sat u.s history

6/3/2015 SAT U.S. History - US History Test Practice - SAT Subject Tests

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SATSubjectTestPractice

U.S. History1Youranswer (C) Correct!

"If the Creator had separated Texas from the Union by mountain barriers, the Alps or the Andes,there might be plausible objections; but He has planed down the whole [Mississippi] Valleyincluding Texas, and united every atom of the soil and every drop of the water of the mightywhole. He has linked their rivers with the great Mississippi, and marked and united the wholefor the dominion of one government, the residence of one people." This quotation from the1840's can be viewed as an expression of

(A) The New Nationalism(B) popular sovereignty(C) Manifest Destiny Your Answer(D) the Good Neighbor policy(E) the frontier thesis

Explanation

Difficulty: Easy

The quotation is a clear example of the sentiments of Manifest Destiny, the idea that thedomination and expansion of the United States across the North American continent isinevitable and divinely sanctioned. The author points to the geographical openness andinterconnection of the Mississippi Valley as evidence that it is created for one people to lay claimto it.

2Youranswer (A) Correct!

One purpose of the Marshall Plan of 1948 was to

(A) rebuild European economies to make communism less appealing Your Answer(B) aid the depressed agricultural economies of Latin American nations(C) aid communist nations that would agree to embrace democracy(D) give military aid to those nations resisting communist subversion(E) help the peoples of Asia establish heavy industries

Explanation

Difficulty: Easy



Following the Second World War, the United States' European Recovery Program (best knownas the Marshall Plan) was designed to help rebuild the economies of European countries withthe hope that stable economies would support democratic government. The United States wasconcerned that weak economies, and the social conditions that would result from economicinstability, might make communism more appealing to European countries ravaged by war.


Which of the following best describes the pattern of immigration into Britains North Americancolonies during the years 1620 to 1770?

(A) Largely English in the seventeenth century, non-English in the eighteenth century YourAnswer(B) Chiefly of English origin during the whole period(C) Largely non-English in the seventeenth century, English in the eighteenth century(D) Predominantly from southern and eastern Europe, especially after 1700(E) Predominantly from Asia, Africa and Spanish America especially after 1650

Explanation

Difficulty: Easy

Between 1620 and 1700, immigrants to Britains North American colonies came overwhelminglyfrom England; it has been estimated that the ancestry of the British North American colonialpopulation was 80 percent English and Welsh in 1700. Between 1700 and 1770, however, thischanged as the population became far more diverse. In the eighteenth century, non-Englishpeoples such as Africans, Germans, Scots, Scots-Irish, Irish and Dutch came to the British NorthAmerican colonies in large numbers, as a whole exceeding the number of English immigrants.In other words, immigrants to British North America in the seventeenth century were mostlyEnglish, while immigrants in the eighteenth century were mostly non-English.

4Youranswer (E) Correct!

George Grenville viewed the Stamp Act primarily as a means to

(A) make the customs service more efficient(B) punish rebellious colonists(C) test the colonists will to resist England(D) create more patronage positions for the kings courtiers(E) raise revenue for the crown Your Answer

Explanation

Difficulty: Easy

The 1765 Stamp Act required people in the British North American colonies to purchasespecially stamped paper for all newspapers, legal documents and other public papers. This lawwas enacted under the leadership of British Prime Minister George Grenville. In the aftermathof the French and Indian War (also known as the Seven Years War), which ended in 1763, the



British government was financially overextended, in part by the costs of defending its NorthAmerican colonies. Colonial tax rates had until this time been lower than those in Great Britain,so Grenville sought the passage of the Stamp Act in order to spread taxation more evenly andgenerate revenue for the British government (that is, for the crown). This law promptedwidespread protests in the colonies.

5Youranswer (B) Correct!

The controversy with Great Britain over the northern boundary of the shaded section in the mapabove was settled during the presidency of

(A) John Quincy Adams(B) James K. Polk Your Answer(C) Franklin Pierce(D) James Buchanan(E) Andrew Johnson

Explanation

Difficulty: Easy

In the early nineteenth century, both the United States and Great Britain had overlappingterritorial claims to the Oregon Country, an area that embraced present-day Oregon,Washington, Idaho and British Columbia. The disagreement eventually centered on the shadedregion labeled Crux of Dispute on the map. In 1846, the administration of President James K.Polk and the British government agreed to divide the Oregon Country along the 49th parallel ofnorth latitude.




The 1940s poster above referred to the

(A) contribution of women to the defense industry Your Answer(B) growing popularity of women movie stars(C) large number of women in the armed forces(D) large number of immigrants who supported the war effort(E) affection of Americans for their wartime president

Explanation

Difficulty: Easy

During the Second World War, the massive expansion of war production in the United Statesgreatly increased the demand for labor just as millions of men were being drafted into themilitary. As a result, large numbers of women joined the workforce in the defense industry. TheUnited States government encouraged this trend with posters such as the one shown.

7Youranswer (C) Correct!

The chief reason given by Woodrow Wilson for requesting a declaration of war against Germanyin 1917 was the

(A) refusal of Germany to accept the Fourteen Points as a basis for peace negotiations(B) need to establish a League of Nations after the war(C) resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany Your Answer(D) economic rivalry between the United States and Germany(E) cultural ties between the United States and England

Explanation



Difficulty: Medium

Several factors drew the United States into the war, but Wilson's declaration was made inresponse to Germany's decision to resume unrestricted U-boat attacks. Earlier unrestricted U-boat attacks (such as on the liner Lusitania) had resulted in United States casualties, and thethreat of more attacks was cited by Wilson as the central reason to declare war against Germany.

Wilson did not put forth the Fourteen Points declaration until 1918 as a part of his proposal for apostwar settlement. The League of Nations was created at the Versailles peace conference in1919, and was not pronounced in 1917 as a central reason to enter the war. While economicconcerns did enter into the debates over whether the United States should formally enter thewar, economic rivalry between the United States and Germany was not given by Wilson as themain justification for declaring war. Similarly, cultural ties with England did influence thedebate, but were not cited by Wilson as a central justification.


Which of the following statements best represents a nativist attitude toward the influx ofimmigrants around 1900?

(A) Slavs and Italians will be assimilated as easily into the American way of life as were earlierimmigrant groups.(B) Ellis Island should be enlarged to accommodate the huge influx of immigrants.(C) Immigrants will work for low wages and break strikes, thereby hurting all Americanworkers. Your Answer(D) Native-born Americans should organize to help find jobs and homes for new immigrants sothat they can become citizens as quickly as possible.(E) Political machines in the large cities should be responsible for providing immigrants withfood, shelter, and jobs in return for their votes.

Explanation

Difficulty: Medium

Nativism in the United States, consisting of anti-immigrant sentiment and fear of foreigninfluence, was a major presence in politics in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Thus, a nativistattitude would be one that reflects a bias against new immigrants. This points most clearly to theanti-immigrant attitude in answer choice C, which describes immigrants as a threat to Americanworkers--an accurate description of an attitude held by many nativists around 1900.


Which of the following was true of Black soldiers in the United States Army during the FirstWorld War?

(A) Black soldiers and White soldiers served in fully integrated units.(B) Black soldiers served in segregated units often commanded by White officers. Your Answer(C) Black Americans were drafted into the armed forces but were not allowed to enlist.(D) Black Americans were not allowed in the armed forces, but were encouraged to take factory



jobs in war industries.(E) Because some Black leaders opposed the war, the government placed Black soldiers only innoncombat positions.

Explanation

Difficulty: Medium

Virtually all Black soldiers in the United States Army during the First World War served insegregated units, but they were often commanded by White officers. Black Americans wereallowed to enlist in the armed forces, but Black and White soldiers did not serve in fullyintegrated units until after the Second World War. Many (but not all) Black units were kept outof combat, but this was due to racist assumptions about their inability to fight, and not to fearsthat they were influenced by some Black leaders' opposition to the war. In fact, one Black unit,New York's 369th Regiment, saw combat in the trenches longer than any other United Statesunit.


The principal consequence of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was that it

(A) terminated the earlier system of land survey established by the federal government for theterritories(B) established a procedure for bringing new states into the Union as the equals of the olderstates Your Answer(C) provided for the removal of American Indians from the East Coast to territories across theAppalachian mountains(D) encouraged the drafting of a new treaty with England concerning the disposition of thewestern territories(E) strengthened the role of the thirteen original states in Congress

Explanation

Difficulty: Medium

The Northwest Ordinances were intended to establish procedures for the settlement andadministration of the areas in the Northwest Territory (the area ceded by Great Britain in 1783that would later include Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin and Illinois). The NorthwestOrdinance of 1787 established the procedure to bring territories into full statehood with thesame status as the existing states.


During the period from 1492 to 1700, French activity in the Americas was primarily directedtoward

(A) establishing trade with American Indians Your Answer(B) plundering American Indian settlements for gold and silver(C) conquering Spanish and English colonies



(D) encouraging the growth of permanent settlements(E) discovering a new route to Africa

Explanation

Difficulty: Medium

French activity in the Americas centered on development of extensive fur-trading with AmericanIndians.

The French were not known for plundering American Indian settlements for gold and silver noranything else; their emphasis was on developing positive relationships that would foster the furtrade. Conquering Spanish and English colonies was not an objective of French activity; theirconcern with exploration and development far outweighed interest in fostering permanentsettlements (though some were established); and discovering a new route to Africa was not asignificant motive for French activity.


Which of the following best describes the role played by the People's (Populist) Party during the1890's?

(A) An instrument to protect small businesses from governmental regulation(B) An organization foreshadowing the subsequent socialist movement(C) A vehicle for agrarian protest against railroad and banking interests Your Answer(D) The political arm of the new labor movement(E) The medium through which urban ethnic groups entered national politics

Explanation

Difficulty: Medium

The Populist movement grew out of the farmers' alliances, and culminated in the rise of thePeople's (Populist) Party. The Party platform included, among other issues, nationalization ofthe railroads and reduction of the influence of bankers over the agricultural economy.

The Populists were not looking to protect small business from government regulation. Whilethey did argue that the powers of government should be expanded, not restrained; their pro-government stance was distinct from the complete government takeover of industries advocatedby the socialists. The People's Party was a party of farmers and rural interests and was not partof the movement to organize industrial workers in the cities.


The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 is best summarized by which of the following statements:

(A) The United States would not permit the continuance of the African slave trade.(B) The United States would feel free to intervene in any case where a democratic nation wasthreatened by a non-democratic one.



(C) The United States would not allow the creation of any new colonies in the WesternHemisphere, although it would not interfere with existing ones. Your Answer(D) The United States would insist that all nations be given equal access to markets in the FarEast.(E) The United States would not extend diplomatic recognition to any foreign government thatcame to power by force.

Explanation

Difficulty: Medium

The Monroe Doctrine asserted that the Western Hemisphere was not to be further colonized byEuropean countries, but also that the United States would not interfere with existing Europeancolonies nor in the internal concerns of European countries. The Doctrine was issued at the timewhen many Latin American countries were on the verge of becoming independent from Spainand the United States hoped to avoid having any European power take Spain's place.


Harriet Tubman was known as the "Moses" of her people because she

(A) helped slaves escape from the South Your Answer(B) was instrumental in bringing about suffrage reform(C) advocated emigration to Africa for Black people(D) organized mass civil rights demonstrations(E) traveled as a lay minister preaching the gospel

Explanation

Difficulty: Medium

Harriet Tubman was a notable African American abolitionist. As the use of the name "Moses"may help you to remember, Tubman led many slaves to freedom in the North along the route ofthe Underground Railroad. This achievement is not noted in any of the other choices, whichdescribe activities that Tubman did not pursue nor advocate.


Which of the following statements is generally true of the framers of the Constitution?

(A) They believed in the supremacy of the executive branch of the federal government.(B) They had great faith in the goodness and rationality of people.(C) They were opposed to the development of political parties. Your Answer(D) They incorporated into the Constitution the most democratic ideals of the Declaration ofIndependence.(E) They believed the new American republic would be stable because of the unanimity of publicopinion in the country on major policy issues.

Explanation



Difficulty: Medium

While it is difficult to generalize about the framers of the Constitution, most of the leadingframers did oppose political parties. In TheFederalist papers, Alexander Hamilton and JamesMadison two of the most significant framers of the Constitution wrote strongly againstfactions or political parties and explained the ways in which the structure of the Constitutionwas designed to prevent factions from forming. In particular, Hamilton and Madison believedthat both the scale of the country, and the system of checks and balances that they had built intothe government, would mitigate factionalism. The framers did not believe in the supremacy ofthe executive branch (A); another reason for the system of checks and balances was to restrainthe power of the presidency. They did not have great faith in the goodness and rationality of thepeople (B); most federal offices were initially chosen by indirect election to prevent excessivedemocratic influence. They did not incorporate the most democratic ideals of the Declaration ofIndependence (D); they continued to tolerate nondemocratic elements such as slavery andrestrictions on the right to vote. They also did not believe in the unanimity of public opinion (E);debates over the ratification of the Constitution highlighted already existing divisions.

16Youranswer (D) Correct!

Which of the following was symbolic of the rise of American influence in the fine arts after theSecond World War?

(A) Mary Cassatts work in Impressionism(B) Thomas Eakins work in Realism(C) Grant Woods work in Regionalism(D) Jackson Pollocks work in Abstract Expressionism Your Answer(E) John S. Copleys work of realistic portraiture

Explanation

Difficulty: Medium

Jackson Pollock was a leading American artist of the 1940s and 1950s, and his AbstractExpressionist work helped make American painting much more prominent in the internationalart world following the Second World War. By contrast, Mary Cassatts work (A) was mostprominent in the late nineteenth century. Thomas Eakins (B) was likewise most active in thelate nineteenth century. Grant Woods (D) most famous work appeared in the 1930s. John S.Copley (E) worked in the late eighteenth century.


Major population shifts between 1915 and 1980 included all of the following except amovement from

(A) the rural South to Northern cities(B) New England to the Midwest Your Answer(C) the North to the Sun Belt(D) the inner cities to the suburbs


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(E) the Caribbean region to the American mainland

Explanation

Difficulty: Medium

In the period between 1915 and 1980, several major population shifts occurred within and intothe United States, including African Americans moving from the rural South to Northern cities(A), retirees and economic migrants moving from the North to the Sun Belt (C), middle- andworking-class people leaving inner cities for suburbs (D), and immigrants coming fromCaribbean islands such as Cuba and Puerto Rico to the United States mainland (E). Incomparison, the number of people who moved from New England to the Midwest (B) in thisperiod was relatively small.


Which of the following presidents is correctly paired with an event that took place during hisadministration?

(A) Lyndon B. Johnson the establishment of diplomatic relations between the United Statesand the Peoples Republic of China(B) John F. Kennedy resolution of the Suez Crisis(C) Richard M. Nixon the reduction of United States forces in Vietnam Your Answer(D) Gerald R. Ford the signing of the Camp David Accords(E) Jimmy Carter resolution of the Cuban Missile Crisis

Explanation

Difficulty: Medium

Richard Nixon was elected president in the midst of the Vietnam conflict between the UnitedStates and South Vietnam on one side and Communist-ruled North Vietnam on the other. Aftera period of escalation, the Nixon administration gradually scaled back United States militarysupport for South Vietnam while negotiating with North Vietnam. In 1973, the United Statesand North Vietnam signed the Paris Peace Accords and United States forces withdrew from theconflict. Diplomatic contacts between the United States and the Peoples Republic of Chinabegan during Richard Nixons administration, and formal diplomatic relations were establishedduring Jimmy Carters administration; neither occurred during Lyndon B. Johnsons (A). TheSuez Crisis of 1956 was resolved during Dwight D. Eisenhowers administration, not John F.Kennedys (B). The signing of the Camp David Accords took place during Jimmy Cartersadministration, not Gerald R. Fords (D). The resolution of the Cuban Missile Crisis took placeduring John F. Kennedys administration, not Jimmy Carters (E).


The Emancipation Proclamation declared slaves in which of the following areas forever free?

(A) All areas of the United States(B) All areas of the Confederacy



(C) Areas in border states loyal to the Union(D) Confederate areas still in rebellion Your Answer(E) Areas in states controlled by Union forces

Explanation

Difficulty: Medium

Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on Sept. 22, 1862, to be effective onJan. 1, 1863. The Proclamation declared that all enslaved persons in areas still in rebellionagainst the United States were free. At the time, the president limited emancipation to theseareas based on a variety of legal and political considerations; the passage of the ThirteenthAmendment near the end of the Civil War completely abolished slavery in the United States.


The point I wish plainly to bring before you on this occasion is the individuality of each humansoul; our Protestant idea, the right of individual conscience and judgment; our republican idea,individual citizenship. If we consider [a woman] as a citizen, as a member of a great nation,she must have the same rights as all other members, according to the fundamental principles ofour government.

The statement above was made by

(A) Thomas Jefferson(B) Elizabeth Blackwell(C) Henry David Thoreau(D) Margaret Sanger(E) Elizabeth Cady Stanton Your Answer

Explanation

Difficulty: Medium

Elizabeth Cady Stanton (18151902) was one of the most important campaigners for womenslegal and political rights in the nineteenth century. She based her arguments for womens rightson political and religious principles she felt were essential to the United States, as demonstratedin this passage.


A major change brought about by Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal, 193339, was the

(A) creation of machinery for maintaining full employment(B) transformation of a business-dominated society into a labor-dominated one(C) redistribution of population from urban centers to rural areas(D) development of new attitudes about the role and function of government Your Answer(E) destruction of machine politics at the state and city levels



Explanation

Difficulty: Medium

The "New Deal" was the term for a wide variety of programs, initiatives and agencies created byFranklin D. Roosevelts administration to deal with the economic and social disruptions causedby the Great Depression. The gradual recovery of the United States under the New Deal ledmany people to feel that the government should continue to intervene to remedy economicproblems; in other words, people developed new attitudes about the role and function ofgovernment.


Which of the following statements about social trends in the United States between 1945 and1970 is INCORRECT?

(A) There was an overall increase in college enrollment.(B) The proportion of blue-collar jobs in the economy decreased.(C) Increasing numbers of African American children attended racially integrated schools.(D) There was an exodus of population from the cities to the suburbs.(E) By the end of the period, a lower proportion of women were working outside the home thanat the beginning. Your Answer

Explanation

Difficulty: Hard

After the dramatic increase of women in the workforce during the Second World War, therewere large-scale layoffs of women. Even so, women soon returned to work outside the home inlarge numbers, and the proportion of women in the labor force continued to grow from that timeforward. So the key is not an accurate statement of a social trend between 1945 and 1970. All ofthe other statements are accurate descriptions of social trends during the time between 1945and 1970.


From the sixteenth through the eighteenth century, the cultural patterns of the AmericanIndians of the western plains were most dramatically influenced by

(A) major changes in ecological conditions(B) contact with tribes from eastern coastal areas(C) the adoption of European styles of dress(D) the adoption of European agricultural techniques(E) the introduction of the horse by Spanish explorers and settlers Your Answer

Explanation

Difficulty: Hard



The introduction of the horse had a dramatic affect on the culture of American Indians of thewestern plains. The horse vastly improved the Indians' ability to hunt buffalo and other game.As a result of adopting horseback riding, many tribes were transformed in a few generations:from semi-sedentary hunters, gatherers and farmers, to fully nomadic hunters. There was nomajor change in the ecology of the Plains in this period. Contact between Plains tribes andEastern coastal tribes was indirect and unimportant. European styles of dress were notnecessarily adopted by Plains Indians, nor would they have represented a major change incultural patterns. The Indians of the plains did not adopt European farming practices in thisperiod.


The primary reason the United States advocated the Open Door policy in 1899 was to

(A) consolidate good relations between the United States and European countries holding leasesin China(B) encourage Asian nations to protect Chinese interests(C) expand the effort of European nations to Westernize China(D) protect United States missionaries in China(E) protect United States trading opportunities in China Your Answer

Explanation

Difficulty: Hard

The Open Door policy, enunciated in a series of diplomatic notes to various European countries,was an effort to maintain equal trading access to Chinese markets for all nations, but waspromoted by the United States primarily to secure its own trading rights against those of otherpowers that were trying to divide China into separate spheres of influence. The policy was anappeal to European countries that were occupying China to refrain from interfering with UnitedStates trade access, but it was not primarily focused on maintaining good relations with thosecountries. The other answer choices were not primary reasons for the Open Door policy.


In the Declaration of Independence, the theory of government used to justify the break withBritain was derived most directly from the ideas of:

(A) Rousseau(B) Locke Your Answer(C) Montesquieu(D) Hobbes(E) Voltaire

Explanation

Difficulty: Hard

John Locke's arguments that the legitimacy of government depends on the consent of the



governed, that political authority is based on social contract, and that people have natural rightsto life, liberty, and property were fundamental to the Declaration of Independence.

Hobbes and Rousseau were important contributors to the development of contract theory and itwas Montesquieu who put forward the idea of separation of powers later applied in theConstitution, but Locke's ideas were by far the most direct source for the Declaration'sjustification of the break with Britain. The Enlightenment philosophy of Voltaire did not directlycontribute to the theory of government applied in the Declaration.


From 1870 to 1930, the trend in industry was for hours to be generally reduced, while bothmoney wages and real wages rose. What factor was primarily responsible for this trend?

(A) A reduction in profit margins(B) Minimum wage laws(C) Restriction of the labor supply(D) Increased output per hour of work Your Answer(E) Right-to-work legislation

Explanation

Difficulty: Hard

The best answer to this question is choice D. To arrive at this answer, you must be aware thatthe trend referred to in the question came about primarily because of technological advancesthat resulted in increased productivity. None of the other answer choices satisfactorily accountsfor all the conditions described in the question.


What is man born for but to be a reformer, a remaker of what man has made; a renouncer oflies; a restorer of truth and good, imitating that great Nature which embosoms us all, and whichsleeps no moment on an old past, but every hour repairs herself, yielding every morning a newday, and with every pulsation a new life?

These sentiments are most characteristic of

(A) fundamentalism(B) Social Darwinism(C) pragmatism(D) neoorthodoxy(E) transcendentalism Your Answer

Explanation

Difficulty: Hard

The excerpt, from an 1841 essay by transcendentalist thinker Ralph Waldo Emerson called Man



the Reformer, reflects the characteristically transcendentalist celebration of nature as thesource of human goodness and the justification of social reform. Emerson suggests this when hesays when humans are renouncer[s] of lies and restorer[s] of truth in the same way thatNature every hour repairs herself. It also suggests that by improving society a frequent goalof activists, intellectuals and religious thinkers in the 1830s and 1840s people could becomebetter aligned with the natural world.


All of the following are true of the movement to prohibit alcoholic beverages in the United Statesexcept:

(A) It arose quite suddenly amid the hysteria surrounding the First World War. Your Answer(B) It won the support of many progressive reformers.(C) It was often favored by people who disliked immigrants and their cultural practices.(D) It was a movement in which women played leading roles.(E) It gained strength from new scientific evidence that alcohol was harmful to health.

Explanation

Difficulty: Hard

The only statement about the movement to prohibit alcoholic beverages in the United Statesthat is not true is the statement in choice (A). The movement to prohibit alcohol did not arisesuddenly in the context of the First World War; instead it had been a prominent part of life inthe United States since at least the 1830s, and prohibitionists had succeeded in establishinglocal and state restrictions on alcohol since the 1890s. Prohibiting alcohol was a prominentcause for many reformers during the Progressive Era of the early twentieth century (B); manyprohibition advocates also associated excessive alcohol consumption with immigrants (C);women did play prominent roles in the prohibition movement through organizations such as theWomans Christian Temperance Union and the Anti-Saloon League (D); and new scientificevidence about the harmful effects of alcohol did emerge at this time (E).


I. I believe it is the duty of the Negro as the greater part of the race is alreadydoing to deport himself modestly in regard to political claims, depending uponthe slow but sure influences that proceed from the possession of property,intelligence and high character for the full recognition of his political rights.

II. The truth is that integration is an image, its a foxy Northern liberals smoke-screen that confuses the true wants of the American black man.

III. The talented tenth of the Negro race must be made leaders of thought andmissionaries of culture among their people. The Negro race, like all other races, isgoing to be saved by its exceptional men.



The most probable authors of statements I, II, and III, respectively, are

(A) Malcolm X, Nat Turner and Martin Luther King Jr.(B) Booker T. Washington, Malcolm X and W.E.B. Du Bois Your Answer(C) Martin Luther King Jr., Booker T. Washington, and W.E.B. Du Bois(D) Nat Turner, Martin Luther King Jr. and Booker T. Washington(E) W.E.B. Du Bois, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr.

Explanation

Difficulty: Hard

The first statement reflects Booker T. Washingtons encouragement of African Americans toaccommodate themselves to existing conditions and to work gradually to gain greater socialstanding. The second statement reflects Malcolm Xs rejection of both the existing powerstructure and the goal of desegregation; he instead favored establishing greater autonomy forAfrican Americans. The third statement quotes W.E.B. Du Bois, who believed that the mostcapable and best-educated African Americans could become advocates for their people andelevate the social standing of their race.

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