SARAWAK GENERAL HOSPITAL MAIN BLOCK BUILDING RETROFIT FEATURES FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Muhammad Syukri Imran

Master of Engineering (Civil) 2011

Pu at Kbidrruu M roat A kadfmik (JNJVtftSlll MALAV. f4 R W. J(

P.KHIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADEMIK

1IIIIIIIIIIi'li~ 111111111 1000246282

SARAWAK GENERAL HOSPITAL MAIN BLOCK BUILDING RETROFIT FEATURES FOR ENERGY

EFFICIENCY

MUHAMMADS~IMRAN

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Engineering (Civil)

Faculty of Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARA W AK

2011

"

DEC LARA TION

I would like to declare that this dissertation is my original writing, except the data, the notes

and fact that already stated with its sources and origins.

MD SYUKRI IMRAN

800102-13-5607

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Jor my 6e{oved wife, daugfiter andson

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of ALLAH the Most Gracious and Most Merciful

All praise belongs only to ALLAH and peace be upon our Prophet Muhammad S.A.W.

I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr

Azhaili Baharun for his momentous support and guidance for me to complete this project.

Not forgetting also to Dr Siti Halipah who was kind enough to give meaningful comments to

this writing.

I should like to thank the Director of Sarawak General Hospital and Clinical Research Centre

for being very kind to allow me access to conduct my study in the hospital. Thanks also to

Faber Mediserve Sdn Bhd Engineering Facility Manager and his maintenance engineers for

their invaluable support during my numerous visits and surveys to the hospital. Further

thanks to Jabatan Kerja Raya Sarawak for providing me with the architectural drawings

which was most needed to complete the computer simulations.

Last but not least my admiration to both my parents, beloved wife Siti Nor Fazilahwati,

beautiful daughter Siti Zulaikha as well as my new born son Umar Meshaal whom I cherish

most for their immeasurable support as well as inspiration that they have given me.

IV

ABSTRACT

[ The purpose of this study is to evaluate the energy use of the Sarawak General Hospital main

medical block building and to propose a low energy measures that would satisfy the

Malaysian Energy Standard MSl525 solar heat gain through building envelope (OTTV)

maximum recommended value of 50W/m2• Cooling and lighting alone constitute about 56%

of energy use in the building which if energy efficiency strategies were applied to could

produce a significant energy savings. A few measures were considered which included

double low e glazing, shading devices such as overhangs and fins and high reflective

coatings. The potential and limitation of the measures on the cooling load of the building

were assessed with the use of building energy program Energy PIUS) Analysis of the indoor

temperature sensitivity to material input uncertainty was also included in this study as part of

the program validation. Day lighting control influence on the energy consumption was also

evaluated here. Investment criteria such as Life Cycle Cost and Simple Payback Method

were used to evaluate the benefits of continuing savings to end of the life of the retrofits

proposed.

v

ABSTRAK

Kajian ini diadakan bertujuan untuk menilai penggunaan tenaga elektrik di blok utama

Hospital Umum Sarawak dan mencadangkan langkah-Iangkah penjimatan tenaga yang boleh

memenuhi syarat MS 1525 iaitu bagi mencapai nilai Overall Thermal Transfer Value

(OTTV) tidak melebihi 50 W/m2 . Pencahayaan dan hawa dingin sahaja menggunakan

sekitar 56% tenaga dalam bangunan. Langkah-Iangkah penjimatan tenaga jika dilaksanakan

pada dua jenis penggunaan tenaga ini dapat menghasilkan penjimatan yang ketara. Beberapa

langkah yang telah dipertimbangkan termasuk kaca berkembar (double lowe glazing),

overhangs dan fins serta lapisan reflective coatings. Potensi dan had setiap langkah yang

dicadangkan akan dinilai menggunakan program komputer, Energy Plus. Pengesahan

program Energy Plus turut dilaksanakan di dalam kajian ini tennasuklah analisa sensitiviti.

Di samping itu kesan kawalan pencahayaan siang hari ke atas penjimatan tenaga turut dikaji.

Kriteria pelaburan seperti kos kitar hayat dan kaedah bayar balik digunakan di dalam kajian

ini bagi menilai faedah penjimatan yang dihasilkan oleh strategi yang telah dicadangkan.

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Pusat Khidmat MakJum:,u ad mt . UNlVERSm A L\ ARAW K

TABLE OF CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT................................................................................................................................. IV

ABSTRACT.....•••........•..........•.....................•......•....•..••........•.....•...•..........•.........•........•........................•..........•... V

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................. IX

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................. X

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1

1.0 GENERAL ... ... .... .. .. .............. ........ .... ...... ... ... .. •.... ......... .... ......... .......... ........ .... ......... ... ......... ... ....... ... ... ... I

1.1 OBJECTIVES .... ........ .. .... ................ ... .. ....... ... ....... ..... .•. .. ...... ........... ......... ......... ....... .... ... ....... ..... ......... ... 3

1.2 SCOPE .. ....... ... .. .. ...... ...... ....... ... .•............... ..... .. ...... ..... ........ ..... ...... ... ...•. .......... ........ ...... .. ...•. ...... .. .. ..... .. 3

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................. 4

2.0 GENERAL ... ... ... .... ........ ...... ....... .............. ... ....... .... ... .... .... ... ... .... ........ ..... ....... ... ..... ... .... .... .... ... ........ .. .... 4

2. 1 ENERGY USAGE PAlTERN IN HEALTHCARE BUILDING .... ..... ....... .... ............... ... ... ....... ................. ....... .. 5

2.2 FACTORS AFFECTING ENERGY USAGE - THE ARCHITECTURAL ApPROACH .. .•. ...... .... .... ... .. ......... ... ....... 7

2.3 SIMULATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT RETROFITS .. .. ........ ..... ....... ..•....... ..... ....... ........ .... ......... ... .. .. .... .... 16

2.4 FINITE DIFFERENCE SOLUTION FOR HEAT EQUATION ...... ... .. .......... .. ....... ........... .... ........ ........... .......... 21

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................................... 29

3.0 ENERGY AUDIT TO UNDERSTAND ENERGY USAGE PAlTERN..... .. ..... ... ....... ............ ........... ...... ...... .. .... 29

3.0.1 General. ... .. ..... ..... .. ..... ... ........ ... ... ...... ... ... ......... .......... ....... .... ........... ................ .. ............ .. .............. 29

3.0.2 Procedure O/Conducting Survey ... ..... .... ... ..... ........... .... .. ... ...... ....... .. ......... ... ............. ............. ..... 30

3.0.3 Measuring Instrument .. .. ........ ...... .. ... ......... ........... ........ ........ ... ..... ........ ..... ........ .. .... ... .... ...... ........ 32

3.0.4 Asset Survey ....... .. ........ .. ......... .... ..... ... ... .. .... .. .......... ... .... ...... ............ .. ....... .......... .... .. ...... ... ..... ...... 34

3.0.5 Architectural Survey ....... ........ .. ................. .. ...... ...... ..... .. ........ .. ... ........ ............ ... ....:.. ... ... ... ... .. ...... 36

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3.0.6 HVAC Survey .............. ........ .. .. ... .... ....... ..... ....... ..... ..... ..... .. ... ... .... ......... ........ ........ ... ...... ..... ...... ..... 39

3.0.7 Lighting Survey ... ........ .... ....... ........ ... ........ ... ..... ................. .. ......... ....... .... ...... ........... ......... .. ....... .. 41

3.0.8 Plant Visit .... .... ......... ... ....... ................ ... ... ............... ...... ...... .. ............ ... ... ............ ........ ...... ... ......... 42

3.0.9 Energy Audit Survey Result ... ... .. .............. .... .. ........ ........... ... .. ............. ... ...... ... .... .... ....... .. ..... .... .... 44

3.1 PROGRAM VALIDATION .. . ... . ........ . .... .... . ........ ... .. ....... .... .... . .. ....... .... .... . .. ..... . .. ....... .. ... ... .... ..... . .... . ...... . 46

3.1.1 General....... .... ............ ......... ....... ........ ........... ........ ..... ........ .. ... ... ....... ..... ... ... .... ...... ...... ....... .... ....... 46

3.1.2 Introduction ..... ..... ......... .............. ..... ...... ..... ....... ..... ... .............. ........ ..... ... ....... ... ..... ......... ..... ... ... ... 48

3.1.3 Description ofData Sets .......... ...... ..... ... .. ....... ....... ..... ...... ... .... ... ...... .. ...... ......... .. .... ... ........ ... .. ..... .. 50

3.1.4 Test Building Data Collection .... ........ .... .... .. ...... ...... ... ...... .... .. .. .......... .. .. .... .. ....... .. .. ..... .... .... .... .. ,.. 53

3.1.5 Monte Carlo Analysis ..... .... .... .... ...... ...... ...... ... ...... ...... ...... .......... ... ...... ..... ...... ... ... .... ...... ........ ... .... 55

3.1.6 Comparison ofTest Building and Predicted Values .. ...... ...... .. ............. ....... ......... ........ ..... ...... ...... . 57

3.1.7 Building Utility Performance .. .... .... ...... ... .... ... ........ .. ........ .... .......... .... .... .... .. .. ... .... ......... .... ........... 58

3.1.8 Validation Conclusion ... ..... .... ..... ..... ... ..... .... ....... ..... .... .. ..... .. ... ...... .... .. ........ .... ...... .. .. ........ ........... . 59

3.2 MODEL DEVELOPM ENT .. .. .. .. ............. ........ .. ........ . ........ ...... .......... .................. .... ...... ... .. . .... .. ........ ........ 60

3.2.1 Modeling Input ............. .. ......... .. ..... ........... ...... .. ...... .. .. ......... ..... ........... .. ........ ..... ... .. .. ...... ... ..... .. ... 60

3.2.2 Sensitivity Analysis .... ...... ........ ... ....... ...... .... ........ ... ... .... , ..... .... .... ........ ............ ..... ..... .. ..... .... .. .... ... 63

CHAPTER 4 RESULT ....................................................................................................................................... 71

4.0 GENERAL ..... .. ........ ...... ........... ... .. ........ . .. ... ... ........ ... ...... .. .... ..... ......... .... .. ........ .... .. ...................... . ....... 71

4.1 ENERGY IMPACT OF RETROFITS MEASURES ............ .... ..... ...... .... .. ...... .. .... ............. .. ........ .. ................. .. 72

4 .2 JUSTIFICATION OF RETROFIITING Low ENERGY MEASURES .. ....... .. .... .. ........ .... .. .. .. .. ...... ...... .......... .... 79

4.3 THERMAL COMFORT EVALUATION .......... .... .................. .. ..... .. . ........ .. ..... . .......... . .. . ........ .. ... .. .. ....... . ..... 82

CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ......................... : .................................................................. 83

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................... 85

APPENDIX.......................................................................................................................................................... 90

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List of Tables

Table 1: Other building energy analysis simulation programs participated in the comparison (U.S. Department

ofEnergy, 2004) ... ........... .......... .. ........ ... ... ... .... ........ .... ........... ... .......... .. ....... .. ....... .. .... ....... ..... ......... ..... ....... ...... . 20

Table 2: Modelformulations which use finite differences solution techniques . .. .......... .. .. ....... ... ... ...... ... ........ ... .. 23

Table 3: Model dimension ..... ... ... ....... ..... ........ ...... ....... .... ... .. ... ........ ... .. ......... ..... ..... .. ..... ... .......... ..... ....... .... .. ...... 51

Table 4: Building envelope material detail ...... .. ............ ...... ...... .. ..... .. .... ... ... ....... ..... ....... ........ .. ..... .... ....... .... .. ... .. 52

Table 5: Internal load density ........ ... ........... ..... ...... ........ ... ... ...... ............ ... ..... ...... ...... ...... ... .. .. ....... ...... ....... ...... ... 53

Table 6: List oftemp probes connected to data logger ..... ...... ..... ........... .. ........ ....... .. ......... ......... ... .. ..... ....... ... ..... 54

Table 7: Uncertainty in the predicted maximum temperature .. .... .. ...... ... .... ..... ... ......... ............ .. ...... ............... ..... 56

Table 8: Energy consumption comparison .. .. ... ........ ... ....... .... ........ .... ... ..... .. ..... ....... ...... ........ ...... ................. ....... 58

Table 9: Model parameter .... .. ... .............. .......... ..... ........ ... ..... ....... .. ............ ... .... ........ .... .... .... ... ....... ... .. .. ... .......... 60

Table /0: Building envelope description ... ..... ........ .... ........ ......... .... ....... ... .. .... .... ....... .... .. ...... ....... ....... ...... ...... .... 61

Table J J : Fenestration.. .. ......... ...... ... .. ..... .......... ...... ....... ..... ......... ... ..... ..... ..... ...... ..... ........... ..... ........... ..... .... .... ... 61

Table 12: Summary ofmodel input references ... .... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ...... ....... ... ..... ... ......... ... .. .. .......... ......... ... ... . 61

Table J3: Climatic data summary .... .. ... ..... .. ... .... .. .... ........ ....... .... .. .... ........ ............. .. ...... .. .. .. ...... ..... ... ..... .. .......... . 62

Table 14: Comparison between simulation energy use data and recorded energy use data ..... ........ ....... ... .... ..... 63

Table 15: Comparison between simulation maximum zone temperature and recorded maximum temperature .. 63

Table 16: Building envelope performance .... ... ....... .. ... .. ... .... .. ... .... .. ... ......... ... ..... .. .... .... ... ...... .. .. .......... ....... ....... .. 77

Table 17: OTTV & RTTV comparison for different order ofidentical series .... ...... ..... ..... ... ............ .. ........... ... ... 78

Table J8: Net present value with LCCfor several low energy meas'ures . .. .... ..... .... .... ....... ...... .... ...... ......... .. ...... 80

Table 19: Simple payback cost analysis for several low energy options ... ........ ... .... ... ..... ..... ... .... ............ .. ..... ..... 81

Table 20: Thermal comfort condition after implementation oflow energy measures ... ........ .. ... ....... ... .... ..... .... ... 82

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List of Figures

Figure I: Electrical consumption breakdown ( Saidur et al. 2010) ... .......... ..... ..... .... ..... .......... ... ..... .... .. .. .. ........... 7

Figure 2: Electricity savingsfor both skin load dominated building (left hand side) and internal load dominated

building. cited from (Radhi. 2009) ... ......... ..... .... ....... ........... ..... ..... .... ....... .......... .. ........ ....... .......... .. .. ........ ........ .. .. 8

Figure 3: Relationship between shading coefficient and light transmission (top) as well as relative heat gain

(bottom) (Mohsen. 2006) ...... ....... .... .... .. .... ....... ..... ..... ....... ...... ... ... .... ....... ........ ... ..... ... ......... ........... ... ... ............ ... 10

Figure 4: Comparison between annual heating. cooling. lighting and total energy demandfor the base case with

passive and active lighting control and the studied roller shade case with the selected transmittance and control.

(Alhanassios & Andreas. 2007) ..... .. .. .. ..... ... ...... ... ......... ...... .. .. ........ .. ................ ............ .. ........ .... .. ...... ... ... .. ..... .... 11

Figure 5: Correlations between day lighting. electric lighting and thermal performance indices taking into

account the impact ofautomatic shading and lighting contro!.. .... ...... .. .. ........ .... .... .......... .. ..... .. .. .. ............ .......... 12

Figure 6: The impact ofdaylight is included in the thermal calculations. (Athanassios & Andreas. 2007)..... ... 12

Figure 7: Time lag and decrement for heavy and light construction as well as effect of mass with ventilation

(right) (Baker. 1987) .. .... ........ .... .... ...... .. ... .... ......... ... ..... ....... ... .. .... ....... ... ........ ....... .. ...... ... .... ....... ..... ... .. ......... ..... 13

Figure 8: Thermal resistance (per 5 cm thickness) of common building insulation materials (Concrete block is

added in thejigure as a reference for comparison purposes). (AI-Homoud. 2005) .. .. ............. ............ .. .. ..... ... .... 14

Figure 9: Wall and roofinsulation placement method (AI-Homoud. 2005) ....... ..... ......... .... ......... ... ..... ...... .... ... .. 15

Figure 10: BESTEST comparison of energy plus and other simulation programs (U.s. Department ofEnergy.

2004) ... .. .. ............................ ...... .............. ... ........ .... ............. ........... .... .... ... .... ............ ................. .... ....... ... ... ....... ... 19

Figure 11: Energy plus program schematic (US Department ofEnergy. 2010) .. ............... .. .. .. ... ...... ... .......... .. ... 23

Figure 12: FOIWard difference. backward difference and central difference method for approximating the

solutions to differential equations ......... ..... ........ ...... .. ........... .. ......... ...... ....... ..... ....... .... ... .... .. ...... ............... .... .... .. 28

Figure 13: Energy audit procedure flowchart .. ............. ..... ..... .... ..... ....... .. .. .... .. .. .... ............. .... ...... ....... ............... 31

Figure 14: Energy Audit measuring equipment ....... ........ ........ .. ....... .... ........... .. .. ............... .. ... .......... ............ ... .. .. 33

Figure 15: Ministry OfHealth Malaysia on line asset register .... .. ... .... ........ ... ......... ... ... .... ... ... .... ........ ........... .... 35

Figure 16: Architectural drawing ofmain block ......... .... .. ... ..... ..... ......... ... ..... .. ... .. ................ .. .......... .... .... .... .... . 37

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Figure 17: Snapshots ofbuilding architecturalfeatures during walk through ................... ..... ... .......................... 38

Figure 18: Air conditioning schedules ........ .. ................ ............ .... ... .. ................. ....... ............................ ... ............ 40

Figure 19: Lighting survey form .. .............................................. .. .. ......................................................... .......... .... 41

Figure 20: Plant room visit ............ .......... .......................... ... ................. ... ....... ..... .... ...... .................. .... ............... 43

Figure 21: Final end load uses ..... .............. .......... ..................... ....... ... ... ..................... ..... .. ...... .. .. .................... .. .. 45

Figure 22: Building Layout Plan ......... .... ... .. .................... ............ .................... ......... ..................... ...................... 51

Figure 23: Isometric view ofEP model .............. ................ ......... .... .... .......................... .. .................................... . 51

Figure 24: Data logger (32 channel capacity) ............... ...................................................................................... 53

Figure 25: Thermocouple probe .............. ... .. ......................................................................................................... 53

Figure 26: Data logger with thermocouple probe layout .. .......... .... ....... .. .. ...... ................ .. .... ... ............. .. ...... ... ... 54

Figure 27: Diagram showing the sensitivity analysis technique (Lomas & Herbert, 1992)................ .. .... ........... 56

Figure 28: Eastfacing wall surface temperature .. ......... ...... ............. .. ....... ............ .... ......... ....... ................ ........ .. 57

Figure 29: North facing wall surface temperature ............................................................................................... 57

Figure 30: South facing wall surface temperature ............................................................................................... 57

Figure 3/: West facing wall surface temperature ................ ......................................................... ........ ................ 57

Figure 32: Indoor ceiling surface temperature .................................................................................................... 58

Figure 33: Indoorfloor surface temperature ... ........ ....... ... ......... ................ ..... ............................ ........................ 58

Figure 34: Zone temperature ..... .. ................... ..... .......... ... .. .................................................................................. 58

Figure 3j: Energy end use given by energy plus ..... ......... ........................... ..... ............. ....... ...... .... ............ .......... 59

Figure 36: Baseline model: view from southwest .... .................. ... ................ .... ............ .............. .......... ...... ......... 64

Figure 37: Hospital 1st floor plan ....................................................................................... ................................ 65

Figure 38: Hospital 2ndfloor plan .......... .... .................................................... .. ..... ... ............... ... ........... ..... ..... .... 66

Figure 39: Hospital 3rdfloor plan ............................................... .'...................................................................... 67

Figure 40: Hospital 4th floor plan....................................... .. .............. .............. ....... .... ................. ..... ................. 68

Figure 41: Hospital 5th to 9th floor plan ...................................... ..... ..... ............. .... ................ .... ............... ....... 69

Figure 42: Hospital l(jh floor plan.... ... .......................................................... ..................................................... 70

Figure 43: Cooling energy demand for selected air conditioned location at every floor..................................... 72

Figure 44: Influence ofseries ofretrofits on Cooling load demand............................................. ........................ 73

Figure 45: Reduction ofenergy consumption ofeach improvement method...... .. ................................................ 74

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Figure 46: Influence o/shading devices (overhang &fin) to cooling load in 2 different order o/installation ... . 75

Figure 47: Pet:{ormance 0/PU insulation in the wall envelope ...... .... ... .. ..... ..... .. ... .. ....... .... ...... ..... ....... ........ ..... 77

Figure 48: Electricity bill saving when implementing the series 0/low energy measures .... .... ... ... .... ..... .. ... ... .. . 79

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.0 General

Energy demand has grown considerable with the rising cost of energy. Therefore

energy conservation and rational use of energy is needed not only to address high energy

consmnption problem but also environmental issue of C02 emission which is responsible for

about 50% of the global wanning. (Walsh, 1990)

Any building of any sizes and usage could be improved in many ways to make it an

energy efficiency building even before its construction. Malaysian Standard MS 1525 have

been developed to encourage this and have sets the standard and criteria needed so that

building owner will not only rely less on energy but help to improve the environment in

reducing its. share of carbon print.

MS 1525 explains some but not limited to architectural and passive design strategy

that if considered and applied should help to reduce energy use. Some recommendation

given by the standard covers optimizing passive cooling strategies as well as optimizing

environmental cooling through natural means such as vegetation, landscaping and shading.

1

This study which entitles 'Sarawak General Hospital Main Block Building - Retrofit

Features for energy efficiency' is to identify architectural features that could be integrated

into the existing hospital building in order to increase energy efficiency in the building. This

will be simulated in Energy Plus, a building energy software to show the effect of proposed

architectural features and extent of its influence particularly on cooling load and indoor

lighting condition. Features proposed in the study will have to meet MS 1525:2007

minimum standard while maintaining the indoor environment to its desired thennal comfort.

To measure the possible energy saving that could be achieved, an energy audit will be

conducted on the selected building. Current energy use will be expressed in building energy

indices. The current Overall Thennal Transfer Value (OITV) and Roof Thennal Transfer

Value (RTTV) for the selected building envelope win be measured to give the indication on

how much heat is entering the building and its share of indoor cooling load.

Air conditioning and lighting systems are considered major energy user in most

building thus MS 1525 recommends improving efficiency and minimizing energy losses in

this area to save energy. However in this study focus is given to the architectural features that

will contribute to passive cooling thus improving building energy efficiency and conserve

more energy. This includes how best to improve building envelope in tenn of OTTV and

RTIV so that it in tum will result in higher indoor temperature set point and therefore reduce

energy consumption of HV AC systems as suggested by AI-Sanea and Zedan (2008).

"

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1.1 Objectives

There are four objectives to be achieved in this study which are

a) To conduct a case study of energy usage of SGH Main block through energy auditing

b) To identify some retrofitting features on building which would meet the minimum

requirement of Malaysian Energy Standard MS1525 in tenn ofOTIV

c) To simulate and validate selected retrofitting features

d) To recommend retrofitting features and justify recommendation of retrofitting through

life cycle cost (LCC) and simple payback method.

1.2 Scope

The study will be conducted on a government health care facilities and due to time

constraint and complexity of the hospital set up, the study will focus only on the 9 storey

inpatient care block which houses most of the medical wards. The retrofitting to be

recommended will only consider features that could be implemented on the existing building

to meet the recommended OTTV.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 General

The effect of climate change has an impact on the way we use energy. (C.Ward, 2008)

The need to save energy was simply an effort to reduce global warming through reducing

global greenhouse gasses which was the main objective of Kyoto Protocol 1997 of which

Malaysia has ratified. As part of the Malaysian government policy to reduce its carbon

footprint, energy efficiency measures are being intensified in industrial, transport and

commercial sectors as well as government building. (Department Of Environment, 2006) In

building sector, not only there is an upward trend of demand in electrical energy, there is a

need and also a big potential in applying energy saving technologies in Malaysia since the

energy usage in the commercial and residential building alone accounts for up to 48% of

total electrical consumption. [(Nigel & Lucas, 2008) cited in (Anwar et at. 2009) ]

The global contributions from buildings towards.energy consumption, both residential

and commercial, have steadily increased, reaching figures between 20% and 40% in

developed countries. [(Lombard et at. 2008) cited in (Saidur, 2009)] Options available to

reduce energy use in building are such as building envelope with high performance glazing

with well insulated walls and roofs, use of daylight as source of lighting during daytime as

well as energy efficient equipment. (Anwar et at. 2009) Hospitals are among the top five

4

Pusat Khidmlu MakJum~t Akl:ld n,' UNI\'tRSlTI MALAYSIA AltA AK

energy consumers for non domestic sectors which also include industries, commercial

offices, schools and shops. Hospitals cover about 5% of total energy consumption in the

service sectors. (C.Ward, 2008)

2.1 Energy Usage Pattern In Healthcare Building

Energy Efficiency in building is about promoting optimum usage of energy for

heating, cooling and lighting in a building. This can be achieved through means but not

limited to options which have been mentioned above. Low energy office (LEO) building, a

building in Federal Government Administrative Territory, Putrajaya occupied by Ministry of

Energy, Green Technology and Water has achieved a building energy index of 100

kW/m2/yr. (commonly used energy index for comparing energy use in buildings and usually

expressed as kWhlm2/year) Additional 10% was needed for the construction cost which gives

payback for the extra investment of less than 10 years. Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (PTM), an

energy research agency establish by Government of Malaysia with one of its major function

is to promote national Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy programs has establish a

building project (Zero Energy Office) that does not consumes energy more than can it

produce using renewable energy sources on site. As a key demonstration building, ZEO

energy index is 65 kW/m2/yr compared to typical c~nventional office building in Kuala

Lumpur of 250-300 kW/m2/yr. (Chua & Oh, 2010) The following are a few known Energy

Indices for healthcare buildings locally and internationally. The amount of energy used in ·

buildings depends on what it is used for thus the variation in energy consumption.

5

The Building Energy Index (BEl) for Hospital Kuala Lumpur is 390 kW/m2/yr as

reported by Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (PTM) in December 2008. The energy intensity for

hospitals in Thailand was reported to be at 148.8 kW/m2/yr. (Chirarattananon S, 2010) .

Another study on energy consumption in hospital building was done in Greece and showed

that the annual energy consumption in hospital is 407 kW/m2/yr and 275 kW/m2/yr for

clinics. (Santamouris et al. 1994) The authors also have shown that lighting consume about

52 kW/m2/yr (1 2.8%) , equipment 53 kW/m2/yr (13%) , electric 24 kW/m2/yr (6%), cooling

3.3 kW/m2/yr (0.8%) and thermal 274 kW/m2/yr (67.4%) . The biggest energy consumer in

healthcare building located in temperate climate is for heating purpose. Among the strategies

adopted to conserve energy used for heating are adding insulation, use of double pane

windows as well as proper orientation of building to increase solar gain to reduce heating

load. (This is in contrast to hot and humid climate which avoids long building fa9ade being

oriented towards the sun to reduce the cooling load) As a comparison, study in Hospital

Kuala Lumpur by PTM shows that 46% of electrical energy is used for air conditioning, 10%

for lighting, steam and hot water 22% while others (which consists of medical equipment,

medical gas, office equipment and general equipment) consume 22%. PTM suggest energy

saving measures that include lamp control system, changing to energy efficient lamp, use of

variable speed drive for AHUs, indoor temperature reset, improvement of Overall Thermal

Transfer Value (OTTV) and Roof Thermal Transfer Value (RTTV). The estimated Building

Energy Index could be improved from 390 kW/m2/yr to 312 kW/m2/yr should the

recommendations were implemented.

In a related study, an energy audit have been conducted in a hospital in 2008 with

energy intensity of 234 kW/m2/yr. (Saidur et aI, 2010) Figure 1 shows the breakdown of

energy consumption in this hospital. Lighting which uses 36% and fol1ow~ by biomedical

6

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equipment using 34% were highlighted for efficiency improvement but due to the high

priority of treating and curing patient, energy efficient is given low priority. Therefore only

motor driven equipment was selected for energy efficiency improvement. The authors have

also found out that the energy intensity could be reduced from 234 kW/m2/yr to 157

kW/m2/yr by using variable speed drive at 60 % speed reduction.

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Figure 1: Electrical consumption breakdown ( Saidur et aI, 2010)

2.2 Factors Affecting Energy Usage - The Architectural Approach

There a several factors affecting energy use in a building which includes occupancy

& management, environmental standards, climate, building design & construction as well as

mechanical & electrical equipment (Aun, 2004). In this discussion passive design factors that

affect building energy use will be highlighted. The factors range from building elements like

size, shape, orientation of building to thenno physical properties of building materials.

Many research have been carried out on these factors to gauge the magnitude of effect they

have on buildings energy performance and ways to reduce building's energy use. Some

Energy Efficiency technologies breakthrough have been made in recent years with the aim to

address the crisis and urgency of global warming through fast moving movement of

greenlsustainable building. (Han et ai, 2010)

7

• • - -

According to work done by researchers which are briefly highlighted in the following

paragraph on passive cooling on building, significant amount of energy saving could be

achieved by applying architectural measures such as building orientation, providing solar

shading, use of thermal mass construction material, utilizing light colored roofs and surfaces

and heat reflective windows. The remaining of this chapter will provide insight into some of

these architectural features which is being widely used in order to improve energy efficiency

of a building.

Findings from work done by Radhi (2009) shows that effective energy savings can be

made from envelope component of a building. This is true for skin load- dominated building

where the internal heat gain is small (the amount of heat gained through the building

envelope is larger than the amount of heat generated inside the building). Results show that

about 25% reduction in total building energy consumption could be achieved. However, up

to 20% reduction is possible in internal load dominated building. Refer Figure 2 below. It

was shown that by combining envelope component with other means of energy savings, they

could bring about higher target of reduction in energy use.

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..-Figure 2: Electricity savings for both skin load dominated building (left hand side) and internal load dominated building. cited from (Radhi, 2009)

8

Glass is a popular building element in many countries including Malaysia. With glass

come the issues of building overheating and sun glare which if ill selected would result in not

only poor day lighting and increased cooling load (high cooling loads leads to increase annual

electricity consumption) but also would cause health related issues such as fatigue, insomnia

and other seasonal affective disorder or SAD (Mohsen, 2006) .

Figure 3 shows the relation between different shading coefficient (SC) of various

type of glass material and its effect on light transmission as well as on relative heat gain of

the glass clad building facade. The building investigated by Mohsen are categorized as high

performance building (SC< 0.20 ), intennediate perfonnance building (SC < 0.35) and low

performance building (SC > 0.35). Shading coefficient not exceeding 0.2 is preferred to

conserve energy apart from providing good day lighting. A proper day lighting into the

building should protect it from excessive heat gain, solar glare, visual discomfort and also

prevent cave effect (excessive day light that result in ill distributed level of light within the

interior spaces) . An even and diffuse light from day lighting through clear glass could be

achieved in cold climate with overcast skies whereas use of clear glass in hot and sunny

climate result unnecessary and excessive amount of light. High level of day lighting were

recorded in country like Dubai within range from 75,000 lux to 107,500 lux when what is

normally needed is in the range of 300 -2000 lux. [(Steemers et al. 2002) cited in (Mohsen,

2006)] It should be noted that window characteristic such as placement, area, and size as well

as the characteristics of glass are tailored in cold or temperate country to optimize its solar

beat gain in order to reduce the building energy need for heating load.

9

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Figure 3: Relationship between shading coefficient and light transmission (top) as well as relative heat gain (bottom) (Mohsen, 2006)

Windows with shading are common features 10 any building and on the energy

efficient point of view are usually designed in such a way to help reduce heating and cooling

load. This include solar deflector, fixed or movable overhangs and blinds, shingled glass

facades, double glazed fayade system, motorized louvers, awnings and screens. Smart

windows which have made appearance commercially since 2006, has the ability to adjust its

10

opacities to allow the right amount of light to go through with the help of light or temperature

sensors. Windows film and windows coating serve as alternatives to smart windows with

much lower cost to install. Figure 4 below shows the impact of shading on energy demand. It

is noteworthy to show that lighting energy demand will increase if automated shading is used

due to the decreased daylight availability. (Athanassios & Andreas, 2007) This is also true to

undersized windows that cannot give the required luminance (targeted lux) in the building

which will result in constant use of electric lighting.

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Pigw-e 4: Comparison between annual heating, cooling, lighting and total energy demand for the base case with passive and active lighting control and the studied roller shade case with the selected ttaDsmittance and control. (Athanassios & Andreas, 2007)

It is worth mentioning that there is a relationship between window wall ratio (WWR)

to cooling demand and lighting energy demand. Integration of day lighting into building by

providing enough amount of glazing therefore daylight availability will reduce the need for

active lighting thus saving electrical energy. This is acceptable only to certain extent where

larger window area will only result in higher energy demand. Study has shown that solar and

iDtemal gain will be at optimum balance when day lighting availability ratio reaches 60%.

11