTvis ganyenebul,
RvTaebriv simSvideSi garindul monakveTebs, zeaziduli proporciis
burjebi da maTgan amomavali, sammagi, odnav Seisruli TaRebi maJorul
ganwyobas uqmnis da yovelives vertikalur RerZze mimarTavs, sadac
aRmosavleT trompebSi moulodnelad qtitorTa reliefuri
gamosaxulebebi gvevlineba.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, samwuxarod, Cven, gumbaTis morRveulobis
gamo, ar SegviZlia zustad warmovidginoT Sida sivrceSi ganfenili Suq-
Crdilovani efeqtebi, Tumca dRevandel pirobebSic ki naTlad Cans, Tu
ramdenad mkafio iqneboda ganaTebaTa sxvaoba centralur sivrcesa da
afsidalur mklavebs Soris. dResac ki, rodesac srulebiT Ria cis qveS
imyofeba taZris ZiriTadiD nawili, gverdiTa mklavebSi mzis sxivebi,
Zalian kontrastulad aRwevs. am mxriv, Cven SegviZlia Tavs ufleba
mivceT da warmovidginoT swored is cxovelxatuli, dinamikuri Suq-
Crdilovani efeqti, rac kumurdos xuroTmoZRvar sakocars axali
stilis mqadageblad aqcevs.
kumurdoSi dinamikuroba da, amasTanave, wonasworoba erTmaneTs
enacvleba da erTmaneTs avsebs. miuxedavad fasadTa sibrtyeze sadad
datovebuli intervalebisa yoveli detali urTierTkavSirSia. marTalia
aq mxatvruli formebi ar gadaedineba erTmaneTSi, magram TiToeuli
maTganis srulyofili saxe Tvals moZraobas aiZulebs, ra drosac win
modis maTSi daSifruli semantikuri sazrisi. yvelaferi erTmaneTisgan
gamomdinarea da miuxedavad calkeul „frazaTa" dasrulebuli azrisa,
iqmneba „erTiani winadadeba".
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis Cveni kvlevisTvis
SerCeuli periodi (X saukunis IInax.) garkveulwilad axlo paralels
povebs dasavleT evropis im etapTan, razec gvaqvs saubari. saqarTveloSi
„klasikuri" periodis Semdgom, gardamaval xanaSi Ziebis periodidan
85
amosuli axali mxatvruli stilis Camoyalibeba, rogorc ukve davinaxeT,
swored cxovelxatuli xasiaTiT gvevlineba. ara aqvs mniSvneloba
qronologiur sxvaobas, mTavaria istoriul–kulturuli suraTi da
mxatvruli energiisa da gemovnebis mamoZravebeli Zala – Cvens
SemTxvevaSi es gaxlavT saqarTvelos qristianuli eklesiis da
amavdroulad saero xelisuflebis siZlieris Tanmxlebi RvTaebrivi
sidiadis, Zalauflebis da sazeimo mRelvarebis warmoCena.
rogorc zemoT ukve araerTxel aRvniSneT, kumurdos kaTedrali
Tavisi saqtitoro warweriT gvisaxelebs leon afxazTa mefes (957-967ww.)
da mSeneblobis zust TariRs - 964 wels. saqarTvelos istoriidan
CvenTvis cnobilia, rom am periodSi qarTul samefo-samTavroebs Soris
yvelaze Zlieri afxazeTis samefo iyo, romlis centrsac quTaisi
warmoadgenda. jer kidev X saukunis dasawyisisTvis dasavleT
saqarTveloze bizantiis didi gavlenis gamo, aq arsebuli saeklesio
eparqiebi konstantinopolis patriarqs eqvemdebareboda. afxazTa mefeebs
didi Zalisxmeva dasWirdaT, imisTvis rom dasavleT saqarTvelos
saepiskoposoebi mcxeTis kaTalikosisTvis daeqvemdebarebinaT. swored am
mizniT nel-nela gauqmda foTis, gudayvis da sxva berZnuli kaTedrebi da
maT nacvlad giorgi II dros mcxeTis kaTedras daqvemdebarebuli
Wyondidis, leon III dros ki moqvis saepiskoposo daarsda. amave periodSi
afxazeTis samefos SemadgenlobaSi javaxeTic Sevida. 964 wels agebuli
kumurdos kaTedrali dasturia im `triumfis~ rac leon III mier
javaxeTis SemoerTebas da eklesiis siZlieres asaxavs. rogorc
aRvniSneT, es erTgvari winapiroba iyo imisa, rasac Semdgom saqarTvelos
politikuri gaerTianeba moyva. am procesebSi gansakuTrebuli roli
eniWeboda gurgen mefesa da mis meuRles guranduxt dedofals, romelic
leon mefis da iyo. swored maTi Svili bagrat III gaxda gaerTianebuli
samefos pirveli mefe (faqtiurad 975w.).89
amrigad, kumurdoSi amokiTxuli sidiade, Zalaufleba erTgvari
gamarjvebis SegrZneba SesaZloa ganpirobebuli iyo eklesiis da saero
xelisuflebis erTianobiTa da siZlieriT. amasTanave aSkaraa Rrma
Teologiur-simboluri sazrisiT gajerebuli mxatvruli kompoziciebis
siuxve, rac RvTaebrivobis SegrZnebiT moicavs yovelives.
89 m.lorTqifaniZe, feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri gaerTianeba (IX-X ss.), Tb., 1963
86
2.2. kumurdos gare masebis mxatvrul-stilisturi analizi
kumurdos taZari Tavisi Tlili, ZiriTadad, Tanabari zomis
kvadrebis horizintaluri wyobiT exmianeba qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis
ganviTarebis X saukunis maxasiaTeblebs. aq mTa abulis karieris
zedmiwevniT damuSavebuli bazaltis movardisfro-moyviTalo Tu zogan
Sindisferi filebi gansakuTrebul gamomsaxvelobas aniWebs taZris
perangs. ornamentuli Semkuloba, reliefur mqanakeblobasTan erTad ki,
dekoraciuli maxvilebis da, rac mTavaria, semantikuri sazrisis gaxsnis
elementad gvevlineba. swored am yovelives usvavs xazs vaxtang beriZe da
kumurdos moixseniebs, rogorc Sua saukuneebis qarTuli
xuroTmoZRvrebis erT-erT umTavres, maSindeli arqiteqturis erT
mwvervalTagans: `garegnuli ieriT kumurdo ukve axal dros miekuTvneba.
amas mowmobs aziduli proporciebi, aRmosavleTisa da gverdis fasadebis
samkuTxa niSebi, sarkmelTa moCuqurTmebuli sapireebi da CuqurTmiani
jvrebi. CuqurTmis kveTa faqizia, gansacvifreblad rafinirebuli.~90
mkvlevari agrZelebs kumurdos mokle daxasiaTebas da aRniSnavs:
`kumudos kedlebi, upirveles yovlisa, gvxiblavs Tavisi feris
silamaziT; perangis qva movardisfroa, Rrma, intensiuri tonisaa; aqa-iq
ki TiTqos SemTxveviT (sinamdvileSi ki Rrmad mofiqrebulad)
`CawveTebulia~ sisxlisferi `laqebi~ (jvari da sarkmlis saTauri
aRmosavleT fasadze), rac gansakuTrebiT amaRlebs unaklo ostatobiT
nawyobi kedlebis farTo zedapirTa feradovan Zalas. ostatobis done
marTlac sakvirvelia - misi kvali aCnia qvis damuSavebasac, kedlis
wyobasac, yoveli TaRis moxazulobasa da CuqurTmaTa Sesrulebasac91.”
kumurdos safasado Semkulobis centralur mxares aRmosavleTi
warmoadgens [tab.#5]. aq win modis simetriulobisa da mkacri
wonasworobis absoluturi gancda. rogorc aRwerisas iTqva, fasadis
mxatvruli kompoziciis Semadgenel elementTa gadanawilebis
ganmsazRvrelia ori, maRali samkuTxa niSa. maTi saSualebiT xdeba
centraluri vertikaluri RerZis aqcentireba da, amasTan, fasadis
kideebis viwro monakveTebis gamokveTa, sadac or `sarTulad~ 90 v. beriZe, Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1974 w. gv49 91 iqve.
87
warmomdgari sarkmlebis Semkuloba, miuxedavad SedarebiT mokrZalebuli
xasiaTisa, mniSvnelovan monawileobas iRebs fasadis gadawyvetis
mxatvrul-kompoziciur qargaSi.
am mxriv, aRmosavleT fasadze mkafiod dominanturi roli
centralur vertikals gaaCnia. mTavar maxvils ki, aq warmodgenili
sarkmlis Semkuloba qmnis. ostati mxatvrul - gamomsaxvelobiTi
xerxebis monacvleobiT axdens ara marto zogadad mTel safasado
sibrtyeze mTavar da masze daqvemdebarebul elementTa gamorCevas, aramed
uSualod aRniSnuli sarkmlis Semkulobis Semadgenel nawilTa Sorisac
ki.
amgvarad, Cven vxedavT fasadis Sua welze (odnav dabla
dacurebul) sarkmlis SedarebiT farTo TaRovan Wrils, rasac srulad
Semofarglavs, kedlis perangis sibrtyis donezeve amokveTili, ormagi
Tasmisgan Semdgari, wnuli ornamentuli arSia. es ukanaskneli, sakuTari
konturis gamomkveTi yovelgvari Raris uqonlobis gamo, TiTqos, fasadis
filebSi gaiwoveba. uSualod CuqurTmis monaxazi - wnuli - sakmaod
Tavisufali da rbilia, Tasmis momrgvalebuli kideebi bunebrivad
gadaedineba erTmaneTSi. ramdenadac aRniSnuli sapire, moklebuli
simkveTrisaa, imdenad gamosWvivis, masze mcire intervaliT dabjenili,
perangis wyobaSive Catanebuli, mewamuli feris qvebisgan Semdgari TaRi.
sainteresoa, rom aq ostati mxatvruli aqcentis xerxad iyenebs mxolod
feradovan laqas. am yovelives ki Semouyveba, Tavisi maRali
reliefurobiT yoveliveze gabatonebuli, Semkulobis ZiriTadi
kompozicia. rogorc ukve zemoT aRvwereT, es gaxlavT mewamuli
aqcentidan zemoT, sakmaod didi intervaliT warmodgenili, konsolebze
dayrdnobili TaRi, ris qveSac gamosaxulia vertikalurad Sewyvilebuli
maxarebelTa oTxi simboluri figura. mxatvruli kompozicia arc amiT
mTavrdeba da igi qvemoT grZeldeba sarkmlis ornamentuli moCarCoebis
saxiT. am mxriv, Cven mowmeni varT, mravalSemadgenliani da amasTanave
erTiani kompoziciisa, romlis yoveli elementi imdenad dasrulebuli
saxis, maRali ostatobisa da, amasTanave, erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad
arsebobis unaris mqonea, rom SeuZlebelia misi avtoriT ar aRfrTovande
_ aq mocemulia X saukunis II naxevrisTvis cnobili yvela SesaZlo
mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxi, iqneba es mcenareul-geometriuli
88
ornamentis plastikuri monaxazi Tu maRali reliefuri figuruli
gamosaxulebebis sibrtyobriv-grafikuli stilisa da mis gverdiT
moculobiTi masiuri sxeulebis gamoqandakeba.
Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sarkmlis morTulobis amgvari
Sedgenilobis kompozicias, Tanadroul qarTul xuroTmoZRvrul
skolaSi, analogi ar gaaCnia. ra Tqma unda, misi TiToeuli Semadgeneli
nawilis arseboba srulebiT bunebrivia da igi gamoZaxils povebs sxva
mraval ZeglSi - iqneba es calke reliefuri, masiuri TavsarTi,
figuruli gamosaxulebebi, Tu (qvemoT) yovelives makavSirebeli
ornamentuli arSia. es yovelive Cveulia, magram siaxles maTi
Sekruloba, erTian qargaSi warmodgena da ideis Sinaarsis uwyveti
Txrobaa. am SemTxvevaSi Cven mxolod centraluri sarkmlis sapireze
vsaubrobT, Tumca realurad fasadis mxatvruli kompozicia kidev ufro
farTod iSleba, sxva mraval elements moicavs, erTianobas arsad
kargavs, amasTanave gadaZaxils sxva fasadebsa da interierSic ki axdens,
riTic stilisturad Sekrul mxatvrul sistemas warmogvidgens.
kumurdos centraluri sarkmlis zeda nawilSi, TaRis kideebidan
moemarTeba ylortebiT gadabmuli, erTmaneTisgan amozrdili palmetebis
maqmani. maxarebelTa gamosaxulebebis qvemoT ki, mocemulia qarTuli
xuroTmoZRvrebisTvis saetapo mniSvnelobis S-seburi mcenareuli,
klaknili moxazulobis ornamenti, romelic Tavisi gamomsaxvelobiT
(naklebi denadobiT) am motivis ganviTarebis sawyis magaliTad unda
warmovidginoT. amasve mowmobs kumurdos samxreTi minaSenis (XI saukunis
dasawyisi) safasado Semkuloba, sadac ornaments srulebiT sxva
stilisturi maxasiaTeblebi gaaCnia – sadac mTavari ara formis mkveTri,
Tundac natifi, moxazulobaa, aramed rbili modelirebiT naZerwi, Suq-
CrdiliT gacocxlebuli nairgvari ornamentuli motivebia, razec qvemoT
ufro dawvrilebiT SevCerdebiT.
Zalian sainteresoa aqve warmodgenili kronSteinebis Semkuloba
[tab.#5 b-g-d)]. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, aq TiTqos mocemulia, kvlavac,
mcenareuli ornamentis motivis gagrZeleba, Tumca dakvirvebisas ikveTeba
adamianis saxeebi. marjvena mxares erTmaneTis Tavze Sewyvilebulad
warmodgenilia oTxi `niRabi”. aq gamokveTilia Tvalebis nuSisebri
mkveTri konturi da Tmis (Tu frTis) mimaniSnebeli, plastikurad
89
gadrekili, TiTo `dalalis” moxazuloba. maT Soris ki, anu kronSteinis
centrSi, stilizebuli, ganzogadebuli ornamentia burTulebiT
daboloebuli gantotili Rarebis saxiT. rac Seexeba meore mxares, aq
kideebSi mocemulia TiTo saxe, rac iZleva ufro mkveTri damuSavebis
saSulebas da mkafiod aris gamokveTili Tvalis wagrZelebuli,
nuSisebri konturi da amasTan mravali wvrili plastikuri CakveTili
klaknili xazebiT mocemuli Tmebis imitacia. aRniSnuli saxeebi mkveTrad
gamoxatul aRmosavlur iers atareben.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qvemoT sagangebod ganvixilavT kumurdos
reliefur kompoziciaTa ideur sazriss, aq mainc SevCerdebiT maTi arsis
miniSnebisTvis.
amgvarad, marjvniv warmodgenili oTxi saxe SesaZloa
ganasaxierebdes qveynis oTxi mxaris mcveli geniis, OoTxi qaris
personifikacias. TiTqos, aq mocemulia dedamiwis, xiluli qveynis asaxva.
rac Seexeba sarkmlis marcxena mxares, kronSteinis waxnagebze
gamosaxul or saxes - unda iTqvas, rom sxvadasxva mxares mimarTuli
kacis ori saxis gamosaxva pirvel rigSi `orsaxa ianusis~ asociacias
iwvevs. misi semantika Zalian Rrmaa da am siRrmeSi qristianobis mTavari
arsis danaxvac SesaZlebelia.
Cven viciT, rom orsaxa ianusi gaxlavT romauli panTeonis erT-
erTi uZvelesi RvTaeba, romelic gansazRvravda gardaqmnas, gardatexas
warsulidan momavalSi. erTi mdgomareobidan meoreSi gadasvla, da
saerTodac, aRiqmeboda rogorc yovelive sawyisis RvTaeba, romelic
warmodgenili iyo karis, Sesasvlelis mfarvelad. igi sxvadasxva mxares
macqerali orsaxiani figuriT gamoisaxeboda –xSirad erTi saxe xnier,
wverebian mamakacs warmoadgenda, meore ki axalgazrdas – anu warsulsa
da momavals. ianusis simbolo, iseve rogorc sxva mravali, qristianul
moZRvrebasac Seerwya.
ramdenadac, aRniSnul gamosaxulebebian konsolebs centraluri
sarkmlis, mcenareuli ornamentiT damSvenebuli, kamara eyrdnoba da amiT
maT aerTianebs, orive maTganis semantika erT registrSi unda
wavikiTxoT: rogorc vTqviT, marjvniv SesaZloa warmodgenili iyos
qveynis oTxi mxare, oTxi qari; xolo marcxniv ki ori: warsulis da
90
momavlis, Zvelis da axlis gamaerTianebeli – wminda werilis
personifikacia.
Cven vxedavT, rom ostatis mier warmodgenili TiToeuli
gamosaxuleba dasrulebuli ideis mauwyebelia, magram avtori ar
kmayofildeba amiT. misi gemovneba mxatvrul-kompoziciuri sisrulisken
miiswrafvis da fasadis sibrtyes simboluri formulebis gaxsnisTvis
Tamamad iyenebs.
qarTul reliefur mqandakeblobaSi kumurdos aRniSnuli
gamosaxulebebis pirdapiri paraleli, SesaZloa iyos dolisyanas taZris
Sesasvlelis Semamkobeli, masiuri TaRis konsolebis kuTxeebSi
gamokveTili gamosaxulebebi [tab.#20-b)]. dazianebulobebis gamo, Cven ar
gvaqvs saSualeba meti darwmunebiT visaubroT, Tumca marjvena mxares
waxnagebze aSkarad ikiTxeba, kumurdos msgavsi, TiTo `niRabi”. SesaZloa
bagratis taZris samxreT fasadze warmodgenili horeliefuri
Sewyvilebuli mamakacis Tavebi aseve orsaxa ianusis ideiT iyos
nakarnaxebi [tab.#21-a)].
`orsaxa ianusis~ Tema Zalian xSirad gvxvdeba dasavleT evropis
romanul taZrebSi92. maTi gamosaxuleba umetesad, ukavSirdeba portalebs.
amis erT-erTi magaliTia did britaneTSi, kembrijSiris ilis kaTedrali
(Ely Cathedral) [tab.#21-b)]. igi warmoadgens normandiuli mqandakeblobis XII
saukunis dasawyisis erT-erT TvalsaCino Zegls. aq, portalis
kompoziciuri Semkulobis centrs, Cveulebisamebr, warmoadgens timpani,
xolo mis qvemoT, uSualod karis Wrilis zeda kuTxeebSi Casmulia
Tavebis horeliefuri gamosaxulebebi. orive mxares TiTo Sverili Tavi –
TiTqos taZarSi yovel Semsvlels dascqeris. aq swored wverosani
xnieri kacisa da uwvero axalgazrdas saxeebia warmodgenili.
aRsaniSnavia, rom es gamosaxulebebi gaxlavT portalis Semkulobis
saerTo sistemis Semadgeneli nawili, rac Tavisi gamomsaxvelobiT,
Sverili, maRali reliefurobiT Zalian metyvelia da timpanSi
warmodgenili kompoziciis Semdgom modis, sadac asaxulia mandorliT
garemoculi aRsaydrebuli qristes figuris ori, faqtiurad fexze
92 M. F.Hearn, The Revival of Monumental Stone Sculpture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries, Cornell University
Press, 1991
91
mdgomi, angelozis mier amaRlebis Tema. es yovelive ki mTlianad
Semofarglulia mcenareuli ornamentuli motivebiT.
`orsaxa ianusis~ Tema aseve gvxvdeba safrangeTSi, alzasis
regionSi, XII saukunis wminda ioanes taZris interierSi pilastris
kapitelTan, kuTxeebSi Casmuli, sxvadasxva mxares gamosaxuli ori
adamianis Tavis saxiT. sainteresoa alzasis wminda jvris saxelobis
taZaric(XIs.)93, sadac TaRis konsolis waxnagebze, orive mxares, palmetis
ornamentidan amoizrdeba adamianis Tavi. aRsaniSnavia, rom aq arc,
kumurdos marjvena konsolis msgavsad, adamianis oTxi saxis gamosaxvaa
ucxo. aq svetis, mcenareuli ornamentiT srulad dafaruli, masiuri,
trapeciuli formis, kapitelis oTxive waxnagze gamokveTilia kacis saxis
gamosaxulebebi.94 oTx mxares mimarTuli, oTxi sxvadasxva tipis mamakacis
Tavis Zalian saintereso nimuSia warmodgenili, metropoliten muzeumSi
dacul, XII-XIII saukuniT daTariRebul kapitelze samxreT italiidan,
apulias regioni.95 am SemTxvevaSi warmodgenilia realisturi
gamosaxulebebi, romelTagan TiToeulSi mkafiod diferencirebulia
saxis nakvTebis maxasiaTeblebi, rac sxvadasxva rasis kuTvnilebas unda
migvaniSnebdes.
amgvarad, Cven vxedavT Tu romanuli periodis ZeglebSi ramdenad
gavrcelebulia adamianTa Tavis gamosaxulebaTa sxvadasxva
interpretaciiT warmodgena. saintereso iqneboda am magaliTTa
siRrmiseuli kvleva da dadgena imisa Tu ra roli eniWebaT am
gamosaxulebebs taZris Semkulobis saerTo sistemaSi, Tumca am etapze,
winamdebare naSromis farglebSi es SeuZlebelia. CvenTvis jer kumurdos
Semkulobis ideur-Sinaarsobrivi sazrisis aqcentebis gamovlenaa
mniSvnelovani.
kumurdos aRmosavleTi fasadis centralur RerZze,
warmodgenilia aseve wriuli sarkmeli [tab.#5a-e)]. mas Semofarglavs
mcenareuli ornamenti wreebSi Cawerili erTnairi palmetebis sartyelis
93
http://www.encyclopedie.bseditions.fr/article.php?pArticleId=5&pChapitreId=33372&pSousChapitreId=33375&pArticleLib=La+chapelle+de+la+Croix+%5BAlsace%A0%3A+l%92art+roman+en+Alsace-%3EHohenbourg+%96+sainte+Odile%5D (25.03.2014)
94 sainteresoa aseve, rom aRniSnuli svetis bazisebze warmodgenilia xelis gamosaxulebebi, rac TiTqos svets iWers.
95 http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/55.66 (25.03.2014)
92
saxiT. igi Seqmnilia natifi, Zalian sada da mkafio moxazulobis,
erTgvari kaligrafiuli xelweris maneriT. aq ikiTxeba yvela
Semadgeneli rgoli da ar xdeba ornamentis `Cawvna~, ~Caxveva”, risi
miniSnebac kumurdos sxva CuqurTmebSi mainc SeimCneva. ramdenadac
lunetis, iseve rogorc gverdiTa sarkmlebis Semkuloba, fasadis
filebze, TiTqmis kedlis sibrtyezevea amokveTili, maTi roli mxatvrul
kompoziciaSi odnav ukana planze iwevs.
wriuli sarkmlis simaRles utoldeba niSebis konqiseburi
daboloeba, sadac, rogorc aRvwereT, warmodgenilia radialurad
ganfenili sxivebi, romelTa sawyisTan adamianis Tavis moculobiTi,
reliefuri figurebia Casmuli, rac warwerebis mixedviT, qveynisa da
zecis alegorias asaxavs. [tab.#5-e)] figurebi samkuTxa niSis Semamkobeli
radialuri sxivebis konis sawyisTan, uSualo kuTxeSia warmodgenili da
am saxiT zemodan dascqeris yovelives. es efeqti miRweulia imiT, rom
gamosaxuleba nel-nela amoizrdeba fonidan – Tu saxis pir-wveris
midamoSi naklebad aris fonidan wamoweuli, Semdgom moculoba izrdeba
da Tavis qalis ovali, qarTul monumentur mqandakeblobaSi aqamde
uanalogo moculobiT simrgvales iZens. aRniSnul alegoriul
gamosaxulebebSi ostati Zerwavs uSualod formas da minimalurad
anawevrebs mas. aq ar Cans xazobrivi dinamikisken swrafva, ris
saSualebasac ostats Tundac Tmebis faqturis warmoCena miscemda.
piriqiT, ostatis mizans swored formismieri struqturis xazgasma
warmoadgens, amitomac guldasmiT aqandakebs, amrgvalebs Tavis ovals da
Semdgom srulebiT gluvad tovebs mas. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom ostati
figurebis uSualod niSis trompSi damrecad gamosaxviT, TiTqos,
sagangebod mimarTavs maT centraluri sarkmlis kompoziciisken da amiT
xels uwyobs ideur-gamomsaxvelobiTi sistemis Sekrulad warmodgenas.
trompebSi warmodgenili reliefuri figurebis magaliTebi bevri
SegviZlia davasaxeloT, pirvel rigSi uSualod kumurdos karibWis
angelozebi Tu gumbaTqveSa trompebSi saqtitoro gamosaxulebebi,
TrialeTis axalqalaqis (daSbaSi) eqsterierSi jvris mklavebis
gadakveTasTan, kuTxis mcire trompSi Casmuli wverosani angelozis
figura [tab.#22-a)], iSxanSi - uSualod kumurdos msgavsad, safasado
niSaSi, swored radialurad ganfenili sxivebis sawyisTan angelozis
93
Tavis gamosaxuleba [tab.#22-b)] – yvela maTgani warmodgenilia
frontalurad da amiT xazi esmeva maT damoukidebel ideur-mxatvrul
mniSvnelobas. kumurdoSi ki `ca~ da `qveyana” qvemoT imzireba da amiT
safasado, rogorc aRvniSneT, Semkulobis centralur maxvils (sarkmlis
Semkulobas) ukavSirdeba da erTiani semantikuri ideis Semadgenlad
cxaddeba.96 am aspeqtiTac kumurdos ostati qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis
safasado Semkulobis sistemis Camoyalibebis erT-erTi mowinave
Semoqmedia.
kumurdos msgavsad niSebis radialuri sxivebiT gaformeba gvxvdeba
X saukunis ara-erT Zeglze, gansakuTrebiT tao-klarjeTis taZrebze
(eqeqi, oSki, iSxani).
eqeqSi aRmosavleT fasadze, centraluri sarkmlis orive mxares
moTavsebulia samkuTxa niSebi, (kumurdosTan SedarebiT ufro farTo),
romelnic zemoT bolovdeba TaRovani moxazulobiT da Semkulia
radialurad gadaSlili sxivebiT. aqac marjvena mxares sxivebi
amoburculad aris mocemuli da cilindrebs waagavs, xolo marcxniv
CakveTilia da zeda kideebi wawvetebulia. kumurdosTan msgavseba
SegviZlia davinaxoT aseve centraluri sarkmlis, Zalian sada, sul
samiod Rarisgan Semdgari gadanakeciani TavasarTis zemoT, didi
intervaliT ganTavsebul, masiur naxevarwriul TaRSi, rac ebjineba
fasadis sibrtyidan mkveTrad gamoyofil konsolebs. am SemTxvevaSi
fasadis Semkulobis sistemis mTavar mxatvrul aqcents niSebis sxivebiT
gaformeba da aRniSnuli TaRi warmoadgens. xolo, gverdiTa sarkmlebis
Zalian sada gadanakeciani TavsarTebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom centralur
sarkmelTan erTad `sami jvris~ farTod gavrcelebul kompozicias qmnis,
srulebiT `miCqmalulia~.
am mxriv, fasadis Semkulobis Semadgeneli komponentebiT
kumurdosTan paralelis gavleba srulebiT logikurad aris
SesaZlebeli, Tumca cxadia kumurdo bevrad ufro rTul, mdidrul da
amave dros gaazrebul mxatvrul kompozicias qmnis.
96 adamianis reliefuri Tavis, TiTqmis amgvari xerxiT warmodgena gvxvdeba yarsis X saukunis mociqulTa saxelobis kaTedralis gumbaTqveSa aRmosavleT trompebSi [tab.#17]. adamianis Tavebi rbili modelierebiT aris qvidan amoyvanili da gansakuTrebuli xazi esmeva Tavis qalis ovalis moculobiT formas. aqac saWreTeli gamoiyeneba mxolod saxis nakvTebis minimaluri gamoyvanisTvis, xolo danarCeni ki datovebulia gluvad, raTa ar `miiCqmalos~ formis gamomsaxveloba.
94
oSkis SemTxvevaSi ki, kumurdos mkacri sisadave, rac gamoixateba
Semkulobis TiToeuli Semadgeneli elementis daxvewil formaTa
TavSekavebul sinatifeSi, adgils uTmobs sadResaswaulo, mdidrul
kompozicias. aqac maRali, gegmaSi V- formis niSebi fasadTa dekoraciul
kompoziciaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. is kedlis sibrtyes,
faqtiurad, STanTqavs da msubuqad anawevrebs. gansakuTrebiT
gamomsaxvelia misi konqisebri daboloebis radialurad gadaSlili
sxivebis feradovani aqcentebi (mewamuli, cisferi), rac mxatvrul
gamoZaxils sarkmelTa Tavze, amave feradovnebis gadaSlil `sxivebSi”
axdens. oSkis rafinirebuli Semkulobis kulminacias ki, misi samive
fasadis, centrisken mzardi TaRedi qmnis, riTic mas qarTuli
xuroTmoZRvrebis dekoraciuli sistema srulebiT axal safexurze ayavs.
(am sakiTxs IV TavSi davubrundebiT).
rac Seexeba niSebSi uSualod Tavis gamosaxulebis magaliTs,
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, igi gvxvdeba iSxnis dasavleT fasadze, marcxena
niSaSi warmodgenili, niJaris msgavsad damuSavebul fonze frTosani
reliefuri Tavis gamosaxulebis saxiT [tab.#22-b)]. marTalia, saxis qveda
nawili Camotexilia, magram mainc aRiqmeba Zalian metyveli, nuSis formis
mkveTri moxazulobis Tvalebi, saxis moculobiTi formis Tu Tmis
faqturis rbili damuSaveba, amasTanave Zalian plastikuri, `mokecili”
frTebis saerTo moxazuloba yovelgvar `mkacr~, xist formebs
moklebulia, riTic Zlier gansxvavdeba kumurdos figurebisgan.
zogadad adamianTa Tavebis gamosaxva erT-erTi gavrcelebulTagania
Sua saukuneebis qandakebaSi. misi sawyisi ukavSirdeba qristanobamdeli,
warmarTuli epoqis adamianTa niRbebs. Cven ukve moviyvaneT magaliTebi
sadac Tavis gamosaxulebebi Casmulia interierSi, gumbaTqveSa trompebSi,
kapitelebze, xSiria aseve fasadebze, kedlis sibrtyezeve – calkeulad
Tu mTeli mwkrivis saxiT. yvela SemTxvevaSi maT gansxvavebuli
semantikuri mniSvneloba eniWebaT. amitomac maTi arsis amokiTxvisTvis
Zalian mniSvnelovania saerTo kompoziciis ideur-Sinaarsobrivi
gzavnilebis gamovlena.
kumurdos aRmosavleTi fasadis centraluri RerZis SemkulobaSi,
CarTulia aseve, wriuli sarkmlis Tavze, horizontalurad gaSlili,
ioane episkoposis asomTavruli savedrebeli warwera [tab.#5-e)]. is Tavisi
95
didi zomis mwyobri, reliefurad gamoyvanili moxazulobiT sakmaod
aqcentirebulia da garkveul wilad, mxatvrul kompoziciur qargaSi
harmoniulad ewereba. Semdgom ki, amJamad, yovelives agvirgvinebs
mewamuli qvis filebiT gamoyvanili, ornamentacias moklebuli,
golgoTas jvari. Tumca, rogorc Cans, Tavis droze, mas timpanis areSi
moyveboda wiTeli, rombisebri filebis asxmiT Semdgari didi jvari.
cxadia, es yovelive, Tavisi feradovani mkveTri aqcentiT, mxatvrul
kompoziciaSi dominanturi maxvilis saxiT warmodgeboda.
Zalian sainteresoa imis gaanalizeba, Tu ra ganapirobebs ostatis
mier ama Tu im detalis Sesaqmnelad sxvadasxva mxatvruli xerxis,
maneris gamoyenebas. faqtia, Cven mowmeni varT kumurdoSi sakmaod
ganviTarebuli CuqurTmovani repertuaris arsebobis. amasTan viciT, Tu
qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi ra sixSiriT gvxvdeba ayvavebuli,
gamSvenebuli jvrebi, rac mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT Zalian
gamomsaxvelia. Sors wasvla srulebiTac ar gvWirdeba, radganac
kumurdos ostative iyenebs maT amave fasadis gverdiTa sarkmlebis
Sesamkobad. am mxriv dasturdeba, rom es Rrmad gaazrebuli arCevania da
igi exmianeba adreqristianuli simbolikis tradicias, sadac mTavari iyo
ideis gamosaxva da ara imdenad dekoraciuli efeqtis. ideis arss kidev
ufro amZafrebs jvris mewamuli feri, rac Rrma simboluri datvirTvis
mqonea da erTismxriv – golgoTas jvris SemTxvevaSi sikvdilis
momaswavleblad, xolo mis zemoT ki triumfalur, zeciuri meufebis
amsaxvelad gvevlineba. marTalia Cveulebriv, golgoTas jvari
TavisTavSi itevs rogorc vnebis simbolos, ise sikvdilis daTrgunviT
maradiul cxovrebasTan ziarebas, magram, rogorc Cans, kumurdos ostats
surs gansakuTrebiT gausvas xazi orive ideas: `sikvdilsa~ da `aRdgomas~
da amitom maT cal-calke gamohyofs.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, centraluri jvrebis gamoZaxili amave
fasadis gverdiTa qveda sarkmlebis SemkulobaSi Cndeba da iqmneba
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis safasado Semkulobis erT-erTi farTod
gavrcelebuli motivi – golgoTas mTis amsaxveli kompozicia.
ramdenadac kumurdos ostati warmoadgens tradiciuli formis (swori
mklavebis gadakveTiT) sam jvars, xolo meoTxes rombebiT Semdgars, Cven
am ukanasknels `sami jvris kompoziciis~, erTgvar, damatebiT ideur
96
maxvilad aRviqvavT. amitom, mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia aRniSnuli
kompoziciis ganviTarebis gzebis ganxilva.
amasTan dakavSirebiT CvenTvis sainteresoa batoni levan
rCeuliSvilis erT-erTi moxsenebis masalis gacnoba, rac swored Sua
saukuneebis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis SemkulobaSi sami jvris Temas
Seexeba.97
levan rCeuliSvili SesavalSive aRniSnavs, rom aRniSnuli motivi
ukavSirdeba golgoTas mTaze jvarcmul qristes gamosaxulebas. is
pirvelad Cndeba palestinaSi, da Semdgom vrceldeba qristianul
aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTSi, sadac gvxvdeba VIII-IX saukuneebSi. xolo
uSualod qarTul arqiteqturaSi sami jvris kompozicia, SesaZloa,
gamoZaxils povebdes aseve warmarTuli religiis damxobis niSnad mirian
mefis mier sami jvris aRmarTvis TemasTan. aRsaniSnavia, rom Cvens
erovnul xuroTmoZRvrul skolaSi misi asaxva Cndeba V – saukunidan.
amis magaliTia bolnisis sionis taZris CrdiloeTi galereis svetis
kapitelze warmodgenili (horizontalur RerZze Tanabari intervaliT),
erTi zomis sami jvris gamosaxuleba, rac mTlianad garemoculia
ornamentuli SemkulobiT. amgvaradvea warmodgenili sami jvris Tema
Telovanis jvarpatiosanSi (VIII-IXss.), karis arqitravis Semkulobis
saxiT, Tumca im gansaxvavebiT, rom aq centraluri jvari gamorCeulia
Tavisi daxvewili formebiTa da wreSi CawerilobiT. swored am periodis
xuroTmoZRvrebis SemkulobaSi sami jvris gamosaxulebis Tema sakmaod
damkvidrda da Camoyalibebuli ikonografiuli saxe miiRo. maTi
ganTavsebis adgilma aRmosavleT fasadze gadainacvla, xolo
kompoziciur ganlagebaSi frizuloba samkuTxedis formis mixedviT
Seicvala, sadac centraluri jvari yovelTvis aqcentirebulia Tavisi
formiTa da SemkulobiT.
VIII-IX saukunidan, rogorc aRvniSneT, sami jvris kompozicia
aRmosavleTi fasadis Semkulobis cnobil kompozicias warmoadgens,
sadac centraluri jvari Tavsdeba centraluri sarkmlis Tavze, xolo
sarkmlis TaRovani Wrili ki gamoiyeneba rogorc jvris postamenti, rac
Tavis mxriv golgoTas mTis simbolur asaxvad aRiqmeba. danarCeni ori
97 Л. Рчеулишвили, Композиция трех крестов в архитектурном декоре грузинских храмов средневековья, IV Международный симпозиум по грузинскому искусству, Тб. 1983
97
jvari, piramidalurad an amave postamentidan amoizrdeba an ki mis
gverdiT gamoisaxeba (qvabisxevi VIII-IXs. mijna, burnaSeTi Xs. sainteresoa
aseve ToneTis eklesiaSi warmodgenili sami jvris kompozicia, rac
sarkmlis Semamkobeli TavsarTis centrsa da horizontalur
gadanakecebzea ganTavsebuli). aRsaniSnavia, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi
izrdeba centraluri jvris zoma da ufro metad gamSvenebuli xdeba -
(gveldesi). am Temis gansakuTrebul, SeiZleba iTqvas Tavis droisTvis
winmswreb, magaliTs warmoadgens gurjaanis yvelawminda, sadac
aRmosavleT fasadze centraluri jvari frontons uaxlovdeba, xolo
danarCeni ori gverdiTa qveda sarkmlebis gadanakecebian TavsarTzea
aRmarTuli.
saintereso magaliTs warmoadgens X saukunis I naxevris Zegli
eredvis beris saydari – rogorc bn. leo rCeuliSvili aRniSnavs98 - Tu
aqamde dasaxelebul magaliTebSi sami jvris kompoziciis gamosaxvis
mTavari arsi misi semantikuri mniSvneloba iyo da amitomac mxatvrul
gamomsaxvelobiTi TvalsazrisiT naklebad metyveli, am SemTxvevaSi,
TiTqos, pirvel planze misi dekoraciuli mxare iwevs, xolo ideuri
sazrisi ki qveteqsts warmoadgens. aqve mkvlevari saubrobs am Temis kidev
ufro ganviTarebul saxeze da magaliTad kumurdos taZari moyavs, sadac
sami jvris kompozicia warmodgenilia ara uSualod erT sarkmelze,
aramed moculi aqvs mTeli aRmosavleTi fasadis are da CarTulia
saerTo Semkulobis sistemaSi, iseve rogorc gurjaanis yvelawmindas
Zeglze. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tu winamorbed SemTxvevebSi centraluri jvris
postamentis saxiT gamoyenebuli iyo uSualod sarkmlis TaRovani
Wrilis moxazuloba an misi damagvirgvinebeli TavsarTi `warbi” –
kumurdos centraluri jvari Tavissave safexurovan postamentzea
warmodgenili, xolo sarkmlis Semkulobis gamoyeneba, golgoTas mTis
simboluri arsis gaTvaliswinebiT, fasadis qveda registrSia
SenarCunebuli. kumurdos ostati aqac yovelives mravalferovnebiT
gadmogvcems. mas ubralod ar SeuZlia raimes daStampuli saxiT
warmodgena da mudmivad axal mxatvrul- gamomsaxvelobiT, ideurad
datvirTul kompozicias adgens. igi iyenebs am Temis arsebul fabulas,
98 Л. Рчеулишвили, Композиция трех крестов в Архитектурном декоре Грузинских Храмов средневековья,
IV Международный симпозиум по грузинскому искусству, Тб. 1983 gv.: 6
98
magram amdidrebs, amravalferovnebs mas sxvadasxva formebiTa da mcire
detalebiT, amasTan ar Ralatobs saerTo princips, rac yvelafris
miuxedavad, eqceva sisadavis, simkacrisa da harmoniuli simetriulobis
qargaSi [tab#5-v)].
golgoTas Temis analogiuri simboluri asaxva gvxvdeba 1002 wliT
daTariRebul xcisis taZarze. Tumca, aq ostati, kumurdosgan
gansxvavebiT, centraluri jvris aqcentirebas dekoraciuli xerxebiT
asrulebs. xolo kumurdos ostati Segnebulad irCevs semantikur
maxvilebs da ornamentaciul didostatobas gverdiTa jvrebis
SemTxvevaSi amJRavnebs. swored am detaliTac kidev erTxel dasturdeba
kumurdos xuroTmoZRvris (sakocaris) saocari ganswavluloba.
XI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi ki, es Tema ukve mTlianad
daeqvemdebara dekoraciul kompozicias, centrisken mzard TaRovan
sistemas Seerwya da masTan erTad mtkiced Camoyalibebuli safasado
Semkulobis sistemis saxe SeiZina (samTavisi -1030w.)99. Tumca mogvianebiT,
XII saukunidan sami jvris kompozicia cxovelxatul -
maRaldekoraciulma Semkulobam STanTqa da darCa mxolod centrSi,
yoveliveze gabatonebuli didi zomis jvris gamosaxuleba (ikorTa,
beTania, qvaTaxevi da sxva.)
qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi fasadebis jvriT aqcentirebis Temas
yuradReba dauTmo aseve vaxtang jobaZem100. igi xanZTis taZris fasadebis
aRwerisas yuradRebas amaxvilebs aRmosavleT fasadze reliefuri,
movardisfro, jvris gamosaxulebaze da mis semantikur mniSvelobas
uRrmavdeba: `jvris Sesxmis erT galobaSi efrem asuri (306-360) gvamcnobs,
rom `rodesac xilul samyaros bolo moeReba da aRmosavleTiT qriste
gamoCndeba, mas waemZRvareba jvari iseve, rogorc basilevss win miuZRvis
droSa”. kirile ierusalimeli (315-386) ki brZanebs: `qristes WeSmariti
niSania jvari, brwyinvale jvris niSani meufes win waemZRvareba, rom
cxadhyos is vinc uwin jvarcmuli iyo”101.
99 r. mefisaSvili, samTavisis taZris aRmosavleTi fasadis dekoratiuli morTulobis Tavisebureba, qarTuli xelovneba #11, Tbilisi 2001w. 100 v.jobaZe, adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli monastrebi istoriul taoSi, klarjeTsa da SavSeTSi, Tb., 2006w. gv.:48-49 101 iqve (102 - sqolio) (ix.: A.Grabar,Christian Iconography, Princeton, 1968,gv 113,115,
131,141) ~
99
rom SevajamoT, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis safasado Semkulobis
ganviTarebis droTa ganmavlobaSi, centraluri fasadis aqcentireba
monumenturi jvriT damaxasiaTebeli niSani xdeba. pirvelad is Tavs iCens
bolnisis sionSi, ufro gvian _ gurjaanis eklesiaSi (VIII-IXss.). Tumca,
Cven ar SegviZlia misi mdebareoba mxolod aRmosavleTi fasadiT
ganvsazRvroT, ramdenadac qarTul taZrebSi periodulad inacvlebs
centraluri fasadis adgili aRmosavleTidan samxreTiT.102 Sesabamisad,
gvxvdeba xSiri SemTxveva, rodesac upiratesad samxreTi fasadi imkoba da
jvriT gvirgvindeba. asea Tundac tao-klarjeTis mraval taZarSi:
parexTa, nukas saydari, opiza, dolisyana, xaxuli, parxali, eqeqi da
saqarTvelos mTeli teritoriis sxva araerT Zeglze.
rogorc aRvniSneT, kumurdos aRmosavleTi fasadis kideebi
warmodgenilia or `sarTulad~ gadanawilebuli sarkmlebis Semamkobeli
elementebiT. ostati mis mier Cafiqrebuli sami jvris Temis asaxvisTvis
`samkuTxeds” qmnis ara zeda registris sarkmlebTan mimarTebiT, aramed
jvrebis ganTavsebisTvis irCevs qveda sarkmlebs. amgvarad, igi piramidis
qveda kideebs miwasTan, SedarebiT, axlos ganaTavsebs da amiT, TiTqos,
xazs usvavs amasofelSi momxdar faqts.
kumurdos ostati, am SemTxvevaSi iyenebs mis winamorbedTa
gamocdilebas da golgoTas mTis simbolur gamosaxulebad uSualod
sarkmlis Semamkobel TaRovan sapires iyenebs. marcxena mxares
SemorCenili sapires fragmentidan Cven vxedavT, Tu rogor amoizrdeba
ornamentuli wnulidan igive wnuliTve dafaruli tolmklava jvari,
romlis mklavebis kideebic burTulebiT aris damSvenebuli. amasTan
dakavSirebiT gvinda moviyvanoT kiti maCabelis erTi SeniSvna. usaneTis
svetis dasavleT mxares gamosaxul did jvarTan mimarTebiT mkvlevari
aRniSnavs: `qveda nawilSi gamosaxulia didi jvari, gafarToebuli
boloebiT, romlebic burTulebiT aris Semkuli. jvari qvemoT buniT
bolovdeba, rac imis aRmniSvnelia, rom igi Weduri liTonis jvris
ganmeorebas warmoadgens. jvris gafarToebuli mklavebis kuTxeebSi or-
ori burTulaa moTavsebuli, rac imis damamtkicebelia, rom igi
102 d.TumaniSvili, sazrisisa da mxatvruli formis mimarTebisTvis Sua saukuneebis qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi (mcxeTis taZrebis magaliTze), gzajvaredinze, werilebi, narkvevebi, Tb., 2008, gv.:92-143
100
imeorebda wagrZelebuli formis votivur jvars, Zvirfasi TvlebiT
Semkuls, romelic golgoTaze iyo aRmarTuli.”103
rogorc aRweraSi iTqva, zeda mklavi flankirebulia wminda samebis
simboluri niSnebiT (e.w. Triquetra), xolo yovelive ki dagvirgvinebulia
gadanakeciani TavsarTiT, rac Tavis mxriv ormagi TasmiT Semowerili
rgolebis jaWviT aris Semkuli. fasadis marjvena qveda sarkmeli odnav
gansxvavebul kompozicias gvTavazobs. aq, marTalia, ar SemorCa sarkmlis
Semomfargvleli sapire, Tumca jvris formisa da proporciis mixedviT,
Tamamad SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom igi marcxena sarkmlis Semkulobis
analogiurad iyo wnulidan amoziduli. rac Seexeba mis damagvirvinebel
motivs, am SemTxvevaSi ostati gamosaxavs ara gadanakecian TavsarTs,
aramed jvrissave wnulis ganmeorebiT Semowers kamaras, romlis
kideebsac saintereso, vfiqrob simboluri, gamosaxulebiT asrulebs
[tab#5-v)].
Cven mravalgzis aRvniSneT, rom kumurdos ostatis amosavali aris
misi saTqmeli, idea da mas daqvemdebarebuli gamomsaxvelobiTi
mxatvruli saxe. am SemTxvevaSic, vfiqrobT, fasadis orive kideSi saerTo
kompoziciur agebulebaSi mocemuli sxvaoba ganpirobebuli unda iyos
ara ostatis daucxromeli JiniT, rasac nairgvari mxatvruli efeqtebis
warmoCenasTan mivyavarT xolme – gansakuTrebiT rodesac saubaria
mogviano periodis xuroTmoZRvrebis Semkulobis xasiaTze, aramed saqme
unda gvqondes kvlav konkretul Sinaarsobriv gzavnilTan, rac swored
im `rebusis~ nawilia, risi pasuxic kumurdos Semkulobis repertuaris
ideas warmoadgens.
amgvarad, Cven ukve ganvixileT, rom sami jvris kompozicia
ukavSirdeba golgoTas mTaze aRmarTul sam jvars, romelTagan centrSi
qriste `meufe huriaTa” iyo jvarcmuli, xolo mis marjvniv da marcxniv
ori avazaki. uflis jvarcma kumurdoSi Tavisi sakraluri semantikiT
sada, mkacri, amasTan sameufeo mewamuli feriT da yovelgvari damatebiTi
Semkulobis gareSea warmodgenili. xolo, X- saukunis II naxevrisTvis
ukve cnobili, ornamentuli ZerwviT gamorCeuli, mxatvrul-stilisturi
103 k. maCabeli, Zveli qarTuli plastikis sawyisebTan, sabWoTa xelovneba, #10, 1984 w. gv.: 67; 73
101
xerxebi fasadis kideebSi ikavebs adgils. jvarcmul avazakTa simbolur
gamosaxulebas ostati grexili wnuliT Semdgar `golgoTas”
gamosaxulebidan (sarkmlis ornamentuli sapiredan) amozrdis. am
konkretul SemTxvevaSi, vfiqrobT, asaxulia miwieri samyarodan Sobili
miwieri Svilebi, romlebic erTnairia - `orive avazakia”, magram sxvaoba
modis Semdgom - (mayureblisgan) marcxniv jvris zeda mklavi, rogorc
aRvniSneT, flankirebulia sameba erTarsebis simboloTi (rac aseve
maradiulobas, Seuqcevadobas asaxavs) da dagvirgvinebulia gadanakeciani
TavsarTiT. luka maxarebelTan Cven vkiTxulobT erT-erTi avazakis mier
qristes dagmobis sityvebze meores pasuxs: [luka 23:40-43] `arcaRa geSinis
Sen RmrTisa, rameTu masve sasjelsa Sina xar? da Cuen samarTlad Rirsi,
romeli vqmeniT, moguegebis, xolo aman ararai ujeroi qmna. da etyoda
iesos: momixsene me ufalo, odes movide sufeviTa SeniTa. xolo iesu
hrqua mas: amen getyv Sen: dRes Cem Tana iyo samoTxesa.” aqedan
gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, erT mxares swored sinanuliT da uflis didebiT
gamarTlebuli avazaki unda iyos gamosaxuli, romelmac maradiuli
cxovreba daimkvidra samoTxis kamaris safarvelis qveS. xolo meore
mxares imave sawyisis mqone gamosaxuleba - magram uflis mgmobeli
avazakia warmodgenili, romlis winaSec qerubimebiT daculi (`frTosani
Tvalebi” kamaris kideebSi), samoTxis daxSuli karia (kamara) gamosaxuli.
dacemisa da xsnis Tema, sxvadasxva interpretaciiT, ara erTgzis
gvxvdeba am periodis qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi. amis magaliTia Tundac
sof. saRamos X saukunis taZris sarkmlis reliefi winaswarmetyveli
ionas epizodiT, xaxulis taZris Sesasvlelis reliefuri
gamosaxulebebis saerTo Tematika da sxv.
kumurdos aRmosavleTi fasadis Semkulobis kidev erT (wyvil)
elements warmoadgens pastoforiumebis zeda `sarTulis” sarkmlebis
sapireebi. rogorc aRvwereT, aq mocemulia viwro TaRovani Wrilis
srulad Semomfargvleli, orive mxares erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli
ornamentuli motivebiT Semdgari moCarCoeba. marcxniv ostati qmnis
mxolod geometriul, mkveTrad waxnagovan, TiTqos, rombebis warmomqmnel
mWidro wnuls (zedapiri sakmaod gadacrecilia, amitom rTulia zusti
daxasiaTeba, Tumca rCema STabeWdileba, rom zeda da qveda mxares
ornamenti Semdgaria erTiani, SedarebiT farTo Tasmisgan, xolo
102
gverdiTa anyolebze ki kumurdosTvis Cveuli ormagi RariT Semoiwvneba
geometriuli ornamenti.
marjvena mxares ki ostati warmoadgens erTi jaWvisgan Semdgar
sapires, sadac TiToeul Semadgenel rgolSi Casmulia sxvadasxva
gamosaxuleba (frinveli, cxoveli, stilizebuli jvari) da, amasTanave,
fonis darCenili adgilebi Sevsebulia sxvadasxva mxares mimarTuli
samfoTla mcenareuli gamosaxulebebiT.
rgolebSi Casmuli gamosaxulebebi Zalian sainteresoa, rogorc
misi simboluri arsiT, ise qristianul samyaroSi gavrcelebis arealiT.
amasTan dakavSirebiT SevCerdebiT irine giviaSvilis statiaze104, sadac
igi rgolebSi frinvelTa da cxovelTa gamosaxulebas ukavSirebs adamis
mier cxovelTa saxeldebis Temas. da iqve aRniSnavs, rom samoTxis
ilustracias xedavs vaxtang jobaZe105, rodesac ganixilavs iSxnis mcire
darbazuli eklesiis (aSenebuli mefeT-mefe gurgenis mier 1006w.) samxreT
karis TavsarTsa da aRmosavleT sarkmlis sapires, Tumca is paralelebs
adreqristianul iatakis mozaikebTan avlebs, kerZod V-VI ss-is siriis,
palestinisa da kilikiis eklesiebTan. agreTve, resafedan jvris
bazilikis iatakis mozaikebTan, sadac sxvadasxva cxovelebi msxmoiare
xeebisa da yvavilebis garSemoa gamosaxuli.
kumurdos SemTxvevaSi, sarkmlis Semamkobel rgolebSi
warmodgenili figurebi, garda erToblivi mniSvnelobisa rac SesaZloa
marTlac samoTxis Temas ukavSirdebodes, calkeuladac damoukidebeli
simboluri arsis metyvelad gvevlinebian. maT Soris gamoirCeva feniqsis,
anu rogorc mas uwodeben, cecxlovani wiTelfrTiani arwivis arseboba,
romlis mistikur-semantikur sazrissac sicocxlis ganaxlebasTan
mivyavarT. fantastikuri cxovelebis simbolikis Sesaxeb araerTi wyaro
arsebobs. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa X saukunis qarTuli
xelnaweris, Satberdis krebulSi Semavali, basili didis Txzuleba
mxecTa saxismetyvelebis Sesaxeb.106 feniqsze saubrisas aq aRniSnulia: `da
warvidis mfrinveli igi aregd qalaqad saves sakumeveliTa da Sexdis
baginad da TvT cecxli aRanTis da Tavi Seiwvs. xvalisagan Sevidis
104 i. giviaSvili, kurdRlis simboluri mniSvneloba zeganis reliefze, Tsu, samecniero Sromebis krebuli, xelovnebaTmcodneoba, #4, Tb., 2002, gv.:43
105 W.Djobadze, Early Medieval Georgian Monasteries, (Sturrgard 1992), 204-206 106 J. L. Schrader, A Medieval Bestiary, THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART, Bulletin Summer 1986
103
qurumi igi da eZiebn baginsa mas zeda da povis matli erTi nacarsa mas
Sina. da meoresa dResa frTeni Seisxnis da iqmnis marTue mfrinvelis.”107
amgvarad, cxovrebis bolos feniqsi ikeTebs gansasvenebel adgils
sakmevlisgan, romelSic Sedis da kvdeba. misi sxeulis siTxidan amodis
matli, rac nel-nela izrdeba da sabolood feniqsi kvlev Tavis
srulyofili garegnobiT aRdgeba. swored amitom am frinvelis simbolo
ganasaxierebs aRdgomis saidumlos. aqve basili didi ganagrZobs: `xolo
Tu mfrinvelsa uflies moklvad guamisa Tvsisa da cxorebad, ugunurno,
Tqven raisa hkrTebiT sityuasa uflisa Cuenisa iesu qristessa, romelman-
igi Tqua: `miflies guamisa Cemisa dadebad da miflies aRebad igi~~108. am
mxriv, aq pirdapiri kavSiria warmoCenili feniqsis bunebasa da qristes
aRdgomis TemasTan.
Cveni kvlevis periodTan axlos myof romanul taZrebSi amgvari
ornamentuli kompoziciebi Tavmoyrilia portalebis TaRebis
SemkulobaSi, interierSi svetis kapitelze Tu sxva. saintereso magaliTs
warmoadgens espaneTis zamoras provinciis wminda petres (San Pedro de la
Nave) taZris interierSi pilastrebis kapitelebis Semamkobeli
kompoziciebis: `danieli lomebis xaroSi” da `isaakis msxverplSewirvis”
Tanmxlebi, abakze arSiis saxiT gamosaxuli, vazis ylortebis rgolebSi
Casmuli frinvelTa gamosaxulebebi, romlebic ylortebidan gamozrdil
yurZnis mtevnebs kenkaven [tab.#22]. aseve sainteresoa portugaliis santa
maria de laras (igive - kuintanila de las vinias (Quintanilla de las Viñas))
taZris fasadebis Semamkobel, erTian frizul sartyelze warmodgenili,
rgolebSi gamosaxuli mcenareebis, yurZnis mtevnebisa da frinvelTa
figurebis monacvleoba. aq vazis ylorts, foTols TuUmaTSi Casmul
gamosaxulebebs aqvs srulyofilad dasrulebuli saxe. marTalia,
yovelive erTian mxatvrul suraTs qmnis, magram ar xdeba Semadgenel
nawilTa erTmaneTSi gadadineba – gadaxlarTva. sainteresoa, rom
rgolebs Soris darCenili are aq Sevsebulia swored kumurdos
Semkulobis msgavsad – samfoTla motiviT (ori gadaSlil, mogrZo
foTols Soris amozrdili ovaluri foToli). saerTod, es taZari
gaxlavT Zalian saintereso Tavisi interierSi warmodenili reliefuri
107 mxecTaTvis saxisa siyuaÁ wignTagan Tqumuli wmidisa basili ebiskoposisa kesarielisaÁ, Satberdis krebuli, Tb., 1979gv.: 177 108 iqve.
104
kompoziciebiT, razec mogvianebiT sagangebod SevCerdebiT, Tumca aqve
aRvniSnavT, rom ornamentuli Semkuloba Tu figuruli reliefebis
mxatvrul-stilisturi niSnebi Cveni erovnuli skolis maxasiaTeblebTan
sakmao msgavsebas iCens. marTalia, rgolebSi gamosaxul frinvelTa
frizis Zalian daxvewil, kaligrafiul maneras pirdapir ver
davukavSirebT kumurdos aRmosavleTi fasadis marjvena zeda sarkmlis
analogiur gamosaxulebaTa stilistur niSnebs, radganac mas fasadis
saerTo kompoziciaSi gansxvavebuli roli uWiravs da Tavisi
ganlagebiTa (zeda registri) da zomiT naklebad aRsaqmelia, magram Tu
ganvazogadebT kumurdos ornamentuli Semkulobis saerTo
maxasiaTeblebs – SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom aqac CuqurTmebis Semadgeneli
elementebi dasrulebul figurul gamosaxulebebs qmnian, yvela maTgani
individualuri detalebis erTobliobas warmoadgens. anu aq jer ar
xdeba formaTa urTierT Serwyma, erTmaneTSi gadadineba, rac qarTuli
xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis Semdgom etapze mtkiced gamovlenili
mxatvrul-stilisturi niSani gaxdeba.
am mxriv, Cven vxedavT Tu kumurdos aRmosavleTi fasadi ramdenad
mravalferovnad aris Semkuli. wonasworoba, sisadave, simkacrec
arasodes irRveva da, amasTan, aq ganirCeva Zalian Rrma ideuri sazrisi,
rac yvelafrisadmi, TiTqos umniSvnelo detalisadmic ki, Zalian did
dakvirvebas moiTxovs.
105
2.2.1. kumurdos taZris gverdiTa fasadebi
rac Seexeba gverdiTa fasadebs, aqac mxatvruli aqcenti centralur
RerZze modis, sadac yovelives maorganizebeli centrSi gaWrili Rrma,
samkuTxa maRali niSaa [tab.#6-7]. samxreTiT, niSis konqur daboloebaSi
adamis Tavis gamosaxulebaa, xolo CrdiloeTiT evasi, rac radialurad
gadaSlili reliefuri sxivebis fonze sakmaod Zlier moculobiTi saxiT
aris warmodgenili. niSebi orive fasadze erTnairadaa flankirebuli
SedarebiT farTo Wrilis sarkmlebiT, romelTa Semamkobelic
ornamentirebuli gadanakeciani TavsarTebia. ukve araerTxel aRvniSneT,
rom kumurdos xuroTmoZRvari warmogvidgens axali mxatvruli stilis
damkvidrebis amsaxvel Zegls, sadac Cans dekoraciuli motivebis ukve
sakmaod mravalferovani saxis floba, magram maTi mniSvnleoba arc erT
SemTxvevaSi ar Cemulobs arqiteqturul formebTan SedarebiT
upiratesobas. aq ornamenti amoZerwilia ise, rom TiToeuli formis
monaxazi srulyofilia. amasTan TavSekavebulad, odnavi miniSnebiT
momrgvalebuli kideebiT, moculobiTi forma eniWeba, Tumca aqve xdeba
misi ugulvebelyofa da fonidan amoziduli CuqurTmis zedapiri
gadasworebulad, brtyeli zedapiriT warmodgeba. anu, aq gvxvdeba
erTgvarad sametyvelo mxatvruli enis gaoreba – TiTqos SiSnarevia
ostatis SesaZleblobebis gamovlena. miuxedavad imisa, rom formebi
mocemulia momrgvalebuli kideebiT da moculobiToba maT ukve SeZenili
aqvT, zedapiri mainc sibrtyobriobas inarCunebs. uSualod ornamentis
struqtura, winare periodTan SedarebiT, mravalferovani da
datvirTulia, Tumca naxatis uwyveti lentis STabeWdileba miRweulia
ara formaTa denadobiT, aramed TiToeuli dasrulebuli elementis
SemWidrovebulad, erTmaneTis mijriT warmodgeniT [tab.#6-g].
am mxriv gamoirCeva samxreTi fasadis sarkmlis Semkuloba. rogorc
zemoT aRvwereT, aq marcxniv mocemulia nalis formis TaRebiT
Semofargluli, foTlebgadaSlili yvavilis kokrebis rigi, sadac qveda
foTlebi isea gadabmuli, rom iqmneba uwyveti talRovani naxati. Tumca,
amasTanave, Tvals SeuZlia ganarCios TiToeuli Semadgeneli nawilis
dasawyisi da dasasruli. aqve mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvnac, rom TaRebs
106
Soris darCenili monakveTebi Sevsebulia mcire plastikuri motivebiT,
rac Zalian sqematuri xasiaTis, TaviT dabla mimarTul frinvels waagavs.
ramdenadac Cven yuradRebas vamaxvilebT safasado Semkulobis
ideur-Sinaarsobriv mxareze, SevecdebiT sarkmelTa Semamkobel
ornamentaciaSic amovikiTxoT ostatis gzavnilebi. zemoT, fasadTa
detalur aRweraSi, aRvniSneT, rom samxreTi fasadis marjvena sarkmlis
TavsarTze Camwkrivebuli erTnairi yvavilebi mogvagonebs titas. tita
Tavisi semantikiT, rogorc gazafxulis erT-erTi pirveli yvavili,
bunebis ganaxlebas ukavSirdeba da aRdgomis erT-erT simbolodac
miiCneva. mas gansakuTrebiT didi adgili uWiravs aRmosavlur (arabul)
kulturaSi da aRiqmeba rogorc maradiuli siyvarulis simbolo.109
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom adreqristianul simbolikaSi zeciuri samoTxis
asaxvisas xSirad gamoisaxeba yvavilebisken mfrinavi frinvelebi, rac
umetesad emyareba fsalmunis teqsts (CXXIII,7)110.
ornamentuli kompozicia kidev ufro rTuldeba meore sarkmlis
TavsarTze, sadac Tvals xvdeba ukve erTmaneTSi Serwymuli maqmanisebri
ornamentuli morTuloba. es gaxlavT stilizebuli mcenareuli
ornamenti, sadac TiToeuli Semadgeneli nawili damoukideblad aris
gamoyvanili, anu ikiTxeba TiToeuli formis Tavi da bolo. kvlavac
mxolod figuraTa ganlagebis simWidrove qmnis uwyveti maqmanis
STabeWdilebas. Cven zemoT ukve aRvwereT ornamentis TiToeuli
Semadgeneli elementi da aRvniSneT, rom mTavari figura, rac mudmivad
meordeba, Tavisi formiT waagavs samyura yvavilis erT-erT saxeobas
(Birdsfoot-Trefoil) – rac aseve simbolur mniSvnelobas atarebs da samebis
Temas ukavSirdeba.
rogorc aRvniSneT, sarkmlebs Soris, TavsarTebis odnav maRla
niSaSi adamis Tavis gamosaxulebaa warmodgenili [tab.#6-b]. Zlieri
dazianebis miuxedavad, Cven SegviZlia visaubroT mis mxatvrul-
gamomsaxvelobiTi modelirebis maRal doneze, rasac adasturebs fonis
sibrtyidan moculobiTad gamoziduli, horeliefuri Tavis ovali da
wverebiT Semosili, odnev wagrZelebuli saxe. faqtiurad saxis
109 E.Lehner, J.Lehner, Folklore and Symbolism of Flowers, Plants and Trees, Mineola, New York, 2003 (firs
published in 1960) 110 А. С.Уваров, Христианская Символика, Ч. I, Москва, 1908г. стр:156
107
nakvTebidan SemorCenilia mxolod cali Tvalis monaxazi da yvrimali.
Tumca, maTze dayrdnobiTac ki mayureblamde modis gamosaxulebaSi
Cadebuli Sinagani siZliere, emociuri muxti. SesaZloa dazianebebi
gamosaxulebis sawyis realur maxasiaTeblebs odnav cvlides da
garkveulwilad eqspresiulobas matebdes, magram miuxedavad amisa, es
Sefaseba ar unda iyos gadaWarbebuli. es marTlac qarTuli qandakebis
ganviTarebis erT-erTi TvalsaCino, maRali mxatvruli donis magaliTia,
romelic epoqis miRwevebs saukeTesod warmoaCens.
rac Seexeba CrdiloeT fasads, rogorc ukve araerTxel iTqva,
xuroTmoZRvari mas, TiTqos, samxreTisas uTanabrebs. [tab.#9-g)] marTalia,
aq karibWe ar gaxlavT, magram fasadis Semkulobis ZriTadi mxatvruli
komponentebi igivea. sxvaoba mxolod CuqurTmovan motivebSia. samxreTi
fasadis sarkmelTa TavsarTebis mcenareuli `maqmani”, CrdiloeTiT
geometriuli, sada ornamentiT icvleba. igi erT SemTxvevaSi rgolebis
jaWvs warmoadgens, meore SemTxvevaSi ki mWidro wnuls. (amgvari wnuli
amkobs aRmosavleTi fasadis centraluri sarkmlis Sida sapires, oRond
ufro gaSlili, mSvidi, Tavisufali saxiT.)
sarkmlebs Soris ki, rogorc iTqva, maRali niSaa ganTavsebuli,
sadac evas gamosaxulebaa warmodgenili. qvis masiuri nawilis mkveTrad
moculobiTi formidan gamokveTilia misi nazi da qaluri ieri.
marTalia, dRes arc Tvalebis, arc cxviris da arc piris Wrili moCans
srulyofilad, magram TiToeuli maTganis mimaniSnebeli fragmenti
metyvelebs, Tavis droze, mis rbil da natif monaxazebze, riTic, kidev
erTxel, mtkicdeba ostatobis srulebiT gamorCeuli xarisxi.
kumurdos fasadebis mxatvrul gaformebaSi Tavis rols asrulebs
karnizebis ornamentuli Semkulobac. SemorCenili fragmentebis mixedviT
vlindeba, rom taZris yovel mxares igi gansxvavebuli motiviT iyo
warmodgenili. Cvenamde moaRwia sami saxis ornamentma. sarkmelTa
morTulobisgan isini ramdenadme gansxvavdeba. aq CuqurTma ufro Rrmadaa
nakveTi da mkveTradaa gamoyofili fonisgan. Sesabamisad, moxazuloba
ufro reliefuria, rac formis ufro met sicxades usvavs xazs. Tumca
qvemodan cqerisas, distancia ornamentis kveTis siRrmes STanTqavs da
sarkmlebis Semkulobis msgavsad moCans. rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT,
aRmosavleTi mklavis centraluri da samxreTi zeda nawili mTlianad
108
aRdgenilia, amitom misi karnizis qvebis nacvlad Seumkobeli ruxi
bazaltis qvebi gvxvdeba. xolo Crdilo-aRmosavleT mxares ki
SemorCenilia karnizis Zalian saintereso Semkuloba. es gaxlavT
nalisebri TaRebis mwkrivi, sadac erTmaneTis momijnave TaRebis wverze
samyura foTlebia CamoSvebuli. ramdenadac taZris TiToeuli mklavis
karnizis Semkuloba centralur nawilsa da gveriTa kedlebze, erTi
saxis ornamentis sartyels warmoadgens, safiqrebelia, rom aRmosavleTi
fasadis karnizis Semkulobas swored amgvari TaRebis mwkrivi
warmoadgenda. [tab.#9-d)]
rac Seexeba kumurdos samxreTi mklavis karnizs, igi mocemulia
zemodan da qvemoda erTdroulad momdinare texili `talRebiT” (Tu
samkuTxedebiT) Semdgari mWidro wnulis saxiT. maTi mimdevroba imdenad
mWidroa rom iqmneba erTmaneTSi gardamavali rombebi. [tab.#6-g)]
CrdiloeTi mklavis SemTxvevaSi ki, warmodgenilia erTmaneTSi
Camjdari da gadawnuli rgolebis jaWvi. es gaxlavT damaxasiaTebeli
motivi X saukunis da misi momdevno periodis qarTuli ZeglebisTvis.
[tab.#9-g)]
kumurdoSi warmodgenili ornamentis zogadi saxe: sisadaveSi
warmoCenili simkacre da amasTanave adgil-adgil misi gamaneitralebeli
nazi (yvavilovani) formebi xSirad gvxvdeba javaxur arqiteqturaSi.
saerTod qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi ornamentuli wnulebisTvis ufro
metad damkvidrebulia sammagi (da oTxmagi) Tasmis gamoyeneba, Tumca
kumurdos ostati mxolod ormags iyenebs. rogorc Cans, esec javaxuri
mkacri-sada xasiaTidan modis, ramdenadac ormagi TasmiT Seqmnili
CuqurTmebi gvxvdeba am regionis araerT Zeglze, rogoric aris:
orjalari, zemo niala, tabawyuri, tonTio, maWatias stelebis
fragmentebi, zeda Tmogvi.
MmTlianobaSi unda iTqvas, rom kumurdos taZris yvela
ornamentuli motivi warmoadgens erTgvar martiv saxes swored im
CuqurTmovani repertuarisa, rac Semdgom periodSi saocari virtuozuli
cxovelxatulobiT gaiSleba da dafaravs qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis
safasado vrcel areebs.
109
III Tavi
kumurdos taZris simboloTmetyveleba
3.1. qristianuli simbolikis sawyisebi
qristianuli religia misi sawyisebidanve gajerebuli iyo
simbolikiT. Cven am sakiTxs ukve SevexeT, Tumca sakvlevi problematika
ufro Rrmad ganxilvasa da Sejamebas iTxovs.
Zveli qarTuli plastikis sawyisebis ganxilvisas kiti maCabeli
saubrobs qristianuli dogmatikis Camoyalibebis procesSi monawile
sxvadasxva aspeqtze, raze dayrdnobiTac Seiqmna Taviseburi `niSnebis
sistema” da rasac Zalian didi adgili ekava adreqristianuli xanis
adamianis cxovrebaSi: `iseve, rogorc mTel qristianul samyaroSi,
saqarTveloSic, qristianuli dogmatika yalibdeboda mravalgvar
religiur swavlebaTa zegavleniT. iqmneboda axali esTetika, samyaros
axlebuli aRqma, Sefardebuli Sua saukuneebis adamianis azrovnebis
TaviseburebasTan da emociur wyarosTan. icvleboda adamianis warmodgena
samyaroze, droze, sivrceze. iqmneboda epoqis Taviseburi `niSnebis
sistema~, romelSic aisaxeboda qristianul miTebsa da simboloebze
damyarebuli samyaros saxe. es Seexeba ara mxolod rTul Teologiur
konstruqciebs, aramed Sua saukuneebis adamianis yoveldRiur cxovrebas.
simbolo, niSani, xati – magiuri ZaliT aRsavseni iyvnen pirveli
qristianebisaTvis. . . . adreqristianuli xanis adamianis cxovrebaSi
`niSans~, `simbolos~ udidesi adgili ekava. simboloTa am enis gaSifvra,
simboloebis Rrma azris wvdoma, gavrcelebul oficialur stereotipTa
miRma dafaruli azrebisa da warmodgenebis garkveva – didad aris
mniSvnelovani Sua saukuneebis sawyisi etapis xelovnebis kvlevisaTvis.”111
qristianuli simbolikis Seswavlas didi yuradReba dauTmo XX
saukunis dasawyisSi moRvawe grafma aleqsei uvarovma112. misi kvleva
mraval saintereso cnobas gvawvdis pirveli qristianebis
msoflmxedvelobis Sesaxeb da warmoaCens simboluri enisa da niSnebis
damkvidrebis mTavar mizezebs. igi aRniSnavs, rom III saukunisTvis
111 k. maCabeli, Zveli qarTuli plastikis sawyisebTan, sabWoTa xelovneba, #10, 1984 w. gv.: 65-67 -73 112 А. С. Уваров, Христианская Символика, Ч. I, Москва, 1908г. стр:43
110
qristianul mRvdelmsaxurebaSi Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo warmarTebisa
da iudevelebisgan qristianobis arsis dacva. am mizniT Seiqmna
simboluri ena, risi saSualebiTac Zvel mamebs saSualeba miecaT
Tavisuflad esaubraT sakraluri Temebis Sesaxeb. amgvari simbolika
umetesad gamoiyeneboda Zveli qristianebis saflavis qvebis memorialur
warwerebSi. sarwmunoebis saidumlos SenarCunebis mizniT qaragmebisa da
monogramebis gamoyenebasTan erTad iwyeben simboluri gamosaxulebebis
gamoyenebas. am SemTxvevaSi gamosaxulebis mxatvrul mxares yuradReba ar
eqceoda, aq mTavari masSi Cadebuli simboluri formulis mniSvneloba
iyo113 da am saxiT kidev ufro daSifrulad warmoaCenda qristianul
ideologias.
qristianobisTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo RvTaebrivi samebis
aRniSvna. misi pirveli mniSvnelovani gamosaxuleba iyo samkuTxedi,
romlis garSemo Tavidan gamoisaxeboda sami wertili (mag.: afrikaSi
lakuletis maxloblad napovni warwera). Semdgom samkuTxeds Seerwya
wre, rac piTagoras mixedviT, asaxavs srulyofilebas, xolo Zvel
Zeglebze ki, igi ukavSirdeba ukvdavebas, samyaros Seuqcevadobas.
mogvianebiT samkuTxedis Tavze Cndeba qristes monograma. zog
SemTxvevaSi is samkuTxedTan erTad iwereba wreSi. wm. klimenti aRniSnavs,
rom `Ze RvTisa aris yoveli Zalis damtevi, usasrulo wre”114
simboluri gamosaxulebebis wyaro umetesad warmarTuli xanis
saxviTi niSnebia. Tavdapirvelad simboluri gamosaxulebebis
gamoyenebisas qristianebi eyrdnobodnen kliment aleqsandrielis da misi
Tanamedrove mamebis qmnilebebs. ramdenadac kliment aleqsandrieli
Rrmad swavlobda egviptur ieroglifebs, man axsa misca mravali
gamosaxulebis simbolur mniSvnelobas da amiT qristianebs Seuqmna
garkveuli simboluri cikli (rac qristianul sarwmunoebasTan
SesabamisobaSi modis) mag.: rogoric aris mtredi, Tevzi, gemi, Ruza, lira
da sxv.) wminda klimentis mier Zveli egvipturi simbolikidan amokrebil
gamosaxulebebs daemata wminda werilsa da saeklesio TxzulebebSi
gamoyenebuli simboloebi (rogoric iyo aTenagoras, irineos
melitonisis, Teofile antioqielis da sxvaTa Txzulebebi). aRsaniSnavia,
113 А. С. Уваров, dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv.: 92 114 А. С. Уваров, dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv.: 43
111
rom TiToeuli simboluri gamosaxulebis sxvadasxva kombinaciiT
warmodgenas sxvadasxva mniSvneloba gaaCnda.
simboloTagan erT-erTi pirveli gamosaxuleba gaxlavT Tevzi
(IXƟYƩ). misi simboluri mniSvneloba moxseniebulia jer kidev saxarebaSi
(maTe - IV,19; markozi - I, 17) da Semdgom (II saukuneSi) kliment
aleqsandrielis himnSi. Tevzis pirveli mniSvneloba aris uSualod
qriste macxovris gansaxiereba. meore mniSvnelobiT, saxarebis mixedviT,
masSi igulisxmeba xalxi. imisaTvis, rom ganerCiaT, Tu romel
mniSvnelobas gamosaxavda konkretuli SemTxveva – yuradRebas
amaxvilebdnen mis adgilmdebareobaze, anu Tu asaxavda qristes, igi
Tavsdeboda centrSi, zemoT yvelaze sapatio adgilas. amasTan, Tevzis
gamosaxulebis CarTva sxvadasxva formulaSi svadasxva saidumloebas
asaxavs. mag.: aRdgomas, Zalian xSirad igi ukavSirdeba naTlobis
saidumloebas (aseT SemTxvevaSi gamosaxvdnen wyalSi mcurav delfins.)
sainteresoa aseve ziarebis saidumlos aRmniSvneli gamosaxulebebi.
arsebobs rogorc saflavzeda warwerebSi, ise katakombebis kedlis
mxatvrobebSi CarTuli gamosaxulebebi.
Semdgomi umniSvnelovanesi simboluri gamosaxuleba gaxlavT
mtredi, igi gaxlavT kliment aleqsandrielis mier moxseniebuli pirveli
simbolo115. maTes saxarebaSi (maTe-16) naTlad aris aRwerili am
frinvelis xasiaTi. uSualod macxovari mas ubiwoebis da sisufTavis
simbolod ixseniebs. jer kidev Zvel xelovnebaSi igi zeciuri
siyvarulis da megobrobis simbolod iTvleboda. mtredebi gamosaxaven
aseve SeuRlebulTa siyvaruls da amiT SesaZloa CaiTvalos, rogorc
jvrisweris saidumlos simbolodac. tertuliane ki, saubrobs noes
kidobanis Sesaxeb da gamoyofs im moments, rodesac mtredma zeTisxilis
totis motaniT noes warRvnis dasasruli axara. aqedan gamomdinare, igi
mtreds mSvidobis simbolod aRiqvams. Tavdapirvelad zeTisxilis totiT
mtredis gamosaxva aRmosavleTis qveynebis qristianebma daiwyes (II
saukunidan, mcire aziis monetebze). Tumca unda aRiniSnos isic, rom
mSvidobas ukavSirdeba uSualod zeTisxilis toti, xolo calke mtredis
gamosaxuleba ki, morwmuneTa suls asaxavs (Spiritus in pace). Tumca,
115А. С. Уваров, dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv.:147
112
mogvianebiT is qristianul xelovnebaSi uSualod suliwmindas
semantikiT damkvidrda.
Zalian bevri calkeuli gamosaxuleba atarebs fundamentur
qristianul simbolur arss, Tumca yvelas CamoTvlas Tavs avaridebT,
radganac Zalian Sors wagviyvas. SevCerdebiT kidev mxolod erT Temaze
rac friad organulia qarTuli xelovnebis dekoraciuli sistemisTvis –
es gaxlavT yurZnis lerwi. am simbolos gamosaxvis dasabami macxovris
sityvebi gaxda: “me var venaxi WeSmariti, da mamai Cemi moqmedi ars. me var
venaxi da Tquen rtoni. romeli daadgres Cem Tana da me mis Tana, aman
moiRos nayofi mravali, rameTu Tvinier Cemsa ararai Zal-gic yofad arca
erTi.” (ioane XV,1-5). yurZnis gamosaxulebaSi mTavari asociacia Rvinoa –
anu sisxli qristesi, rasac ziarebis saidumlosTan mivyavarT. amas
miuTiTebs kliment aleqsandrielis sityvebic, amitom xSirad gamoisaxeba
frinvelebi yurZnis kenkvisas. amgvarad, vazis pirveli mniSvneloba
ukavSirdeba qristes da mis mowafeebs; meore mniSvnelobiT ki
qristianul eklesias (esaia winaswarmetyveli V, 1-3).
kumurdos safasado Semkulobis aRwerisas Segvxvda ornamentul
CuqurTmebSi CarTuli TiToeuli es gamosaxuleba. Cven vnaxeT, rogorc
vazis lerwis wnulebSi CarTuli frinvelebis gamosaxulebebi, uSualod
mtredis msgavsi araerTi mcire figura da aseve feniqsebi, romlebic
Tevzis gamosaxulebas exebian niskartiT (XI s-is I naxevris minaSenis
fragmeti). zemoT ukve aRvniSneT feniqsis simboluri arsi, rac
gadmocemis mixedviT sicocxlis ganaxlebas ukavSirdeba, TevzSi ki,
rogorc davinaxeT, SeiZleba vigulisxmoT uSualod qriste - sisxliTa
da xorciT. amgvarad, TiTqos, erT-erTi rigiTi ornamentuli fragmentic
ki, rac dReisaTvis kumurdos karibWeSi uyuradRebod devs, aseTi Rrma
simboluri mniSvnelobis mqonea da esqatologiis Temas warmoadgens.
swored am mizeziT, kumurdos yvela gamosaxuleba iTxovs saTiTaod
Seswavlas da Semkulobis erTiani sistemis ideur-Sinaarsobrivi mxaris
gamokveTas.
113
3.2. kumurdos mqandakeblobis
saerTo sazrisis gamokvleva
Akumurdos safasado reliefuri dekori rom mxolod mxatvruli
funqciis matarebeli ar aris, es aSkara xdeba personificirebuli
zecisa da miwis figurebis, adamisa da evas `portretebis~ Tu
maxarebelTa simboluri gamosaxulebebis xilvisas. kumurdos
Semkulobis aRwerisa Tu analizisadmi daTmobil qveTavebSi, Cven
calkeulad SevexeT TiToeuli gamosaxulebis simbolur mniSvnelobas
da davinaxeT, rom aq warmodgenili, TiTqos, umniSvnelo detalic ki,
ideuri datvirTvis mqonea da kumurdos Semkulobis semantikuri
mniSvnelobis erTiani suraTis Semadgeneli nawilia. Cven marTlac
mowmeni varT kumurdos ostatis mier gamosaxulebaTa srulebiT
gaazrebuli SerCevis, risi saSualebiTac qristianuli sarwmunobis
fundamenturi arsis deklarireba xdeba. qarTuli monumenturi
qandakebisadmi miZRvnil naSromSi, kumurdos figuruli Semkulobis
ganxilvisas, swored am sakiTxs aRniSnavs naTela aladaSvili. igi wers,
rom kumurdos taZris figuruli reliefi yuradRebas iqcevs
gamosaxulebebis SerCevis mxriv, TiTqos, erTiSexedviT naklebad
urTierTdakavSirebuli gamosaxulebebi mTlianobaSi, SesaZloa,
simboloebis saxiT Suasaukunovan msoflmxedvelobas asaxavda: “При
рассмотрении фигурного декора храма обрашает на себя внимание определенный
подбор изображений. На первый взгляд как будто не связанные друг с другом в целом
они, видимо, вопроизводили картину средневекового мироздания в виде кратких
символов, а именно в аллегорических образах неба и земли и в фигурах ангелов
связанных с небом; они посредники между небом и землей.”116
Tu Cven erTad moviyvanT yvela im gamosaxulebas, rac ki
mocemulia kumurdos taZarze naTlad ganisazRvreba erTi ideuri xazi:
ukve aRvniSneT, rom aRmosavleT fasadze warmodgenilia ori niSi
sadac konqur daboloebaSi, sxivebis fonze wverosani, TiTqmis,
erTmaneTis identuri ori mamakacis saxea mocemuli, romelTa
warwerebic maT zecisa da miwis alegoriul figurebad warmogviCens
116 Н.А.Аладашвили, Монументальная скульптура Грузии, Москва,1977 г. gv.:96
114
[tab.#5-e)]. vfiqrob, ramdenadac kumurdoSi swored niSebi atarebs yvela
fasadis mxatvruli kompoziciis ganmsazRvrel rols, Semkulobis
semantikuri mniSvnelobis amoxsnac swored aRniSnuli figurebidan unda
daviwyoT.
A amgvarad, samive (Cvenamde moRweuli) fasadis mxatvruli
kompoziciis maorganizebeli da erTiani sistemis Semkvreli niSebia.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Tu kumurdos sxvadasxva adgilas warmodgenil
reliefur figurebs gansxvavebuli mxatvruli manera axasiaTebT, niSebis
gamosaxulebebSi daculia erTiani stili. miuxedavad maTi gansxvavebul
fasadebze arsebobisa, saerTo maxasiaTeblebi: wverosani mamakacebis
dagrZelebuli saxe, mkveTrad moculobiTi, xazgasmulad momrgvalebuli
Tavis forma, nuSisebri Tvalis Wrilebi, gamokveTili yurebi –
identuria. TiTqmis ar ganirCeva zecisa da miwis `niRbebi”, xolo adamisa
da evas saxeebi ki SedarebiT meti sirbiliTa da plastikuri
modelirebiT xasiaTdeba.
qandakebebis amgvari urTierTmsgavsi mxatvruli xerxiT warmodgena
maTi semantikuri mniSvnelobis urTierTkavSiris mkarnaxeblad
warmovidgineT da amitom, pirvel rigSi, CavuRrmavdiT adamis arss. adami
– pirveli adamiani - Zvel ebraulad niSnavs wiTel miwas, Tixas. adami da
evas istoria warmoadgens kacobriobis cxovrebis safuZvels:
umwikvloeba-dacema-gamosyidva. garda amisa, korinTelTa pirvel
epistoleSi naTqvamia: `pirveli kaci _ miwisgan, miwieri; meore kaci
_zecieri” (1korinT.15,47) da aseve: `rogorc adamSi kvdebian yvelani, ise
qristeSi icocxlebs yvela” (1korinT.15,22). am mxriv, naTeli xdeba kavSiri
adami da evas - miwisa da zecis simboluri gamosaxulebebis
mniSvnelobebs Soris. sadac pirveli adamianebi (rogorc erTni, TavianTi
codviT), swored miwierebas ganasaxiereben da aseve, igiveni zecis
samkvidrebels ubrundebian).
aqve unda ganvixiloT golgoTas jvari, romelic agvirgvinebs
aRmosavleTi fasadis Semkulobas da Tavisi mewamuli SeferilobiT
mxatvrul-ideur aqcents qmnis [tab.#5-e)]. ra Tqma unda, SemTxveviTi ar
aris, rom aq SerCeulia swored golgoTas jvari da ara sxva saxis,
iqneba es e.w. gamSvenebuli, ayvavebuli Tu sxva mravali saxis jvari, risi
Zalian bevri magaliTic gvaqvs qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi (da uSualod
115
kumurdoSic). aq SerCeulia mkacri, sada da konkretuli simbolo –
qristes jvarcmisa da aRdgomis, sicocxlis sikvdilze gamarjvebis
simbolo.
sityva golgoTa niSnavs Tavis qalas. xolo wminda epifane da
wminda ieronime aRniSnaven (PG 41, 844; PL 22, 485)117, rom jvarcma
aRmarTuli iyo swored adamis Tavis qalis dakrZalvis adgilas,
amitomac am adgils ewodeba golgoTas mTa. es aris adgili sadac ieso
qristem daamarcxa sikvdili da ixsna kacobrioba. pirveli, vinc
jojoxeTidan amoiyvana ki, iyo adami da eva.
golgoTas mniSvnelobis ganxilvas ki, mivyavarT uSualod masTan
dakavSirebul qristianobis mTavar simblosTan – jvarTan. `jvris niSans,
pirvel yovlisa, apotropeuli, damcavi daniSnuleba aqvs. man ara marto
yoveldRiurad unda daicvas adamiani macdurisagan, magram - da esaa
mTavari - qristiani daicvas da gamoarCios meored mosvlisa da saSineli
samsjavros dRes. igive damcav-esqatologiuri sazrisi aqvs taZris
gumbaTis, kamarebis, burjebisa da kar-sarkmlebis momniSnav jvris
gamosaxulebebs taZris anikonur moxatulobasa da naqandakevSi~. 118
aseve niSandoblivia simbolikis leqsikonSi moyvanili ganmarteba,
sadac naxsenebia zecis vertikalisa da miwis horizontalis Sesayari,
rac gamoxatavs materialurisa da sulieris sinTezs: “крест в нашем примере,
соединяя вертикаль неба с горизонталья земли, выражает синтез материального и духовного,
а также центральную точку этого союуза где и происходят все значимые события, вт.ч. и
свяшенная жертва бога.” 119
marTlac, formiseulad es aris vertikalisa da horizontalis
gadamkveTi materialuri sxeuli. ideurad ki, materialurze sulierebis
gamarjvebis simbolo. kvlav korinTelTa mimarT epistoles rom
davubrundeT: “iTeseba sxeuli mSvinvieri, aRdgeba sxeuli sulieri . . .”
(1 korinTelTa 15,44).
amgvarad, kumurdos golgoTas mewamuli jvari vnebis iaraRi da
amave dros sikvdilis daTrgunviT miRweuli sulis maradiuli cxovrebis
momaswavlebelia. rasac mis Tavze, mewamulive feris, rombebis asxmiT
117 http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.php?a=term&d=16&t=741 (ukanasknelad nanaxi- 10.12.2012) 118 T.virsalaZe, qaTuli mxatvrobis istoriidan, Tbilisi, 2007 w.; gv.:87 (SeniSvna – jvris sazrisis Sesaxeb ix.: A. Grabar, Martirium, t.II 1946 gv.:277) 119 А.Егазаров, Иллюстрированная Энциклопедия Симболов, Астрель АСТ, Москва 2007. gv.: 10
116
warmodgenili (restavraciamde arsebuli) jvari kidev ufro mkveTrad
asaxavda. TiTqos, aq, am erTi simbolos sxvadasxva formis saSualebiT,
kidev ufro gaSlilia xorcieli sikvdilidan sulierad amaRlebis
gardasaxvis momentis idea.
es yovelive zemoTTqmuli aris kumurdos Semkulobis saerTo
sazrisis daskvna, magram ostati am daskvnamde farTod Slis
qristianuli religiis mTavari arsis amsaxvel simboloTmetyvelebas.
kumurdos fasadebze yovelive ganfenilia registrebad, rac
vfiqrob, garda uSualod mxatvrul-kompoziciuri gadanawilebisa,
migvaniSnebs Txrobis Tanmimdevrobas. mxatvruli aqcentebis saSualebiT
ki, xdeba ideuri RerZis gamokveTa.
amgvarad, rogorc zemoT ukve ganvixileT, fasadis Semkulobis
kompoziciur qargaSi ikveTeba qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi damkvidrebuli
sami jvris Tema. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi fasadze ar aris mkveTrad
aqcentirebuli, misi sazrisi saerTo ideis erT-erTi qvakuTxedia.
golgoTas mTis asaxvis saxiT, frontonSi warmodgenili, qristes
mewamuli jvris Tanmxleb avazakTa jvrebs - ostati gverdiTa qveda
sarkmlebis Semamkoblad aTavsebs [tab.#5-v)]. aq ki, damatebiTi
dekoraciuli elementebis miRma Cven vkiTxulobT: erT mxares
qerubimebiT dacul, daRSul samoTxis kars, xolo meore mxares Triqueta-s
simboluri niSnebiT flankirebul samoTxis Ria kars.
ostati ar kmayofildeba am, TiTqos, cxadi simboluri sazrisis
mqone kompoziciuri elementebiT da aRmosavleTi fasadis centraluri
sarkmlis Semkulobas kidev ufro xunZlavs ideurad Rrma
gamosaxulebebiT.
fasadis kedlis sibrtyidan yvelaze gamoziduli da
aqcentirebulia centraluri sarkmlis Semkulobis konsolebze
dayrdnobili, mcenareuli ornamentiT gamSvenebuli TaRi [tab.#5-b)]. Cven
zemoT didi adgili davuTmeT swored mis konsolebze gamosaxul,
TiTqos, SeumCnevel figurebs. es gaxlavT erT mxares adamianis oTxi
saxe, xolo meore mxares ori saxe [tab.#5-g)]. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT –
migvaCnia, rom marjvniv gamosaxulia qveynis oTxi mxaris, oTxi qaris
personifikacia. xolo meore mxares ki, SesaZloa warmodgenili iyos,
erTgvarad, orsaxa ianusis cnebis qristianuli transformacia, rac
117
warsulis da momavlis, Zvelis da axlis erTobliobiT – savaraudod
wminda werils asaxavs. aqve, orive saxis zemoT, Cvens mier amokiTxuli,
frTagaSlili, `zecidan daSvebuli~ mtredis mcire gamosaxulebebis
arseboba ki suliwmindis kurTxevaze unda miuTiTebdes.
kumurdoeli ostati qristianobis gavrcobis mTavar qvakuTxeds
konsolebis dabla, Zlieri maxviliT deklarirebs. aq qristes moZRvrebis
maxareblebi, misi mqadageblebi arian warmodgenilni simboluri `oTxi
cxovelis~ saxiT, rac, Tavismxriv, wminda werilis orive nawilSi erTi
saxiT gvevlineba [tab.#5-b)]. ezekiel winaswarmetyvelze dayrdnobiT Tu
ioane RmrTismetyvelis apokalifsis mixedviT, uflis `dRe da Ram
madidebeli“ frTosani xaris, lomis, angelozisa da arwivis – figurebi,
swored oTxi maxareblis: lukas, ioanes, maTesa da markozis simbolur
gamosaxulebebs warmoadgens.
oTxi fantastikuri cxovelis gamosaxulebas msoflio xelovnebaSi
Rrma fesvebi gaaCnia. igi, sxvadasxva civilizaciaTa kulturaSi
sxvadasxva saxiT iqna transformirebuli, Tumca simboluri sazrisi
mainc yvela SemTxvevaSi erTi Cans.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, pirvelwyaro, saidanac maxarebelTa oTxi
simbolo momdinareobs, aris Zveli aRTqmis Eezekiel winaswarmetyvelis
xilvis pirvel TavSi moTxrobili istoria.120 am monakveTs emTxveva
saxarebis bolo TavSi - ioane RmrTismetyvelis gamocxadebis eqvsfrTedi
da mravali TvaliT mosili `oTxi cxovelis~ aRweriloba.121
qristianul RmrTismetyvelebaSi II saukunidan Cndeba maxarebelTa
simboluri gamosaxulebebi zooantropomorfuli gamosaxulebebis saxiT.
pirvelad frTosani lomis, xaris, arwivisa da angelozis figurebi
maxareblebis saxelebs daukavSira lionis episkoposma irineosma. misi
mosazrebis mixedviT TiToeuli maxareblis simbolo momdinareobs
saxarebaTa ZiriTadi Tematikidan. anu maTes simbolo - angelozi - unda
asaxavdes maTes saxarebis dawyebas qristes adamianuri genialogiiT;
lomi – markozi – romelic saxarebas xsnis ioane winaswarmetyvelis
cxovrebiT udabnoSi. xari – luka - romelic mogviTxrobs zaqarias
120 biblia, Eezekiel winaswarmetyveli, [1.4;1.5;1.6] 121 `gamocxadebaÁ wmidisa maxarebelisa da RvTismetyvelisa iovanesi, romeli gamoucxada mas RmerTman” [4,6-11]
118
msxverplis Sesaxeb; arwivi ki ioane – amaRlebis Sesaxeb. qristianul
egzegetikaSi aRniSnuli arsebebis gansxvavebuli axsnac arsebobda.
siriuli skola (mag. efrem asuri da anastasi sineli, aseve grigoli
didi (VI saukunis bolo) maT ganixilavda rogorc qristes cxovrebis
sxvadasxva fazis amsaxvel simboloebs. dabadebisas is aris adamiani
(incarnatio), gardacvalebisas – msxverplad Sewiruli xari (passio),
aRdgomisas – lomi (resurrectio), xolo amaRlebisas - arwivi (ascensio);122
unda aRiniSnos, rom wm. ezekielis `oTxi cxoveli~ did msgavsebas
avlens asurul-babilonur simbolur gamosaxulebebTan. amasTan
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom ezekiels xilva hqonda misi babilonSi
cxivrebis mexuTe wels [ezek. 1,2 anu 593/592 Zv.w.aR.). cnobilia, rom
asurul- babilonur xelovnebaSi wminda geniebi - mfarveli arsebebi
xSirad gamoisaxeboda hibriduli saxiT - rac aerTianebda xars, arwivs,
lomsa da adamians. asuruli kolosebi, adamianis saxiani frTosani
lomisa Tu frTosani xaris gamosaxulebiT, warmodgenili iyo rogorc
taZris (sasaxlis) Sesasvlelis mcvelebi. amis cnobili magaliTia
nimrudis, aSur-nasir-pal II sasaxlis karibWis lamasus gamosaxulebebi
(IXs.Zv.w.aR.) [tab.#24].
Cv. w. aR II saukuneSi wminda irineoss kanonikur saxarebaTa
raodenobis Sesaxeb bWobisas, oTxi saxarebis damtkicebis argumentad
mohyavda maxarebelTa raodenobis kavSiri - igiveoba samyaros oTxi
mxarisadmi, rac damtkicda kidec da maT aseve uwoda svetebi (burjebi) -
(columnae). amitomac arqauli droidanve samyaros oTxi mxaris, oTxi qaris
da aS. aRmniSvneli zooantropomorfuli gamosaxulebebi pirdapir
daukavSirda maxarebelTa simbolur asaxvas.123 vfiqrob, es CvenTvis
sagulisxmoa, radgan kumurdos SemTxvevaSi maxarebelTa simboluri
gamosaxulebebi warmodgenilia swored erTgvari sayrdeni svetebis saxiT
razec dafuZnebulia dekoraciuli da amasTanave simboluri
mniSvnelobis mqone TaRis (cis) kamara. esec pirdapir exmianeba ezekiel
winaswarmetyvelis Semdeg sityvebs: `cxovelTa Tavebs zemoT TiTqos
122 А.В. Подосинов, Символы четырех евангелистов, Их происхождение и значение, Studia philologica. Series
minor, 2000 123 dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 63
119
brolis ca iyo, gasaocebeli, maT Tavebs zemoT gadaWimuli, maRalze.~
[1.22]
qristianuli xelovnebis erT-erT yvelaze adreul nimuSad, sadac
maxarebelTa simboluri gamosaxulebebi gvxvdeba, unda dasaxeldes romis
santa pudencias taZris afsidis konqSi 417 wlis mozaikuri mxatvroba da
V saukunisve romis santa sabinas taZris xis karis amaRlebis
kompozicia124; qronologiurad Semdgom modis ravenas san apolinare in
klases taZris mozaikuri moxatuloba (549w.); sainteresoa aseve
miniaturuli xelovnebis erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino nimuSis VI
saukunis (586w.) rabulas saxarebis qristes amaRlebis kompoziciaSi
CarTuli tetramorfis gamosaxuleba [tab.#24 b-g-d)].
rac Seexeba qarTul magaliTebs, oTxi frTosani cxovelis
gamosaxuleba arcTu xSirad gvxvdeba. savaraudod, igi warmodgenili iyo
webeldis kankelze (VIII-IXss.), radganac `uflis didebis~ kompoziciis
SemorCenil fragmentze naTlad ganirCeva xarisa da arwivis figurebi125.
Tumca, gvaqvs tetramorfebis araerTi magaliTi. am mxriv, sagulisxmo
Zeglia, qronologiurad kumurdosTan axlos myofi, reliefuri
mqandakeblobis nimuSi qalaq artaanidan. igi warmoadgens saqarTvelos
erovnul muzeumSi dacul kankelis Semkulobis fragmentebs, sadac,
warweris mixedviT, gamosaxulia kompozicia `kari samoTxisa~. aq
SemorCenilia tetramorfis sainetereso nimuSi, romelsac stilisturi
analizis safuZvelze giorgi gagoSiZe X-XI saukuneebis mijniT
aTariRebs126. tetramorfis gamosaxulebis nimuSebi gvxvdeba aseve qarTul
kedlis mxatvrobaSic, maT Soris sainteresoa dodorqis VIII-IX saukunis
moxatulobaSi CarTuli tetramorfis gamosaxuleba. aseve aWis taZris
XIII-XIV saukuneebis moxatulobis nimuSSi sakurTxevlis afsidis konqSi
– (taxtze mjdomi qristes mcvelebis saxiT erT mxares qerubimia
gamosaxuli xolo meore mxares tetramorfi, maT Semdgom ki mavedrebeli
RmrTismSobeli da wm. ioane naTlismcemeli.), analogiurad aris ubisas
124 Н. В. Покровский, Евангелие в памятниках иконографии, Москва 2001, gv.: 521 125 e.kvaWataZe, `uflis didebis~ kompozicia Sua saukuneebis qarTul skulpturaSi, saqarTvelos siZveleni, #17, Tb. 2014 126g.gagoSiZe, reliefis fragmentebi qalaq artaanidan, (09.05.2013)
http://saunje.ge/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1374%3A2013-03-29-06-32-
38&catid=1%3A2010-01-24-19-54-07&Itemid=1&lang=ka
120
wm. giorgis taZris konqSi da sxva. Zalian sainteresoa Weduri
xelovnebisa da miniaturuli mxatvrobis magaliTebi.
maxarebelTa simboloebis gamosaxulebam gansakuTrebuli
ganviTareba pova romanuli arqiteqturis safasado SemkulobaSi da aseve,
dasavleT evropis, momdevno periodi xelovnebis ZeglebSi. aq igi
umetesad gvxvdeba portalebis siuJetur, mravalfigurian kompoziciebSi,
sadac `oTxi cxoveli~ aseve `maestas~ kompoziciis Semadgeneli nawilia
da qristes mandorlasTan mcvelebis saxiT gvevlinebian.L aseTia:
tuluzis san serninis bazilikis kriptis kompozicia (XI-XIIss.);
safrangeTSi, Sartris kaTedralis samefo portalze (1145-55ww.) `dideba~
[tab.#24]. florenciis san jovanis babtisteriumi (1059-1128ww.); sienas
kaTedralis portalze (XIIIs.) aseve XIII saukunis franguli, limoJis
saxarebis ydaze da sxva. romanuli periodis ZeglebSi,
adreSuasaukuneebis magaliTebidan gansxvavebiT, ~oTxi cxovelis”
gamosaxulebebs Tan axlavT `saxarebebi~ rac pirdapir miuTiTebs maT
kavSirs maxareblebis simboloebTan. CamoTvlil nimuSTagan yvela
magaliTi, iqneba es safasado mqandakebloba, karis Weduroba TuU
saxarebis Semkuloba, ZiriTadad gvxvdeba swored, rogorc zemoT
aRvniSneT, `didebis~ kompoziciis Semadgenel nawilad, sadac
gamosaxulia mandorliT mosili saydarze mjdomi qriste, xolo mis
orive mxares (mandorlis zeda da qveda kideebTan) oTxi simboluri
gamosaxuleba cal-calke.
sainteresoa am yvela magaliTis fonze kumurdos ganxilva. igi
saocrad TviTmyofadi da gamorCeulia. kumurdos ostatis mier SerCeuli
sametyvelo ena adreul Zeglebs mogvagonebs. misi daxasiaTebisTvis srul
SesabamisobaSi modis pokrovskis sityvebi, sadac igi V saukunis romis
wm. sabinas taZris karze asaxuli, zemoTxsenebuli, `amaRlebis”
kompoziciis ganxilvisas aRniSnavs, rom igi gajerebulia qristianuli
simbolizmiT da ar axasiaTebs bizantiuri xelovnebis msgavsi obieqturi
sicxade.127
marTlac, kumurdos simboloebis semantikis kiTxva qvemodan
TanmimdevrobiT rom daviwyoT, warmogvidgeba Semdegi suraTi: golgoTas
mTaze aRmarTuli sami jvriT, rodesac ganxorcielda RvTis
127 Н. В.Покровский, Евангелие в памятниках иконографии, Москва 2001, gv.: 521
121
gangebuleba- qristem sakuTari sisxliT gamoisyida adamis codva da
monanie avazaks mieca uflis gverdiT samoTxeSi adgilis damkvidreba.
swored amis Semdgom, oTxi maxarebeli qristes sityvebs iqadagebs qveynis
oTxiv mxares da wminda werili (Zveli da axali wigniT, rogorc erTi
moZRvrebiT) gaxdeba safuZveli, amqveyniuri cxovrebis Semdgom, zecaSi
qristes didebis Tanazirad gaxdomis da maradiuli cxovrebis
damkvidrebis. es ukanaskneli ki, (jvris qvemoT) `samoTxis~ mcenareebiT
gamSvenebuli, wriuli sarkmliT gamoisaxeba. maradiulobis, cxovrebis
Seuqcevadobis simbolo xom swored Sekruli wre aris.
SemTxveviTi arc is unda iyos, rom taZris maSenebeli ioane
episkoposi Tavis savedrebel warweras swored jvarsa da wriul
sarkmels Soris aTavsebs da ufals Txovs Sewyalebas “dResa mas”.
gverdiTa fasadebze niSebis konqebSi warmodgenili adamisa da evas
figurebi ki, swored maT gamoxsnil mdgomarebas unda asaxavdes da
sarkmelTa ornamentuli Semkulobis figurebSi daqaragmebuli
simboloebiT, kvlav samoTxis yvavilebiTa da frinvelebiT savse
samyaroSi Tu wnulebiT xazgasmul maradisobaSi warmogvidgenen maT. es
ki, erTgvar mowodebas Tu imeds iZleva mrevlisvis, rom ufali mowyalea.
aqve unda ganvixiloT Sida sivrceSi warmodgenili taZris
Tanadrouli anikonuri mxatvroba. konqis saWeqi naxevarwriuli, wiTeli
feris qvidan momdinare `sxivebi~ udaod mzis asociacias iwvevs [tab.#11g)].
mzis kulti uZvelesi periodidan saxvadasxva religiuri panTeonis
mTavari RvTaeba iyo. CvenTvis cnobilia egvipturi reliefuri filebi, Tu
kedlis mxatvroba, sadac asaxulia mzis kulti frTosani solaruli
diskos saxiT. mze, rogorc zecidan yovelives gamnaTebeli, gamaTbobeli
erT-erTi damkvidrebul simboloTagani gaxda qristianebisTvisac. am
TemasTan dakavSirebiT Zalian saintereso kvlevas warmoadgens mariam
gvelesiani. akuras taZris (IXs.) aRmosavleT fasadze warmodgenili
mxatvrobis ganxilvis konteqstSi, igi wers: `qristianobis pirvel wlebSi
qristes kavSiri mzesTan naTlad gacxadebuli faqti iyo, Semdgom ki es
yovelive daSrevda ezoTerul qristianobaSi – am kavSirebis Sesaxeb
pirdapir saubars orTodoqsuli RvTismetyveleba Tavs aridebda,
radganac arsebobda safrTxe solaruli warmarTobisa xalxis farTo
122
fenebSi”128. swored amgvari, Tavisi ganlagebiT ierarqiulad aRmatebuli
saxiT gamosaxuli, mze-qriste warmogvidgeba kumurdos konqSic.
vfiqrobT, swored am gamosaxulebasTan erTad unda ganvixiloT konqis
kamaris sayrden konsolebze warmodgenili saxeebic. rogorc zemoT
aRvwereT es gaxlavT kuTxeebSi gamokveTili niRbebi - sul oTxi
[tab.#11e-v)]. amasTan dakavSirebiT, kvlav m. gvelesianis naSroms unda
davubrundeT. aRsaniSnavia, rom akuras bazilikis aRmosavleT fasadze
warmodgenilia wriuli ormagi niSa. mis centrSi, mkvlevarTa azriT,
qristes saxea gamosaxuli, romlisganac sxivebia gadaSlili da
flankirebulia oTxi Saravandiani figuris TaviT. msgavsi
gamosaxulebebi, mravali paralelis moxmobiT, weliwadis oTx dros
ukavSirdeba. m. gvelesiani wers: `am ZeglSi, Cveni azriT, aisaxa Sua
saukuneebis qristianuli kosmogoniuri msoflmxedveloba, zeciuri
samyaros Wvreta fizikuri Tu transcendenturi aspeqtiT – roca naTlis
meufe mze-qriste fizikuri, moraluri Tu sulieri naTlis wyaroa, xolo
mudam moZravi weliwadis droni - qristeanTa maradiuli cxovrebis
simbolo.”129 `tertulianes azriT, RmerTma samyaro Seqmna, rogorc
winasaxe adamianis aRdgomisa: `mTavrdeba weliwadis droni da kvlav
xelaxla iwyeba; mTeli moZravi samyaro aris mtkiceba mkvdris
aRdgomisa.~130
amgvarad, Cven migvaCnia, rom kumurdos ostati, Taviseburi Rrmad
gaazrebuli interpretaciiT, Sefarulad warmoadgens swored
kosmokrator qriste-heliosis simbolur gamosaxulebas,
personificirebuli JamTa saxeebis TanxlebiT. aqve kidev erTi pasaJi, rac
kumurdos gamosaxulebaTa semantikasac exmianeba: `filoni da sxva
qristiani interpretatorebi weliwadis oTx dros, elementebs (haeri,
wyali, cexli, miwa), dedamiwis oTx mxares, mzis oTxraSian etls
upirispirebdnen samoTxis oTx mdinares, angelozTa Zalebs, apokalifsur
cxovelebs.”131 am frazis amokiTxvisas, kumurdos gamosaxulebaTa mTeli
rigi gadaiSleba Tvalwin. TiTqos, swored maszea saubari. radganac aq
128 m. gvelesiani, mze-qristesa da JamTa gamosaxulebebis Sesaxeb akuras bazilikis
aRmosavleT fasadze, literatura da xelovneba, 2009w. 129 dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv.:92 130 iqve, gv.:91 131 iqve, gv.: 92
123
erTad aris warmodgenili samyaros oTxi mxaris, da aseve wminda werilis
personifikacia. aqve qveynis oTxiv mxares qristes sityvis mqadagebeli
maxarebelTa ganmasaxierebeli esqatologiuri cxovelebi. kumurdos
ostati am yovelives garda kidev amouwurav simbolur formulebs
gvTavazobs – rac qristianobis mTavari qvakuTxedis - dacemisa da
aRdgomis Temas ukavSirdeba: iqneba es golgoTas mTaze avazakTa
simboluri gamosaxuleba, zecisa da miwis personifikaciebi Tu adami da
evas saxeebi. yovelives Txroba, TiTqos, fasadebidan iwyeba da karibWis
angelozTa gundis gavliT Sida sivrceSi kulminacias aRwevs - sadac
qtitorebi kosmiuri naTlismomfen mze-qristes maradiuli cxovrebis
damkvidrebas avedreben da Cvenc igive moqmedebisken gvibiZgeben.
swored am gancdas badebs gumbaTqveSa afra-trompebSi,
aRmosavleTiT warmodgenili reliefuri gamosaxulebebi. sakocaris aseT
Tamam gadawyvetas, rogorc CvenTvis cnobilia, analogi ar gaaCnia.
arqiteqturis simbolikaSi gubaTze gadasasvleli, aRniSnuli
konstruqciuli detali friad mniSvnelovania. is aRiqmeba rogorc ori
samyaros - miwisa da zecis urTierT makavSireblad. swored aseT
adgilas qtitorebis gamoqandakeba srulebiT moulodnelia.
gumbaTqveSa afra-trompebSi reliefuri gamosaxulebebis sxva
magaliTi kumurdos Tanadroul (Xs-is II-nax.) gogiubas taZarSi iyo
warmodgrenili. 1902 wels igi (wm.) eqvTime TayaiSvilma eruSeTSi,
ardahanTan axlos aRmoaCina. ramdenadac taZari, SemdgomSi afeTqebis
Sedegad, kidev metad dazianda, mis Sesaxeb saubari mxolod Zveli
fotoebisa da mkvlevarTa mier Semonaxuli aRwerebis mixedviT SegviZlia
[tab.#16]. aRsaniSnavia, rom gogiubas taZari warmoadgenda eqvsafsidian
nagebobas, sadac yvela afsida Tanabari zomis iyo da gumbaTqveSa
sivrces ekvroda gars. afsidTa Sverili burjebidan gadasrolili iyo
orsafexurovani naxevarwriuli TaRebi, romelTa Sorisac moTavsebuli
iyo afra-trompebi, rasac eyrdnoboda gumbaTis yelis sawyisi. amasTan,
uSualod yelic, rogorc Sida sivrceSi ise eqsterierSi, Semkuli iyo
TaRebiT. wm. eqvTime TayaiSvilis wyalobiT, CvenTvis cnobili xdeba, rom
gogiubas taZris interierSi gansakuTrebuli siuxviT iyo warmodgenili
bareliefuri gamosaxulebebi. misi aRweris mixedviT, afrebSi mocemuli
iyo adamianTa Tavebi, romelTa orive mxares, damatebiT, SedarebiT
124
momcro zomis bareliefuri gamosaxulebebi iyo Casmuli. maTgan
SemorCenili yofila mxolod samiode, eq. TayaiSvilis mixedviT:
adamianis, irmisa da lomis gamosaxulebebi (`Человечяская голова, олень и
левъ~)132 (vfiqrobT, aq SesaZloa cdomilebas hqondes adgili da irmis
nacvlad, maxarebelTa simboluri gamosaxulebebis Sesabamisad, xari
yofiliyo gamosaxuli). amas garda, uSualod gumbaTis yelis Semamkobeli
TaRedis zemoT, mcire afrebSi, damatebiT kidev warmodgeboda adamianTa
Tavebi, romelTagan sami iyo SemorCenili, sami ki dakarguli. reliefuri
gamosaxulebi warmodgenili yofila aseve afsidTa TaRebSic:
aRmosavleTiT- jvari, dasavleTiT – varskvlavi, CrdiloeTiT –
naxevarmTvare, samxreTi im drisTvisac (1902w.) ukve CamoSlili yofila.
taZars mTlianad Semoclili hqonda safasado perangic, amitom CvenTvis
ucnobia misi Semkulobis Sesaxeb. Tumca, erTi ram ki cxadia, rom eqvsive
afsids Soris moTavsebuli iyo samkuTxa niSebi, romelTa konqisebri
daboloeba radialurad gadaSlili sxivebiT iyo gaformebuli. am mxriv,
gogiuba erT-erTi is Zeglia rac axlo paralels povebs kumurdosTan da
mis winamorbedad unda miviCnioT. rogorc Cans, igi kumurdos ostati
sakocarisTvis erT-erT sainspiracio wyaros warmoadgenda. Zalian
samwuxaroa, rom SemorCenili foto masala ar asaxavs reliefur
gamosaxulebebs, amitom Cven brmad vimeorebT mocemul aRwerilobas da
ase mSralad SemovifarglebiT. ara da udaod saintereso iqneboda
adamianTa Tavebis gamosaxulebebis stilisturi maxasiaTeblebi, maTi
Sedareba kumurdos gamosaxulebebTan. es CvenTvis friad sagulisxmo
iqneboda. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, aRniSnuli reliefebi srulad
simbolur gamosaxulebebad unda miviCnioT da ara qtitorTa
`portretebad~.
qarTul xuroTmoZRvrul skolaSi gumbaTqveSa afrebSi reliefuri
gamosaxulebebis Casmis sxva magaliTi ar gagvaCnia, Tumca msgavsi
nimuSebis moZieba SesaZlebelia yarsis teritoriaze SemorCenil,
istoriuli anisis somxuri arqiteqturis taZrebSi.
am mxriv, aRsaniSnavia Tormeti mociqulis kaTedralis (Xs.)
gumbaTqveSa trompebSi gamosaxuli oTxi maxareblis simboluri figuris
132 E.Taкaйшвили, Xpиcтиaнcкиe пaмятники, Maтepиалы no apxeoлoгии Кaвказa, Выпуск ХII, Москва, 1909 gv.:73-74
125
arseboba.133 es taZari warmoadgens centruli gegmis tetrakonqs, sadac
afsidebs Soris kuTxeebi farTo trompebiT gvirgvindeba, swored maT
sawyisTan, centrSi Casmulia mcire reliefuri figurebi [tab.#17a)]. maT
Soris, CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa adamianis Tavis gamosaxuleba,
rac gamokveTilia trompis qveda kidis Sveril nawilze, uSualod
waxnagze da, amgvarad, iseve rogorc kumurdos aRmosavleT fasadze
zecisa da qveynis personifikaciaTa figurebi – warmodgenilia dabla
momzirali, ris gamoc gamokveTilia rogorc Tavis qalis mkveTrad
momrgvalebuli, moculobiTi forma, ise saxis ovali. Tavis zemoT
darCenili are ki gamSvenebulia erTmaneTSi msubuqad gardamavali
talRovani, reliefuri lentiT.
aseve saintereso figurebia warmodgenili yarsidan samxreT-
dasavleTiT 10 kilometrSi, dReisaTvis gancalkevebulad mdgari taZris
ew. Kümbet Kilise nangrevebSi [tab.#17b)]. esec centruli gegmis mqone
tetrakonqi gaxlavT sadac gumbaTqveSa sivrce sruli dominantia, xolo
oTixive mxares mxolod mcire afsidebia moTavsebuli. Sida sivrceSi
afsidebs Soris kuTxeebi Semkulia farTo trompebiT, rac, faqtiurad,
Tavisi gare monaxaziT afsidebis tolia. am mxriv, gumbaTis yelis134
sawyisTan iqmneba Tanabari, odnav Seisruli orsafexurovani uwyveti
TaRedi. swored aRniSnul kuTxeebSi, trompebis sawyisTan Rrmad
Casmulia reliefuri gamosaxulebebi: Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT (amJamad
aRar arsebobs, Tumca fotomasaliT SeiZleba inaxos) frTebgaSlili
arwivi iyo; samxreT-aRmosavleTiT- adamianis Tavi (wagrZelebuli saxiT
da gaSlili TmebiT); xolo danarCen kuTxeebSi ki, mocemulia maRali
reliefiT kedlis sibrtyidan mkveTrad Sverili ori cxovelis
gamosaxuleba, rac xarisa da lomis figurebad unda miviCnioT.135
interieris trompebSi reliefuri figurebis warmodgena ucxo ar
aris dasavleT evropul, romanuli stilis arqiteqturaSic. amis
magaliTia espaneTSi, aragonis mxareSi, romanuli tipis taZari (XI-XII ss.
mijna) - wminda petre mociqulis kaTedrali (Jaca,Cathedral of St Peter the
133 http://virtualani.org/karscathedral/index.htm (21.-2.2014) 134aRsaniSnavia, rom gumbaTi srulad Camoqceulia da taZris safasade perangi - mTlianad SemorRveuli. 135 http://www.virtualani.org/kumbetkilise/ (21.-2.2014)
126
Apostle )136, sadac gumbaTqveSa afrebSi warmodgenilia aseve oTxi
maxareblis simboluri figura [tab.#17]. aq, uSualod afrebis dasawyisSi
mocemulia yovel mxares TiTo gamosaxuleba – xari, lomi, arwivi da
adamianis Tavi (romlis qvemoTac marjvena xelis mtevania zemoT
mimarTuli).
sainteresoa aseve XI-XII saukunis safrangeTis konkis taZari (The
Sainte-Foy abbey-church in Conques)137, sadac jvris mklavebis gadakveTaze amjerad
angelozebis figurebia Casmuli, iseve rogorc es kumurdos karibWeSi
Segvxvda [tab.#19].
am mxriv, Cven vxedavT araerT magaliTs, sadac afra-trompebSi
warmodgenilia reliefuri gamosaxulebebi. Tumca, sainteresoa maTi
Tematika – moulodneli ar aris am adgilas oTxi maxareblis simboluri
gamosaxulebis xilva, radganac qristianuli kedlis mxatvrobis
ikonografiul sqemebSi es mtkiced damkvidrebuli adgilia. arc
mTavarangelozebis gamosaxvaa moulodneli, radganac Cven viciT, rom
gumbaTi ganasaxierebs zecas, xolo misi karis mcvelebs ki
mTavarangelozebi warmoadgenen.
amgvarad, moulodneli araferia – Tu ar davubrundebiT kvlav
kumurdos, sadac ostati aRmosavleT mxares afra-trompebSi qtitorebs
gamosaxavs [tab.#12]. ramdenadac, Cven vcdilobT SeZlebisdagvarad
bolomde amovxsnaT kumurdoSi warmodgenili yvela idumali Canafiqri,
vfiqrob martivad arc am faqts unda avuaroT gverdi. amitom,
davubrundebiT kvlav guranduxt dedoflisa da mis mopirdapire mxares
mamakacis gamosaxulebas, rasac mkvlevarebi mis Zmad, leon mefed an
meuRle gurgen kurapalatad (romelic 975 wlidan mefeT mefed iwoda)
aRiqvamen. mamakacis saero Sesamoseli marTlac swored amgvari
identificirebisken gvibiZgebs. cnobilia, rom leon III – afxazTa mefis
gardacvalebis welia 967, amgvarad SesaZloa taZris mSeneblobis
dasrulebisTvis igi cocxali ukve aRar iyo da amitom igi gamosaxes
frontalurad, faqtiurad gulze dawyobili xelebiTa da SaravandiT.
rac ASeexeba, gurgen mefeT mefes, igi gardaicvala 1008wels. amgvarad,
ufro upriania Tu mamakacis figurad leon afxazTa mefes miviCnevT,
136 http://www.romanicoaragones.com/0-Jacetania/08-Catedral-ing-06.htm (21.-2.2014) 137 http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Ste.-Foy_at_Conques.html (19.02.2014)
127
rasac amyarebs misi moxsenieba kumurdos saqtitoro warweraSi (ix. zemoT
gv.:16). xolo guranduxt dedoflis odnav moxrili da sakurTxevlisken
xelebgaSverili gamosaxuleba erTgvarad mogvagonebs deisusis
kompoziciis RmrTismSoblis figuras. ramdenadac, kumurdos safasado
Semkulobis semantikur sazrisSi gamosWvivis aRdgomis, sulis xsnis Tema,
unda vivaraudoT, rom guranduxti swored misi Zmis (leon III) suls
Seavedrebs ufals. Cveni mosazreba leon mefis –ukve gardacvlili saxiT
warmodgenis Taobaze, emTxveva Tamar xundaZis mier, saero pirTa
reliefuri gamosaxulebebisadmi miZRvnil moxsenebaSi gamoTqmul
azrsac.138 T. xundaZes aRniSnuli aqvs, rom leon mefis gamosaxva
SaravandiT (imis gaTvaliswinebiT rom guranduxti Saravandis gareSea)
unda miuTiTebdes misi sulis zeciur sasufevelSi yofnas. saerTod,
qarTul reliefur mqandakeblobaSi, iseve rogorc kedlis mxatvrobaSi,
ucxo ar aris saero xelisufalTa Tu eklesiis winamZRolTa SaravandiT
gamosaxva. es tendencia IX-X saukunidan ikidebs fexs (worbisi,
dolisyana, kumurdo, oSki, dirbi, zeda Tmogvi, caiSi)139.
vedrebis kompoziciaSi saero mmarTvelTa Sinaarsobrivad ufro
aSkara gamosaxuleba Cven gvaqvs oSkis (963-973ww.) safasado Semkulobis
vrcel monakveTze, sadac daviT magistrosi da bagrat erisTavT-erisTavi
warmodgenilni arian taZrebiT xelSi. aq wmindanebs Cveuli Saravandi
mosavT, xolo saero pirebs - kvadratuli.
am TemasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa mkvlevari naTela
aladaSvilis statia, romelic eZRvneba oSkis taZris skulpturuli
dekoris programis damokidebulebas monastris Tanadroul
viTarebasTan.140 amasTanave, aq aRniSnulia interieris Semkulobisa da
fasadebze warmodgenili kompoziciebis ideuri urTierTkavSiris Zalian
saintereso aspeqti. Tumca, amJamad SevexebiT mkvlevaris mier ganxilul
uSualod vedrebis Temas. naSromSi naTqvamia, rom am kompoziciaSi
qtitorebis CarTviT zogadad xazi esmeva ciuri Zalebis mier maTi
138 T. Khundadze, IMAGES OF HISTORICAL PERSONS IN GEORGIAN ARCHITECTURAL SCULPTURE
OF THE MIDDLE AGES (6TH THROUGH 11TH CENTURY), VAKHTANG BERIDZE 1st INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM OF GEORGIAN CULTURE, TBILISI, 2009. pg.: 156 139 T. Khundadze – dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv.: 156 140 n. aladaSvili, oSkis taZris (Xs-is II nax.), skulpturuli dekori da misi programis damokidebuleba monastris Tanadroul viTarebasTan, akademia, tomi 6-7, 2006 gv.:35-39
128
mfarvelobis ideas da, amasTanave, amqveyniur mefeTa mier ciuri meufis
Tayvaniscemas. igi aseve aRniSnavs, rom bizantiur xelovnebaSi vedrebis
kompozicia qtitorTa gamosaxulebebiT Zlier iSviaTad gvxvdeba.
SeiZleba davasaxeloT kapadokiis karanlek-kilises eklesiis XI s-is
mxatvroba, sadac sakurTxevlis konqis vedrebis kompoziciaSi saero
pirTa muxlmoyrili figurebia CarTuli. maTgan gansxvavebiT, oSkis
qtitorebi uSualod RvTiuri personaJebis gverdiT dganan da maTTan
Tavisi zomiTac gaTanabrebulebi arian. amas emateba oSkSi vedrebis
Temisadmi miZRvnil stelebze bagrat erisTavT-erisTavisa da daviT
magistrosis gamosaxulebaTa ganmeoreba. kerZod TiToeul stelaze
vertikalurad Casmulia or-ori figura. erTze warmodgenilia zemoT
nikopeis tipis RmrTismSobeli yrmiT, xolo mis qvemoT daviT magistrosi,
romelsac xelebi orantis JestiT gul-mkerdTan aqvs dawyobili. meore
stelaze gamosaxulia wm. ioane naTlismcemeli, mis qvemoT ki bagrat
erisTavT-erisTavi kvlav vedrebis niSnad mxrebis simaRleze aweuli
xelebiT. am figurebSi gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia SesamoselTa
gadawyveta. RmrTismSoblisa da ioane naTlismcemlis SemTxvevaSi samosi,
mxolod drapirebis niSnad, sxeulis moculobiTi formebis Sesabamisad,
sxvadasxva mxares mimarTuli RarebiT ifareba. qtitorebi ki
warmodgenilia mwyobr rigebad dalagebuli geometriuli figurebis
nairgvari repertuariT dafaruli samosiT. oSkSi imave istoriuli
pirebis figurebi mesamedac gvxvdeba taZris interierSi, samxreT-
dasavleT gumbaTqveSa burjSi gaWrili niSis zeda nawilSi.
ra Tqma unda, am kompoziciaTa Seqmna gansakuTrebul mizans
emsaxureba. igi xazs usvams im mTavar semantikur gzavnils rasac
uSualod oSkis taZris, uzomod mdidari, Semkuloba warmogvidgens – es
ki gaxlavT aRdgomis triumfi, sikvdilze gamarjveba, Tumca amasTanave
mkveTrad gasdevs qveteqsti, rac uSulod qveynis itoriul viTarebas
asaxavs. Cven viciT, rom zemoT dasaxelebuli qtitorebi saqarTvelos
istoriaSi umniSvnelovanesi pirebi arian. swored maTTan aris
dakavSirebuli qveynis gaerTianeba da erTiani saxelmwifos Seqmna. oSki
maT mier aigo swored am umniSvnelovanes movlenamde da aq gacxadda
maTi RvTivkurTxeuloba, zeciuri mfarveloba da Sesabamisad qveynis
saTaveSi yofnis sruli legitimacia.
129
am konteqstTan mimarTebaSi, vfiqrobT kumurdos ostati oSkisgan
gansxvavebiT, axdens ara imdenad saero xelisufalTa gandidebas,
ramdenadac uSualod sulis xsnis Temis ideis win wamowevas. amitomac
dedofali ar aris warmodgenili SaravandiT, misi poza aris ara
`medidurad~ reprezentabeluri, aramed modrekili da mavedrebeli. misi
Sesamoseli moklebulia Semkulobas, mxolod sayeloze sami jvaria
gamosaxuli (da xelze gadafenili aqvs rgolebiani naWeri), xolo
mopirdapire mxares, frontalurad gamosaxuli figuris Sesamoseli
gamSvenebulia ornamentuli arSiiT, Tumca mainc xazgasmulia sisadave. am
mxriv, vfiqrob, Cveni Teoriis arsebobas safuZveli gaaCnia da igi asaxavs
gardacvlil leon mefesa da misi sulisTvis mavedrebel guranduxt
dedofals.
amgvarad, Cven vxedavT Tu simboluri gamosaxulebebiT rogor
ukavSirdeba kumurdos kompozicia adre Sua saukuneebis magaliTebsa da
Semdgom romanul periodSi damkvidrebul kompoziciur ikonografias.
Znelad Tu moiZebneba Cvens xuroTmoZRvrul skolaSi, safasado
SemkulobaSi ase erTdroulad lakoniuri da amasTanave mravali
ganSrevebiT deklarirebuli qristianuli moZRvreba, mTeli misi mTavari
arsi da qristianis cxovrebis mizani, rac sulis xsnas ukavSirdeba.
aq yvelaferi emsaxureba qristianobis umniSvnelovanesi saidumlos
gandidebas – qristes aRdgomis Temas, sikvdilze gamarjvebis zeims.
amitomac aRmatebuli ganwyoba, siZliere, simtkice, amasTan saidumloebis
bolomde Seucnobobis gancda, yvelaferSi gamosWvivis. Cven vrwmundebiT,
rom kumurdos saocari niWisa da codnis mqone ostati mudmivad
warmogvidgens cxad da dafarul formaTa monacvleobas. igi
konstruqciuli Tu mxatvruli xerxebiT - erTs sazeimod win wamowevs,
sxvas ki CrdilSi Sefarulad, myudrod moaqcevs an mxatvruli
sisadaviT miCqmalavs. Tumca, dakvirvebisa da dafiqrebis Sedegad
vlindeba, rom swored es ukanasknelni gaxlavT umTavresi gasaRebi
kumurdos simbolikis amosaxsnelad. yoveli amgvari aRmoCena kidev
ufro aRafrTovanebs da aocebs mkvlevars, radgan xvdeba, rom
sxvadasxva literaturaSi aRniSnuli kumurdos mxolod
xuroTmoZRvruli tipis mniSvneloba, qarTuli safasado dekoris
130
ganviTarebis gzaze misi gardamavali, gardamtexi Zeglis magaliTad
dasaxeleba – Zalze mSralia misTvis.
kumurdo Cveni erovnuli xuroTmoZRvruli skolis erT-erTi
yvelaze Zlieri qmnilebaa yvela aspeqtiT. aq Rrmad gaazrebulad,
daxvewilad, umaRlesi ostatobiTaa warmodgenili arqiteqtonika, rac
gajerebuli qristianuli moZRvrebis mTavari azrobriv-simboluri
arsiT.
131
IV Tavi
4.1. Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis safasado
Semkulobis saerTo niSnebi
Cven dawvrilebiT visaubreT kumurdos taZris Sesaxeb. araerTxel
aRvniSneT misi xuroTmoZRvris progresuloba, niWi da saocari
ostatoba, magram swored am SefasebaTa gasamyareblad da kumurdos
RirsebaTa mkafiod gamosayofad, saWiroa srulad gavSaloT qarTuli
xuroTmoZRvruli skolis ganviTarebis etapebis maxasiaTeblebi.
davinaxoT erovnuli epoqaluri niSnebi, mezobeli qveynebis Tu
dasavleT evropis magaliTebi da maT SevufardoT kumurdos taZris
Tvisebebi.
qristianuli saeklesio arqiteqtura, Tavisi saerTo formiT, Tu
calkeuli elementebis TvalsazrisiT, Rmrad aris datvirTuli ideur-
Sinaarsobrivi aspeqtiT. kumurdos ganxilvisas Cven, garkveulwilad,
ukve SevexeT qristianuli arqiteqturis simbolikas. visaubreT
kvadratisa da wris urTierTmimarTebaze, rogorc amier da imier
qveyanaTa Sesayarze da maT Soris moTavsebul kar-sarkmelTa simbolur
arsze, rogorc zecasTan makavSirebel Riobze. swored es ukanaskneli
simboluri mniSvneloba SeiZleba miviCnioT amosavalad, rasac daefuZna
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis dekoraciuli sistema da amitomac kar-
sarkmelTa garSemo koncentrirda yovelgvari mxatvruli maxvili -
mcenareul-geometriuli ornamentebiT Seqmnili kompozicia iqneba, Tu
figuruli ideur-simboluri Sinaarsis mqone reliefebi. es konkretuli
maxasiaTebeli srulad gasdevs qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebas. sxvadasxva
epoqaTa qmnilebebs Soris gansxvaveba mxolod mxatvruli gaformebis
xerxebsa da xarisxSia. anu, dekoris mTavari aspeqti – ganuxrelad
sarkmlebisa da karis midamoa, Tumca Tu adreul ZeglebSi fasadTa
sibrtyeze garkveuli aqcentis xasiaTs atarebda, momdevno periodSi,
kedlis zedapiris mxatvrulad ametyvelebiskan swrafva matulobs da
kar-sarkmelTa garSemo sul ufro izrdeba dekoraciuli are. Cveni
xuroTmoZRvrebis Camoyalibebuli struqturidan gamomdinare - rac
moicavs aRmosavleTiT sakurTxevlisa da, umetesad, pastoforiumebis
132
arsebobas – aRmosavleT fasadze Tavs uyris sarkmelTa simravles.
amitomac qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Semkulobis sistemaSi aRmosavleTi
fasadi gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva da xSirad centralur kompoziciasac
qmnis. asea Tundac kumurdos SemTxvevaSi, aseve amave regionSi tamala
(Crdilis mTavarangelozi), burnaSeTi, azavreTi da sxva uamravi Zegli
saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze, magram mniSvnelovania sxva garemoebac.
rogorc zemoT saubari daviwyeT, sataZro Semkulobis aqcentebi
sarkmelTa garda karis garSemo koncentrirdeba. am mxriv, qarTul
xuroTmoZRvrebaSi samxreTi fasadi gamoirCeva, radganac swored aq
Tavsdeba centraluri Sesasvleli. Cveni xuroTmoZRvrebis istoriis
mTel manZilze, maSin rodesac sakurTxevlis sarkmelic ki SesaZlebelia
sadad iyos datovebuli, Zalian rTulia iseTi Zeglis moZieba sadac ar
aris garkveuli mxatvrul-simboluri aqcentiT Semkuli karis Wrili.
swored es Tema, mravali magaliTis gaanalizebiT, Zalian cxadad
aqvs ganxiluli dimitri TumaniSvils141. igi mimoixilavs Cvenamde,
maqsimalurad gadauwyobeli safasado gaformebiT, SemorCenil taZrebs.
ris safuZvelzec mkafiod Cans, rom samxreT fasadze sarkmlebTan erTad
karis mxatvruli gaformeba da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, reliefuri
qandakebebis swored aq ganTavseba, mis upiratesobas qmnis.
es garemoeba dasturdeba qristianuli arqiteqturis pirvelive
Zeglebidan moyolebuli: bolnisis sioni, qvemo bolnisi, TrialeTis
olTisi, akvaneba. Tavdapirveli viTarebis aRdgeniT- igive faqtori
mtkicdeba jvris taZarze, wromze. Semdgom amasve naTlad vxedavT
dolisyanas taZarsa Tu javaxeTis darbazul taZarTa, TiTqmis, srul
speqtrze, magram amave dros, rogorc vTqviT, gvaqvs Zalian mkafio
magaliTebi, sadac fasadTa gaformebis sistemaSi mkveTr dominants
aRmosavleTi fasadi warmoadgens da aseve Zalian xSirad mxatvruli
gaformebis aqceti fasadebidan zemoT, gumbaTze gadadis (opiza, xanZTa),
sadac gumbaTis yeli TaRnariT imkoba da qolgiseburi gadaxurviT
sruldeba. amasTan dakavSirebiT d. TumaniSvili aRniSnavs: `kari
saqristiano aRmosavleTisTvis sicxadiT naCvenebi - Zalze mniSvnelovani
141 d. TumaniSvili, sazrisisa da mxatvruli formis mimarTebisTvis Sua saukuneebis qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi (mcxeTis taZrebis magaliTze), gzajvaredinze, werilebi, narkvevebi, Tb., 2008, gv.: 94
133
simboluri azris mtvirTvelia, Tavad uflis sityvisaebr, ` me var kari
cxovarTa~ (ioane,10,7) is qristes saxed moiazreboda. Sesabamisad, taZris
zRurblis gadabijebisas, morwmune Riobis-qristes gavliT (e.i. mis
`mier~) eklesiis sivrceSi, dedamiwaze RvTaebrivi sauflos xatis, wiaRSi
xvdeboda. …amas emateba qveynis mxareTa simbolikac – aRmosavleTi da
samxreTi `dadebiTi~, xiluli mzisa da mis mier moswavebuli macxovris
saufloa, dasavleTi da CrdiloeTi – maTi mopirdapire, ufro
`uaryofiTi~, bnelis (`Crdiloi~ -!) sikvdilis da a.S. mowilade.
yovelTvis ki unda viTvaliswinebdeT, rom simboloTa sistema raRac
gayinul-gaSeSebuli ar aris da maTi `amoqmedeba~ mudam raRac kavSir-
urTierTobaSi, sxvebTan mimarTebaSi xorcieldeba.” ase xSirad
CrdiloeTi uTanabrdeba samxreTs. Tumca gumbaTi VI saukunidan
ucvlelad zecis saxea.142
am mxriv, ikveTeba xuroTomoZRvruli nagebobis ama Tu im adgilTa
ideur-Sinaarsobrivi ierarqiuli struqtura, rasac fasadze mxatvruli
aqcentebis gadanawilebac eqvemdebareba. es yovelive ki, ostatis winaSe
arsebuli erTgvari Temaa, rac Tavisi gemovnebisa da individualuri
Canafiqris, saTqmelis semantikis Sesabamisad SeuZlia gamoiyenos da
mxatvrulad aametyvelos. rogorc vxedavT, xuroTmoZRvrebs sakmaod
Tavisuflad eZlevaT saSualeba Seqmnan arqiteqturuli kompoziciis
dekoraciuli sistema ise, rom srul SesabamisobaSi movides saeklesio
dogmatikasa da simbolur formulebTan.
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis adreuli etapisTvis kar-sarkmelTa
yvelaze damaxasiaTebel morTulobas warmoadgens TaRovani TavsarTi
mcire horizontaluri gadanakecebiT. igi moTavsebulia xolme Riobidan
mcire manZilis intervaliT da an savsebiT sada saxisaa, an ki mcired
ornamentirebuli. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia mcxeTis jvrisa da samwevrisis
sarkmlebis morTuloba. am ukanasknelis SemTxvevaSi aRmosavleT
fasadze ganmeorebulia, mcxeTis jvris samxreT fasadze warmodgenili,
bafTasaviT daxveuldaboloebiani TavsarTi. samxreT fasadze ki,
sarkmlis TavsarTs amkobs imgvarive sruliad sada, damatebiT
damuSavebas moklebuli patara TaRebis mwkrivi, rogoric karnizebze
142 dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv.:125
134
gvxvdeba xolme. aRsaniSnavia, rom TavsarTebis centraluri nawili –
TaRi _ sakmaod gaSlilia, misi gadanakecebi ki, ondav ufro moklea.
Tumca, mTlianobaSi, klasikuri epoqisTvis Sesabamisi proporciuli saxe
iqmneba. am periodisTvis srulebiT ucxoa sarkmlis oTxive mxridan
kveTili ornamentiT moCarCoeba. mkvlevari rene Smerlingi klasikuri
epoqis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis mxatvruli gaformebis ganviTarebaze
saubrisas aRniSnavs: `xuroTmoZRvrebis ayvavebis pirveli xanis
damaxasiaTebeli niSania zomiereba da simkacre fasadTa gaformebaSi.
ornaments ar aqvs TavisTavadi mniSvneloba, igi eqvemdebareba Senobis
arqiteqturas da gamoyenebulia mxolod arqiteqturuli kompoziciis
calke elementebis xazgasmisaTvis143.”
gardamaval periodSi Riobis mamkobi TavsarTi Tavis mniSvnelobas
inarCunebs da amasTan, nel-nela morTuloba Riobis garSemoc Cndeba.
ukanaskneli Tavidan sakmaod sada xasiaTisaa. asea, magaliTad, wirqolSi
sadac samxreT fasadze TaRebiT flankirebuli Sesasvlelis zemoT
Sewyvilebul sarkmels TaRis formis sapire Semouyveba, Tumca
aqcentirebulia mxolod zeda nawili. X saukunis Sua xanebisTvis ki,
qarTlSi ukve Cndeba kargad ganviTarebuli ornamentuli moCarCoeba
(eredvis beris saydari), romelsac marTkuTxa forma gaaCnia, Tumca
msgavsi magaliTebi mainc sakmaod iSviaTia. mxolod X-XI saukuneebis
mijnidan vrceldeba mTels saqarTveloSi sarkmelTa sxvadasxva saxis
morTulobebi da yalibdeba sazogadod miRebuli formebi. X saukunis
ZeglebisTvis saxasiaTo gardatexaze saubrobs rene Smerlingi darkveTis
taZarTan dakavSirebiT, sadac aRmosavleTi fasadis centrSi qvaTa
horizontalur wyobaSi sarkmlis Semkuloba, dekoraciuli
TvalsazrisiT, mokrZalebulad da, amave dros, mkveTri maxvilis saxiTaa
warmodgenili: `X saukunis arqiteqturaSi, farTod gavrcelebuli
horizontalurgadanakecebiani TavsarTis, e.w. warbis paralelurad
SeimCneva igive Temis axlebuli gadawyveta, rac gulisxmobs sarkmlis
TaRovani Wrilis garSemo filis zedapiris srulad dekoratiulad
gamoyenebas.” (`В архитектуре X в. наблюдается момент, когда паралельно с излюбленным
приемом украшения окна рельефной бровкой с горизонтальными отворотами появляются
новые решения той же темы. В основу этих решений положено декоративное использование
143 r.Smerlingi, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvruli ornamenti, Tb., 1954w.,gv.7
135
всей поверхнасти плиты в которой вырезана арочка светового проема окна с сопровождаюшей
его бровкой или без нее.” )144
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvruli skolis safasado Semkulobis
ganxilvisas sainteresoa, aseve, uSualod TavsarTis mimarTeba kedlis
zedapirTan. javaxeTisa Tu, tao-klarjeTis taZrebSi SesaZloa Segvxvdes
TavsarTis qveda kidis cerad kveTa, magram ZiriTadad TavsarTebi kedlis
zedapiridan kideebis marTobuli kveTiT reliefurad aris amoziduli
da, amasTan, yuradReba gamaxvilebulia ara qveda kideze, aramed zeda
Semomfargvlel zolze.
kar-sarkmelTa morTulobis evoluciis gza kargad Cans tao-
klarjeTis Zeglebis magaliTze. mag.: opiza, xanZTa, dolisyana, eqeqi,
oTxTa eklesia. CamoTvlil taZrebSi an iyeneben mxolod TaRovan
TavsarTebs, an mis adgilas Casmulia filebi ornamentuli, Tu
figuruli reliefuri kompoziciebiT. oSkSi, xaxulsa, da mogvianebiT
iSxanSi ki, sarkmelTa moCarCoebis dekori mravalferovnebis srul
ganviTarebas aRwevs.
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis safasado Semkulobis ganviTarebis
kvlevisTvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Zeglia klarjeTSi mdebare
centralur-gumbaTovani taZari dolisyana, sadac sarkmlis masiur
ornamentirebul TavsarTTan erTad SemkulobaSi aqtiurad Semodis
reliefuri figuruli gamosaxulebebis roli. aq TavsarTis TaRovani
moxazuloba bevrad aRemateba misi horizontaluri gadanakecebis sigrZes
[tab.#20-d)]. taZris agebis periodi, X saukunis Sua xanebiT ifargleba,
Tumca mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvnac, rom SesaZloa igi warmodgenili
iyos ori samSeneblo periodis Sedegis saxiT. amasTan dakavSirebiT
vaxtang jobaZes145, Semkulobisa da epigrafikis stilisturi analizis
safuZvelze, miuxedavad imisa rom saqtitoro warwera asaxelebs sumbat
mefes, miaCnia rom taZari aigo sumbatis ufrosi Zmis bagratis mier (937-
945), xolo sumbatis dros (954-958 wlebSi) mniSvnelovnad SekeTda.
taZris perangi uxeSad damuSavebuli qviSaqvis marTkuTxa, TiTqmis,
Tanabari zomis (0.25-0.35m.) blokebiT aris nagebi. kar-sarkmlebis
wirTxlebisaTvis, eklesiis kuTxeebisa da gumbaTis yelisaTvis, rogorc
144 Р. Шмерлинг, Церковь в селении Дарквети, qarTuli xelovneba, #6 A, 1963 w., gv.:192 145 v. jobaZe, adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli monastrebi istoriul taoSi, klarjeTsa da SavSeTSi, Tb.,2006, gv.:83-84
136
Signidan, ise garedan ki sufTad gaTlili da mWidrod morgebuli
Tanabari zomis kvadrebia gamoyenebuli. perangis qvebSi sarkmelTa
Semkuloba, TiTqos, `Cakerebulia~ da igi Zlieri maxvilis saxes iZens.
dolisyana tao-klarjeTis erT-erTi uadresi eklesiaa, romelic
gviCvenebs fasadTa poliqromiisa da safasado qandakebis mniSvnelobis
zrdas. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, centralur fasads samxreTi
warmoadgens, ramdenadac swored aq aris Tavmoyrili figuruli
gamosaxulebebi da Semkulobis ideur-Sinaarsobrivi mxarec swored aq
aris daSifruli. samxreT fasadze warmodgenili gvaqvs TaRovani
sarkmlis reliefuri TavsarTi, romelic Tavisi natifi mcenareuli
ornamentiTa da kedlis sibrtyidan mkveTrad amozidulobiT mayureblis
mzeras umal Tavisken miipyrobs. masze aRmarTulia (amJamad Camotexili)
mowiTalo, ornametiT dafaruli jvari. SexedvisTanave yuradReba
gadadis TavsarTis TaRis moxazulobaSi Caweril saqtitoro warweraze,
romelsac radialurad ganlagebuli feradi qvebis `sxivebi~ amkobs.
warwera ganadidebs mefe sumbats (`qriste adide mefe Cveni
mzegrZelobiT~146). sarkmlis aqeT-iqiT warmodgenilia miqael da gabriel
mTavarangelozebis saimperatoro insigniebiT (kverTxiTa da sferoTi)
aRWurvili reliefuri gamosaxulebebi. TiToeuls axlavs ganmartebiTi
warwera. gabriel mTavarangelozis win gamosaxulia medalionSi
Cawerili xuroTmoZRvris (an moqandakis) naxevarfigura, romelic
qaragmis mixedviT gabriel dekanozs (an diakons) warmoadgens.
mniSvnelovania aseve mTavarangelozTa figurebis qvemoT Casmuli
reliefuri filebi. samwuxarod marcxena srulebiT waSlilia da
SeuZlebelia misi garCeva (Tu iyo saerTod rame gamokveTili!), xolo
marjvenaze ki gamosaxulia daviTis varskvlavi. aRniSnuli simbolo
mniSvnelovnia Semkulobis ideuri mxaris amosaxsnelad.
gansakuTrebulad sagulisxmoa taZris kidev erTi reliefuri
gamosaxuleba, romelic gumbaTis yelis samxreT-aRmosavleT waxnagSia
warmodgenili da samxreTi fasadis reliefur gamosaxulebaTa konteqsts
pirdapir exmianeba. es gaxlavT mefe sumbatis figura, romelic
aRmosavleTisken taZris modeliT xelSia mipyrobili. amave filaze
146 v.jobaZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv: 84
137
amokveTilia warwera (`qriste adiden mefe Cveni sumbat”147). rogorc ukve
araerTxel aRvniSneT, arqiteqturis simbolikaSi gumbaTi ierarqiulad
yvelaze maRali safexuria da igi zeciur samyaros ganasaxierebs. mefis
aq warmodgena ki xazs usvavs mis ufalTan siaxloves. es Tema im
periodis saqarTvelos istoriul viTarebas zustad exmianeba, ramdenadac
saqarTvelos erT samefod gaerTianebis winare periodidan moyolebuli
saero mmarTvelTa qristes gziT svla da maTi gvaris
RvTivkurTxeulobis warmoCena Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo.
rac Seexeba safasado Semkulobis erTiani sistemis ganxilvas, am
mxriv dolisyanas ostatebi saintereso nabijebs dgamen, Tumca aq
mxolod erTiani ideaa dominanti da ara erTiani mxatvrul-kompoziciuri
suraTi. mTlianobaSi unda iTqvas, rom aq mxatvrul gamomsaxvelobiT
efeqts qmnis, pirvel rigSi, Semamkobeli elementebis (TavsarTebi)
formiseuli struqtura da feradovani aqcentebi (radialurad ganfenili
`sxivebi”, jvari), xolo ornamentuli Semkuloba mxolod damatebiT
samkauls warmoadgens. asea, magaliTad, aRmosavleT fasadze, sadac
sarkmlis Semamkobeli mxolod radialurad ganlagebuli, ferTa
monacvleobiT ametyvelebuli qvis filebi da maTi Semomfargvleli,
yovelgvar ornaments moklebuli, mcire gadanakeciani, ganieri TaRovani
TavsarTia warmodgenili.
amgvarad, dolisyanas taZris ganxilvam Cven dagvanaxa suraTi,
sadac mcenareuli, sakmaod plastikuri ornamenti, mxolod sada
Semkulobis saxiT warmodgeba, xolo skulpturuli programa ki, bevrad
ufro wina planze modis, ramdenadac igi saSualebas iZleva gadmosces
is mniSvnelovani azrobriv-simboluri sazrisi, rac epoqis ideologiis
mTavar gzavnils warmoaCens.
am mxriv, X saukunis Sua xanebis Zeglebis safasado Semkulobis
kvleva sainteresoa imiTac, rom aq Cans konkretul qronologiur
CarCoSi, faqtiurad erT istoriul fonze, mxatvrul-stilisturi
xerxebis ganviTarebis Tanabar pirobebSi, semantikuri sazrisis
warmoCenis mravalferovneba, konkretul SemoqmedTa gemovneba,
didostatoba da Rrmadganswavluloba.
147 iqve.
138
rodesac saubars viwyebT safasado Semkulobis sistemis
Camoyalibebis gzebze, sadac winare periodis Semamkobel elementebTan
erTad Cndeba axali tendenciebi da figurul gamosaxulebebs erwymis
ornamentacia, dolisyanas Semdgom etapad gvevlineba swored kumurdo,
sadac es yovelive kidev ufro maRal xarisxSia ayvanili.
sarkmelTa Semkulobis axal etapTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa
aseve eredvis beris saydaris sameklesiiani bazilika (Xs-Sua xanebi)148.
mis aRmosavleT fasadze, iseve rogorc kumurdoSi, Cans centraluri
RerZis dominantoba, sadac sarkmlis SemkulobaSi TavsarTTan erTad
Tanaarsebobs oTxivmxriv SemomzRudavi, moCuqurTmebuli sapire.
amasTanave, (bafTebiviT gadrekili) TavsarTis zemoT da sapires orive
mxares gamosaxulia ayvavebuli jvrebi. samwuxarod, gverdiTa
sarkmlebis Semkuloba ar SemorCenila. Tumca, savaraudod, agreTve
morTuli iyo da centraluri kompoziciis damatebiT aqcentebs
warmoadgenda. rusudan mefisaSvili beris saydaris kvlevisas, misi
qronologiuri CarCoebis gansazRvrisTvis, kumurdos taZars iSveliebs
da mxatvrul-stilisturi niSnebiT mas Seufardebs: `fasadebis
kompoziciur agebulebaSi centraluri RerZis gamoyofis tendencia
qarTul ZeglebSi VIII saukunidan iCens Tavs (opiza, gurjaani), magram aq
es tendencia jer mkveTrad gamovlenili ar aris. 964 wliT
daTariRebul kumurdos Zeglis aRmosavleTi fasadis agebulebaSi ki,
sadac ganapira sarkmlebis moridebuli dekoris gverdiT gvaqvs mdidari
da reliefuri centraluri kompozicia, es tendencia mTeli Tavisi
siZlieriT aris gamoxatuli. Tu kumurdos ZeglSi aRmosavleTi fasadis
Sua kompozicia kargad mofiqrebuli da damajerebelia, beris saydarSi
kompoziciuri mTlianoba, rogorc aRvniSneT, miRweuli ar aris. aseTi
sxvaoba, SesaZlebelia metyvelebdes ara marto am ori Zeglis
mSenebelTa gansxvavebul unarze, aramed garkveul qronologiur
intervalzec maT Soris. beris saydris aRmosavleTi fasadis gadawyveta
ramdenadme win unda uswrebdes kumudrosas.”149
amgvarad, Cven vxedavT kidev erTxel Tu ramdenad saetapo
mniSvnelobis Zeglia kumurdo. misi zusti maTariRebeli warwera iZleva
148 r. mefisaSvili, beris saydari, qarTuli xelovneba A7, Tb., 1971 gv.:91-110 149 r. mefisaSvili, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv.:102
139
sxva ZeglebisTvis viwro qronologiuri CarCoebis gansazRvris
saSualebas, es ki Zalian sagulisxmo sakiTxia qarTuli
xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis istoriis Sesaswavlad.
amasve adasturebs X saukunis II naxevris xuroTmoZRvruli
ornamentis aRwerisas rene Smerlingis mier kumurdos taZarze sakmaod
vrclad saubari.150 igi aRniSnavs rom: `X saukunis meore naxevarSi
SemoqmedebiTi muSaobis gafurCqvna, mravali Zeglis magaliTze, gviCvenebs
xelaxla Seqmnili ornamentuli motivebis mravalferovnebas. Senobis
fasadebsa da interierSi ornamentikis gamoyenebis sakiTxSi SesamCnevia
erTgvari cvlilebebi. garda imisa, rom ornamentebi gamoyenebulia
sarkmlebis dekoratiul TavsarTebSi, Cndeba im xanamde ucnobi iseTi
motivi, rogoricaa farTo ornamentuli zoliT moCarCoeba mrgvali
Riadisa (xeTSi) an diskosi, romelic jvarisebri figuris centrs
Seadgens. aqedan pirdapiri gzaa fasadis dekoratiul kompoziciaSi
sarkmlis moCarCoebisaken kveTili ornamentis zoliT, romelic gvxvdeba
oSkisa (958 – 961 w.w.) da kumurdos (964 w.) taZrebis fasadebis dekorSi da
am droidan farTod da sayovelTaod vrceldeba. miswrafeba CuqurTmiT
fasadis gamdidrebisaken imaSic gamoixateba, rom Cndeba Senobis fasadze
sarkmlis dekoratiuli gamoyofis kidev sxva xerxebi: magaliTad,
xmarebaSi Semodis mTlianad moCuqurTmebuli, an kidiT kidemde
dekoratiuli kompoziciiT Sevsebuli kvadratis msgavsi, didi filebis
gamoyeneba sarkmlis TavsarTad.
am epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia agreTve karis timpanis mTlianad
Sevseba kveTili ormnamentiT (kumurdos taZris samxreTi fasadi), rac
SemdegSi farTod vrceldeba da, am miznebisaTvis siuJeturi reliefebis
gamoyenebasTan erTad, gvaZlevs mdidar da mravalgvar gadawyvetaTa
magaleTebs (bedia, exvevi, nikorwminda, ikvi, patara oni, savane da sxv.).
amave dros vxedavT Senobis kedlebis damagvirgvinebeli lavgardanis
ornamentiT Semkobis pirvel cdas; Tanac ornamentis saxe TiToeul
fasadze da fasadis nawilze icvleba (kumurdo). X saukunis
xuroTmoZRvari ara marto afarToebs Senobis fasadze ornamentuli
dekoris gamoyenebis sferos, mas ornamenti xalisiT Seaqvs interierSic.
150 r. Smerlingi, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvruli ornamenti, Tbilisi, 1954w. gv.:7-8
140
kumurdoSi xuroTmoZRvari ornamentuli zoliT amkobs gumbaTqveSa
TaRebis urTierTSexvedris adgilebs, iSxanSi ornamentuli zolebiT
xazs usvams gumbaTqveSa sayrdenebis mZlavr, energiulad profilirebul
bazisTa calkeul nawilebs, xolo safaris monastris miZinebis
eklesiaSi, zemo skris, urTxvis, farvanis, garbanis da sxva eklesiebSi –
kedlis svetebis kapitelebs an kronSteinebs...
jer kidev X saukunis meore naxevarSi arqiteqturaSi Casaxulma
yvela ZiriTadma tendenciam srul ganviTarebas miaRwia XI saukunis
dasawyisSi151.”
rogorc vxedavT, X saukunidan sarkmelTa Semkulobis
gamravalferovnebasTan erTad, izrdeba lavgardanis ornamentaciis
rolic. am periodSi xdeba VI-VII saukuneebSi damkvidrebuli motivebis
mxatvruli gadamuSaveba da dekoraciuli elementebiT gamdidreba. am
mxriv yvelaze TvalsaCinoa TaRebis mwrivis motivi. es ukanaskneli
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac erT-erTi yvelaze
fesvgadgmuli ornamentTagania qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi. mis
formiseul struqturas, mxatvrul-stilistur niSnebs vrceli
ganviTarebis etapebi gaaCnia da xSir SemTxvevaSi nagebobaTa mkafio
maTariRebel elementadac warmoCndeba. kumurdos TiToeul fasadze
mocemul gansxvavebul ornamentTa Soris am motivis saintereso
interpretaciac gvxvdeba, rac zustad Seesabameba X saukunis II naxevris
tendenciebs [tab.#9-e)].
TaRebis mwkrivis ornamentis Seswavlas didi yuradReba dauTmo
vaxtang doliZem. igi garbanis taZrisadmi miZRvnil monografiaSi
detalurad saubrobs qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi am motivis
qronologiur maxasiaTeblebze.152
TaRebis mwkriviT Semdgari ornamentuli sartylis sawyisad
SeiZleba miCneuli iyos aRmosavluri kulturis wris Zeglebi, risi
saukeTeso magaliTic aris siriis kalb-lozes (Kalb-Lauzeh, 480w.) taZari,
sadac TaRebis mwkriviT (oRond amobrunebuli saxiT) Semkulia sarkmlis
sapire. aq antikuri formebis gadaazrebasTan erTad, Cven vxedavT
151 r.Smerlingi, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvruli ornamenti, Tbilisi, 1954w. gv.:8 152 v. doliZe, garbani, Tbilisi, 1958w., gv.76
141
sakuTriv aRmosavlur niadagze gamomuSavebuli morTulobis –
Camwkrivebuli TaRebis gamoyenebas.
TaRebis mwkrivis Semamkobeli ornamenti gavrcelebulia rogorc
somxur arqiteqturaSi, ise Zalian damaxasiaTebelia romanuli
taZrebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT TaRebidan momdinare Subispirisebri
motivi, rac CvenTan farTod aris gavrcelebuli (safaris miZinebis
taZari, vale da sxva.) [tab.#25 b-g)] am mxriv, CvenTvis Zalian sainteresoa
portugaliis XII saukunis II naxevriT daTariRebuli san salvador de
arnozos monastris taZris153 safasado SemkulobaSi CarTuli, ormagi
TasmiT Semdgari wnuli ornamentebis, maT Soris, Subis pirisebri
motivis arseboba, rac Semouyveba centraluri portalis gare TaRovan
moxazulobas. sainteresoa aseve amave taZris interierSi kapitelebze
warmodgenili ornamentuli da figuruli reliefuri gamosaxulebebi. am
SemTxvevaSi Cven vxvdebiT ukve S-formis ylortidan gadaSlil
mcenareul motivs (rac aseve erT-erTi farTodgavrcelebuli ornamentia
qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi). mis qvemoT ki or arwivs Soris moqceul
kurdRlis gamosaxulebas. aseve sainteresoa espaneTSi, aragonis san
martinis taZris ornamentuli Semkulobis zogadi xasiaTi (XIIIs.)154,
sisadave, formaTa rbili, plastikuri moyvaniloba, uSualod
ornamentisadmi damokidebuleba, sinatife – aseTia portalis TaRis
kapitelsa da mis qvemoT gamosaxuli kvlav S-formis xan
horizontalurad mcocavi vazis lerwi, xanac vertikalurad
warmodgenili erTi Reros orive daboloebaze sam danayofiani
foTlovani motivi rac S – formis sarkisebur anarekls warmoadgens.
mravalgvari saxis ornamentul SemkulobasTan erTad Subis
wverisebr ornaments Zalian farTo zoli aqvs daTmobili portugaliis
barselos municipalitetis manentes (Igreja de Manhente, Barcelos)155 taZris
portalis SemkulobaSi. mis Sesaxeb masalis amokiTxvisas aRniSnulia,
rom misi Semkulobis xasiaTze didi gavlena igrZnoba Santa Maria das Júnias
taZrisa, romelic warweris mixedviT TariRdeba 1147 wliT, Tumca
153ALMEIDA, Carlos Alberto Ferreira, Romanesque architecture of Entre-Douro e Minho. Dissertation in History of Art. Faculty of Arts, University of Porto.1978. 154 http://www.romanicoaragones.com/2-Ribagorza/990356-CapellaSMartin.htm (09.03.15) 155http://portugalromanico.net/2009/11/07/igreja-e-torre-de-manhente/ (18.03.2014)
142
arsebobs mosazreba rom igi IX saukunis miwurulSi ukve arsebobda156.
marTlac, am ukanasknelis portalis SemkulobaSi Cans swored aRniSnuli
ornamentis ufro arqauli xasiaTi.
amgvari paralelebis arseboba Zalian sagulisxmoa da ufro Rrma,
maT Soris, kulturologiul kvlevas saWiroebs, miT umetes, rom es
vlindeba ara marto aRniSnul ornamentaciaSi, aramed figurul
gamosaxulebaTa da zogadad safasado kompoziciur maxasiaTeblebSic,
razec qvemoT kidev gveqneba saubari.
156http://www.igespar.pt/en/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/70636/ (18.03.2014)
http://www2.fcsh.unl.pt/iem/medievalista/MEDIEVALISTA4/medievalista-espada.htm (18.03.2014)
143
4.1.1……qarTuli saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis safasado
gaformebis sistemis erovnuli maxasiaTeblebi da misi
Sedareba sxva xuroTmoZRvruli skolebis TvisebebTan
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, X saukunis II naxevari zogadad qarTuli
xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis gzaze aris Zalian mniSvnelovani
periodi, radganac sruldeba winare gardamavali epoqis ZiebaTa Sedegad
mignebuli mxatvrul-konstruqciuli monapovaris daxvewa, gaanalizeba
da sistemuri xasiaTis miniWebis safuZvlis Cayra. bevrgan iTqva, rom
kumurdo amis saukeTeso ilustratoria, rasac mowmobs mkvlevarTa mier
epoqis daxasiaTebisas kumurdos magaliTis xSiri moxsenieba. aq Cven
vawydebiT sinTezis iseT nimuSs, sadac taZris mxatvrul saxeSi didi
mniSvneloba eniWeba, rogorc mis arqiteqturul mwyobr, Sekrul,
sakmaod monumentur da amasTanave msubuq, zemswraf formebs, ise
dekoraciul oranamentul Semkulobasa da figurul reliefur
gamosaxulebebs. kumurdos safasado Semkuloba rom udaod sistemur
xasiaTs atarebs es naTelia, magram is imdenad individualuri,
TviTmyofadia, rom naklebad miiRo `zogadqarTuli~ nimuSis saxe. rasac
ver vityviT tao-klarjeTSi mdebare oSkis kaTedralze, romelic
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis erovnuli skolis safasado sistemis
Camoyalibebis pirvel srulyofil magaliTad saxeldeba.
oSkis taZarSi epoqaluri yvela tendencia Zalian damajereblad
aris warmodgenili da Seqmnilia srulyofili harmoniulobiT Sekruli
dekoraciuli kompozicia.
amasTan dakavSirebiT sagulisxmoa naTela aladaSvilis erT-erTi
moxseneba.157 aq mkvlevari ganixilavs X-XI saukuneebis qarTul safasado
skulpturul dekors oSkisa da nikorwmindas taZarTa Semkulobaze
dayrdnobiT. qarTuli TviTmyofadobis warmosaCenad igi mimoixilavs
aseve somxeTis, vladimer-suzdalis da romanuli taZrebis safasado
Semkulobis Taviseburebebs da warmoaCens TiToeuli maTganis
damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs da maT gansxvavebas Tu msgavsebas qarTul
safasado mqandakeblobasTan.
157 Н. Аладашвили, Некоторые особенности грузинской фасадной скульптуры X-XI веков, II
Международный симрозиум по грузинскому искусству, Тб., 1977
144
n. aladaSvili aRniSnavs, rom X-XI saukuneebSi xuroTmoZRvrebis
safasado Semkuloba warmoadgens mTlian, mxatvrulad dasrulebul
sistemas. misi ZiriTadi komponentia mdidruli ornamentuli kveTa, xolo
figuruli reliefebi organulad aris CarTuli dekorSi da amasTan
gamoiyofa rogorc lakoniuri, magram mniSvnelovani mxatvrul-
Sinaarsobrivi aqcenti. xolo erTiani, Sekruli saxis SeqmnaSi didi
roli eniWeba dekoraciul TaReds.
rogorc ukve iTqva, sistemis dasrulebuli saxiT Camoyalibebis
naTeli magaliTia oSki. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa misi portikiT
damSvenebuli samxreTi fasadi [tab.#26]. aq, jvrisebr moculobaSi
moqceuli trikonqis taZris Sesabamisad, gamoyofili mklavis
arqiteqturul formaTa agebulebaSi ukve gamokveTilia centraluri
RerZi, ramdenadac ufro maRalia da gadaxuruli damoukidebeli
orkalTa saxuraviT, xolo gverdiTa nawilebi damatebiT cal kalTad. am
mxriv, safasado Semkulobis struqtura winaswar gansazRvrulia, rac
Semdgom Sesrulebulia plastikurad denadi, centrisken mzardi
reliefuri TaRnariT. faqtiurad, swored TaRnari warmoadgens
Semkulobis sistemis ganmsazRvrel komponents, rac Semofarglavs
dekoraciul sxva maxvilebs, rogoric aris centralur RerZze gaWrili
farTo sarkmlis ornamentirebuli sapire, mis Tavze gadaSlili,
poliqromiulad daferili radialuri sxivebi. Semdgom kedlis
sibrtyidan mZlavrad gamoziduli, ornamentiT dafaruli,
horizontaluri mcire gadanakeciani masiuri TavsarTi, razec
`wamomjdara~, klanWebSi cxoveliT, didebuli arwivi da mis Tavze
warmodgenili ori mTavarangelozis maRali reliefiT Sesrulebuli,
moculobiTi figura. amasTanave, samxreTi mklavis kidev erT aqcents
warmoadgens, portikis orive mxares Rrmad SeWrili, farTo gegmiT
samkuTa niSa, Tavisi daxvewilad gamoZerwili gadaSlili maraosebri
konqiT. oSkis taZris safasado Semkulobis yoveli detali,
rafinirebuli, erTgvarad reprezentabeluri, ufro vityodiT - Sinagani
siamayiT, simtkiciT savsea, sadac miuxedavad uamravi ornamentuli
detalisa, mainc igrZnoba TavSekavebuli, didebuli sisadave. aq zedmeti
Tu gadametebuli dekoraciuloba arsad Cans da win modis, swored X
saukunis Sua xanebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, yovelives idumali simboluri
145
sazrisiT gajerebuloba, rac Semdgom periodSi nel-nela ikargeba da
mravalfiguriani, siuJeturi kompoziciebiT, saTqmelis ufro
gacxadebuli warmoCena xdeba, risi saukeTeso magaliTic nikorwmindas
taZaria.
swored nikorwmindas asaxelebs n. aladaSvili, rogorc safasado
Semkulobis sistemis ukve mtkiced Camoyalibebul magaliTs.
nikorwmindaSi mdidrul ornamentul SemkulobasTan erTad fasadTa
vertikaluri RerZis centrSi monumenturi siuJeturi kompoziciebi
gamoiyofa (aRmosavleT, das. da samx) [tab.#26-b)]. am adgilze moTavsebiT,
maT fasadTa Semkulobis magvirgvinebeli roli eniWebaT. Semdgomi
amgvari maxvilebi Cndeba karis timpanebze. rogorc vxedavT, aq winare
periodis Zeglebis fasadis Semamkobeli yvela komponenti
SenarCunebulia, iqneba es yovel fasadze centrisken mzardi TaRedi,
sarkmlebis ornametirebuli sapireebi Tu maTze darTuli gadanakeciani
TavsarTebi, amasTanave timpanSi warmodgenili moCarCoebuli centraluri
reliefuri kompoziciebi – magram am yoveliveSi gazrdilia mxatvrul
gamomsaxvelobiTi mxare Tavisi ulevi, yoveli detalis Tanmxlebi da
Semomfargvleli ornamentuli motivebiT. am SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom SemkulobaSi daSifruli ideur-Sinaarsobrivi mniSvneloba sazeimod
deklarirebulia.
amgvarad, Cven SegviZlia SevajamoT, rom arqiteqturuli tipis da
fasadis danawevrebis Sesabamisad Semkuloba koncentrirebulia
centralur nawilSi da amasTan, xazi esmeva vertikalur mimarTulebas.
calkeuli reliefuri kompoziciebi da gamosaxulebebi, organulad
CarTulia konkretuli fasadis kompoziciur SemkulobaSi da amave dros
gamoZaxils povebs taZris saerTo ideur-Sinaarsobriv da amasTan
dekoraciul sistemaSi, rac sabolood Sekrulia mzardi TaRediT.
sainteresoa, rom qarTuli skolisgan gansxvavebiT, amave epoqis
berZnuli arqiteqturis Zeglebis (hosios lukas Xs., nea moni XIs., dafnis
monasteri XIs.) [tab.#27] erT-erTi mTavari TvalsaCino maxasiaTebelia
eqsterieris reprezentabelurobis miRweva uSualod saSeni masalis,
arqiteqturuli kompoziciis, konstruqciuli formebis sinatifiT. aq
faqtiurad ugulvebelyofilia safasado ornamentuli Semkuloba. mTavar
xibls umetesad qvisa da aguris monacvleobiT miRebuli poliqromiuli
146
wyoba warmoadgens. amasTan kedlisTvis simsubuqisa da mxatvruli
elferis miniWebis misaRwevad gamoiyeneba uSualod aguris sxvadasxva
mxares mimarTuli wyoba, aq erTmaneTs enacvleba vertikaluri,
horizontaluri, zogan diagonaluri ganTavsebac ki. lavgardanis
Semamkobel arSias aguris kuTxis Sverilebi warmoadgens, rac erTgvar
kbilanebis efeqts qmnis. gansakuTrebuli gamomsaxveloba sarkmlebs
eniWebaT. maTi wirTxlebi umetesad kargad Tlili qvis kvadrebiT aris
amoyvanili da farTo TaRovan moxazulobas Semowers.
am mxriv, srulebiT sxvagvar esTetikas qmnis somxuri
xuroTmoZRvreba, rac tipologiurad sakmaod axlos dgas qarTul
arqiteqturasTan. sxvadasxva periodis somxur Zeglebs Tvals Tu
gavadevnebT, gamoCndeba safasado Semkulobis, TiTqmis, Tanxvedri
ganviTarebis etapebi. aq adreuli Zeglebidan moyolebuli (avani, mreni -
VI-VIIss.) safasado perangze dekoraciuli elementebi kar-sarkmlebze
Cndeba. yvelaze sayvareli motivi somxeTSic horizontalur
gadanakecebiani TavsarTia. Tumca skolaTaSoris sxvaoba Zalian
TvalnaTelia, rac formaTa Tanafardobisa da zogadad arqiteqtonikis
sxvagvarad aRqmaSi vlindeba. IX- XI saukuneebSi, bagratidebis epoqaSi,
gansakurebiT gaZlierda samonastro kompleqsebis mSenebloba. am
periodSi Seiqmna sevanis, aRTamaris, haRpatis, sanahinis da sxva
samonastro taZrebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom am periodSi izrdeba dekoraciuli
gamomsaxveloba da kedlis sibrtyeebze mravldeba ornamentuli
maxvilebi. sarkmelTa TavsarTebs marTkuTxa sapireebi emateba da taZris
garSemo TaRovani sistemac Cndeba (marmaSeni, tigran onencis taZari,
sanahini)158. es ukanaskneli friad sagulisxmo elementia, radganac, iseve
rogorc Cvens xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, Zalian aqtiurad monawileobs nagebobis
garesaxis mxatvrul struqturaSi. adamianis mxedvelobiT mexsierebaSi,
Semamkobel elementTagan, TaRedis arseboba sakmaod Zlierad muSaobs da
am ori erovnuli skolis nimuSebs Soris umal paralels avlebs. Tumca,
aqve Zalian mkafioa somxuri xuroTmoZRvruli skolis TviTmyofadoba,
rac TaRediT Seqmnil gansxvavebul ritmsa da gamomsaxvelobaSi
vlindeba. Tu qarTul taZrebSi TaRedi centrisken TandaTan mzardia,
158 В. Арутюнян, Каменная летопись Армянского Народа, Ереван 1985, gv.: 66
147
somxur taZrebs Semouyveba Tanabari zomis TaRebi da mxolod
centraluri, sarkmlis Semomfargvleli TaRi sWarbobs xolme simaRleSi
[tab #28 b-g)]. amasTan, TaRebis zemoT karnizamde kedlis sakmao moculoba
danawevreblad, Seumkoblad aris datovebuli, rac qarTuli Zeglebis
zemswraf gancdas srulebiT ugulebelyofs.
fasadTa SemkulobaSi figuruli reliefebis aqtiuri monawileobis
TvalsazrisiT saukeTeso magaliTia X saukunis somxuri
xuroTmoZRvrebis erT-erTi TvalsaCino nimuSi – aRTamaris kaTedrali
(915-921ww.) [tab #28-e)]. unda aRiniSnos, rom es aris sasaxlis eklesia da
amitomac misi gaformeba sasaxlis dekoris xasiaTs atarebs. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom misi gare masebi mTlianad daTmobili aqvs reliefur
Semkulobas. miuxedavad taZris jvar-gumbaTovani konfiguraciisa, aq
dekoris mTavar maxvils frizuli saxiT, fasadidan fasadze uwyvetad
gardamavali figuruli gamosaxulebebis jaWvi qmnis. fasadebs qvemoT
kidev erTi sartyeli Semouyveba, romelic mTlianad ornamentul
qsovils warmoadgens. aRniSnul or frizs Soris ares ki, calkeuli
reliefuri figurebi avsebs, iqneba es wmindanTa naxevarfigurebi
medalionebSi, angelozTa sruli figurebi, siuJeturi scenebi bibliidan,
Tu grifonTa da sxva mxecTa brZolisa da nadirobis scenebi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom aq mocemulia erTiani Sinaarsis mqone cikli. marTalia
realurad, frizebs Soris rCeba Seumkobeli qvis kvadrebis sakmaod didi
moculobis zedapiri, Tumca SexedvisTanave win modis `xaliCiseburad~
ornamentebiTa da sxvadasxva-figurebiT moWedilobis STabeWdileba.
dekoraciul sartylebSi figurebi sakmaod maRali reliefiT, fonidan
gamozidulobiTa da mrgvali formebiT gamoirCeva, maT Soris areze
mofenili gamosaxulebebi ki, marTalia mkveTrad aris wamoweuli
kedlidan, magram figuraTa zedapiri imdenad sibrtyobrivia, rom rCeba
STabeWdileba, TiTqos, ki ar amoizrdeba kedlidan, aramed mxolod
mimagrebulia masze. es yovelive ayalibebs mxatvrul kompozicias sadac
distanciidan Sexedvisas, pirvel rigSi, Tvals xvdeba taZars
Semovlebuli maqmanisebri sartyeli, Tavisi Suq-CrdilebiT aTamaSebuli
uwyveti gamosaxulebebiT, da Semdgom ki, yvela is ulevi figura rac
faravs karnizebs Tu fasadTa sibrtyeebs.
148
devid uinfildi somxeTis arqiteqturis am erT-erT yvelaze
mdidrulad Semkul magaliTs adarebs qarTul taZrebs: qarTveli
ostatebi reliefebs gaiazrebdnen, rogorc arqiteqturis mniSvnelobis
xazgasmis saSualebas – aRTamaris ostati ki, taZris kedlebs iyenebs,
rogorc reliefTa TvalsaCinod warmosaCen panelebs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi
upiratesoba eniWeba arqiteqturas, meore SemTxvevaSi ki reliefs159.
amgvarad, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Semkulobas axasiaTebs
vertikalisken swrafva, figuruli reliefebis lakoniuri kompoziciebis
gamosaxva da amasTan, maTSi ideur-simboluri mniSvnelobis warmoCena.
xolo somxur xuroTmoZRvrebas ki axasiaTebs, an Zalian TavSekavebuli
da sada Semkuloba, sadac arqiteqturuli formebi maqsimalurad
dominirebs, an ki, sapirispirod uxvi figuruli dekoraciuli
repertuari, sadac yvelaferi erTad aris fasadebze ganfenili, Tumca
arqiteqturuli masa mainc mkafiod inarCunebs Tavis gamomsaxvelobas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am periodSi Zalian mWidro iyo saqarTvelosa da
somxeTis urTierTobebi da farTod SeiWra qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis
maxasiaTeblebi, mainc igrZnoba sxvaoba rac adgilobrivi erovnuli
xasiaTiT aris ganpirobebuli. rogorc dimitri TumaniSvili ganmartavs:
`qarTveli ostatebi morTulobas arqiteqtonikis gagrZelebad xedaven,
igi TiTqos konstruqciis, Cvens SemTxvevaSi ki kedlis sibrtyis
aRmonaSobi iyos. sxvaa somxuri eklesiis mxatvruli mTlianobis
warmmarTveli logika. somexi ostatisTvis kedlis sibrtye, ase vTqvaT,
morTvamde arsebuli mocemulobaa, ram Sesamkobi, igi mkafiod mijnavs
teqtonikursa da dekoraciuls, maT erTi meorisagan damoukideblobas
avlens. egeb amitomac gamoiyurebian somxuri taZrebi qarTulze ufro
mkacrad da masiurad.~160
amgvarad, yovelive es cxadyofs, Tu ori sxvadasxva (mezobeli)
qveynis Tanadrouli mxatvruli enis tendenciebi, ramdenad
damoukideblad da TviTmyofadad vlindeba. adgilobrivi erovnuli
temperamenti, gemovneba Tu tradicia aris swored is ganmasxvavebeli
faqtori rac yovelTvis TvalsaCinoa da arasodes imaleba.
159 D.Winfield, Some early medieval figure sculpture from North Eastern Turkey, Journal of the Warburg, London 1968 160 d. TumaniSvili, qarTuli taZris gare saxis erTi Taviseburebis gamo, werilebi, narkvevebi, Tb., 2001w. gv.: 88
149
rogorc aRvniSneT, n. aladaSvili yuradRebas amaxvilebs aseve
vladimir-suzdalis xuroTmoZRvrebis Semkulobazec161. marTlac,
vladimir-suzdalis gumbaTovani taZrebis fasadTa dekoraciuli sistema
sakmaod saintereso maRalmxatvrul magaliTs warmoadgens. Tumca, maTi
qronologiuri CarCo ufro mogviano periods ganekuTvneba da ifargleba
XII-XIII saukuneebiT. am mxriv saukeTeso Zeglebia vladimiris wm. dimitris
taZari (1193-1197ww.) da wm. giorgis taZari iurev-polskidan (1230-1234ww.).
aq kedlis zedapiri mTlianad daTmobili aqvs ornamentul da
skulpturul gamosaxulebebs, rac srulad Semosavs safasado sibrtyeebs
[tab.#29].
wm. dimitris taZris SemkulobaSi erTmaneTs enacvleba adamianTa
figurebi, zoomorfuli da mcenareuli gamosaxulebebi. Tumca, Tu
aRTamarSi kompozicia fasadidan fasadze poulobda gagrZelebas, aq
TiToeul fasadze mxatvruli suraTi dasrulebuli saxiT warmodgeba.
erTgvarad ikvreba arqiteqturul danawevrebasTan Sesabamisad. amasTan,
aRsaniSnavia, rom dasavleT, CrdiloeT da samxreT fasadebze dekoris
saerTo kompozicia meordeba.
wm. giorgis taZarSi aRiniSneba sibrtyobriv dekoraciuli xasiaTis
zrda. aq mcenareuli ornamentuli wnulebi mTlianad faravs qveda
registrs, xolo zemoT ki calkeul kompoziciasa da figurebs Soris
darCenil adgils avsebs.
vladimir-suzdalis arqiteqturuli dekorisgan gansxvavebiT,
saqarTveloSi srulebiT sxva xasiaTi da midgoma igrZnoba. qarTuli
arqiteqturis Zalian mdidrulad morTul taZrebSic ki Semkuloba
koncentrirebulia sarkmlebisa da karis RiobebTan, riTic xazi esmeva
sxvadasxva arqiteqturul detals da amasTan, yvelgan mniSvnelovani
adgili uWiravs kedlebis qvaTa wyobas.
sainteresoa qarTuli mqandakeblobis Sedareba dasavleT evropis
romanul nimuSebTanac. rodesac Cven ganvixilavT romanuli stilis
maxasiaTeblebs – serTo CarCoSi vaTavsebT dasavleT evropis sxvadasxva
qveynis am tipis arqiteqturas da maTi ganzogadebis gziT erTian suraTs
warmovadgenT. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad marTlac erTiani
161 Н. Аладашвили, Некоторые особенности грузинской фасадной скульптуры X-XI веков, II
Международный симрозиум по грузинскому искусству, Тб., 1977
150
memkvidreobiTobisa, rac am stilis kuTvnil Zeglebs axasiaTebT, aseve
TvalnaTelia regionaluri sxvaobanic. yoveli eris lokaluri
temperamenti, xasiaTi gamoikveTeba rogorc arqiteqturul formebSi, ise
safasado SemkulobaSi.
dasavleT evropaSi safasado mqandakeblobis programis,
dasrulebuli sistemis saxiT Camoyalibebis procesi XI_XII saukuneebze
modis _ anu, ufro gvian vidre saqarTveloSi, radganac mxolod XI
saukunis bolodan aris SesaZlebeli saubari safasado qandakebaze
rogorc damoukideblad arsebul, Camoyalibebul sistemaze. Tavis mxriv,
ra Tqma unda, igi gansxvavdeba qarTuli dekoraciuli sistemisgan.
aRniSnuli gansxvaveba, pirvel rigSi, ganpirobebulia arqiteqturis
sxvadasxva tipidan. romanul bazilikebSi umetesad dekoris mTavari
komponenti figuruli reliefebia, xolo ornamenti mxolod damatebiTi
Semkulobaa. aq fasadis dekoris centri da maorganizebeli aris
portali da aseve timpani, romelSic Tavsdeba siuJeturi kompozicia.
cota ram Tu viciT imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aRiqvamdnen Sua saukuneebis
Tanamedroveni am periodis mxatvrul formas. komentarebis umetesoba,
rac SemorCa, exeba ufro arqiteqturas, vidre qandakebas. mTeli XIX
saukunis ganmavlobaSi ki, romanuli skulpturis Seswavla
ugulebelyofili iyo, radganac mas klasicizmis idealebis srul
antipodad miiCnevdnen.
romanuli skulpturuli kompoziciebi ar aris advili wasakiTxi da
amosacnobi, ramdenadac misTvis damaxasiaTebelia formis stilizacia. aq
darRveulia tradiciuli, antikuri warmomavlobis kanonebi.
sailustraciod saukeTesoa roCesteris kaTedralis timpanis reliefuri
kompozicia (1160w.) sadac warmodgenilia centrSi saydarze mjdomi
macxovari mandorlaSi, romelic or wagrZelebul, TiTqmis, usxeulo,
sifrifana, angelozs upyria [tab.#30a)]. aqve Casmulia oTxi maxareblis
simboluri gamosaxulebebi fantastikuri cxovelebis saxiT. qveda
registrSi, frizuli saxiT mociqulebia warmodgenili xolo timpanis
Semomfargvleli TaRovani sartyeli mTlianad Sevsebulia fantastikuri
cxovelebisa da frinvelebis figuruli gamosaxulebebiT.
romanuli safasado qandakeba, goTurTan SedarebiT, ganixileba
rogorc naklebad naratiuli xasiaTis mqone. igi umetesad warmogvidgeba
151
Sekruli, lakoniuri kompoziciis saxiT da ara vrceli ikonografiuli
programis gamosaxulebebiT– rac farTod axasiaTebs goTur stils.
amitomac, arqiteqturis dekoraciul sistemaSi romanul qandakebas
aqcentis xasiaTi hqonda da ara Tanabari mniSvneloba. skulpturuli
programis TvalsazrisiT saintereso nimuSs warmoadgens magaliTad
otenis wm. lazares kaTedrali (Autune St.Lazare). gansakuTrebulad
aRsaniSnavia misi timpani `gankiTxvis dRis~ kompoziciiT (1120-35ww.)
[tab.#30-b)]. aq centrSi warmodgenilia yovlismpyrobeli qristes figura,
romelic Tavisi zomiT mkveTrad aRemateba, registrebad warmodgenil,
mWidrod dajgufebul sxva danarCen figurebs, romlebic angelozTa
dass, marTlebsa da jojoxeTSi moxvedrilebs ganasaxiereben.
n. aladaSvili pirdapir ufardebs erTmaneTs romanuli da qarTuli
xelovnebis zogad maxasiaTeblbs da gamokveTs maT Soris sxvaobas.
romanuli taZris safasado skulptura SinaarsiT qmnis erT mTlians,
sadac asaxulia saerTo programa. Sinaarsobriv centrs warmoadgens
portalis timpanSi moTavsebuli vrceli kompozicia, xolo danarCeni
scenebi da figurebi ganavrcoben da avseben centralur siuJets.
amgvarad, romanul skulpturul dekorSi aRiniSneba qarTulisgan
gansxvavebuli midgoma, aq Cans mTavari kompozicia da masze
damokidebuli gamosaxulebani. sainteresoa aseve, rom qarTuli
nimuSebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli figuraTa disproporciuloba, Jestebis
eqspresiuloba, xazobrivi dinamika _ yvela es momenti ar midis
gadametebamde, rac SeimCneva romanul xelovnebaSi, sadac siuJetis
dramatulobis gadmosacemad figuraTa eqspresiuloba, proporciaTa
darRveva erTgvari dauokebeli ZaliT aris gamZafrebuli. Tu romanul
reliefSi srulad aris gamjdari erTgvari daZabuloba, qarTul
nimuSebSi gamoikveTeba TavSekavebuloba da simSvide.
sainteresoa aseve is faqti, rom qarTul ornamentul morTulobaSi,
iseve rogorc romanulSi, xSirad aris CarTuli cxovelTa Tu
frinvelTa gamosaxuleba, rasac gaaCnia dasrulebuli, mkafiod
srulfasovani saxe da miuxedavad ornamentis nawilisa, mainc SeiZleba
misi damoukideblad aRqma. rac Seexeba romanul xelovnebas, aq
ornamentul kveTaSi CarTuli gamosaxulebebi iZenen geometriuli Tu
mcenareuli motivebis erTgvar gagrZelebis saxes, anu cxovelis Tu
152
frinvelis figuridan ise xdeba ornamentul wnulze gadasvla, rom
rTuli xdeba figuris srulad warmodgena da amiT damoukdebeli saxe
ekargeba. amasTan, qarTul magaliTebSi fantastikuri cxovelebis
gamosaxvisas ar qreba gawonasworebuli, TavSekavebuli, erTgvari mSvidi
ganwyoba, ris sapirispiro midgomasac amJRavnebs romanuli gviani
periodis magaliTebi, rodesac eqspresiis gasaZliereblad xdeba
cxovelebis daZabuli, saSineli urCxulis saxiT warmodgena.
romanuli stilis am zogadi daxasiaTebisgan gansxvavebul da Cven
skolasTan met kavSirs avlens espaneTisa da portugaliis taZrebi,
razec zemoT ukve gvqonda saubari. aq wina planze modis TavSekavebuli
da amasTan Zalian daxvewili ornamentuli Semkuloba, raSic CarTulia
amgvarive figuruli gamosaxulebebi.
yovelives Sesajameblad, Zalian sainteresoa asmaT oqropiriZis
mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba, sadac igi warmoaCens ama Tu im qveynis
saxviTi enis ganmsazRvrel faqtors162: “zogadad qristianuli xelovneba
bunebrivad mimarTavs xazs, rogorc saxviTi metyvelebis simkafiovis erT-
erT umniSvnelovanes saSualebas. . . aqve unda iTqvas, rom qristianobis
farglebSi yvela enas (ers) Tavisi specifikuri msoflgancda da
Sesabamisi esTetika aqvs. mag., rusisaTvis sagnis maxasiaTeblebidan
maTavaria feri, rogorc sasufevliseuli naTlis xati. amitomac aRwevs
mwvervals rusuli xatwera wm. Ggrigol palamaseuli Taboris naTlis
gandidebis epoqaSi, rodesac wina planze fer-sinaTle modis;
berZnisaTvis mTavari sagnis idea da am ideis gamomxatveli proporcia,
metri, ritmi (ase vTqvT, ”maTematikuri formula”). amitom es idea rac
SeiZleba metad unda iyos daculi “ganqarvebisa da cvlilebisagan”.
swored amgvari Seuvalobis garanti xdeba marmarilo da mozaika.
somxeTSi mTavaria masa, romelic moZraobas iwyebs, magram mkveTri
eqspresiuli CakveTiT es amoZravebuli masa ar gadadis sagnobriobaSi, ar
iqceva sagnad (analogiurad eqspresiulad daCexilia somxuri anbanic),
TiTqos Cndeba Rrma ufskruli masebs Soris. saqarTveloSi ki saRmrTo
keTilgangebuleba anu saRmrTo idea iZerweba ra pirvelqmnili materiis
anu miwaTixisagan, waruvalis araCveulebriv Tanaarsebobas qmnis, sadac
saRmrTo idea xelSeuxebeli rCeba, xolo misi mtvirTveli materia –
162 a. oqropiriZe, qarTuli xelovnebis saxviTi enisaTvis, akademia, tomi 6-7, 2006 gv.:5-14
153
maradmoZravi da erTiani. . . masalis esTetikis konteqstSi bunebrivad
gvaxsendeba qarTuli arqiteqturis kidev erTi niSan-Tviseba – kedlis
sibrtyis specifikuri mTlianoba da daunawevrebuloba, rac imTaviTve
aRniSna g. CubinaSvilma da Semdeg ukve farTo konteqstSi warmoaCina d.
TumaniSvilma. albaT, SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom qarTul
xuroTmoZRvrebaSi kedlis sibrtyis mdgradoba ganapiroba ara marto
zogadmarTlmadideblurma esTetikam, aramed erovnulmac – qvis erTiani
miwa-niadagis, rogorc Rirebuli xatis daurRvevloba-
xelSeuxeblobamac.” 163
163a. oqropiriZe, dasax. naSromi - gv.:7-8
154
4.1.2. qarTuli da iberiis naxevarkunZulis preromanuli
stilis saxviTi enis Tanxvedra
zemoT sxvadasxva qveynis xuroTmoZRvruli skolis safasado
gaformebis maxasiaTeblebis ganxilviT, naxsenebi iqna erovnuli
TviTSegnebiT ganpirobebuli sxvaobebi, Tumca amasTanave gvxvdeba iseTi
SemTxvevebic sadac erTmaneTs emTxveva sxvadasxva qveynis gemovneba da
ZiriTadi saxviTi enis SerCevis prioritetebi.
am mxriv saukeTeso paralels vpovebT preromanul espanur
arqiteqturaSi. aq Cven vxedavT gasaocar msgavsebas, rogorc mxatvrul
stilisturi modelirebis TvalsazrisiT, ise kompoziciuri agebis da
formaTa TavSekavebuli, ideur-simboluri sazrisiT gajerebuli,
lakoniuri gamomsaxvelobiT dasrulebuli formebis mxriv. Tu
qalbatoni naTela aladaSvili aRniSnavs, rom romanul monumentur
mqandakeblobaSi wamyvani aris figuruli gamosaxuleba, xolo
ornamentacia mxolod masze daqvemdebarebul samkauls warmoadgens,
amasTanave CuqurTmebSi Caweril mcire figurebs ar gaaCniaT TavisTavadi
gamomsaxveloba, aramed srulad ikargeba ornamentaciis `naqargobaSi” -
espanuri romanuli stilis adreuli arqiteqturis safasado
SemkulobaSi Cven vawydebiT srulebiT gansxvavebul suraTs. aq vxedavT
damoukidebeli Semamkobeli frizebis saxiT warmodgenil ornamentul
Semkulobas, rac dasrulebuli formiseul-gamomsaxvelobiTi saxiT
warmoaCens maTSi (rgolebSi) Caweril frinvelTa Tu cxovelTa
reprezentabelur figurebs.
am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa erTi patara taZari - santa
maria de kuintanila de las vinias (Santa Maria de Quintanilla de las Viñas)164
[tab.#23-b)]. igi mdebareobs espaneTis istoriul teritoriaze - la tiera
de laraze (La Tierra de Lara), santo domingo de silos (Santo Domingo de Silos)
monasterTan sakmaod axlos. es taZari samecniero wreebisTvis aRmoCnda
wina saukunis dasawyisSi (1929 wels aRiarebul iqna erovnul
kulturul memkvidreobad). mis daTariRebasTan dakavSirebiT garkveuli
azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebos. mecnierTa erTi jgufi mas espaneli
164 http://sdelbiombo.blogia.com/temas/prerromanico.php; http://ermita-quintanilla.blogspot.com/ (15.05.14)
155
vizgoTebis samefos kuTvnilebad miiCnevs da gviani VII saukuniT an adre
VIII saukuniT aTariRebs (musulmanTa Semosevebamde); meore jgufi ki mas
gvian IX an X saukunis dasawyisiT aTariRebs, rodesac es teritoria
xelaxla daikaves qristianebma165.
taZarma am dromde gadakeTebuli saxiT moaRwia [tab.#31]. rogorc
Cans, es gaxldaT samnaviani nageboba portikiT. Sida sivrceSi
warmodgenilia perpendikularuli transepti ori sadgomiT, xolo
sakurTxeveli ki marTkuTxa gegmiT Semoiwereba. aq fasadebis Tu Sida
sivrcis kedlebis wyoba warmoadgens kirqvisa da qviSaqvis Tlili, didi
zomis kvadrebis horizontalur rigebs. sarkmlis Wrili interieris
SedarebiT farTo TaRovani konturidan kedlis siRrmeSi viwrovdeba da
fasadze viwro Wrilis saxiT gamodis.
fasadebis mTavari Semamkobelia kedlidan kedelze gardamavali
uwyveti frizuli ornamentuli sartylebi, rac warmoadgens xan vazis
lerwis imitaciiT Seqmnil rgolebis xveulebs, raSic Cawerilia
fantastiur cxovelTa da frinvelTa figurebi, xan ki erTmaneTSi
gardamavali rgolebis jaWvi, sadac TiToeul maTganSi didi ostatobiT
aris gamokveTili calke mdgomi figura. rogoric aris palma, saocrad
realisturad gamosaxuli frinvelebi da amasTan plastikuri, Zalian
natifi, rbili modelirebiT gamoZerwili samoTxis ayvavebuli xeebi.
TiToeuli rgolis Sesayarze ki, (garedan) fonis darCenili are
Sevsebulia mcenareuli sada motiviT, rac warmoadgens or mogrZo
foTolsSoris Casmul `cremlis” moyvanilobis `yvavils~. aRsaniSnavia,
rom xSir SemTxvevaSi vazis lerwi gamosaxulia ormagi Tasmis
saSualebiT.
Cven aRvniSneT, rom aRTamaris fasadebis ulev reliefur
SemkulobaSi, ganmsazRvreli roli uWiravs frizul ornamentul
sartylebs. am mxriv, Cven vxedavT, qristianuli arqiteqturis safasado
Semkulobis sistemaSi, sxvadasxva qveynis faqtiurad Tanadroul,
Tanxvedr midgomas, Tumca stilisturi sxvaoba kvlav adgilobriv
gemovnebasa da xasiaTSia. santa maria de kuintanila de las vinias
frizebis SemTxvevaSi, Cven vxedavT, ornamentuli motivebis Zalian
natif, kaligrafiul Sesrulebas, sadac TiToeuli formis monaxazi
165 aqve.
156
srulebiT dasrulebuli da plastikuria. ornamenti odnav aris fonis
zedapiridan wamoweuli da TavSekavebul, daxvewil Semamkobel
elementad gvevlineba. aRsaniSnavia, rom safasado sibrtyeze maTi
aqcentireba xdeba ara reliefurobis xarjze, aramed gansxvavebuli
feradovnebis qvis masaliT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom santa maria de kuintanila de las vinias taZarma
Semogvinaxa relifuri figuruli kompoziciebis Zalian saintereso
nimuSebic, rac dReisaTvis adgilSecvlilia da interieris kuTvnil
kompoziciebTan erTad Sida sivrceSia warmodgenilia. ramdenadac
Cvenamde moaRwia am taZris mxolod aRmosavleTma nawilma –
(sakurTxeveli da perpendikularuli transepti), amitom rTulia
safasado Semkulobis saerTo sistemaze saubari, Tumca arsebuli
detalebic bevrismTqmelia.
santa maria de kuintanila de las vinias interierSi yvelaze
TvalismomWrelia sakurTxevlis satriumfo TaRi, romelsac mkveTri
nalis formis moxazuloba aqvs [tab.#31-g)]. misi Semamkobelia kedlis
sibrtyidan mcired wamoweuli farTo ornamentirebuli sartyeli. aq
zedapiri srulad aqvs dafaruli vazis talRovan uwyvet lerws,
romelic foTlebis saSualebiT rgolebs Semowers (Tumca ar aris
bolomde Sekruli) da SemozRudavs TiToeuli maTganis wiaRSi Caweril
gamosaxulebebs – iqneba es uSualod yurZnis mtevani, palmeti, Tu
sxvadasxva frinvelisa da cxovelis calkeuli gamosaxuleba. nalis
formis TaRi eyrdnoba, mozrdil, horizontalur marTkuTxa formis
konsolebs, romelTa zedapiric daTmobili aqvs reliefur kompoziciebs
[tab.#31-d)]. marjvniv gamosaxulia ori mfrinavi angelozis mier wreSi
Cawerili naxevarfiguris `amaRleba”. aRsaniSnavia, rom naxevarfigura
damSvenebulia TavTan gadaSlili sxivebiT, xolo misi Tanxlebi
warwera miuTiTebs rom es gaxlavT mzis personifikacia (SOL). meore
mxares analogiuri kompoziciaa (naxevari Camotexilia), mxolod im
gansxvavebiT, rom medalionSi Cawerili naxevarfiguris Tavze
warmodgenilia naxevarmTvare, rac warweriTac (LUNA) aris gamyarebuli
(ovaliT ebjineba Tavs da zemoT aris mimarTuli gaxsnili mxare).
uSualod TaRis wverSi, centrSi, Zlierad Sveril qvis blokze
157
gamosaxulia reliefuri figura, rac jvruli SaravandediTmosil
makurTxevel qristes unda warmoadgendes.
CvenTvis Zalian sainteresoa aRwerili reliefuri
gamosaxulebebis mxatvruli sametyvelo ena, rac sibrtyobriv-grafikuli
stiliT xasiaTdeba. aq warmodgenilia kedlidan mcired amoziduli
figurebi, romelTa zedapiric fonis paralelur sibrtyes inarCunebs.
moculobiTobis SeZena miniSnebulic ar aris. dekoraciuli
gamomsaxveloba ki xSiri, mokle, sxvadasxva mxares mimarTuli xazebiT
Sesrulebuli modelirebiT aris warmodgenili. TvalSisacemia
darRveuli proporciebi. centraluri figurebis SemTxvevaSi Tavis zoma
gazrdilia, angelozebis figurebSi ki piriqiT, wagrZelebul sxeulTan
SedarebiT patara zomis aris, xolo xelis mtevnebi ki, rac mipyrobilia
centraluri figurisken, aqcentirebulia gazrdili masStabiT. aseve
gansakuTrebul maxvilebs qmnis figurebis moxrili xelis idayvebisa da
frTebis falangebis xisti kuTxovani monaxazebi.
saocaria, magram aRniSnuli maxasiaTeblebiT es reliefuri
kompoziciebi zust paralels povebs qarTuli mqandakeblobis
ganviTrebis misTvis Tanadroul - IX-X saukunis nimuSebTan, rac X
saukunis II naxevridan TandaTan momrgvalebuli-moculobiTi formebiT
icvleba. romanul arqiteqturaSi ganviTarebis es tendencia umaRles
wertilamde mivida da gamosaxulebebma TiTqmis, sami ganzomileba
SeiZina. Cvenma erovnulma skolam ki, mainc Cveuli TavSekavebuli,
tradiciebisadmi erTguli xasiaTiT moculobiTi, momrgvalebuli
formebi garkveuli odenobiT SeiTvisa, Tumca xazis, rogorc mTavari
sametyvelo enis, mniSvneloba faqtiurad srulad SeinarCuna. am
ukanasknel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, kvlav Zalian sainteresoa asmaT
oqropiriZis statia, sadac igi qarTuli saxviTi enis raobaze saubrisas
aRniSnavs, rom: `qarTuli xelovnebis ucvleli enobrivi
maxasiaTeblebidan erT-erT niSnad gamovlinda e.w. `xazobrioba~,
romelic xazis saSualebiT saxviTi informaciis lakoniur Cawera-
gadmocemas gulisxmobs da es azri sayovelTaod damkvidrda ara marto
CvenSi . . . miuxedavad sxvadasxva periodis kuTvnilebisa – konstanturia
gadmocemis erTi principi – gamosaxuleba igeba patara sibrtye-
monakveTebisgan, romelic Tavidan bolomde mijriTaa daserili xazTa
158
imgvari dinebiT, rom calkeuli xazi Tavis TavSi mTeli gamosaxulebis
plastikur kods atarebs; amasTanave, sibrtye-monakveTis SigniT xazis
gameorebiT miiReba xazTa wyobis ritmuli dineba, riTic gadmoicema
rogorc TviT gamosaxulebis (sagnis) plastikuri xasiaTi, aseve xdeba
sibrtyis wakiTxvac.”166
garda aRniSnuli kompoziciebisa, santa maria de kuintanilas
taZarma Semogvinaxa kidev ori relifuri kompoziciiT Semkuli fila.
rogorc ukve iTqva, dReisaTvis maTi mdebareoba gadanacvlebulia
(sakurTxevelSi devs). erT-erT maTgani warmodgens horizontalur,
marTkuTxa, didi zomis filaze centrSi ormagi SaravandiTmosil,
mamakacis, pirobiTad sammeoTxedSi mibrunebul, naxevarfiguras
[tab.#31e)]. proporciebi kvlav darRveulia. gansakuTrebiT gazrdilia
centraluri figuris Tavi, mogrZo saxis ovaliT, mkacri, gayinuli
gamometyvelebiT. misi erTi xeli saerTod ar Cans, meore ki mkerdis
gaswvriv aqvs moxrili da ganze tolmklava (odnav kideebgaSlili)
jvari upyria. aRniSnuli figura flankirebulia ori angeloziT.
romelTagan erTi, zurgis mxridan, orive xeliT exeba mas (iseve rogorc
`amaRlebis” kompoziciebSi gamoisaxeba xolme, Tumca aq ar gvxvdeba arc
medalioni da arc mandorla), TiTqos, igi miacilebs, warudgens mas
meore angelozs, romelic jvriTve egebeba mas.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, am kompoziciaSic erTmaneTs enacvleba
odnav momrgvalebuli formebi (rogoric aris Tavis ovali, figurebis
mxrebi, Tu angelozebis frenis niSnad gadrekili sxeulebi) da mkveTrad
waxnagovani, xisti formebi (xelis idayvebis Tu frTebis falangebisa da
samosis konturis saxiT). aq vlindeba, rom ostatis winaSe mTavar
gamomsaxvelobiT, eqspresiul Strixs warmoadgens ara momrgvalebuli,
odnav moculobiTi detalebi, aramed swored xisti xazobriv –
kuTxovani monakveTebi.
rac Seexeba meore filis kompozicias, igi Tavisi formatiTa da
zogadi saxiT pirvelis identuria [tab.#31-v)]. gansxvaveba mdgomareobs
imaSi, rom centraluri figura frontalurad aris gamosaxuli,
166 a. oqropiriZe, qarTuli xelovnebis saxviTi enisaTvis, akademia, tomi 6-7, 2006 gv.:5-7
159
amasTanave, miuxedavad imisa, rom raime saxis xazgamsmeli detali mas ar
axlavs, vfiqrobT, igi qals unda warmoadgendes, radganac Zalian
pirobiTad gadmocemul saxis nakvTebSi odnav qalis ieri SeimCneva,
yelic ufro viwro da `nazia” vidre wina kompoziciis centraluri
figuris mkveTrad mamakacuri ieri. samosis drapirebis aRmniSvneli
Rarebic gansxvavebuli mimarTulebisaa. angelozebis figurebi ki kvlav
igivenairia, uwono gadrekili sxeuliT haerSi SeCerebulan da
frontalur naxevarfiguras orive xeliT exebian.
garda uSualod saxviTi manerisa, CvenTvis sagulisxmoa figuraTa
urTierTmimarTeba. aq, iseve rogorc IX-X saukuneebis qarTul
mqandakeblobaSi, kompoziciis mTavari Semkvreli, siuJetis gamxsneli, Tu
eqspresiis gadmomcemi figuraTa Jestikulaciaa. frontalurad gayinul,
srulebiT umetyvelo saxeebs da uwono, sibrtyobriv sxeulebs
gamomsaxelobas sZens formaTa plastikuri konturi da xelis mtevnebis
rbili modelireba.
ori angeloziT flankirebuli centraluri figuris (macxovris,
jvris) `amaRlebis~ kompozicia, Tavisi cxadi, martivi sqemiT, Cvens
mqandakeblobaSic analogiuria, magram gansxvaveba swored figuraTa
urTierTmimarTebasa da gamomsaxvelobaSia. sainteresoa, rom Cvens
moqandakeebs yovelTvis xiblavdaT angelozTa frTebis xazgasma,
radganac maTi modelireba saSualebas iZleva plastikurad aametyvelos
kompozicia (jvris monastris, safaris miZinebis taZris). santa maria de
kuintanilas taZris mzisa da mTvaris kompoziciebSi ostatma scada
(marjvena) angelozi, Cveulad, ori frTiT gamoesaxa, magram, rogorc
Cans, gamocdileba ar eyo da Sedegi imdenad warumatebeli (sxeulTan
arabubnebrivad `mibmuli”, viwro, xisti da yovelgvar plastikurobas
moklebuli) aRmoCnda, rom mopirdapire angelozic ki (iseve rogorc
danarCen kompoziciebSi) TiTo frTiT warmoadgina. amgvarive
gadawyvetileba miiRo CvenTan yaCaRanis qvajvaris (VIIs.) jvris
amaRlebis kompoziciis ostatma. aq gamosaxulia oTxi angelozis figura
TiTo frTiT. Tumca maT SemTxvevaSi, erTi mimarTulebiT moZravi, xSiri
xazobrivi drapirebaa, rasac srulad esadageba frTis plastikuri
monaxazi da iqmneba maJoruli dinamika.
160
yovelivedan gamomdinare, Cven vxedavT drosa da sivrceSi Tu
raoden sainteresod viTardeba safasado Semkulobis sistema. xazgasmiT
Cans is Tanxvedri amocanebi rac ostatTa winaSe dgas: yvela skolis
magaliTze aSkaraa sibrtyobrividan nel-nela moculobiT sxeulebze
gadasvla. droTa ganmavlobaSi grafikul stils ferweruli, Suq-
CrdiliT gajerebuli elementebi enacvleba da Sesabamisad, ornamentisa
da reliefuri kompoziciebis roli safasado sibrtyeze izrdeba. Tumca,
Cven vxedavT, sayovelTao tendenciebis miRma, adgilobiv gemovnebaze
daqvemdebarebul, kompoziciur agebas, formaTSegrZnebas, dinamikas, rac
ganapirobebs swored sxvadasxva erovnul skolaTa TviTmyofad
maxasiaTeblebs.
161
4.1.3 X saukunis qarTuli monumenturi qandakebis
stilisturi maxasiaTeblebi
ukve araerTxel aRvniSneT, qarTuli sataZro xuroTmoZRvrebis
ganviTarebis etapebs Soris, X saukunis mniSvnelovneba. visaubreT
safasado sistemis maxasiaTeblebze da, TavisTavad, masSi monawile
monumentur qandakebazec. magram, vfiqrobT, es ukanaskneli imdenad
mkafio stilisturi niSnebiT gamoirCeva, imdenad naTlad Cans winare
(IXs.) periodis maxasiaTeblebis memkvidreobidan amosvla da amave dros
srulebiT axali Tvisebebis SeZena, rom saWiroa ufro Rrmad
mimovixiloT.
amgvarad, pirvel rigSi ganvixilavT IX saukunis safasado
qandakebis stilistur niSnebs. amisTvis ki moviSveliebT, erTgvar,
`etalonad~ miCneul opizis saqtitoro reliefs (IXs.-is I mesamedi). es
gaxlavT (ori filisgan Semdgari) samfiguriani kompozicia sadac
nalTad Cans, rogorc mxatvruli sametyvelo enis sibrtyobriv-
grafikuli manera, ise garkveuli simboluri niSnebi, rac kompoziciis
gamomsaxvelobiTi struqturis miRma Rrma Sinaarss xsnis [tab.#32-a)].
erT filaze warmodgenilia (warweris Tanaxmad) aSot kurapalati,
gumbaTovani eklesiiT xelSi. rasac qristes marjvena akurTxebs. aq
erTismxriv lakoniuri dasrulebuli kompoziciaa Seqmnili, risi
Sinaarsic srulebiT cxadia, magram filis kideebis odnav amaRlebuli
zedapiris saSualebiT warmodgenili moCarCoeba, makurTxeveli xelis
midamoSi `gaxsnilia~ da amiT migvaniSnebs mis kavSirs meore filasTan.
aq ki gamosaxulia eqvs koncentrirebul TaRze aRsaydrebuli qriste,
romlis apyrobili marjvena xelis mtevanic pirvel filaze akurTxebs
taZars. qristes marjvniv daviT mefis figuraa vedrebis JestikulaciiT.
rogorc Cans, pirveli kompoziciis gavrcoba gvian iqna gadawyvetili.
amitomac, ostati makurTxeveli marjvenis bunebrivad gagrZelebisTvis
qristes figuras SemaRlebaze - 6 TaRze gamosaxavs. am mxriv, daviT mefe,
miuxedavad fexze dgomisa, qristes figuraze dablaa warmodgenili rac
srul SesabamisobaSia qristianul msoflmxedvelobasTan, magram rac
Seexeba aSot kurapalats, ramdenadac igi pirveli filis mTel simaRles
ikavebs, TiTqmis, gautolda uflis gamosaxulebas. svaraudod, am
162
mizeziT, ostatma gamosavali ipova da meore fila odnav didi zomis
aiRo da amiT saSualeba mieca qriste odnav ufro maRla gamoesaxa. aqve
unda aRvniSnoT, rom qristes figuris gamosaxvas 6 koncentrul `ciur
sferoze~ mniSvnelovani simboluri datvirTvac aqvs. amasTan
dakavSirebiT vaxtang jobaZe aRniSnavs: `msgavsad solomonis
aRmosavluri warmomavlobis saydrisa (Imef.10,18-20), misi saydaric eqvs
koncentrul ciur sferozea damyarebuli. Sesabamisad, meSvide caze
aRsaydrebuli qriste kosmiuri mniSvnelobisaa, viTarca qveynierebis
ufali, kosmokratori, maradis gandidebuli mefe (es.66,1;saqme, 7,49; maT. 5,
34-35).~ 167
v. jobaZes aqve, sqolioSi moyavs ganmarteba: `Svidfeniani cisa da
Svidi planetis idea aRmosavleTidan da saberZneTidan modis. meore
saukunis meore naxevarSi irineosi brZanebda, rom samyaro Svidi ciT
aris garSemortymuli. daaxloebiT imave xanebSi klement aleqsandrelisa
da origenes azriTac samyaro garsSemortymulia Svidi planetiTa da
Svidi ciT. (ix: H.P.L’Orange,The Iconography of Cosmic Kingship in the Ancient world,
Oslo 1953, gv37)~168. am mxriv, Cven vxedavT, rom yoveli saxviTi detalis
safuZvels misi ideur-simboluri Sinaarsi warmoadgens. es ukanaskneli
midgoma Zalian Rrmad iyo gamjdari qarTuli safasado mqandakeblobis
ganviTarebis am etapze (X saukunis CaTvliT), rasac Semdgom
dekoraciuli, wina planze momdinare mxatvruli efeqtebi enecvleba.
frontalurobidan gamomdinare, figurebi erTmaneTTan mxolod
Jestikulaciis xarjze aris dakavSirebuli. am kompoziciis mTavari
dekoraciuli funqciis matarebeli CakveTili xSiri Rarebia, rac
samosTa drapirebis saxiT faravs samive figuras. aq Cans mcdeloba imisa,
rom Rarebis mimarTuleba exmianebodes sxeulis moZraobas, Tumca es
Zalian pirobiTia. gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia idayvTan Rarebis odnav
morkaluli saxiT gadmocema.
opizis figuruli gamosaxulebebis stilisturi niSnebi Zalian
mkafiod warmoaCens am periodis qarTul mqadakeblobas. aq gamosaxulia,
darRveuli proporciebis (gansakuTrebiT wverebis saxiT wagrZelebuli,
167 v.jobaZe, adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli monastrebi istoriul taoSi, klarjeTsa da SavSeTSi, Tb., 2006 w. gv. 28 168 v. jobaZe, iqve.
163
gazrdili Tavis ovali da xelis mtevnebi) sibrtyobrivi sxeulebi, saxis
nakvTebis pirobiTi niSnebic ki – nuSis formis Tvalis WrilSi mkveTrad
CakveTili gugebi, warbebis moyvanilobidan Camozrdili cxviris konturi,
Tu didi yurebi – rac aseve saxasiaToa qronologiurad Semdgomi
periodis nimuSebisTvis (dolisyana, kumurdo, safaris miZinebis taZari,
Txaba-erda).
dolisyanas taZris reliefuri gamosaxulebebi, opizis Semdgom,
ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan nabijebs warmogvidgens [tab.#20-d). samxreTi
fasadis figurebi Tu gumbaTis yelze mdebare sumbat mefis reliefi
mocemulia kedlis sibrtyidan sakmaod amozidulad, Tumca kideebis
moumrgvaleblobis gamo, erTgvar, fonis paralelur zedapirs qmnis. amis
gamo, miuxedavad kedlidan damoukidebeli masis SeZenisa, jer kidev ar
aris miRweuli moculobiTobis SegrZneba. Zalian sainteresoa samxreTi
fasadis centraluri sarkmlis aqeT-iqiT warmodgenili, kverTxiTa da
diskoTi aRWurvili, miqael da gabriel mTavarangelozebis figurebi.
maTi Sesamoslis Sesamkobad garda wvrili, kveTili Rarebisa, qveda
arSiebsa da diskoebze punsonebic Cndeba. frTebis damuSavebis mxriv, aq
zeda nawilSi mxolod mZimeebis saxiT mcire Rarebia, xolo qvemoT ki,
erTiani da grZeli, rac frTis formis Sesabamisad xistad odnav aris
gadrekili. aRsaniSnavia, rom figurebis proporciebi SedarebiT
daculia. momrgvalebulad aris modelirebuli mxolod saxis formebi,
mxrebisa da idayvebis moyvaniloba.
rogorc Cans, momdevno periodis Zeglebze aramarto opizis
reliefis figurebis tipaJma, aramed kompoziciurma struqturamac iqonia
gavlena. amis erT-erT magaliTad, safaris miZinebis taZris stoaSi
`daculi” (realurad ki migdebuli) reliefuri gamosaxulebis fragmenti
da aseve inguSeTSi mdebare qarTuli taZris Txaba-erdas reliefuri
kompozicia migvaCnia.
safaris miZinebis taZarSi Semonaxuli reliefuri kompoziciis
fragmenti Zalian sainteresoa da amasTanave srulebiT uyuradRebod
mitovebuli169 [tab.#32-b)]. Cvenamde moRweulia aRsaydrebuli qristes
169 gaugebaria, ratom ar SeiZleba aseTi, Cvenamde moRweuli fragmentebis dacul adgilas ganTavseba, samwuxarod aseTive situaciaa kumurdos karibWeSi figuruli reliefis Zalian saintereso nimuSTan mimarTebaSic. faqti ki erTia, dro da dro maTi dazianeba matulobs.
164
figura, samwuxarod, Tavis gareSe. Tumca, eklesiis gamosaxulebis
detalze mimarTuli makurTxeveli marjvena da meore xelSi saxareba
misi identificirebisas eWvs ar iwvevs. aq opizis kompoziciis msgavsad
aris gamosaxuli makurTxeveli marjvenas utrirebulad gazrdili
mtevani, saxarebis meore xeliT qvemodan pyroba, amasTanave saydris
`sazurgis” detalic ki. Cven mxolod am CamoTvlili fragmentebis
mixedviT SegviZlia vimsjeloT da warmovidginoT, rom taZris modelis
detalis arsebobis Sesabamisad, qristes winaSe warmsdgari iqneboda
meore figura. rac Seexeba iyo Tu ara es yovelive mTlianobaSi
samfiguriani kompozicia, amis mtkicebisgan Tavs SevikavebT, radganac
aranairi xelmosaWidi detali ar gvaqvs. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, yvela
CamoTvlili niSnis mixedviT, srulebiT logikuria am ori reliefis
erTmaneTTan dakavSireba.
stilisturi TvalsazrisiT, safaraSi qristes figuris samosis
zedapiris Semamkobeli xazovani modelireba odnav gansxvavebul ritms
gvTavazobs. aq mxridan dabla eSveba odnav plastikurad gadrekili,
ganmeorebadi Rarebi. makurTxeveli marjvena ufro Txeli, sxeulTan
mimarTebiT ufro proporciulia. Tumca, uSualod mtevani mainc
gazrdilia zomaSi. rac Seexeba fexebs, reliefis zedapiri Zalian
dazianebulia da rTulia dabejiTebiT ramis Tqma, Tumca fragmentebis
mixedviT, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom aq opizis identurad iyo
warmodgenili ovaluri Rarebis wyeba. ra Tqma unda, rTulia, imis Tqma
Tu saerTod romel taZars ganekuTvneboda aRniSnuli reliefuri
kompoziciis es fragmenti, magram gansakuTrebiT makurTxeveli xelis
moculobiTi, fonidan Zlierad amoziduli, momrgvalebulad
damuSavebuli formebi, amasTanave eqspresiulad gazrdili detali,
SenarCunebuli grafikul-xazobrivi modelireba – mas X saukunis
qmnilebad warmoaCens.
rac Seexeba inguSeTis taZar Txaba-erdas dasavleT fasadze
warmodgenil kompozicias, masze ufro metis Tqma aris SesaZlebeli
[tab.#32-g)].
Txaba-erdas Sesaxeb istoriis SeswavlisTvis gansakuTrebiT
165
mniSvnelovania giorgi CubinaSvilis naSromi170 da aseve, givi RambaSiZis
araerTi kvleva171. cnobebi aRniSnuli taZris Sesaxeb gabneulia agreTve,
Crdilokavkasiel da rus mkvlevarTa naSromebSic.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Txaba-erdas qarTuli kulturisadmi mikuTvnebaze
aravin davobs, Tumca azrTa sxvadasxvaobas misi daTariReba iwvevs, rac
IX saukunidan – XII-XIVsauknemde meryeobs172. azrTa amgvar sxvadasxvaobas
iwvevs taZris araerTgzisi gadakeTeba da aRniSnulis Sedegad, mravali
samSeneblo periodis maniSnebeli detalebis gaCena.
g. CubinaSvili taZris dawvrilebiTi analizis safuZvelze gamoyofs
sam samSeneblo periods: VIII-IXss.; X_XI saukuneebis mijnas da XV_XVI
saukuneebs173. mis azrs iziarebs givi RambaSiZec, Tumca igi, taZris meore
samSeneblo periods ufro akonkretebs Xs-is-II naxevriT, xolo mesame
samSeneblo periods XIII-XIV saukuneebiT Semofarglavs174.
drois aseT xangrZliv monakveTSi warmoebuli mudmivi aRdgeniTi
samuSaoebi mowmoben taZris, rogorc sulieri keris, mniSvnelovan rols.
cnobilia, rom Txaba-erda iyo ara mxolod saeklesio msaxurebis
Casatarebeli adgili, aramed mas hqonda saxalxo krebis, saTemo
Sesakreblis daniSnelebac da amasTan ukve gamahmadianebuli mosaxleobac
ki, mas Tayvans scemda, rogorc wminda adgils.
taZris istoriis Sesaswavlad gansakuTrebulad Rirebulia
Semonaxuli asomTavruli warwerebi, sadac ixsenieba qarTveli saeklesio
moRvaweebi: episkoposi giorgi (Xs.); kaTalikosi arseni II (955-980) da
melqisedek I (XI s-is I nax.).
Txaba-erdas ukanaskneli sarestavracio samuSaoebi adgilobrivi
inguSi ostatebis mier ganxorcielda. maT aRadgines mxolod taZris
centraluri nawili, ris gamoc taZarma Seicvala Tavisi pirvandeli
struqtura.
amgvarad, Cven amJamad saxeze gvaqvs zeaziduli darbazuli tipis
170 Г.Н.Чубинашвили, Вопросы истории искусства, исследования и заметки, Т. II, Тбилиси, 2002. 171 Г.Г. Гамбашидзе,Три лапидарные надписи епископа Георгия (X в.) из христианского храма Ткобя-Ерда
(Ингушетия), Археология, этнология, фольклористика Кавказа, Тбилиси, 2004. 172 Д.В.Белецкий, А.Ю.Казарян, Храм Тхаба-Ерды, Переплетение архитектурных традиций в Горной
Ингушетии, http://niitag.ru/info/doc/?244 (20.05.2014) 173 Г.Н. Чубинашвили К вопросу о культурных связях Грузии и Ингушетии. Тезисы докладов X сессии отдела общественных наук Академии наук Грузинской ССР. Тбилиси, 1941. 174 Г. Гамбашидзе К вопросу о культурно-исторических связях средневековой Грузии с народами Северного Кавказа, II международный симпозиум по грузинскому искосству. Тбилиси, 1977
166
taZari aRmosavleTiT naxevarwriuli afsidiT, maSin rodesac,
Tavdapirvelad igi warmoadgenda sameklesian bazilikas sammxrivi
garsSemosavleliT. pirvandeli mSeneblobidan SemorCa aRmosavleTi
fasadis Sewyvilebuli, reliefebiT Semkuli sarkmeli, samxreTi kedlis
aRmosavleTi nawili, aseve dasavleTi kedlis fragmentebi da CrdiloeTi
garsSemosavlelis TaRedis xuTi oTxkuTxa sveti. aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis
Sedegad, TiTqmis, SeuZlebelia safasado Semkulobis saerTo sistemis
erTobliobaSi warmodgena, magram monumenturi mqandakeblobis
ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, es Zegli mainc Zalian saintereso monacemebs
iZleva. mniSvnelovania aseve taZris Sida sivrceSi, konsolebsa da
calkeul filebze warmodgenili angelozebis, adamianTa da cxovelTa
reliefuri gamosaxulebebis arseboba.
gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania dasavleT fasadze warmodgenili
saqtitoro reliefuri kompozicia, romelic fasadis sibrtyeze
dominantur rols asrulebs da ideur-mxatvrul aqcentad gvevlineba
[tab.#32-g)]. man samwuxarod, Cvenamde Zlier nakluli saxiT moaRwia.
fasadis centrSi qvis filebiT kedlis sibrtyidan sakmaod amoziduli
TaRia Semowerili, swored igi Semofarglavs SemorCenil figurul
gamosaxulebebsa da ornamentuli motivebiT Semkul fragmentebs. aq
warmodgenilia centrSi saydarze mjdomi macxovari da mis marjvniv
fexze mdgomi figura, romelsac cal xelSi maxvili uWiravs, meoreSi ki
qristesken mimarTuli jvari. unda aRiniSnos, rom dReisaTvis
gamosaxulebebi erTgvarad Sekowiwebuli saxiT aris warmodgenili, anu
srulebiT darRveulia Tavdapirveli kompoziciuri ganlageba, ris gamoc
gamodis, rom qristes saydarze mjdomi figura bevrad ufro dablaa
warmodgenili, vidre fexze mdgomi figura, rac srulebiT ewinaaRmdegeba
yovelgvar SesaZlo ikonografiul sqemas. SesaZlebelia aq swored
opizis saqtitoro reliefis msgavsad, qristes saydarze mjdomi figura
eqvs `ciur” TaRze yofiliyo aRmarTuli. am SemTxvevaSi igi Cveuli
sidiadiT iqneboda warmodgenili da ara ise uxerxulad, rogorc
amJamad175.
qristes marcxniv myofi gamosaxuleba dakargulia, Tumca
175 m.gunia, sataZroMreliefuriFfiguruli gamosaxulebebi, maTi roli da mxatvruli xasiaTi kavkasiis xuroTmoZRvrul skolaTa konteqstSi. kavkasiologTa II saerTaSoriso simpoziumi, moxsenebaTa masalebi, 2010w. noemberi
167
mkvlevari d. belecki aRniSnavs, rom igi aRmoaCines soflis SemogarenSi.
misi aRweriT176, igi asaxavs wverosani mamakacis fexze mdgom figuras,
romelsac olari mosavs. mis TavTan SemorCenilia asomTavruli warwera
“giorgi episkoposi”, romelsac g. RambaSiZe kveteris episkoposTan
aigivebs, xolo paleografiuli niSnebiT warweras X-s-is II naxevriT-XI
saukunis dasawyisiT aTariRebs177. garda aRniSnuli figuruli
kopoziciisa, Txaba-erdaze daculia kidev araerTi figuruli
gamosaxuleba, aseTia aRmosavleTi fasadis timpanSi lomebTan mebrZoli
samsonis figura da aseve taZris modeliT warmodgenili figura qristes
winaSe.
miuxedavad mravali danaklisisa, Cven SegviZlia stilisturi
analiziT aRniSnuli figurebi mivakuTvnoT qarTuli monumenturi
mqandakeblobis ganviTarebis im periods, rodesac figuraTa
moculobiTobis miRweva mniSvnelovan sakiTxad dgeba. aq xazgasmiT aris
naCvenebi X saukunis miswrafeba_ dasZlios wina periodis sibrtyobrivi
xazobrivoba da moculobiT sxeuls miaRwios. swored am mizniT, aq
figurebi Zlier aris amoziduli fonidan da sxeulis garkveul
detalebSi simrgvalis miniWebiT moculobiTi forma iqmneba, Tumca mainc
mkveTrad aRiniSneba darRveuli proporciebi, rac gardamavali
periodidan moyolebuli X saukunes, TiTqmis, bolomde gasdevs. figuraTa
Tavebis formiT, (wverebis xazgasasmelad) qvemoT dagrZelebuli saxis
ovaliT da, rogorc vTqviT, kompoziciuri ganlagebiTac ki, igi axlo
paralels povebs opizis zemoT ganxilul reliefTan (IXs-is I nax.).
am ori kompoziciis erTmaneTTan SedarebiT SegviZlia davinaxoT,
Tu rogor TandaTanobiT icvleba da viTardeba saxviTi ena saukunidan
saukunemde. opizis gamosaxulebebi odnav aris amaRlebuli fonidan da
mkveTrad sibrtyobriv-grafikuli niSnebiT xasiaTdeba, Txaba-erdas
gamosaxulebebi ki mkveTrad aris fonidan amoziduli da formaTa
kideebis momrgvalebiT sakmaod moculobiTi sxeuli iqmneba. amasTanave,
(marjvena figuris magaliTze) zedapiris modelirebisas ar ikargeba
176 Д. Белецкий, А.Ю. Казарян, Храм Тхаба-Ерды, Переплетение архитектурных традиций в Горной Ингушетии, http://niitag.ru/info/doc/?244 (20.05.2014) 177 Г. Гамбашидзе Три лапидарные надписи епископа Георгия (X в.) из христианского храма Ткобя-Ерда
(Ингушетия), Археология, этнология, фольклористика Кавказа, Тбилиси, 2004.
168
xazobrivi dinamikis farTod gamoyeneba, rac gamoixateba samosis
`drapirebis” saxiT warmodgenili vertikaluri da diagonaluri mWidrod
ganmeorebadi CakveTili RarebiT. amasTanave ostats gamiznulad Semoaqvs
am yovelivesTan Sepirispirebuli, horizontaluri, xisti, amoburculi
xazebi - kabis wawvetebuli kalTis, marcxnidan marjvniv (mayureblis
xedidan) sxeulis gadamkveTi xmlis da, sapirispirod mimarTuli, meore
moxrili xelis idayvis saxiT.
es ukanaskneli Strixebi vlindeba aseve vales taZris aRmosavleTi
fasadis centralur samfigurian kompoziciazec. gansakuTrebiT ki
marjvniv gamosaxuli angelozis sxeulis modelirebis TvalsazrisiT. aq
warmodgenilia analogiuri xazobrivi dinamika: rac zeda nawilSi -
mxrebidan diagonaluri mimarTulebiT erTmaneTs gadakveTs da samkuTxa
sayelos warmoqmnis, xolo qvemoT iSleba, trapeciul konturSi
Cawerili, vertikaluri, odnav gare kideebisken mimarTuli Rarebi. am
yoveliveze ki, mkafio maxvilis saxiT, welis midamoSi sxeulis
gadamkveTi, RmrTismSoblis centraluri figurisken mimarTuli,
disproporciulad wagrZelebuli xelis idayvis horizontaluri xazia
mocemuli. ris ritmul gameorebasac kabis qveda kidis xisti,
sworxazovani daboloeba warmoadgens. sainteresoa, rom es saxasiaTo
niSani gvxvdeba aseve espanur preromanul reliefur qandakebaSic,
gansakuTrebiT ki, santa maria kuintanila de las vinias taZris
magaliTze.
Cvens mier ganxilul yvela magaliTSi samfiguriani kompoziciaa
warmodgenili, sadac personaJebi TavianTi gayinuli, statikuri,
frontaluri pozebiT, opizis reliefis msgavsad, erTmaneTTan mxolod
JestikulaciiT arian dakavSirebuli, Tumca formis modelirebis kuTxiT,
IX saukunis ZeglTan, mkveTr sxvaobas amJRavneben.
opizis saxasiaTo jgufs, garkveulwilad, uerTdeba safaris
miZinebis taZris X saukunis II naxevris mSeneblis figurac178, romelic
kidev ufro naTlad asaxavs mqandakeblobis ganviTarebaSi warmodgenil
Zvrebs, rac moculobiTobas da figurebis moZraobis, SedarebiT,
ganTavisuflebas gulisxmobs [tab.#32-b)].
178 m.gunia, safaris miZinebis taZari, samagistro naSromi, (xelnaweris uflebiT),
ap.quTaTelaZis Tbilisis samxatvro akademia, Tb.2007w.
169
miZinebis taZris safasado dekorSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia
reliefur gamosaxulebebs. ramdenadac taZris mTavari Semamkobelia
dekoraciuli sartyeli karnizis saxiT, swored mis kuTxeebSia
ganTavsebuli figuruli reliefebic, romelTagan umTavresi adgili anu
sakurTxevlis mxare qvaze momuSave ostats aqvs daTmobili, xolo
dasavleTi fasadis kuTxeebi ki angelozebs. ostatis figura
gadmocemulia muxlebSi moxrili, marjvniv mimarTuli, Tavi ki fasSia
gamosaxuli. figura fexmoyrils ufro hgavs, anu cal muxlze
Camuxluls, rogorc locva-kurTxevis aRebis niSnad uflis winaSe. amiT
igi mogvagonebs mcxeTis jvris reliefze qobul-stefanozis muxlmoyril
gamosaxulebas macxovris winaSe. maTi moZraoba TiTqmis erTnairia,
magram Tu qobul-stefanozs vedrebis niSnad aqvs xelebi gawvdili,
ostats qvis blokze uros dasartymelad. TiTqos, misi vedreba uSualod
muSaobis procesis TanxlebiT xdeba.
miZinebis taZris ostatis figura Tavisi zogadi maxasiaTeblebiT,
gansakuTrebiT Tavis gamosaxulebiT, Zalian axlos dgas opizisa da
Txaba-erdas reliefebTan. Tumca, aSkaraa figuris moZraobis bevrad
ufro Tavisufali gadmocema da aseve sxeulis moculobiTi formebis
ufro TvalsaCino miRweva, gansakuTrebiT qveda kidurebis SemTxvevaSi,
romelic, TiTqmis, horeliefurad aris mocemuli. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom
eqspresiulad gazrdili detalebi- kvlav aqtiurad gamoiyeneba, es ki
mowmobs imas, rom mxatvruli gemovneba, saxviTi ena jer kidev igive
rCeba, Tumca mimdinareobs ganviTarebis gzaze formis ganTavisufleba,
plastikurobisa da moculobiTobis SeZena. es tendencia ki, rogorc
zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, X saukunis meore naxevridan iwyeba da XI
saukunisTvis gansakurebul xarisxs aRwevs.
am kuTxiT, qarTuli safasado mqandakeblobis am periodis
mniSvnelovani Zeglia qoroRo (mTiuleTi) [tab.#32-d)]. taZarTan mTavari
misadgomi dasavleTiTaa, amitom mTavari Semkuloba swored aq aris
koncentrirebuli, rac lavgardanis gayolebaze warmodgenil siuJetur
kompozicias moicavs. aq qvis TiTo filaze TiTo kompoziciaa
gamosaxuli. cikli qanobTa qveda kuTxeebidan iwyeba da zustad centrSi
mTavrdeba RmrTismSoblis xelgaSlili figuriT, romlis wiaRSic yrmis
170
saxea Cawerili. frizuli kompozicia asaxavs taZris mSeneblobis da
kurTxevis process.
aq xazi aqvs gasmuli mSenebelTa mZime Sromas, gansakuTrebiT qvis
zidvas_ iqneba es marxiliT, kacebis mier zurgiT, Tu Tokis saSualebiT
maTi `gaCoCebiT~. asevea asaxuli duRabis momzadebisa da qvis damuSavebis
procesic. bolos taZris kurTxeva da qtitoris mier RmrTismSoblisTvis
taZris mirTmeva.
yvela am scenaSi zustad aris gadmocemuli moqmedebis Sesabamisad
figuris moZraoba. uSualod qvaze muSaobis kompoziciaSi gamosaxulia
ori figura erTmaneTis mopirdapired. erTs ukve qvis blokze aqvs
dacemuli samuSao iaraRi. am procesSi fexze dgas da mxolod mxrebSia
mkveTrad moxrili. meore figuras iaraRi moqneuli aqvs. mas mxrebi
maRla aqvs aweuli, Tavi gverdiT gadaxrili da muxlebSi odnav
moxrilia. reliefebis gamomqandakebeli, TiTqmis, yvela figuras ara
marto bunebriv moZraobas aniWebs, aramed Tavis mimarTulebac
SeZlebisdagvarad bunebrivia. marTalia, arc erTi figura TaviT
profilSi ar aris gadmocemuli, magram xSir SemTxvevaSi sam meoTxedSia
motrialebuli an gadaxrilia da es aZlierebs namdvilobis SegrZnebas.
stilisturi TvalsazrisiT qoroRos reliefebi ukavSirdeba
qandakebis ganviTarebis X saukunis maxasiaTeblebs. sadac mZime, masiuri
figurebi fonidan gamoiyifa Zlier amoburculi reliefiT, rac
moculobiTobis SegrZnebas qmnis. Tvals xvdeba disproporciuloba:
didi Tavi, patara terfebi, wagrZelebuli xelebi. Tumca, amasTanave Cans
sxeulis SeboWilobisgan gaTavisflebis tendencia, moZraobis ufro
Tavisufali gadmocema.
qoroRosTan SedarebiT safaris ostatis mizans warmoadgens ara
taZris Senebis `moyola”, aramed mSeneblis figurisTvis, erTgvarad,
simboluri saxis miniWeba - magaliTad, rogorc es aris sveticxovelze
`didostatis marjvenis~ saxiT. Zalian xSirad gamoisaxeba qtitori
romelic taZars miarTmevs macxovars an RmrTismSobels. aq ki,
gadmocemulia uSualod mSeneblis mier misi `xelobis~ miZRvna.
Tu safaris miZinebis taZris mSeneblis gamosaxulebaSi, foni Tavis
rols mkveTrad asrulebs, dasavleTi fasadis karnizis kuTxeebSi,
uSualod kexze warmodgenili angelozebis SemTxvevaSi, misi arseboba,
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TiTqmis, srulebiT ugulvebelyofilia [tab.#32-e)]. aq karnizis marjvena
kuTxeSi warmodgenilia, kumurdos msgavsad, vedrebis niSnad
xelebapyrobili angelozi. meore kuTxeSi ki angelozi aseve
xelebapyrobili, Tumca eqvsfrTedi. anu, aq mocemulia sxvadasxva
ierarqiis angelozebi. orive maTgani wverosania - rac rogorc batoni
levan rCeuliSvili TrialeTis axalqalaqis (taSbaSi) taZarze
gamosaxuli angelozis figuris ganxilvisas aRniSnavs179, sakmaod iSviaT
tips warmoadgens.180
figurebi imdenad moculobiTad aris gamoqandakebuli rom sami
ganzomilebis STabeWdilebas tovebs, es gancda kidev ufro mZafrdeba
eqvsfrTed angelozTan mimarTebiT, radganac gamosaxulebis wels
qvemoT nawili srulebiT mrgvalia da gverdidan Sexedvisas gamWolad
Cans sivrce. sxva yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, marto am aspeqtiT es
gamosaxuleba Tavisi epoqisTvis udides naxtoms warmoadgens da
srulebiT axal sityvas ambobs qarTuli monumenturi qandakebis
ganviTarebis istoriaSi.
ori momijnave raionis – mesxeTisa da javaxeTis erTi epoqis
qmnilebebs erTmaneTs Tu SevadarebT, warmoCndeba ostatTa Zalian Rrma
SemoqmedebiTi potenciali. miZinebis taZarSi warmodgenilia erT
SemTxvevaSi, marTalia blokuri, nakleb danawevrebuli figura, magram
zedapiris kveTas micemuli aqvs ufro meti siRrme da formis uSualod
`gamoyvanis” funqcia (gansakuTrebiT frTebis mxatvruli gadawyvetis
TvalsazrisiT). kumurdoSi ki, Rarebs mxolod gamoburculi sxeulis
`dafarvis~ funqcia aqvs. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Tu miZinebis taZris
SemTxvevaSi orive angelozis gamosaxulebaze gansakuTrebul aqcents
frTebi warmoadgens, aq isini erTgvarad `miCqmalulia~ ostati ar
iyenebs mis `efeqtur gamomsaxvelobas~, radganac yuradReba mimarTuli
aqvs uSualod figuris sxeulis masis warmoCenaze.
amgvarad, kumurdos angelozebi TavSekavebulia, mkacri da
figurebi srulebiT statikuria, rasac, rogorc aRvniSneT, amZafrebs
CamoSvebuli frTebi. safaras SemTxvevaSi, piriqiT, SeigrZnoba swored
179 l. rCeuliSvili, rat erisTavT-erisTavis nageboba TrialeTis axalqalaqSi, qarTuli xelovneba, 7A , Tb., 1971w., gv:121-122 180 kumurdos karibWis angelozTagan erT-erTze SeimCneva wverosnoba, Tumca qvis zedapiri imdenad gadacrecilia, rom amas dabejiTebiT ver vityviT.
172
dinamika, rac kidev erTi axali sityvaa epoqis farglebSi. marTalia
orfrTed angelozSi es mxolod miniSnebiTaa gamoxatuli, radganac
figura kvlavac frontalurad da statikuri orantis dgomiT aris
warmodgenili, magram gaSlili masiuro frTebi mkveTr maxvils qmnis da
aqtiurad iRebs monawileobas mxatvrul saxeSi. amasTan figuris
ganTavseba karnizis kuTxeSi, anu garkveulwilad dabla gadmoxrilad,
xels uwyobs `frenis~ efeqtis Seqmnas. eqvsfrTedi angelozi ki, am
mxriv, srulebiT unikaluria. marTalia, aq darRveulia frTebs Soris
logikuri kavSiri da, ra Tqma unda, sxeulis proporciebi TuU
anatomiuri agebulebis normebi, magram es ar qmnis raimegvar
diskomforts. aq ostatobis xarjze, srulebiT harmoniulad aris
warmodgenili sxvadasxva doneze aziduli, gaSlili Tu CamoSvebuli
frTebi da, amasTan, angelozis, TiTqmis uwono, Txeli sxeuli, vedrebis
niSnad apyrobili xelebi gazrdili mtevnebiT da aseve odnav gazrdili
zomis Tavi. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tu zemoT CamoTvlili yvela angelozis
figuras gaaCnia, marTalia Zalian momcro, Txeli fexebi, magram maTi
arseboba yovelTvis xazgasmulia, am SemTxvevaSi ostati qveda frTebs
ise Semokecs, rom samosis kideze gadmodis da amiT, swored frenis,
uwonobis xazgasasmelad srulebiTac ugulvebelyofs fexebis
gamosaxvis saWiroebas.
sainteresod aris gamosaxuli safaris orive angelozis samosis
drapireba - mxrebidan dabla eSveba morkaluli Rarebis mwkrivi, rac
qmnis iseT SegrZnebas, TiTqos es aris samosze zemodan mxrebze
dafenili Sesamoslis ovaluri Targis detali. angelozTa am ori
figuris erTmaneTTan Sedarebisas ikveTeba principuli sxvaoba, (rac
safaris miZinebis taZris dekoraciul elementebSi araerTgzis Cndeba,
iqneba es karnizTa ornamentaciisas, Tu interierSi pilastrebis
Semkulobisas). aq xazgasmiT Cans srulebiT gansxvavebuli midgoma
sakiTxisadmi. Tu pirvel SemTxvevaSi ostati umTavresad cdilobs
warmoaCinos moculobiTi figura, Tundac blokuri saxiT da Zlier
gamokveTs TiToeuli bumbulis formas_ meore SemTxvevaSi, moculobiTi,
mrgvali sxeuli gaTavisuflebulia simZimisgan da srulebiT ikargeba
masiuroba, monumenturoba da win modis msubuqi dinamikuri `moZraoba~.
ostati ar uSindeba frTebis simravles da Tamamad aformebs maT
173
ubralod gawafuli xelis Tavisufali muSaobiT. TiTqos, aq xdeba ori
xelovanis urTierTdapirispireba. erTi_ romelic kargi `mowafea~ da
ise asrulebs TiToeul detals, rogorc is saerTod gamoisaxeboda,
rogorc unaxavs da rogorsac igi Tvlis rom unda iyos. xolo meore
SemTxvevaSi ki, Semoqmedi ostati, romelic muSaobisas srulebiT
Tavisufalia. aqve xazi unda gaesvas im faqts, rom isini erTsadaimave
safuZvlidan amodian, erTidaigive mocemuloba aqvT, erTidaigive
epoqaluri niSnebi axasiaTebT, Tumca gansxvaveba uSualod subieqtur
midgobaSi da SemoqmedebiTobaSia. samagistro kvlevaze muSaobisas,
dakvirvebam migviyvana im azramde, rom interieris samxreTi kedlis
Semkuloba, aRmosavleTi karnizis marjvena qanobi da orfrTedi
angelozis gamosaxuleba niWier Segirds ekuTvnis. CrdiloeTi kedlis
pilastrebis, aRmosavleTi sarkmlis, mSeneblisa da eqvsfrTedi
angelozis gamosaxulebebi da karnizebis danarCeni Semkuloba,
miuxedavad gansxvavebuli formebisa, ostatis naxelavi unda iyos“ 181.
aqedan, erTimxriv, daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba, rom kumurdos
gamosaxulebebi ufro adreulia vidre miZinebis taZrisa, magram
meoremxriv isic unda aRiniSnos, rom maT Soris gansxvaveba, dasaSvebia
regionaluri skolis gemovnebidan gamomdinare CaiTvalos, radganac
kumurdos xuroTmoZRvari safasado gaformebis sistemis bevrad ufro
rTul da ganviTarebul, mravalferovan suraTs gvTavazobs, sadac
reliefur figurul gamosaxulebebs moxerxebulad svavs fasadTa
mxatvrul-kompoziciur qargaSi.
kumurdos taZarma angelozis erTi saintereso nimuSic Semogvinaxa
[tab.#14-v)]. adgilobriv mosaxleobas,182 taZris sxvadasxva daniSnulebiT
gamoyenebis mizniT, saTavsebis araerTgzis miSeneba-CaSenebis
paralelurad- Sida sivrceSi Crdilo-dasavleT mxares, savaraudod,
somxuri taZrebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, kedelSi CaSenebuli embazi
mouTavsebiaT, romlis marjvena mxaresac Casmulia angelozis
reliefuri gamosaxuleba. figura stilisturi niSnebiT X saukunes
ganekuTvneba. igi, sxva yvela CamoTvlil nimuSTagan gansxvavebiT,
mkerdTan xelisgulebis SeerTebiT vedrebis saxiT aris warmodgenili.
181 m. gunia, safaris miZinebis taZari, samagistro naSromi, xelnaweris uflebiT, Tbilisis saxelmwifo samxatvro akademia, 2007w. 182 kumurdos mosaxleobas mTlianad eTnikuri somxebi warmoadgenen.
174
aRsaniSnavia, rom es figura amave taZris, ukve aRwerili, angelozebis
msgavsad `milisebri~ formiT srulebiTac ar aris Seqmnili. igi
amozidulia fonis zedapiridan, magram es cerad kveTis saSualebiT,
erTgvarad, TandaTanobiT aris ganxorcielebuli. Tu, ZiriTadad, am
periodisTvis damaxasiaTebelia uSualod formis gamokveTa da Semdgom
misi RarebiT gaformeba, aq frTebis gamosaxvisas ostati, TiTqos,
perspeqtivas qmnis da frTis Semadgenel `bumbulebs~ uSualod fonis
zedapiridan iwyebs da Semdgom Tanmimdevrulad amaRlebs reliefs.
Tumca, Sesamoslis qveda kidis mkveTri horizontaluri xazovaneba da
fonisadmi marTobuli kveTa da, aseve, CakveTili xazebis saSualebiT
drapirebis pirobiTi warmodgena am figuras X saukunis sxva nimuSebis
gverdiT ayenebs. sainteresoa isic, rom aq ostati sxvadasxva
mimarTulebis RarebiT cdilobs warmoaCinos Sesamoseli. welszemoT,
mxrebidan daSvebuli morkaluli Rarebia (msgavsi miZinebis taZris
eqvsfrTedi angelozisa). rac Seexeba frTebis damuSavebas_ isini,
erTgvarad, dasaxsrulia mokle Semadgeneli nawilebisgan, mxolod
bolo nawili Sedgeba SedarebiT grZeli Rarebisgan. am yoveliveTi igi
sakmaod gansxvavdeba amave taZris, Cven mier ganxiluli, sxva
nimuSebisgan da aseve interierSi gumbaTis trompebSi gamosaxuli
qtitorebis figurebisgan.
reliefuri qandakebis ganviTarebis X saukunis II naxevrisTvis
arsebuli yvela monapovari gansakuTrebuli didostatobiT aris
warmodgenili oSkis taZarSi [tab.#33]. mis fasadebze mocemuli
calkeuli figurebi Tu rvawaxnaga svetis mravalfiguriani Semkuloba
gvTavazobs plastikurad naqandakeb, moculobiT sxeulebs, sadac
samosis miRma sxeulis simkvrive SeigrZnoba. angelozebis
gamosaxulebebi Semosilia farTo nakecebiani SesamoseliT, rac
mocemulia ukve ara grafikuli RarebiT, aramed qvis zedapiris
damuSavebiT miRebuli drapirebis saxiT. oSkis angelozebis TiToeul
gamosaxulebaSi daculia proporciebi, aq aRar Cans eqspresiulad
gazrdili detalebi da mTavari gamomsaxvelobiTi efeqti uSualod
formis ZerwviT, TiToeuli komponentis modelirebiT miiRweva. am mxriv,
Cndeba STabeWdileba, TiTqos, qanakebis ganviTarebis mimdinare xerxebiT
ganswavluli ostati etalonad irCevs elinisturi formaTSegrZnebiT
175
gajerebul nimuSebs, rogoric iyo, saukuneebiT adre Seqmnili, mcxeTis
jvris taZris reliefebi da amasTanave bizantiuri mcire plastikis
magaliTebi.
amgvarad, Cven SegviZlia, X saukunis II naxevris farglebSi,
retrospeqtiulad davinaxoT reliefuri qandakebis saxviTi enis
cvalebadoba da ganviTarebis etapebi. am mxriv, dolisyanas
gamosaxulebebi sawyisad unda miviCnioT, sadac jer-kidev sibrtyobriv-
xazobrivi modelireba mTavari gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxia; kumurdoSi
xazgasmulia moculobiTi, momrgvalebuli sxeulis dominantoba, Tundac
is iyos daunawevrebeli da erTiani blokuri saxis. anu, iseve rogorc
qarTul Wedur xelovnebaSi, sibrtyobrioba mkveTri moculobiT icvleba.
amis naTeli magaliTia IX saukunis zarzmis feriscvalebis xatis,
srulebiT sibrtyobriv-grafikuli sxeulis formebidan, iSxnis
sawinamZRvro jvris (973w.) jvarcmuli macxovris gamosaxulebamde
warmodgenili ganviTreba. Tu zarzmis xats srulad qmnis xazobivi
dinamika, iSxnis jvari axdens moculobiTi formis demonstrirebas, sadac
srulebiT ugulebelyofilia sxeulis nawilTa anatomiuri moyvanilobis
diferencirebuloba da amasTanave umaRles xarisxSia wamodgenili
eqspresiuli gamomsaxveloba, rac ostatis did niWze metyvelebs. safaris
miZinebis taZarSi ki moculobiTobasTan erTad formiseuli dinamikac
Semodis. xolo, oSkSi ganviTarebis es xazi maqsimalur niSnulamde midis
da erTgvari, elinisturi mqandakebobis xasiaTis reminiscenciiTa da
bizantiuri mcire plastikis nimuSebis, mcxeTis jvris reliefebis darad,
daxvewili, mSvidi, natifi gamosaxulebebi iqmneba.
176
daskvna
winamdebare kvlevis Sedegad mkafiod gamoCnda, Tu qarTuli
saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis gzaze, ramdenad saintereso da
mniSvnelovani periodia X saukune. am periodis ostatebma klasikuri da
Ziebis periodSi dagrovebuli gamocdileba, epoqis suliskveTebis
Sesabamisad warmoaCines da saRvTo didebulebis gancdiT, sazeimo ieriT
gaajeres. am faqtorTa saukeTesod warmomCen magaliTad gvesaxeba 964
wliT daTariRebuli kumurdos taZari, romlis SeswavliT, Cven kidev
ufro Rrmad SevigrZeniT am periodis sataZro xuroTmoZRvrebis arsi.
rac gulisxmobs ara ubralod salocav Senobas, an mxolod qveynis
didebulebis warmomCen grandiozul nagebobas, aramed yovelives
sinTeziT, qristianuli religiis mTavari swavlebebis damtevi
simboloebiT Seqmnil arqiteqtonikur Tu dekoraciul sistemas.
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis safasado Semkulobis saerTo niSnebis
ganxilviT, kidev erTxel davinaxeT masSi aRbeWdili erovnuli xasiaTi,
gemovneba da temperamenti, riTic naTlad gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva qveynis
xuroTmoZRvruli skolebis erovnuli niSnebisgan, iqneba es bizantiuri
arqiteqtura, somxuri, rusuli, Tu dasavleT evropis romanuli stilis
arqiteqtura. qarTulma xuroTmoZRvrulma skolam, taZarTa eqsterieris
warmosaCenad, garda uSualod mosapirkeTebeli masalis zedmiwevniT
SerCeva-damuSavebisa, droTa ganmavlobaSi, didi yuradReba miapyro
dekoraciul elementTa farTod gamoyenebas. ornamentuli Tu
reliefuri figuruli gamosaxulebebi sul ufro Seesisxlxorca
qarTul sataZro xuroTmoZRvrebas da misi erT-erTi mTavari
maxasiaTebeli gaxda. ramdenadac qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis mTavari
saxasiaTo niSania proporciaTa Tanafardoba, msubuqi zeswrafva,
safasado Semkulobac am mimarTulebas eqvemdebareba da mTavari
aqcentebiT centralur, vertikalur RerZze iyris Tavs.
samecniero literaturaze dayrdnobiT, ganvixileT qarTuli
arqiteqturis ganviTarebis etapebis maxasiaTeblebi da kidev erTxev
warmovaCineT X saukunis II naxevaris Zeglebi romlebic qmnian gardamtex
periods, rodesac arqiteqturul masaTa yvela calkeuli Semamkobeli
177
elementis harmoniuli, teqtonikuri SerwymiT safasado gaformebis
sistemis Camoyalibebas eyreba safuZveli.
safasado Semkulobis erT-erTi mTavari komponentis - reliefuri
mqandakeblobis calke ganxilviT Cven warmovadgineT X saukunis II
naxevris farglebSi ganviTarebuli evoluciuri xazi: qarTvel
mkvlevarTa araerTgzis deklarirebuli zogadi gansazRvreba, rac X
saukunis monumentur qandakebas axasiaTebs da rac sibrtyobriobidan
moculobiTi sxeulis miRwevaSi mdgomareobs da amasTan, eqspresiulad
gazviadebul, disproporciulad warmodgenil figurebs qmnis.
sainteresoa aseve reliefis mTavari gamomsaxvelobiTi enis safuZvelSi
xazobrivi dinamikis dominantoba, riTic igi srulebiT TviTmyofad saxes
iZens. am konkretul aspeqtTan dakavSirebiT paralelebis moZiebam sxva
qveynebis arqiteqturuli Zeglebidan iberiis (pirineis) naxevarkunZulis
preromanuli stilis arqiteqturis magaliTebTan migviyvana. kerZod ki,
espaneTis santa maria kuintanila de las vinias taZris magaliTTan. aq
dadasturda saocari msgavseba rogorc reliefis kompoziciur agebaSi
ise figuraTa darRveul proporciebSi, Tavisa da xelebis eqspresiulad
gazrdisa da, rac mTavaria, grafikul-xazobrivi dinamikis mTavar
Semamkobel elementad warmoCenis TvalsazrisiT. garda figurul
gamosaxulebaTa Soris msgavsebisa Zalian xSiria aseve ornamentul
motivebs Soris msgavseba. gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa e.w. Subispirisebri
motivis zusti analogis arseboba portugaliisa da espaneTis araerT
taZarze (Igreja de Manhente, Barcelos, Santa Maria das Júnias, Mosteiro de São Salvador de
Arnoso). es Zalian saintereso sakiTxia, gansakuTrebiT im fonze, rodesac
arsebobs garkveuli mosazrebebi istorikosebs Soris zogadad iberiis
naxevarkunZulis macxovreblebisa ( konkretulad baskebsa) da qarTvelur
tomebs Soris naTesauri kavSiris Sesaxeb. am mxriv Cven vawydebiT im
faqtobriv masalas rac ziari saxviTi enisadmi midrekilebiT
warmoCndeba da risi safuZvelic SesaZloa genetikur-kulturuli
siaxlove aRmoCndes.
am etapis (Xs.-is IInaxevris) erT-erTi gamorCeuli da yovelmxriv
uaRresad saintereso Zegli javaxeTSi mdebare kumurdos
mravalafsidiani taZaria. ramdenadac mis Sesaxeb samecniero
literaturaSi ar moipoveba monografiuli xasiaTis naSromi, Cven
178
kvlevis didi nawili swored mas davuTmeT da SevecadeT misi yvela
aspeqti gangvexila.
kvlevam daamtkica kumurdos xuroTmoZRvris udideso ostatoba da
Rrmadganswavluloba, ramdenadac igi mtkiced warmodgeba rogorc
Zlieri arqiteqtori, romelic srulad flobs konstruqciul elementTa
teqtonikurobis SegrZnebas. kumurdos eqsterierSi mocemuli srulebiT
cxadi da, TiTqos, martivi Tavisufali jvris gegma, Sida sivrceSi
moulodnelad damatebiT elementebad nawevrdeba, magram amave dros xazs
usvams rogorc maT damoukidebel arsebobas, ise erTi mimarTulebiT –
centrisken – gumbaTqveSa sivrcisken miswrafebas. es yovelive ki
miRweulia, saqarTveloSi arsebuli mravalafsidiani yvela nimuSisgan
gansxvavebiT, gverdiTa mklavebSi afsidTa erTmaneTis paralelurad
SewyvilebiT da ara gumbaTqveSa sivrcis garSemo radialurad
ganlagebiT (gogiuba, kiaRmis-alTi, boWorma, nikorwminda, da sxva.).
amave dros, kumurdos ostati udides niWs avlens ornamentul
Semkulobasa da reliefuri figuruli gamosaxulebebis urTierTSerwymis
mxrivac, sadac orive komponents TavisaTavadi mniSvneloba gaaCnia, Tumca
reliefi ideuri sazrisis wamyvani elementia, xolo CuqurTmovani
figurebi misi arsis Semavsebeli da Semamkobeli.
kumurdos gverdiTa fasadebis sarkmlebis ornamentaciis struqtura,
srulad Seesabameba am periodis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Semkulobis
maxasiaTeblebs, rasac warmoadgens ornamentTa zedapiris, fonis
paralelurad, gadasworeba. amiT ki xdeba amoZerwili CuqurTmisTvis
ganzrax - moculobiTi formis ganeleba da sibrtyobrivi efeqtis win
wamoweva. ostatis amgvari mxatvruli modelirebisadmi swrafva winare
periodis maxasiaTeblebidan unda iyos nakarnaxevi. aq xdeba xazobriv-
grafikuli stilis etapobrivi ganviTarebis Cveneba, sadac Cans rogorc
axali tendenciebi: formebis fonidan mkafiod amoyvana, amasTanave,
sqematuri gamosaxulebebis nacvlad CuqurTmis TiToeuli Semadgeneli
elementis srulfasovnad gamoqandakeba. ise Zveli mxatvruli
xerxebisadmi Sinagani erTguleba.
Cven zemoT vsaubrobdiT X saukunis II naxevris safasado reliefis
stilistur maxasiaTeblebze da gamovyaviT mkafio tendenciebi, rac
pirvel rigSi moculobiTi, daunawevrebeli sxeulis formebiT da aseve
179
(SenarCunebuli) xazobriv-grafikuli modelirebis teqnikiT xasiaTdeba.
am mxriv, erT-erTi TvalsaCino nimuSia kumurdos samxreTi karibWis
trompebSi warmodgenili angelozebis figurebi. ukve aRvniSneT, rom
SemorCenili samive maTganis mTavari gamomsaxvelobiTi struqtura
absoluturad erTnairia, sadac eqspresiul maxvilad SaravandiT
Semosili gazrdili Tavi da orantis niSnad xelebapyrobili
Jestikulaciaa mocemuli. frontaluri, gayinuli sxeulis formebi
srulebiT moklebulia diferencirebulobas da warmodgeba erTiani
moculobiTi `milis” saxiT, rac samosis niSnad sxvadasxva mxares
mimarTuli mokle grafikuli RarebiT aris dafaruli.
X saukunis II naxevris taZrebis safasado Semkulobis azrobriv-
simboluri mniSvneloba, rom mravlismomcveli Seswavlis sagania es
kumurdos Zeglma naTlad daamtkica. SemorCenili saxiTac ki, misi
Semkuloba simboluri Tu mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT bevris mTqmelia. aq
TiToeul gamosaxulebas imdenad Rrma semantikuri mniSvneloba gaaCnia,
rom calke gansaxilveli Temaa. Tumca, amasTanave yvelaferi saerTo
sazriss qmnis.
kumurdos xuroTmoZRvari safasado SemkulobaSi mraval simbolur
formulas gvTavazobs. X saukuneSi eklesiis samwysosTvis es formulebi
cxadze cxadi iqneboda. simbolo umTavresia mTels liturgiaSi, wirva
simboloTmetyvelebaa mTlianad. simboloebiTaa savse Zveli aRTqma,
romelic axal aRTqmaze metyvelebs da axali aRTqma romelic uflis
mosvlisaTvis gvamzadebs. Cvens epoqaSi ki moxda wyveta, erTgvari
gaucxoveba da daSoreba simboloTmetyvelebisgan da amitom Cven gviwevs
yovel gamosaxulebas siRrmiseulad gavyveT rom CavwvdeT maT arss.
adreqristianuli simbolikis safuZvlebis ganxilvaze dayrdnobiT
saSualeba mogveca gvemsjela TiToeuli figuruli gamosaxulebis ideur
mniSvnelobaze da gvecada amogvexsna is daSifruli gzavnili rasac
kumurdos taZari eqsterieridan dawyebuli interierSic agrZelebs, rac
sulis xsnas, maradiuli coxvrebis damkvidrebas ukavSirdeba da
amasTanave warmoaCens yvela im rgols rac qristianuli sarwmunoebis
safuZvels moicavs.
ramdenadac kumurdoSi mTavar fasads aRmosavleTi warmoadges
azrobriv-simboluri qvakuTxedic swored aq iSleba. mxatvruli
180
kompoziciis analizis safuZvelze Tamamad SeiZleba daskvnis gakeTeba,
rom kumurdos ostati flobs saocar unars dauqvemdebaros X saukunis II
naxevrisTvis qarTuli safasado dekoraciisTvis cnobili yvela xerxi
mis mier Cafiqrebuli ideur-semantikuri sazrisis warmoCenas. igi iyenebs,
rogorc feradovan aqcentebs, sibrtryobriv-grafikul kaligrafiul
maneras, ise Zlierad moculobiTad modelirebul figurebs. anu, aq
swored mxatvruli xerxebiT xdeba mTavari ideuri aqcentebis gamoyofa
da erTgvarad, rebusiviT daSlili arsis TiToeuli Semadgeneli nawilis
Tanmimdevrobis miniSneba.
amgvarad, aq mocemulia formulebis saxiT: mxatvruli kompoziciis
saerTo qargis Semkvreli sami jvris Tema, rac centrSi qristes mewamuli
jvriT aris xazgasmuli, xolo fasadis gverdiTa, qveda sarkmlebTan
wnuli jvrebiT. unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu gaviazrebT qarTul safasado
SemkulobaSi ikonografiuli programis arsebobis sakiTxs, romelic
gansazRvravs, garkveul wilad, gamosaxulebaTa ganlagebis struqturas –
es yvelaze Tamamad swored sami jvris kompoziciasTan mimarTebaSi
SeiZleba. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Cven moviyvaneT levan rCeuliSvilis
kvleva da naTlad davinaxeT Tu rogor imkvidrebs fexs es kompozicia
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis gzis vrcel qronologiur
WrilSi da rogor xdeba droTa ganmavlobaSi misi gamomsaxvelobiTi
struqturis cvalebadoba, sadac naTlad Cans Tavidan misi ideis
upiratesoba (bolnisis sioni), xolo Semdgom ukve (gurjaanis
yvelawmindidan dawyebuli) misi mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi aspeqtis
gazrda da centraluri fasadis saerTo Semkulobis sistemaSi aqtiuri
monawileoba. amasTan dakavSirebiT, unda iTqvas, rom kumurdos ostati
abalansebs sami jvris ikonografiuli sqemis simbolur mniSvnelobas da
mis mxatvrul funqcias. radganac Cven mravaljer davrwmundiT, rom igi
arc erT mcire detals SemTxveviT ar iyenebs da maT yovelTvis ideurad
tvirTavs, gverdiTa jvrebTan dakavSirebuli ornamentuli elementebi
niSandoblivad gveCvena, amitomac dakvirvebiT ganvixileT yvela mcire
niuansi da (erTi SexedviT mxolod dekoraciuli elementebi, rac
moicavs qarTul safasado SemkulobaSi Rrmad damkvidrebul
gadanakecian TavsarTs, xolo meore mxares, TiTqmis, analogiurad wnuli
ornamentiT dafarul TaRs, da aseve mcire ornamentul detalebs)
181
vvaraudobT, rom aq asaxulia erT mxares momnanie avazakis simbolo,
romelmac Seicno qristes RvTiuri gangebuleba da uflis SendobiT
zeciuri sasufevlis Rirsi gaxda, amitomac misi jvari flankirebulia
samebis niSnebiT (rac aseve TavisTavSi moicavs maradisobas, sam wminda
niWs da aS.) da daburulia gadanakeciani TavsarTiT, rac samoTxis Ria
karad davinaxeT, xolo meore mxares warmodgenilia avazaki romelic
qristes bolomde Seuracxyofda da wilad xvda qerubimebiT daculi
samoTxis daxSuli kari. amgvarad, esec gaxlavT erT-erTi dasturi imisa
rac zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom kumurdos ostati warmogvidgens
qristianuli sarwmunoebis fundamentur movlenebs, vrceli azrobrivi
mniSvnelobis damtev Zalian lakoniur, konkretul gamosaxulebebs, rac
uzrunvelyofs sakraluri mniSvnelobis Sefarulad warmodgenas.
kumurdos Semkulobis azrobriv-simboluri arsi amiT ar
amoiwureba, igi bevrad ufro farTod iSleba da centraluri sarkmlis
sapireSi Caiqsoveba. Cven maqsimaluri yuradRebiT SeviswavleT dekoris
yvela komponenti da, TiTqos, `sasxvaTaSorisod~ warmodgenil
gamosaxulebebSi qristianuli sarwmunoebis kidev erTi fundamenturi
mniSvneloba amovikiTxeT. es gaxlavT sarkmlis SemomzRudavi samkaulis
masiuri reliefuri TaRis konsolebis kuTxeebSi sibrtyobrivad
gamokveTili adamianis saxis niRbebi. aq, erT mxares - orsaxa ianusis
cnebis qristianul religiaSi transformaciiT, warsulisa da momavlis
gamaerTianebeli, Zveli da axali aRTqmis simboluri arsi amovikiTxeT,
xolo meore mxares qveynis oTxi mxaris mcveli genia. am gamosaxulebebs
erTvis maxarebelTa oTxi simboluri cxovelis saxiT warmodgena. Cven
gvaqvs araerTi SemTxveva sadac calkeulad gamoisaxeba xarisa Tu lomis
gamosaxulebebi, xSirad Sesasvlelis Tu sarkmelTa Riobis mcvelebis
saxiT, rasac uZveles tradiciasTan mivyavarT, magram ase konkretulad
oTxi maxareblis simbolos saxiT angelozis, arwivis, frTosani lomisa
da frTosani xaris gamosaxulebebis magaliTi reliefur, monumentur
qandakebaSi namdvilad ar mogvepoveba (Tu ar CavTvliT kankelis
fragments artaanidan da oSkis rvawaxnaga svetis kapitelis
gamosaxulebebs Soris, maxarebelTa simboloebis tetramorfis saxiT
aRbeWdvas).
182
kumurdos ostati uzomod Tavisufalia Tavis gadawyvetilebebSi da
arqiteqturis simbolikaSi ierarqiulad aRmatebul adgils - gumbaTqveSa
trompebs, rac mxolod zeciur mkvidrTa adgils warmoadgens - Tamamad
uTmobs qtitorTa gamosaxulebebs. qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, gogiubas
taZris saxiT, Cven gvaqvs gumbaTqveSa trompebSi ciur mnaTobTa da
maxarebelTa gamosaxvis magaliTi, aseve yarsis somxur arqiteqturaSi Tu
dasavleT evropis romanuli periodis taZrebSi maxarebelTa simboluri
gamosaxulebebisTvis TiToeuli trompis daTmoba (Jaca,Cathedral of St Peter the
Apostle ), xSiria am adgilebSi angelozTa gamosaxvac (The Sainte-Foy abbey-
church in Conques), magram kumurdos msgavsad, trompebSi qtitorebis
warmodgenas analogi ar moeZebneba. Cven SevecadeT amogvexsna Tu ra iyo
maTi aq ganTavsebis mizezi. Semkulobis yvela elementis, struqturul-
formiseli analizis safuZvelze, ideuri arsis amokiTxviT mivediT im
daskvnamde, rom aq asaxulia zeciur sasufevelTan myofi, gardacvlili
leon mefe (rasac xazs usvams misi gamosaxva SaravandiT da aseve
Crdilo-dasavleT afsidSi daculi sulis mosaxseniebeli warwera) da
misi sulisTvis mavedrebeli guranduxt dedofali. am mxriv, aq
mocemulia ara tradiciuli saqtitoro reliefi, risi araerTi magaliTi
gvaqvs qarTul monumentur mqandakeblobaSi, aramed srulebiT sxva
kuTxiT gaazrebuli istoriuli pirebis gamosaxva. aq xdeba im Temis
gagrZeleba rasac mTeli taZris Semkuloba eZRvneba – es gaxlavT
adamianTa sulis xsna, sikvdilis damarcxeba da saukuno samyofelis
damkvidreba. marTalia, oSkis vedrebis kompoziciebSi qtitorTa CarTvac
am Temas asaxavs, magram iq aqcentirebulia amqveynier mmarTvelTa
didebuleba, rasac xazs usvams maTi mdidruli Sesamoseli. aq ki piriqiT,
miuxedavad imisa, rom ostatisTvis kargad aris cnobili moculobiTi
sxeulis gamoqandakebis teqnika, igi sxeulsganSorebuli, gardacvlili
leon mefis warmosaCenad maqsimalurad sibrtyobriv, statiur, sada,
Seumkobel gamosaxulebas warmogvidgens, rasac acocxlebs mxolod
farTod gaxelili, sulis sarke – Tvalebi.
kumurdos TiToeuli niuansis Seswavlam saSualeba mogvca
dagvenaxa, Tu rogor aris ideurad Sekruli yvela saxis gamosaxuleba,
iqneba es taZris fasadTa saerTo Semkuloba Tu interieri sadac, taZris
Tanadrouli anikonuri mxatvrobiT, warmodgenilia semantikuri sazrisis
183
kulminacia. aq konqis saWeqi qvis mewamulad SeferviT da misgam
gadmofenili sxivebiT uflis yovlismomcveli saxea daSifruli. xolo
sakurTxevlis sabjeni TaRis konsolebis kuTxeebSi, odnav SesamCnev
adgilas, adamianis oTxi saxis gamokveTiT - weliwadis oTxi dro, JamTa
Seuqcevadi svla, bunebis ganaxleba da Sesabamisad aRdgomis triumfia
asaxuli. am mxriv Cven vxedavT, Tu rogor ikvreba yoveli detalis
semantikuri mniSvneloba da ramxela siRrmea gamosaxulebaTa
formiseuli struqturis miRma.
aRsaniSnavia, rom es Tema: aRdgomis Jams qristes sikvdilze
gamarjveba, triumfi – X saukunis ZeglebisTvis Zalian organulia da
sxvadasxva saxis simboluri kompoziciiT vlindeba. gansakuTrebiT
gamoirCeva wm. daniel winaswarmetyvelis (azavreTi, burnaSeTi, tabawyuri,
joisubani da sxva) Tu wm. iona winaswarmetyvelis saswaulebrivi xsnis
(javaxeTi-sof. saRamos taZris ekvderis sarkmelze; kvaisajvaris
SemorCenili reliefi, xaxulis karibWis Semamkobeli erT-erTi
gamosaxuleba) amsaxveli kompoziciebis simravle, rac, yvelasaTvis
cxadia, Zvel aRTqmaSi warmodgenil aRdgomis winaswaruwyebas
gulisxmobs. Tumca vfiqrob, kumurdo maT Soris gansakuTrebul adgils
ikavebs, radganac aq mocemulia ara erTi formula, aramed
simboloTmetyvelebis mTeli cikli, sadac TiToeuli figuruli
gamosaxleba Tu ornamentuli motivi erTmaneTs avsebs da erTianad
qadagebs qristianobis arss.
daskvnis saxiT gvinda kidev erTxel aRvniSnoT, rom kumurdos
taZris kompleqsuri kvleva saSualebas gvaZlevs gamovkveToT, qarTuli
xuroTmoZRvrebis es erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Zegli, ara marto misi
mravalafsiadianobidan gamomdinare, aramed rogorc erT-erTi pirveli
Zegli qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi sadac Sekrulia rogorc
arqiteqturuli formebi, ise Semkulobis mxatvrul-kompoziciuri sistema
da warmoCenilia erTiani ideur-Sinaarsobrivi sazrisi.
am mxriv, kumurdos, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvruli skolis erT-erTi
marTlac unikaluri da uaRresad Rirebuli taZris, Rirsebebis
warmoCenis Semdgom kidev ufro mtkivneulia taZris dRevandeli
savalalo mdgomareoba. Cven detalurad aRvwereT taZarze warmoebuli
1939-40 wlis Tu 1970-80-iani wlebis sarestavracio samuSaoebi, maTi
184
udidesi mniSvneloba da amasTanave nakli, rac mis arasrulyofilad
Catarebas gulisxmobs. is, rom mklavebis gadaxurva ar dasrulda dResac
didad azianebs taZars. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, aravin – zrunavs masze
da aravin cdilobs am kulturuli faseulobis gadarCenas
(elementarulad, ar xorcieldeba fasadebze gaCenili sokos qimiur-
biologiuri analizi, mklavebis gadaxurvis SekeTeba – aRarafers
vambobT morRveuli gumbaTisa da dasavleTi mklavis Sesaxeb – radganac
es rTuli sakiTxia da mravalmxriv gansaxilveli Temaa, magram
gadaudebeli sareabilitacio-sakonservacio samuSaoebi rom
Casatarebelia es udaoa. masTan gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania taZris
mimdebare teritoriis arqeologiurad Sesaswavla, rac aucileblad
gansaxorcielebelia.
kumurdo qarTuli kulturuli memkvidreobis erT-erTi margalitia
da mas Sesabamisi dafaseba da gafrTxileba esaWiroeba. aqedan
gamomdinare, Zalian did imeds vitovebT, rom es kvleva garkveul
wvlils Seitans kumurdosadmi mzrunvelobis gaRviZebaSi da amasTanave
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis etapebis daxasiaTebaSi kidev
ufro mkafio saetapo niSvnelobis adgils daikavebs.
185
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