sat vocab workbook

7/29/2019 SAT Vocab Workbook

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Welcome to the SAT Teaching SystemsWe’ve developed our educational package to integrate you, your students, the video component,

and the supplemental materials into an effective learning system.

The program delivers information in a clear, concise, example-lled manner that teaches with the perspective

of the learner in mind. The supplemental material allows students structured opportunities to practice

and enhance their knowledge of basic and advanced concepts.

Each module contains the following items: a lesson plan, worksheets, and various testing components,

and a practice exam.

The Lesson Plan has three parts:

• Pre-viewing reviews the basic elements of the SAT test.

• Viewing the program offers a fun fast-paced way to teach important concepts.

• Post-viewing provides worksheets to reinforce the concepts taught in the video.

Testing components consist o:

• Worksheets that have your students practice the material to reinforce the concepts and topics

introduced.

• Practice Test which covers all the learning objectives and can be used either as a homeworkassignment or as a practice test in class.

We hope that you and your students nd Teaching Systems benecial and enjoyable. Be sure to check out

Cerebellum.com for special offers, new subjects, and other great resources!



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Lesson PlanVideo: 63 minutes Lesson: 70 minutes

Pre-Viewing

• :00 Warm Up:

Do you need to have a photographic memory? No. Do you need to possess a canny ability to outwit the

schemes of devious SAT designers? No. The good news is that increasing your vocabulary is a relatively

simple process, anyone can do it. We’ll make the job easier by showing you the best way to learn new

vocabulary words, along with tricks and tips to help you remember them. The only skill you need to have

is a willingness to work.

• :00 Test-Prep:

There are three main learning styles: visual, auditory, and kinesthetic & tactile (doing and touching). Mostpeople favor learning in one of these three styles. For example, when you meet a new person, what is

easiest for you to remember about that person a week later?

• The person’s face, but not the name? (visual learner)

• The person’s name, but not the face? (auditory learner)

• What you did together with the person? (kinesthetic & tactile)

If you are able to identify the way you learn best, you can use that knowledge to help you learn. We’ve

made a list of study tips geared towards each learning style. Try memorizing the following words with

the strategies we provide. Rank how effective you nd each strategy on a scale of 1 to 3 (1=Works great!

3=Doesn’t help much) to see which ones t you best.

Viewing

• :04 Playing Video:

The SAT Vocabulary video program is divided into 2 segments. “Two’s Company” uses short comedic

videos to illustrate the meanings words in a way that students can easily relate to and understand. The

videos are to engage students’ interest and enable them to learn and remember the meanings of difcult

words. The Vocabulary Skills & Drills section will help you beef up your word skills–the better your

vocabulary, the better you’ll do on the test!

• :60 Wrap-Up:

When you’re ready, you can have students take the practice tests provided on the CD-ROM. The idea

is that if you take these tests in a similar settings to the real tests, your students will be better prepared

come test day.



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SAT: Vocabulary The Good and Bad News About Learning New Words

The good news: whatever your talents or abilities, you can increase your SAT vocabulary. A lot. Almost as muchas you want to.

Do you need to have a photographic memory? No. Do you need to possess a canny ability to outwit theschemes of devious SAT designers? No.

The good news is that increasing your vocabulary is a relatively simple process. Anyone can do it. We’ll make the job easier by showing you the best way to learn new vocabulary words, along with tricks to help you rememberthem. The only skill you need to have is a willingness to work.

The “bad” news: memorizing new words takes work. There isn’t a single trick or magic system that will allow you

to memorize 500 words a day and rattle off esoteric words that will make you look erudite to your friends aftera week. It’s not hard work, but it does take effort, and the more time you spend studying, the better you will do.You are in control of how much or little you learn.

But that’s not really bad news, is it?

What’s in This Section?

1. Study Plans. Taking the SAT in six months? What about in a week? We suggest the best study strategydepending on how much time you have.

2. Learning Tips. Tricks and tools that will help you remember the words you learn.

3. Word Roots + Flash Cards. Word roots can help you gure out a word’s meaning even if you’ve never seenthe word before. Take neologism. If you know that neo means new, and log means speech, thought, you know

neologism is close to “new speech, thought”. The real denition: neologism--a new word, expression, or usage.4. Word Groupings. We organized like-minded words into groups to make them easier to memorize. Forexample, canny, esoteric, and erudite (highlighted above) are in the Intelligence or Knowledge group. Thedenitions of these words are all related to intelligence or knowledge. Each word group is followed by a quiz, andwe have a cumulative review after every four chapters.

Learning Strategies and Tips

There are three main learning styles: visual, auditory, and kinesthetic & tactile (doing and touching). Most peoplefavor learning in one of these three styles.

For example, when you meet a new person, what is easiest for you to remember about that person a week later?

• The person’s face, but not the name? (visual learner)

• The person’s name, but not the face? (auditory learner)• What you did together with the person? (kinesthetic & tactile)

If you are able to identify the way you learn best, you can use that knowledge to help you learn. We’ve made alist of study tips geared towards each learning style. Try memorizing the following words with the strategies weprovide. Rank how effective you nd each strategy on a scale of 1 to 3 (1=Works great! 3=Doesn’t help much) tosee which ones t you best.



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Words

cupidity (adj.) greed

diurnal (adj.) active during the day

dogmatic (adj.) arrogantly certain about an opinion without adequate grounds.

endemic (adj.) belonging to a particular area

indubitable (adj.) unquestionable; too evident to be doubted

nefarious (adj.) very mean and villainous

quiescent (adj.) quiet; still; at rest

Rating (1-3) Strategy

(visual) Make a ash card. Write the word on one side, the denition on the other.

(visual/tactile) Draw a picture that incorporates the meaning of the word. Example: diurnal.Draw a rooster crowing as the sun rises.

(tactile) Act out the word, or tie it to one of your senses. Example: nefarious. Twirl yourimaginary mustache, and cackle in your most villainous voice, “Ha ha ha! I love beingnefarious”.

(auditory) Record your voice (or a friend’s) reading the word and denition. Play it back untilyou memorize it.

(auditory) Ask a friend to say the word aloud and then quiz you on the denition.

(auditory, optional) There are several web sites on the Internet that provide free mp3 les thatteach a new word or two every day. Download one of these les and listen to it at home or onthe way to school. (Search for “vocabulary podcast” in an Internet search engine).



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Strategies or All LearnersThese techniques are useful no matter which learning style you favor;

1. Create a sentence using the word.

Underline the word, and put clues to the word’s meaning in the sentence. It will help you rememberthe denition.

His cupidity cost him a fortune when he put all his winnings on 25 at the casino’s roulette wheel and lost.

Marsh grass is endemic to the Spotsylvania area, but it is non-existent in the neighboring counties.

2. Integrate new words in your daily routine.

Every day, pick three words that you will use at least once either while talking or writing. Make a checklist andmark off the word once you use it. If it feels unnatural to use the word in conversation, tell your friends, “I’mgoing to use a new vocabulary word in the next two minutes. Try to guess what it is”. The added benet is thatthey’ll pay close attention to what you say for the next few minutes.

3. Tie the word to a strong emotion.

Try this exercise. For one minute, think about your childhood. What are the rst memories that come up?It’s likely that most, if not all of those memories, are connected with a strong emotion. When an event isassociated with a strong emotion, we are much more likely to remember the event than if the emotion wasn’tthere. It’s why you may not be able to recall a word of what your teacher said yesterday, but you can clearlyremember a scene from a scary movie six months ago.

For practice, try associating these words with an emotional event in your life.

chide (v.) to scold or criticizedelectable (adj.) delicious

euphoria (n.) the feeling of happiness or elation

Connecting an emotion to a word is a powerful way to remember its meaning.

Last Step:

Write down ve learning strategies you will use to help you memorize new words.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.



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Learning vocabulary through reading has two benets. One, seeing the word used in context helps memorizationand understanding of proper usage. Two, the new SAT values reading comprehension skills more than the oldSAT. By reading a few pages every day, you’ll be able to improve your reading comprehension skills at the sametime.

Reviewing

For both plans, set aside 5-10 minutes at the end of the day to review. Once a week, take 30-60 minutes toreview material from the past week or two. Once a month, take 60 minutes to skim over your notes and refreshany denitions.

Word Roots

One of the tricks to increasing vocabulary is to memorize common word roots. Knowing word roots makes iteasier to do the following:

1. Remember the word’s denition.

2. Figure out the meaning of new words.

3. Make educated guesses on the SAT. Often, you can make an educated guess just by knowing a word’sconnotation or part of its denition.

Keep in mind...

1. Word roots can look identical but have different meanings.amoral—without morals (“a” means “not, without”) abet—to encourage or assist another (“a” means “to, towards”)

2. Many words have two or more roots:incessant—unending (“in” means “not”; “cess” means “to go, to yeild”)

3. Sometimes, a word appears to have a word root when it doesn’t, or its roots are no longer related to itscurrent meaning.

ostensible—1. intended for display. 2. plausibly true but not really true (“os” means “in the way”; “tens”means “to stretch”)



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Study TipsWe suggest two ways to learn word roots:

1. Head-On Approach: Use ashcards to learn 10-15 word roots a day. Review old word roots along withnew ones.

2. Integrated Approach: As you proceed through the chapters, identify the word roots in eachword. Check the word root table or a dictionary to verify the root.

Root Meaning Examples

a, an not, without amoral, atrophy, atheist

ab, a away, from aberration, abject, abscond, absolve, abstain

ad, a to, towards abet, adroit, admonish, afuentante, ant before antecedent, antediluvian, anticipate

am, ami love ameliorate, amicable

anti, ant against, opposite antipathy, antithesis

bene good, well benefactor, benevolent, benign

cede, cess go, yield cede, incessant, secede

chron time anachronistic, chronological

circum around circumlocution, circumspect, circumvent

clud, clus claus shut, close exclude, preclude, occlude, reclusive

cogn, gno know cognizant, ignorant, incognito, prognosisco, com, con, with, together combustion, complete, congenial, constrain, convoluted

contra, counter against, opposite contradictory, counterintuitive, incontrovertible

cred believe credulity, discredit, incredible

de from, down, away debase, deface, demarcation, deride

dei, div God, godly deity, divine

dem, demo people democracy, endemic

dict speak abdicate, contradictory, malediction

dis, dys, dif apart, away, not discern, discordant, disdain, disparage, disseminate,dysfunctional

en, em in, into embellish, empathy, endemic

equi equal equidistant, equivocal

e, ex out, out of, from exacerbate, exonerate, exorbitant, expiate, egregious, egress

fac, fea, fect, c, fy make, do benefactor, confection, feasible, factory, vilify

ferv boil fervent, effervescent



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Root Meaning Examplesu, ux ow afuent, conuence, superuous

grad, gress step digress, gradient, progress

grat pleasing gratuitous, gratuity, denigrate, ingratiate

greg crowd, ock aggregate, gregarious, egregious

hyper above, over, too much hyperventilate, hyperbole, hyperthermia

hypo below, less than, too little hypothermia, hypothetical

in, ig, il, im not impeccable, impregnable, insipid,intrepid, ignoble, illogical

in, il, im, ir in, on, into incandescent, imbue, induct, ingratiate, innate,

irritateinter, intro between internet, interstate, introduction, intervene

intra, intr within, into intrastate, intrinsic, introspective

jac, ject to throw abject, conjecture, interject

loc, log, loqu speech, thought circumlocution, eulogy, loquacious, neologism

luc, lum light elucidate, illuminate, lucid

mal bad, badly malediction, malevolent

micro small microcosm, microscope

mis wrong, bad, badly mischievous, misconstrue, misleading

morph shape amorphous, metamorphosis, morphology

mut change commute, immutable, mutate

nat, nasc born innate, native, nascent

non not nonchalant, nonplussed

ob against, toward obfuscate, oblivious, obscure, obtuse

pan all panacea, pandemic

path feeling, suffering apathy, empathy, sympathy

per through, intensive, perfunctory, perspicacious, peruse

throughout

per against, destruction perdious, perjure

pet seek, go towards impetus, impetuous, petulant

pot power despot, impotent, omnipotent

pre before preclude, precocious, predilection, prescient,presumptuous, prevent



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Root Meaning Examplespro ahead, forth procrastinate, progeny, provoke

quie quiet acquiesce, disquiet, quiescent

rid laugh deride, ridiculous

sacr, sanct holy consecrate, sacrilege, sacrosanct

se apart, away secede, segregate, sedition

sed, sid sit assiduous, insidious, sedate, sedentary

sem seed, sow disseminate, seminal

sub under subjugate, subliminal, subservient

super, sur above insuperable, supercilious, surfeit

theo, the God apotheosis, atheist, theology

tract drag, draw protract, tractable

trem, trep shake, timid intrepid, trepidation, tremor, tremulous

vac empty vacant, vacuous, vacuum

ven, vent come advent, contravene, circumvent

vert, vers turn aversion, incontrovertible, subvert, versatile

vol wish benevolent, malevolent, volition

volv, volut turn, roll convoluted, evolve

Study Strategy

1. Read denitions

2. Use learning strategies to memorize denitions

3. Test knowledge with quiz

aberration atypical eclectic eccentric iconoclast idiosyncratic pathology uncanny

Root

a, an: not, without

ab, a: away, from

aberration (n.) a deviation from the normal

“The police chief publicly apologized for the two ofcers involved in the bribery scandal. He assured citizensthat the ofcers were aberrations and not representative of the department in any way.”



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Chapter 1 Quiz: Words Dealing with the Abnormal or OddMatching: Denitions

1. atypical a. selected from a variety of sources

2. eclectic b. one who dees common beliefs or institutions

3. eccentric c. odd, different from the norm

4. iconoclast d. not typical

5. idiosyncratic e. peculiar to one person

Word Roots Flashback

6. ab, a = _________________________7. co, com, con = __________________

8. ex, e = _________________________

Circle the Correct Word

9. It is (idiosyncratic, uncanny) the way the lamp post ickers every time I walk by it.

10. Louie’s (pathology, eccentricity) is that his skin turns blue during winter.

11. The diners found the chef’s selection of dishes—Mongolian crab, Japanese bamboo shoots, Frenchcroissants, and Hungarian wine—to be pleasantly (atypical, eclectic).

12. Joan assured her boss that her late arrival today was (an aberration, idiosyncratic) and wouldn’thappen again.

Chapter 2: Words Dealing with Admirable Character

alacrity assiduous benevolent decorous deft diligent empathy

delity forbearance fortitude intrepid lenient magnanimous philanthropic

Root

bene: good, well

en, em: in, into

in, ig, il, im: not

mag, maj, mas, max: great

phil: love

path, pass: feel, suffer

trem, trep: shake, timid

vol: wish



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alacrity (n.) cheerful willingness; timeliness

“Matt’s boss appreciated how he would do any task, even mundane ones, with alacrity.”assiduous (adj.) persistently attentive; diligent

“Kathie was assiduous to her grandfather’s needs after he had a stroke and needed help to get around.”

benevolent (adj.) marked by goodness

“Mateo’s father was a benevolent man, who gave much of his time and money to charities.”

decorous (adj.) socially proper

“Sarah warned her boyfriend about the necessity of being decorous with her family, but he still forgot to puthis napkin on his lap before eating.”

det (adj.) skillful

“The locksmith deftly picked the lock in under 15 seconds.”

diligent (adj.) characterized by persistent effort

“It is difcult for most people to be diligent about studying for a subject in which they have little interest.”

empathy (n.) sensitivity to another’s feelings as if they were one’s own

“Susanna is so empathetic that I’m hesitant to tell her when I’m feeling depressed, because she’ll usuallyfeel depressed as well.”

delity (n.) faithfulness to one’s obligations; devotion

“Fidelity to each other is treasured in any marriage.”

orbearance (n.) patience and restraint, especially when being provoked

“Kenny showed great forbearance in not punching a classmate that was goading him into a ght, especially

considering that Kenny was six inches taller than his classmate.”ortitude (n.) strength of mind that allows one to endure adversity

“Although being a political prisoner for 11 years was a horrible experience, the activist developed a sense offortitude while in jail that allowed him to feel unbreakable after he was released.”

intrepid (adj.) fearless, unable to be shaken

“The hero was intrepid, even when the dragon ate his sword and shield.”

lenient (adj.) tolerant, merciful

“The teacher was in a lenient mood and decided not to chide Tammy for coming late to class.”

magnanimous (adj.) generous and noble; forgiving

“It was magnanimous of the king to allow the assassin to live.”

philanthropic (adj.) charitable and giving

“Charities depend on the philanthropic spirit of people to survive.”

Boost Your Score

• Underline word roots.

• Pick the six toughest words and use the learning strategies on page 4-5 to learn them.



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Chapter 2 Quiz: Words Dealing With Admirable Character Matching: Denitions

1. alacrity ___a. cheerful willingness; timeliness

2. benevolent ___b. fearless, unable to be shaken

3. decorous ___c. tolerant, merciful

4. fortitude ___d. socially proper

5. intrepid ___e. strength of mind that allows one to endure adversity

6. lenient ___f. marked by goodness


7. a, an = _____________________

8. ab, a = _____________________


9. It is (benevolent, intrepid) of her to volunteer at a soup kitchen every week.

10. Some of his friends took advantage of his (assiduous, magnanimous) character.

11. The thief was (deft, philanthropic) at breaking into art museums unseen.

12. Bert nished his task with (alacrity, delity) and had enough time to watch a movie before going to bed.

Chapter 3: Words Dealing With Arguing or Convincing

accost altercation arbiter beseech coerce cajole cogent

contentious debunk dogmatic sophistry

Root

co, com, con: with, together

cogn, gno: to know

de: from, away, down

accost (v.) to confront verbally, often with a demand or request

“The teacher was accosted by several students after class with demands that she change their test grades.”

altercation (n.) a dispute

“The two men got in an altercation when they arrived at the grocery line at the same time.”



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arbiter (n.) one who can resolve a dispute, make a decision

“Neither side is happy with the arbiter’s ruling, which some say means it’s a good decision.”

beseech (v.) to beg, to plead

“I beseech you, Mr. Scrooge! Please let me leave a hour early to visit my child in the hospital.”

cajole (v.) to repeatedly coax, usually in a good-natured way

“Freddie cajoled his friends to go skinny-dipping with him. Eventually, they gave in.”

coerce (v.) to make someone do something by force or threat

“The Maa coerces owners of local businesses to pay them protection money.”

cogent (adj.) logically convincing

“I disagreed with the speaker at rst, but his argument was so cogent that it changed my view.”

contentious (adj.) quarrelsome, belligerent“Brittany is a contentious child, always picking ghts with her parents and sister.”

debunk (v.) to discredit or disprove

“Although scientists have debunked the notion of ESP repeatedly, some people still believe it exists.”

dogmatic (adj.) arrogantly certain about an opinion without adequate grounds.

“Amy hated arguing with Carlos. He is dogmatic and unwilling to change his mind.”

sophistry (n.) a plausible but misleading argument

“The politician’s sophistry regarding immigration proved popular with the public, in spite of the criticismof it by many experts.”

Boost Your Score


• Look up the denition for pugnacious and write it down in your notebook.

• Find antonyms for these words and write down the denitions: coerce, contentious, debunk.



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Chapter 3 Quiz: Words Dealing With Arguing or ConvincingMatching: Denitions

1. beseech ___a. a plausible but misleading argument

2. coerce ___b. quarrelsome, belligerent

3. contentious ___c. to discredit or disprove

4. debunk ___d. to make someone do something by force or threat

5. sophistry ___e. to beg, to plead


6. bene = __________

7. en, em = __________

8. in, ig, il, im = __________

9. mag, maj, mas, max = __________

10. phil = __________

11. path, pass = __________

12. trem, trep = __________

13. vol = __________


14. He looked so pitiful when he (beseeched, coerced) his boss for a raise that his boss was reluctant to say no.

15. Sarah convinced me with her (cogent, dogmatic) argument that I should start saving for retirement as soonas possible.

16. The ve-year study on alien abduction thoroughly (debunked, accosted) the notion that aliens are snatchingup people in the middle of the night.

Chapter 4: Words Dealing With Assistance, Calm, or Relie

ameliorate assuage equanimity mitigate mollify panacea serene

pacic placate respite salve

Root

am, ami: love

pan: all



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ameliorate (v.) to improve“The mayor hopes the new subway system will ameliorate trafc congestion downtown.”

assuage (v.) to relieve, to reduce pain or difculty

“The cool, damp cloth assuaged his fever.”

equanimity (n.) the act of being calm, even-tempered

“Greg accepted the bad news with equanimity.”

mitigate (v.) to make less severe or painful

“The dentist gave her patient a shot of Novocain to mitigate her pain.”

molliy (v.) to pacify, soothe, or appease

“Xavier was ready to chase after the guy that stepped on his toe, but his girlfriend mollied him.”

panacea (n.) a remedy for all ills or difculties

“The salesman claimed his elixir was a panacea but I was skeptical, as he kept coughing during hispresentation.”

pacic (adj.) peaceful, soothing

“Lying on warm sand on a beach while listening to the ocean roar in the distance is quite pacic.”

placate (v.) to ease the anger of, soothe

“Jimmy’s mother was so desperate to get him to stop crying that she bought him an ice cream coneto placate him.”

respite (n.) a break or period of relief

“After each round, boxers get a moment of respite before returning to the ght.”salve (n.) a soothing balm

“The salve mitigated the pain from the burns, but not by much.”

serene (adj.) calm, peaceful

“The only sound on the serene lake was the water lapping gently against the boat.”

Boost Your Score


• Find antonyms for these words and memorize the denitions: ameliorate, pacifc, placate.



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Chapter 4 Quiz: Words Dealing with Assistance,Calm, or Relie

Matching: Denitions

1. ameliorate ___a. to improve

2. equanimity ___b. a break or period of relief

3. panacea ___c. a soothing balm

4. respite ___d. the act of being calm, even-tempered

5. salve ___e. a remedy for all ills or difculties

6. serene ___f. calm, peaceful


7. co, com, con = ____________________

8. cogn, gno = _______________________

9. de = ______________________________


10. Tyson (mitigated, placated) his anger at losing the chess match by reminding himself that he only startedplaying a few months ago.

11. The health food company claimed its new vitamin was a (panacea, salve) that could cure almost any healthproblem.

12. After working non-stop for six days, the construction worker felt he earned a (respite, amelioration) fromwork.



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Cumulative Review: Chapters 1-4Match the word with the word group:

___1. pacic a. Abnormal or Odd

___2. altercation b. Admirable Character

___3. benevolent c. Arguing or Convincing

___4. cajole d. Assistance, Calm, or Relief

___5. eccentric

___6. magnanimous

___7. aberration

___8. ameliorate

___9. arbiter

___10. diligent

___11. mollify

___12. idiosyncratic

Underline the word root(s) in the word. Then write the word’s denition.

13. atypical _____________________________________________________________

14. intrepid _____________________________________________________________

15. cogent _____________________________________________________________

16. panacea _____________________________________________________________

Circle the Correct Answer:

17. The (eccentric, wily) farmer was the only person in the whole state of Nebraska to have a blue farm house.

18. It takes an (intrepid, serene) person to go sky diving.

19. Jaromir’s mother (coerced, mollied) him into clearing his room.

20. It was (devious, uncanny) of Simone to tell her parents she was going to spend the weekend at a friend’shouse when her real plan was to take a road trip with her friends to Las Vegas.



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Chapter 5: Words Dealing With Brevity or Wordinesscircumlocution concise pithy laconic redundant succinctturgid verbose

Root

circum: around

loc, loq, loqu: speech, thought

circumlocution (n.) indirect and wordy language

“If the professor spoke directly instead of indulging in circumlocution, his lectures would take one-third thetime and be easier to follow.

concise (adj.) brief and direct

“I appreciate Frank’s concise way of speaking. He rarely rambles and I don’t have to guess what he is tryingto say.”

laconic (adj.) terse or brief, in speech or writing

“Gita was shocked when her usually laconic father spoke to her for over an hour on the phone.”

pithy (adj.) concisely meaningful

“Yoda responded to Luke with a pithy saying: ‘Do or do not. There is no try.’ ”

succinct (adj.) precise, short

“Her response to her son’s demands for a new toy was succinct: ‘no.’ ”

redundant (adj.) unnecessary; repetitive in expression

“The phrase ‘PIN number’ is redundant because PIN stands for Personal Identication Number.”

turgid (adj.) swollen, excessively embellished in style or language

“Before Karl ate his wafe, he said in his most turgid manner, O, glorious squares, aggregation of earthenwheat and heavenly our, covered with the syrup of desire and strawberries of life: my mouth awaits you!’ ”

verbose (adj.) unnecessarily wordy

“Boomer disliked being verbose, but he needed to write a 15-page report on climate change and didn’tknow how else to do it.”

Boost Your Score


• Pick the six toughest words and use each of them in a sentence in your vocabulary journal.



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Chapter 5 Quiz: Words Dealing With Brevity or

Wordiness

Matching: Examples

1. circumlocution a. “How was your three-month vacation to India?” “Fine.”

2. laconic b. “Let’s meet in front of the theater at 9:00 p.m. That’s 9:00 p.m.,in front of the theater.”

3. pithy c. “So what I’m trying to say is, well, rst, maybe I should startwith what happened this morning. This morning, I was eatingcereal, when—actually, let me start over.”

4. redundant d. “A stitch in time saves nine.”

5. turgid e. “It is necessary for all white, rectangular paper to meet therequired classications and requirements as stated in theofcial ofce supply purchasing and procurement manual,OB-87b.”

6. verbose f. “From the deepest pits of hell, from the darkness wheredemons linger, may the beasts of evil arise and come forth toinict a thousand wounds upon you for eating the last

jelly doughnut.”


7. am, ami = __________________

8. pan = ______________________


9. His answer to my question was (succinct, verbose): “no.”

10. Steve’s thoughts tend to be disorganized when he is under stress. His normally concise speaking style isreplaced with lapses into (circumlocution, pithiness).

11. Diane was unusually (concise, laconic). She usually can’t stop talking.

12. The guru’s followers found his wisdom to be (pithy, turgid).



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Chapter 6: Words Dealing With Caution or Uncertainty

addle ambiguous amorphous apocryphal circumspect

dubious equivocal prudent vacillate

Root

a, an: not, without

ambi, amphi: both

circum: aroundequi: equal

morph: shape

spec, spic: around, look

addle (v.) to muddle or confuse

“The fever so addled his brain that he could barely recognize his own room.”

ambiguous (adj.) open to interpretation; uncertain

“The staff found their boss’ latest request to “work hard, but not too hard” very ambiguous.”

amorphous (adj.) without denite shape or form

“Tanya was frightened by the dark, amorphous shape drifting towards her through the fog.”

apocryphal (adj.) of questionable authorship or authenticity

“The story of Newton devising the Universal Law of Gravitation after an apple dropped on the head isapocryphal, but many people believe it is true anyway.

circumspect (adj.) cautious; prudent

“He was circumspect about making his way through the jungle as he heard it was infested with poisonoussnakes.”

dubious (adj.) doubtful, questionable

“Big Joe’s claim of bowling two perfect 300 games in a row is dubious.”

equivocal (adj.) subject to two or more interpretations, and sometimes intended to mislead

“Sometimes when faced with a scandal, a politician will issue an equivocal statement that is misleading buttechnically true, like ‘I did not accept a bribeon that day.’ ”



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prudent (adj.) careful and sensible; marked by sound judgment.“Sarah’s decision to buy re insurance for her home proved to be prudent when a bolt of lightning struck herhouse and set the roof on re.”

vacillate (v.) to be indecisive; to sway between decisions

Jon vacillated so much between the chicken and pasta before ordering dinner that his date eventuallysnapped, “Just pick one!”

Boost Your Score


• Write down something ambiguous you heard or were told today.

• Write down a dubious claim a friend made recently.

• Write down a story or urban legend that you believe to be apocryphal.

Chapter 6 Quiz: Words Dealing with Caution or Uncertainty

Matching: Denitions

1. addle a. without denite shape or form

2. ambiguous b. to be indecisive; to sway between decisions

3. amorphous c. open to interpretation; uncertain

4. circumspect d. to muddle or confuse

5. dubious e. cautious; prudent

6. vacillate f. doubtful, questionable


7. circum = ________________________

8. loc, loq, loqu = __________________


9. Sandra couldn’t make out the (amorphous, circumspect) object beneath the lake’s surface.10. Mr. Swanson found it (dubious, prudent) that Tony’s dog ate his homework for the third time in a week.

11. Benny was (addling, vacillating) between ordering the soup and the hamburger.

12. Jennifer felt her husband was being (apocryphal, equivocal) when she asked him if he planned a surprisevacation to Tahiti for her birthday and he responded, “I didn’t make any plans to travel... there.”



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Chapter 7: Words Dealing with Compliance or Timidity acquiesce amenable capitulate compliant deferential docile

obsequious punctilious servile tractable trepidation timorous

Root

cap, cip: head


ob: against, toward

sequ, secu: follow

tract: drag, draw

trem, trep: shake, timid

acquiesce (v.) to comply quietly

“The hostage, fearful of being killed, acquiesced to his captors’ demands.”

amenable (adj.) agreeable, cooperative

“Although they had agreed to go hiking, Lily knew she could get her amenable friend to see a movieinstead.”

capitulate (v.) to surrender

“On April 9, 1865, after four years of ghting, General Robert E. Lee capitulated to Lieutenant GeneralUlysses S. Grant, and the American Civil War was nally over.”

compliant (adj.) yielding, obedient

“Most children are compliant to their parents’ wishes until they get older and begin to rebel.”

deerential (adj.) yielding to the wishes of another; showing respect for authority

“Zoriada says she would like to give the President of the United States a piece of her mind, but I suspectif she ever met him, she would be deferential to him.”

docile (adj.) easily taught or trained

“Some breeds of dogs, like the poodle and Golden Retriever, are more docile than other breeds.”

obsequious (adj.) excessively submissive or attentive

“Franklin’s obsequiousness towards his teacher evoked derision from his classmates, who called hima ‘kiss-up’.”

punctilious (adj.) eager to follow rules or conventions

“Joseph is punctilious about signaling while driving. He even uses his turn signals when no one is around.”



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servile (adj.) subservient, almost slave-like“It makes me cringe to see a married couple where one of them is servile to the other. Shouldn’t there beequality in relationships?”

tractable (adj.) easily controlled or dealt with; obedient

“When the glass of the python’s pen broke, the situation was tractable because it happened after zoo hoursand the python stayed nearby.”

trepidation (n.) fear and apprehension

“Louise agreed to give the graduation speech with trepidation—she hated public speaking and had neverspoken to so many people at once.”

timorous (adj.) fearful, timid

“Jill appears timorous at rst because of her small stature and mousy voice, but people who know her arequick to say she can be pushy and demanding when she wants to.”

Boost Your Score


• Look up the denitions of these words: accede, conciliatory, tremulous. For each word, write a sentence thatuses the word.

Chapter 7 Quiz: Words Dealing with Compliance or Timidity

Matching: Denitions

1. amenable a. yielding to the wishes of another; showing respect for authority

2. capitulate b. excessively submissive or attentive

3. deferential c. eager to follow rules or conventions

4. obsequious d. agreeable, cooperative

5. punctilious e. easily controlled or dealt with; obedient

6. tractable f. to surrender

7. timorous g. fearful, timid

Word Roots Flashback8. ambi, amphi = ______________________

9. circum = ___________________________

10. equi = ____________________________

11. morph = __________________________

12. spec, spic = _______________________



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Circle the Correct Word13. Judy felt (docile, timorous) when waiting in line for a scary roller coaster.

14. True friendships can’t work when one of the people is (amenable, servile) to the other.

15. Joseph is (deferential, punctilious): a real stickler for the rules.

16. The war nally ended with the general’s (capitulation, trepidation).

Chapter 8: Words Dealing with Criticism or Scolding

admonish berate censure chide decry denigrate deride

disparage invective rebuke upbraid

Root

ad, a: to, towards

de: from, down, away

dis, dys, di: apart, away, not

admonish (v.) to caution or warn gently

“ ‘Now, now,’ admonished the pastor, ‘It’s not nice to lie.’ ”

berate (v.) to scold in an angry or harsh tone

“Lucy berated her husband mercilessly for getting drunk and insulting her boss last night.”

censure (v.) the act of blaming or condemning sternly

“Before giving his verdict, the judge censured the delinquent mother for neglecting her children.”

chide (v.) to scold or express disproval

“Louise found it humorous when his younger brother chided him for not doing the dishes last night.”

decry (v.) to criticize publicly

“At her sermon, the minister decried people who only thought about spirituality on Sundays.”

denigrate (v.) to insult someone’s reputation

“It makes Mateo uncomfortable to hear Cathy denigrate Arin behind her back, because he considers both of

them to be his friends.”deride (v.) to mock, scorn, or make fun of

“Jon is a movie snob. He derides every movie made by Hollywood unless it is lmed in black-and-white andis difcult to understand.”

disparage (v.) to reduce in esteem or rank; to speak of in a disrespectful way

“James is jealous of his sister Alexia’s accomplishments, so he constantly disparages her to make himselffeel better.”



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invective (n.) a verbal attack, such as cursing“Ms. Williams was speechless when she asked one of her sixth-grade students to pay attention and heresponded with an invective directed at her.”

rebuke (v.) to reprimand; to criticize sharply

“After she recovered from the shock, Ms. Williams rebuked the student and sent him to the principal’sofce.”

upbraid (v.) to criticize or scold severely

“Robert cringed to hear the mother upbraid her daughter in the store just for asking for a new dress.”

Boost Your Score


• Pick the six toughest words and use each of them in a sentence in your vocabulary journal.

Chapter 8 Quiz: Words Dealing With Criticism or Scolding

Matching: Denitions

1. admonish ___a. to caution or warn gently

2. decry ___b. to insult someone’s reputation

3. denigrate ___c. to criticize publicly

4. deride ___d. a verbal attack, such as cursing5. invective ___e. to reprimand; to criticize sharply

6. rebuke ___f. to mock, scorn, or make fun of


7. cap, cip = ____________________

8. co, com, con = _______________

9. ob = _________________________

10. sequ, secu = ________________

11. tract = ______________________12. trem, trep = _________________



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Circle the Correct Word13. After fouling out of the basketball game, Nancy expected the coach to berate her, or at the very least,

(admonish, upbraid) her, but the coach said nothing.

14. Most people prefer to be criticized in private rather than (decried, rebuked).

15. The secretary has a bad habit of (denigrating, rebuking) the reputations of coworkers she dislikes.

16.The stand-up comic cruelly (admonished, derided) the slovenly appearance of one of the audience members.

Cumulative Review Chapters 5-8

Match the word with the word group:

___1. amorphous a. Brevity or Wordiness

___2. denigrate b. Caution or Uncertainty

___3. deferential c. Compliance or Timidity

___4. punctilious d. Criticism or Scolding

___5. laconic

___6. addle

___7. succinct

___8. acquiesce

___9. deride

___10. turgid

___11. dubious

___12. censure


13. circumlocution ___________________________________________________________

14. amorphous _____________________________________________________________

15. tractable ________________________________________________________________

16. disparage _______________________________________________________________



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Circle the Correct Answer17. When Kia didn’t acquiesce to Mary’s demand to help her cheat on a test, Mary (censured, denigrated) Kia’sreputation to all her classmates.

18. The prudent man was quite (amenable, circumspect) about investing his entire life savings in magic beans.

19. Cathy wished her mother was more (laconic, verbose) when upbraiding her.

20. The power-hungry warlord berated his lieutenant for suggesting that they (capitulate, equivocate) to theenemy.

Chapter 9: Words Dealing with Deception or Trickery

beguile bilk chicanery concoct connive devious dissembleduplicity guile ostensible pretense prevaricate ruse spuriousveneer wily unctuous

Root



beguile (v.) to deceive; to charm

“The con artist, pretending to be a prince from a faraway land, beguiled the heiress and won her heart.”

bilk (v.) to cheat; to defraud“The slimy salesman bilked dozens of elderly people out of their savings before he was caught.”

chicanery (n.) deception by trickery

“The football team won the game by using chicanery. The players painted footballs on the fronts of their jerseys so the opposing team couldn’t tell who was carrying the ball.”

concoct (v.) to fabricate, make up

“When Taylor’s parents caught him sneaking into the house past his curfew, he concocted a story abouthow his friend’s car broke down and it took two hours for a tow truck to arrive.”

connive (v.) to plot, scheme

“The disgruntled bank teller connived to rob the bank if he didn’t get a raise next month.”

devious (adj.) dishonest, deceptive

“Most people found Larry friendly, but Tameka sensed a devious side to his nature and was wary totrust him.”

dissemble (v.) to conceal or disguise one’s nature, feelings, or motives

“Ken dissembled when he invited his friend over on Saturday to watch a basketball game. It was hisfriend’s birthday and Ken had planned a surprise party.”



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duplicity (n.) crafty dishonesty“The spy’s duplicity ran so deep that she fooled both the U.S. and Russia into thinking that she was workingfor them.”

guile (n.) deceitful, cunning behavior

“Allison rarely engaged in guile, but when she started having a romantic liaison with a coworker, shesurprised herself with her ability to hide the affair.”

ostensible (adj.) 1. intended for display 2. plausibly true but not really true

“His ostensible purpose for being in the Debate Club was to be a better communicator, but his real purposewas to pad his college résumé.”

pretense (n.) an appearance or action intended to deceive

“Some parents poke around in their teenagers’ rooms on the pretense that they are trying to nd ahousehold object they can’t nd, like a pair of scissors.”

prevaricate (v.) to stray from or evade the truth

“Sean thought it was wise to prevaricate when his wife asked him about the details of his spelunkingexpedition. He almost died in the cave, and thought she would demand that he give up his hobby if she knew.”

ruse (n.) a trick

“The ruse worked—the noblemen ran into the bandit’s stronghold after a woman pretended to cry for help.”

spurious (adj.) false but designed to seem plausible

“The Van Gogh painting was spurious, but created expertly enough to deceive art critics at rst.”

veneer (n.) a mask, façade; a supercial or deceptively attractive appearance

“It is difcult to tell whether a celebrity’s personality is genuine or a veneer.”wily (adj.) crafty, sly

“Wile E. Coyote attempted to live up to his name, but his wily attempts to catch the Road Runner always metwith failure.”

unctuous (adj.) insincerely earnest; oily

“The unctuous car salesman feigned interest in the family’s needs and then led them to a more expensivemodel.”

Boost Your Score


• Write a paragraph about someone you know that is crafty or dishonest. Use at least three of the vocabularywords in this section as you write.



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Chapter 9 Quiz: Words Dealing With Deception or Trickery

Matching: Denitions

1. beguile a. to fabricate, make up

2. chicanery b. dishonest, deceptive

3. concoct c. to conceal or disguise one’s nature, feelings, or motivess

4. devious d. plausibly true but not really true

5. dissemble e. to deceive; to charm

6. ostensible f. insincerely earnest; oily

7. prevaricate g. deception by trickery

8. unctuous h. to stray from or evade the truth


9. ad, a = _______________________

10. de = ________________________


11. Fredrick asked Jennifer if she wanted to study together on the (pretense, ruse) of preparing for the test, buthis real motive was to get to know her better.

12. Some of the more perceptive shoppers noticed the store clerk’s insincere, (wily, unctuous) manner.

13. Even the most moral person (bilks, prevaricates) from time to time when caught in a lie.

14. Although I’ve lived next to Mr. Mitchell for years, I barely know him as he (connives, dissembles) his feelingsand thoughts.



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Chapter 10: Words Dealing with Food, Taste, or Hunger

arable delectable culinary insatiable gourmand palatable insipid voracious

Root

in, ig, il, im: not

vor: eat

arable (adj.) suitable for growing crops

“Increasing land development and environmental damage makes nding arable land more difcult than itwas 50 years ago.”

culinary (adj.) relating to cooking

“Beth cajoled her roommate into taking take a culinary skills class with her in hope that their house would nolonger be lled with smoke when her roommate cooked.”

delectable (adj.) delicious

“ ‘Your crab patties are delectable!’ the patron said, to the delight of the chef. ‘Can I have your recipe?’ ”

gourmand (n.) someone fond of eating

“I know how much Big Al enjoys being a gourmand, but he never exercises and I’m afraid he’s going todevelop heart problems.”

insatiable (adj.) incapable of being satised“Violet’s desire for porcelain gurines is insatiable. She has over 200 of them, and she is still searching formore.”

insipid (adj.) lacking avor or taste; dull

“ ‘Ugh! This food is insipid,’ thought the restaurant critic as he chewed the rubbery shrimp. ‘This place willbe lucky to get 2 stars.’ ”

palatable (adj.) agreeable to the taste or sensibilities

“ ‘I don’t care what the restaurant looks like,’ said Francis. ‘I’m starving. I just want the food to be palatable.’ ”

voracious (adj.) unending hunger; insatiable

“Violet’s brother, Samuel, also shared her thirst for knowledge. He was a voracious reader, particularly ofbooks on history and science.”

Boost Your Score


• Write three sentences, each one using a word in this section and a word in Chapter 6: Words Dealing withCaution or Uncertainty.



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Chapter 10 Quiz: Words Dealing With Food, Taste, or Hunger Matching: Denitions

1. culinary a. delicious

2. delectable b. unending hunger; insatiable

3. insatiable c. lacking avor or taste; dull

4. insipid d. relating to cooking

5. palatable e. agreeable to the taste or sensibilities

6. voracious f. incapable of being satised


7. co, com, con = _____________

8. dis, dys, dif = _____________


9. The gourmand nds most food (insipid, palatable), even the foods his friends think are bland.

10. While the cooking class didn’t make Mark a master of (culinary, insatiable) arts, it did teach him how to makesimple meals that were also appetizing.

11. It takes a truly (delectable, voracious) eater to complete the Sonny’s Steak House 70 oz. Steak Challenge.

12. When John bought the farm land, he didn’t care if it was (arable, insipid) because he planned to transform itinto a housing development.

Chapter 11: Words Dealing With Happiness or

Friendliness

amiable amicable camaraderie congenial gregarious ecstatic

ebullient effervescent euphoria facetious jocular jubilant

Rootam, ami: love


greg: cloud, ock

eu: well, good



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amiable (adj.) friendly, kind“The townspeople were amiable to strangers, but at the same time, they were hesitant to offer personaldetails about themselves.”

amicable (adj.) agreeable, showing good will

“The two neighbors came to an amicable agreement to mow each other’s lawn when one of them went onvacation.”

camaraderie (n.) brotherhood, group unity

“Keith isn’t passionate about playing the trombone, but the camaraderie of the pep band made him lookforward to the group’s practices.”

congenial (adj.) having similar tastes or habits; a pleasant disposition

“Anton and Sarah are a congenial couple; they share many interests like hiking, watching basketball, andgoing to the movies.”

ecstatic (adj.) intensely happy

“Emily was ecstatic to see her brother, who had been serving in the Army overseas for the past two years.”

ebullient (adj.) extremely enthusiastic

“Henry is ebullient about the prospect of achieving his lifelong dream—becoming a professional rodeoclown.”

eervescent (adj.) bubbly, excited

“The waitress has an effervescent personality that endears her to many of her customers.”

euphoria (n.) the feeling of happiness or elation

“After crossing the nish line to win the marathon, Jay’s fatigue washed away and he was overcome byeuphoria.”

acetious (adj.) humorous, not serious

“Jack made a joke about Jill’s clumsiness, and was taken aback when she became angry. ‘Jill, calm down! Iwas just being facetious.’ ”

gregarious (adj.) friendly, talkative, sociable

“Some of Greg’s friends call him ‘Gregarious G’ because he strikes up a conversation with a strangereverywhere he goes.”

jocular (adj.) given to joking; habitually jolly

“Bernard is a good match for his jocular friend, Pete. Bernard is often serious and reserved, and Pete jokesaround all the time, so they even each other out.”

jubilant (adj.) extremely joyful, happy

“On graduation day, Joe felt jubilant about the prospect of being able to sleep in and have fun for a fewmonths before leaving for college.”



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Boost Your Score• Underline word roots.

• For each of the following words, write down a name of a friend or classmate who best ts the denition: amicable, gregarious, jocular.

Chapter 11 Quiz: Words Dealing With Happiness or

Friendliness

Match the word with its general denition. Denitions can be used more than once.

___1. amiable a. friendly/talkative___2. amicable b. humorous/joking

___3. ecstatic c. very happy/excited

___4. ebullient

___5. effervescent

___6. euphoria

___7. facetious

___8. gregarious

___9. jocular

___10. jubilant


11. in, ig, il, im = ____________

12. vor = ____________


13. Tweedledee and Tweedledum are a (congenial, ebullient) pair. They both enjoy logic puzzles, reading, andsinging.

14. Simone’s friends were surprised at her lack of (camaraderie, jubilation) when she won the lottery. She won$5,000,000 and acted like nothing special happened.

15. Dave’s wry humor makes it difcult to tell when he is being serious and when he is being (ecstatic, facetious).



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odious (adj.) contemptible; instilling hatred or intense displeasure“Some nd the thought of eating raw oysters odious; others love them.”

wrath (n.) vengeful anger; punishment

“Although her name may sound unthreatening, the citizens of Oz know from experience they have goodreason to fear the wrath of Silent Sally of the South.”

Boost Your Score


• Choose three words in this section and use each one in a sentence to describe something you despise.

Chapter 12 Quiz: Words Dealing With Hatred or Evil

Matching: Denitions

1. abhor a. wickedness; moral corruption

2. depravity b. extremely wicked or villainous; known for being wicked

3. enmity c. wicked, reprehensible

4. heinous d. vengeful anger; punishment

5. malevolent e. intense, often mutual hatred

6. nefarious f. having or exhibiting ill will; wishing harm to others

7. wrath g. to loathe


8. _______________ = love

9. co, _______, ________= with, together

10. ______________ = cloud, ock

11. ______________ = well, good


12. “Jonas wanted to break off his friendship with Darlene, but he feared her (malediction, wrath).”13. “The princess found the thought of scrubbing oors all day (heinous, odious).”

14. “It is remarkable that Romeo and Juliet fell in love considering the (depravity, enmity) between their feudingfamilies.”

15. “The palm reader claimed that if Roberto did not give her more money, she would put a/an (antipathy,malediction) on him.”



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Cumulative Review 9-12Match the word with the word group

___1. gourmand a. Deception/Trickery

___2. beguile b. Food/Taste/Hunger

___3. insipid c. Happiness/Friendliness

___4. amiable d. Hatred/Evil

___5. abhor

___6. veneer

___7. effervescent

___8. palatable

___9. voracious

___10. gregarious

___11. unctuous

___12. malevolent

___13. heinous

___14. jubilant

___15. dissemble

___16. malediction


17. amicable ______________________________________________________________

18. dissemble _____________________________________________________________

19. malevolent ____________________________________________________________

20. voracious _____________________________________________________________

Circle the Correct Answer

21. Steven holds (animosity, jubilation) toward doctors ever since one of them used a (malediction, ruse) topoke him with a needle when he was a child.

22. An excellent meal sends a gourmand into a state of (euphoria, malevolence).

23. The (congeniality, depravity) of the villain to kidnap the little girl’s dog is truly (insipid, odious).

24. The defendant lied under oath when he made a/an (abhorrent, spurious) statement about his alibi during thenight of the murder.



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Chapter 13: Words Dealing With Intelligence or Knowledgeacumen ascertain arcane astute canny didactic cognizant

esoteric erudite ingenious perspicacious sagacity

Root

ac, acr: sharp, sour

cogn, gno: know

peri: around

spec, spic: look, see

acumen (n.) sharpness of mind; shrewd judgment

His natural-born acumen allowed him to beat opponents who have more experience with chess.”

ascertain (v.) to discover with certainty

“Sherlock Holmes explained his reasoning to Dr. Watson. ‘If we can ascertain the original owner of thepainting, we will eventually be able to nd the identity of the murderer.’ ”

arcane (adj.) obscure, known only by a few

“Consultants who are knowledgeable about arcane matters, such as China’s tax regulations for foreign oilcompanies, can charge a lot of money for their advice.”

astute (adj.) clever intelligence; sharp perception

“Jennifer is an astute businesswoman who has a knack for negotiating the best possible prices from hersuppliers.”

canny (adj.) shrewd; founded on common sense

“Robert’s mother may not have gone to college, but her natural canniness proved to be more benecial toher family than a formal education would have been.”

cognizant (adj.) aware, mindful

“Wang-Shi was cognizant that he had difculty focusing for more than a few minutes ever since his daughterran away with her boyfriend, but he could do nothing to help his concentration.”

didactic (adj.) meant to teach

“While fairy tales like Hansel and Gretel are entertaining, they are also didactic in that they teach children

lessons such as, ‘Be wary of strangers’ and ‘Don’t wander too far from home.’ ”

erudite (adj.) scholarly, learned

“While it is obvious that the professor is erudite, his habit of talking to the oor makes it difcult for him toshare his knowledge with his students.”

esoteric (adj.) understood by only a select few

“Quantum Physics is an esoteric eld that seems inaccessible to non-scientists.”



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ingenious (adj.) clever or inventive“The plane crash survivors might have died if one of them hadn’t gured out an ingenious way to covert rainwater into fresh water by using a bucket, a sheet of plastic, and some rope.”

perspicacious (adj.) having keen perception or judgment

“Reginald considers his father a perspicacious man and often asks him for advice.”

sagacity (n.) shrewdness, farsightedness

“Thomas Edison proved his sagacity many times with his hundreds of inventions and keen business sense inmarketing them.”

Boost Your Score


• For each of the following words, write down a name of someone you admire who best epitomizes the word: astute, erudite, ingenious, sagacious.

Chapter 13 Quiz

Matching: Denitions

1. acumen a. sharpness of mind; shrewd judgment

2. arcane b. scholarly, learned

3. didactic c. obscure, known only by a few

4. erudite d. meant to teach

5. ingenious e. clever or inventive


6. dic, dic = _________________________

7. mal = ____________________________

8. vol = _____________________________

Shrewd or Not?

Write “S” if the word’s meaning is similar to shrewd, write “D” if it is different.9. ascertain ________________________

10. astute _________________________

11. canny _________________________

12. cognizant ______________________

13. esoteric ________________________

14. perspicacious __________________

15. sagacity _______________________



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Chapter 14: Words Dealing with Joining or Separating

aggregate cleave coalesce disseminate conuence engender

linchpin segregate yoke

Root



greg: crowd, ock

se: apart, away

sem: seed, sow

aggregate 1. (v.) to gather together 2. (n.) a total

“The aggregate of her purchases over the weekend is $213.47, a bargain for a two-day vacation at a Floridaresort.”

cleave 1. (v.) to divide 2. (v.) to stick together rmly

(Tricky SAT word alert: note that cleave has two opposite meanings.)

“The chef cleaved the head of lettuce in half and tossed the pieces to his assistant.”

“The frightened little girl cleaved herself to her mother’s leg.”

coalesce (v.) to come together; to fuse

“After staring at the math problem in frustration for hours, the lessons of the past monthly nally coalescedand the solution popped into his head.”

confuence (n.) a gathering or meeting together at a juncture

“The two streams met at a conuence before owing into the lake.”

linchpin (n.) something critical that holds separate parts together

“Carol was the linchpin for her group of high school friends. Once she transferred to a different high school,her friends lost contact with each other.”

segregate (v.) to separate others from a group

“After the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, the federal government segregated hundreds of thousands ofJapanese-Americans from their communities and forced them to live in internment camps.”

yoke (v.) to join or link securely

“The farmer expertly yoked the cart to his mule.”



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Mini-Group: Words Dealing With Creating and Spreadingdisseminate (v.) to spread widely

“The soccer club, desperate for new members, disseminated yers advertising its next meeting all overcampus.”

engender (v.) to bring about, create, generate

“The teacher engendered creativity in her students by giving them half-an-hour each Friday to write andillustrate a fairy tale based on the lives of themselves and their families.”

Boost Your Score


• Write three sentences using a vocabulary word in this section and a word in the previous section.

Chapter 14 Quiz

Write the Word in the Blank

to come together; to fuse 1.________________________________

something that holds separate parts together 2. ________________________________

to spread widely 3. ________________________________

(v.) to gather together; (n.) a total 4. ________________________________

to bring about, create, generate 5. ________________________________to join or link securely 6. ________________________________


7. ac, acr = ________________________

8. cogn, gno = _____________________

9. peri = ___________________________

10. spec, spic = ____________________

Circle the Correct Word11. News about the police’s arrest of the Homecoming King (disseminated, engendered) quickly around school.

12. Mrs. Krobowsky (segregated, yoked) the boys and the girls in her class to keep them from ghting.

13. The annual International Physicist Conference was a (conuence, linchpin) of the brightest minds in science.

14. Mary hoped her love and affection would (coalesce, engender) good behaviors in the abandoned puppy.



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Chapter 15: Words Dealing with Laziness or Lack o Energy dormant ag indolent languid lethargic repose

sedentary somnolent stagnate torpid wallow

Root

sed, sid: sit

somn: sleep

torp: stiff, numb

dormant (adj.) sleeping, temporarily inactive

“Bears become dormant in the winter to conserve energy.”

fag (v.) to decline in energy or strength

“Cynthia’s energy ags in the afternoon and she can barely concentrate for the last two hours of theworkday.”

indolent (adj.) lazy, not wanting to work

“Every weekend, Lucy claims she is too busy to help clean the house, but her roommate thinks that she is just being indolent.”

languid (adj.) lacking energy, slow

“After staying up all night and skipping breakfast, Winston felt languid and could barely trudge to his nextclass.”

lethargic (adj.) having little or no energy; unmotivated to move

“The humidity and 90 degree heat made everyone without air conditioning feel lethargic.”

repose (n.) relaxation

“Tyrone entered a state of repose after he nished his last exam.”

sedentary (adj.) related to sitting around a lot

“Homer Simpson is a sedentary person. He is often sitting on the couch, watching TV.”

somnolent (adj.) drowsy, sleepy

“The sandman sprinkled his dust on the child’s forehead. The child because somnolent and quickly fell

asleep.”stagnate (v.) to be inactive, not develop, not ow

“As the lava cooled, it slowed down and eventually became stagnate.”

torpid (adj.) sluggish; unable to move

“After running around deliriously in the heat, the Golden Retriever became torpid and unwilling to play fetchanymore.”



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wallow (v.) to indulge oneself excessively“Ana wallowed in the mud bath for hours, only leaving because she had an appointment for a massage.”

Boost Your Score


• Write three sentences using a vocabulary word in this section and a word from Chapter 10: Words Dealing withFood, Taste, or Hunger.

Chapter 15 Quiz

Matching: Denitions

Match the word with its general denition. A few of the words have two matches.

___1. dormant a. drowsy/sleepy

___2. ag b. sluggish/inactive

___3. indolent c. lazy/relaxation

___4. languid

___5. lethargic

___6. repose

___7. sedentary

___8. somnolent

___9. stagnate

___10. torpid

___11. wallow


12. greg = ______________________

13. se = ________________________

14. sem = ______________________


15. Once the invigorating effect of the coffee dissipated, Thomas’s energy (agged, wallowed) and he felt tired.

16. Although they are twins, Mark and Andy chose two markedly different career paths. Mark is a constructionworker who is soaked with sweat by the end of the day while Andy, an ofce manager, has a/an (indolent,sedentary) job.



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Chapter 16: Words Dealing with Poor Character effrontery haughty insolent irascible licentious mendacious mercurial

petulant supercilious truculent vindictive wanton

Root

pet: seek, go towards

erontery (n.) brazenly bold or rude

“After an American hugged the Queen of England instead of shaking her hand, many in the British press

chided the American for her effrontery.”

haughty (adj.) overly proud of oneself and disdainful of others

“Tamriel’s haughty attitude irked her neighbors, who felt they were at least as good as she was.”

insolent (adj.) insultingly rude

“Calling the President ‘Dude’ would be considered by many people to be insolent.”

irascible (adj.) quick to anger

“His irascible nature made his friends wary to bring up certain subjects with him.”

licentious (adj.) displaying a lack of moral or legal restraints

“The lawyer’s willingness to be licentious when defending his clients made him detested by his colleagues,and admired by his clients who were desperate to avoid jail time at any cost.”

mendacious (adj.) having a lying, false character

“The Senator was so charming that few voters considered him mendacious in spite of the fact that he wascaught lying several times.”

mercurial (adj.) temperamental, quick to change

“Samantha’s mercurial temperament made him unpredictable and difcult to like.”

petulant (adj.) unreasonably irritable

“The petulant child cried all the way home because her mother wouldn’t buy her a doll at the departmentstore.”

supercilious (adj.) scornful; looking down on others

“After he won the lottery, he alienated most of his friends by adopting a supercilious attitude towards anyonewith less money than he.”

truculent (adj.) disposed to ght

“Bruno’s truculent nature caused him to be suspended several times from school for ghting.”

vindictive (adj.) vengeful, disposed to seeking revenge

“Sometimes it is just easier to apologize to a vindictive person, as there is no telling how far he or she will goto extract revenge for even a small slight.”



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wanton (adj.) immoral, lustful; malicious, inhumane“The mayor’s wife wanted him to remove the nude statue in the park because she felt it encouraged wantonthoughts in the people that saw it.”

Boost Your Score


• Rank the words in order of most to least appealing traits. Then look up antonyms for the rst ve traits andlearn their denitions.

• Look up the denition for “pugnacious.” Which word in this chapter is its denition closest to?

Chapter 16 Quiz

Matching: Denitions

1. insolent a. displaying a lack of moral or legal restraints

2. licentious b. unreasonably irritable

3. mercurial c. disposed to ght

4. petulant d. insultingly rude

5. truculent e. scornful; looking down on others

6. supercilious f. temperamental, quick to change

7. vindictive g. vengeful, disposed to seeking revenge


8. _______ = sit

9. _______ = sleep

10. _______ = stiff, numb

Synonym or Not?

Write “S” if the words have similar denitions, “D” if they have different denitions.

11. haughty supercilious _______12. truculent wanton _______

13. petulant vindictive _______

14. irascible mercurial _______

15. petulant supercilious _______

16. insolent licentious _______



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Cumulative Review: Chapters 13-16Match the word with the word group

___1. acumen a. Intelligence or Knowledge

___2. aggregate b. Joining or Separating

___3. indolent c. Laziness or Lack of Energy

___4. segregate d. Poor Character

___5. haughty

___6. irascible

___7. perspicacious

___8. conuence

___9. mercurial

___10. ingenious

___11. languid

___12. wanton

___13. arcane

___14. somnolent

___15. yoke

___16. stagnate

Underline the word root(s). Then write the word’s denition.

17. cognizant _____________________________________________________________

18. disseminate ___________________________________________________________

19. segregate _____________________________________________________________

20. somnolent _____________________________________________________________


21. “The doctor tried to (ascertain, engender) why the normally energetic Ms. Murphy has been feeling so(insolent, lethargic) lately.”

22. “Missy’s (canny, supercilious) attitude made her disliked by most of her down-to-earth neighbors.”

23. “ ‘What (conuence, effrontery)!’ cried the Countess, as the carpet installer rested his muddy shoes on hercouch and began watching TV.”

24. “Ya wanna ght?” snapped the (mendacious, truculent) bully.



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Chapter 17: Words Relating to Religion or Spirituality apotheosis atheist consecrate desecrate divine sanctimonious

ethereal hallow rectitude sacrosanct

Roots

a, an: not, without


de: from, down, away

dei, div: God, godly

sacr, sanct: holy

theo, the: God, godly

apotheosis (n.) 1. elevation to divine status. 2. (n.) a gloried example

“One hundred years after her death, the Pope highlighted the formerly unknown nun as an apotheosis ofkindness and charity.”

atheist (n.) one who does not believe in God

“Although Essan is a devout Muslim, he enjoys arguing about the existence of God with his neighbor, Bob,who is an atheist.”

consecrate (v.) to dedicate something to a holy purpose

“When the church was nished, the minister gathered the congregation to consecrate their new home.”

desecrate (v.) to violate the sacredness of a thing or place

“Mildred gasped when she read in the newspaper that someone had desecrated the statue of the VirginMary in the park nearby.”

divine (adj.) godly, exceedingly wonderful

“ ‘These chocolate-covered strawberries are divine!’ exclaimed Evelyn.”

ethereal (adj.) lacking material substance; celestial, heavenly

“Renee had a dream that she was visited by an angel. At least, she thought it was an angel. Its ethereal formwas difcult to make out, but she felt a warm, peaceful glow from its presence.”

hallow (v.) revere, consecrate“The priest said solemnly, ‘In the name of our Lord, we hallow this ground in memory of our dead.’ ”

rectitude (n.) extreme morality

“Jim’s impression of his neighbor as a man of great rectitude was shattered when his neighbor invited himover for some drinks and to watch a movie he illegally copied with a DVD burner.”

sacrosanct (adj.) holy, above criticism

“Some Catholics think that the Pope should be sacrosanct, and other Catholics think it is fair to criticize him.”



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sanctimonious (adj.) giving a hypocritical appearance of piety“Robin placed religious-themed bumper stickers on her car and chided her friends for not going to churchmore often, but in truth, she was being sanctimonious as she rarely practiced the teachings of her religionand prayed infrequently.”

Boost Your Score


• Lincoln uses one of these words twice in his 1863 Gettysburg address. Which one do you think it is? You cannd the text of Lincoln’s speech on the Internet or in an encyclopedia.

Chapter 17 Quiz

Matching: Denitions

1. apotheosis a. godly, exceedingly wonderful

2. atheist b. one who does not believe in God

3. consecrate c. celestial, heavenly; lacking material substance

4. divine d. giving a hypocritical appearance of piety

5. ethereal e. (1.) elevation to divine status. (2.) a gloried example

6. rectitude f. extreme morality

7. sacrosanct g. to dedicate something to a holy purpose8. sanctimonious h. holy, above criticism

Similar, Opposite, or Dierent?

Write “S” if the two words have similar denitions, “O” if they have opposite denitions, and “D” if neither apply(different denitions).

9. apotheosis, atheist _________

10. consecrate, desecrate _________

11. sacrosanct, sanctimonious _________

12. consecrate, hallow _________

13. apotheosis, rectitude _________



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Chapter 18: Words Dealing With Shyness or Holding Back aloof ascetic demure difdent impassive insular

quiescent reticent staid stoic taciturn temperance

Roots


in, ig, il, im: not

quie: quiet

tacit, tic: silent

aloo (adj.) reserved, distant

“Cheryl’s coworkers found her aloof at rst. She rarely greeted them in the hallways or joined them for lunch.Once they got to know her, though, they realized she is just shy around new people.”

ascetic (adj.) practicing restraint as self-discipline

“Many monks like an ascetic lifestyle, fasting for months and rejecting conveniences like hot showers andTV.”

demure (adj.) modest, quiet

“The demure little girl said nothing except ‘Thank you’ and ‘Yes, please’ until one of the grownups asked herabout her doll.”

dident (adj.) shy due to lack of condence

“Charles wanted to introduce himself to people in his dorm, but he was difdent and thought no one wouldlike him.”

impassive (adj.) devoid of external emotion; expressionless

“After Lara told her husband she wanted a divorce, he stood there, impassive, until the shock passed by andhe realized what she’d said.”

insular (adj.) isolated from others; related to living on an island

“Jake’s insular world view makes it difcult for him to put himself in other people’s shoes.”

quiescent (adj.) quiet; still; at rest

“The woods were eerily quiescent. Not even the whistle of a single bird could be heard.”

reticent (adj.) reserved or restrained, especially in offering personal information

“Some people will share their l ife story with a stranger. Other people are reticent about their personal lives,even with their close friends.”

staid (adj.) serious and self-restrained, “tight-laced”

“The school teacher appeared staid to her students, but outside the classroom, she felt comfortable lettingher vivacious personality out.”



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Synonym or Not?Write “S” if the words have similar denitions, “D” if they have different denitions.

13. demure, quiescent _____

14. impassive, stoic _____

15. aloof, insular _____

16. reticent, staid _____

17. asceticism, temperance _____

18. demure, stoic _____

Chapter 19: Words Dealing With Size or Grandeur august behemoth commensurate commodious diminutive

grandiose palatial sublime truncate wane

Roots


august (adj.) majestic

“The pyramids in Egypt ruins are truly august.”

behemoth (n.) something of great power or size

“The alien invaders in War of the Worlds were behemoths. They towered over 100 feet and could level a cityin minutes with their lasers and metal arms.”

commensurate (adj.) corresponding in size or amount

“Many of the job listings Andrew read promised that salary would be commensurate with experience.”

commodious (adj.) spacious

“The hotel’s penthouse was commodious. It contained a king-sized bed, full-sized kitchen, two bathrooms,and a large balcony.”

diminutive (adj.) small

“Stars appear diminutive in the night sky, but they are actually hundreds of times the size of the Earth.”

grandiose (adj.) magnicent; absurdly exaggerated or imaginative

“Meredith found her best friend’s plans to own a multi-million dollar company and a private jet before turning21 to be grandiose.”

palatial (adj.) relating to a palace, or suitable for a palace

“The community center’s new pool was palatial. It had twenty-four swimming lanes, a large wading area, andtwo water slides.”



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sublime (adj.) grand, exalted, awe-inspiring“When the sun set behind the church, the light poured through the stain-glass windows and lled the churchwith a sublime radiance.”

truncate (v.) to shorten by cutting off

“After the previous speaker rambled for ten minutes past his allotted time, George had to truncate hisspeech so they could nish on schedule.”

wane (v.) to decrease in size, amount, or intensity

“The ashlight waned for several minutes before nally dying out.”

Boost Your Score


• What is the difference between august and grandiose?

• What is the difference between truncate and wane?

Chapter 19 Quiz

Matching: Denitions

___1. august a. spacious

___2. commodious b. small

___3. diminutive c. majestic___4. sublime d. to decrease in size, amount, or intensity

___5. truncate e. grand, exalted, awe-inspiring

___6. wane f. to shorten by cutting off


7. in, ig, il, im = ___________________

8. quie = _________________________

9. tacit, tic = ______________________


10. “As (august, diminutive) as the Roman Coliseum is today, it must have been truly magnicent when it wasundamaged thousands of years ago.”

11. “The nefarious scientist had (grandiose, palatial) plans to conquer the entire world.”

12. “Evelyn (truncated, waned) the branches of her tree with a hedge clipper because they were hanging in herneighbor’s yard.”

13. “April’s new apartment was (commensurate, commodious) enough for her to t all her belongings.”



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Chapter 20: Words Dealing with Speech or Languageacrimonious bombastic colloquial eloquent garrulous harangue inarticulate

lucid laudatory platitude polemic promulgate tacit tirade

Roots

loc, log, loqu: speech, thought

luc, lum: light

tacit, tic: silent

acrimonious (adj.) bitter and sharp in language or tone

“The Presidential debate was acrimonious as both candidates were strong-minded people with starklydifferent views on the world.”

bombastic (adj.) pompous, unnecessarily showy language or style

“Greg felt that Desiree would nd it much easier to make friends if she would stop trying to impress newpeople by acting bombastic.”

colloquial (adj.) characterized by the use of informal language

“The judge spoke formally while serving on the bench, but in private had a colloquial relationship with his staff.”

eloquent (adj.) articulate, moving

“Although she was 90, Nina’s grandmother gave an eloquent toast at Nina’s wedding that made her cry.”

garrulous (adj.) talkative

“Mike is so garrulous that sometimes his friends can’t get a word in for minutes.”

harangue 1. (n.) a ranting speech 2. (v.) to rant

“Before being sentenced to death, the terrorist gave an invective-laced harangue against the policies of theU.S. government.”

inarticulate (adj.) incapable of expressing oneself through speech

“Carol was rendered inarticulate for a few hours after getting her wisdom teeth removed.”

lucid (adj.) clear, easily understandable

“The lecturer’s lucid explanation of quantum physics helped the audience understand the complicated topic.”

laudatory (adj.) expressing admiration or praise“Krystal blushed at the company award banquet when her supervisor made a laudatory speech in her honor.”

platitude (n.) an uninspired remark, cliché

“Platitudes provide little comfort to those who are suffering.”

polemic (n.) an aggressive argument against a specic opinion

“The talk show host’s polemics against taffy spurred a nationwide movement to ban taffy eating by childrenand the elderly.”



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promulgate (v.) to proclaim publicly, often by ofcial announcement“The USDA promulgated the revised food pyramid through a web site and a large marketing campaign.”

tacit (adj.) expressed without words

“Bruce has a tacit understanding with his neighbor not to mow his lawn before 10:00 A.M. on the weekend.”

tirade (n.) a rant, a long speech marked by harsh or biting language

“When I ate one of my roommate’s apples, he went on a tirade about how it was a sign of the downfall ofcivilization.”

Boost Your Score


• Find two synonyms for each of these words: bombastic, harangue, lucid.

Chapter 20 Quiz

Matching: Denitions

___1. acrimonious a. characterized by the use of informal language

___2. bombastic b. articulate, moving

___3. colloquial c. talkative

___4. eloquent d. bitter and sharp in language or tone

___5. garrulous e. an uninspired remark, cliché

___6. harangue f. clear, easily understandable

___7. lucid g. expressed without words

___8. platitude h. to proclaim publicly, often by ofcial announcement

___9. promulgate i. pompous, unnecessarily showy language or style

___10. tacit j. 1. (n.) a ranting speech 2. (v.) to rant

Identiy the Example

11. “Hey, man, what’s up?” “Not much. Just chillin ” (colloquial, garrulous)

12. “’I ask you, how could anyone not be impressed by the grandiose extent of my palatial abode?’”(bombastic, tacit)

13. “Three cheers to the winner!” (laudatory, polemic)

14. “Mmrm irm is the smprm?” (inarticulate, tacit)



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Cumulative Review: Chapters 17-20Match the word with the word group, words can be used more than once.

___1. aloof a. Religion/Spirituality

___2. commensurate b. Shyness/Holding Back

___3. consecrate c. Size/Grandeur

___4. acrimonious d. Speech/Language

___5. tirade

___6. difdent

___7. sublime

___8. sacrosanct

___9. garrulous

___10. quiescent

___11. rectitude

___12. stoic

___13. commodious

___14. wane

___15. platitude

___16. ethereal

Underline the word(s) roots. Then write the word’s denition.

17. apotheosis __________________________________________________________

18. colloquial ____________________________________________________________

19. difdent _____________________________________________________________

20. quiescent ___________________________________________________________


21. “Melissa wondered if Joan was aloof or just (difdent, garrulous).”

22. “The community was split into two groups: one of them contended the (diminutive, grandiose) MegaCorpwould drive out small businesses in their community, while the other group dismissed their claim as a/an(apotheosis, polemic) designed to scare people.”

23. “Mitch’s relationship with his parents became strained when he criticized a topic at dinner that his parentsconsidered (reticent, sacrosanct).”

24. “Kendra’s (garrulous, stoic) personality lets her feel comfortable engaging anyone in conversation.”



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Chapter 21: Words Dealing with Time or History anachronistic antecedent antediluvian chronological dilatory

ephemeral expedite hiatus prescient portent

primeval quotidian transient

Roots

ante, ant: before

chron: time

ex, e: out, out of

pre: before

trans: across, over, through

anachronistic (adj.) being chronologically out of place

“The sense of realism in the movie about Shakespeare’s life was ruined by several anachronistic elements,such as one of the actors briey showing a digital watch.”

antecedent (n.) something that came before

“Bob wished the antecedent for movies wasn’t a series of annoying commercials.”

antediluvian (adj.) ancient

“It was clear the wind-up clock was antediluvian once the dust was wiped from it. It was hand-made and theinscription on the clock was written in an archaic form of English.”

chronological (adj.) arranged in order of time

“It is difcult to arrange events that happened thousands of years ago chronologically. The start and enddates for these events is often missing or questionable.”

dilatory (adj.) causing or intending to delay

“Nikita was annoyed at her boyfriend for showing up late yesterday, so she was dilatory in getting ready forthier date while he waited downstairs.”

ephemeral (adj.) short-lived, eeting

“The euphoria of winning their rst play-off series was ephemeral once they learned their next opponentwould be the undefeated Boston Bone Crushers.”

expedite (v.) to speed up the progress of

“Electronically ling a tax return can expedite receiving a refund.”

hiatus (n.) a break or gap in space, time, or continuity

“There was a hiatus in the construction of the new ball park when it rained for three days in a row.”

prescient (adj.) to have foreknowledge of events

“Spider-Man has a prescient ability to sense when he is in danger.”



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portent (n.) an omen“Aaron’s mother-in-law thought it was a bad portent for it to rain at the wedding. Then again, she didn’t want

Aaron to marry her daughter.”

primeval (adj.) original, ancient

“Archaeologists found primeval cutting tools that they suspect were the rst tools used by homo sapiens.”

quotidian (adj.) recurring daily; commonplace

“Exercise is more benecial if it is quotidian rather than just once a week.”

transient (adj.) passing through briey

“In some places, the seasons are transient, changing almost every month.”

Boost Your Score


• Look up the denitions for the following words: archaic, contemporaneous, evanescent. Write down thedenition in your vocabulary notebook, and then write a sentence using each of the words.

Chapter 21 Quiz

Matching: Denitions

___1. anachronistic a. Being chronologically out of place

___2. antediluvian b. Causing or intending to delay___3. dilatory c. A break or gap in space, time, or continuity

___4. expedite d. Recurring daily; commonplace

___5. hiatus e. Ancient

___6. prescient f. Passing through briey

___7. quotidian g. To have foreknowledge of events

___8. transient h. To speed up the progress of

Synonym or Not?

Write “S” if the two words have similar denitions, “D” if they have different denitions.

9. antediluvian, primeval __________

10. dilatory, transient ____________



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Used Correctly?Write “Y” if the word is used correctly, “N” if it isn’t.

11. “The circus is a transient business, moving from town to town every few weeks.” ________

12. “Marshall was often called by reporters for quotes because he is such a quotidian person.” _______

13. “After working non-stop on his Ph.D. thesis for the past three months, the grad student took a hiatus for aweek and went on a vacation.” ________

Chapter 22A: Words Dealing with Wealth, Greed, or Envy

avarice afuent cupidity benefactor exorbitant covet opulent

Roots

ad, a: towards

ac, ea, ect, c, : make, do

fu, fux: ow

ex, e: out, out of

afuent (adj.) wealthy; plentiful; owing freely

“The Howells, an afuent couple, had more difculty adjusting to the lack of amenities on the deserted island

than did the rest of the castaways.”avarice (n.) greed

“Mr. Burns’ avarice once motivated him to erect a large structure to block the sun so the townspeople wouldbe forced to use more power from his nuclear plant.”

beneactor (n.) one who gives aid or money

“Jillian was shocked to learn that a mysterious benefactor was going to pay for her entire college education.”

cupidity (adj.) excessive desire, especially for money

“A common downfall of criminals, at least in the movies, is their cupidity for money.”

covet (v.) to desire longingly

“Martha coveted the expensive, glass gurines of her neighbor, Laura.”

exorbitant (adj.) unreasonably excessive especially when related to wealth or price

“ ‘$150 for a glass of wine! These prices are exorbitant,’ exclaimed Tom when he opened the menu.”

opulent (adj.) richly abundant; showing great wealth

“Red marble Grecian columns lined the walkway to the opulent mansion “



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Chapter 22B: Words Relating to Poverty and Destitutionaustere bereft derelict dearth desolate destitute emaciated

indigent privation

austere (adj.) strict, unadorned

“Tom’s room was austere. It only contained the bare necessities: a bed, a desk, and a small bookshelf.”

beret (adj.) devoid of, without

“The homeless suffer from many hardships; they are often bereft of shelter and food. “

dearth (n.) a scarcity

“Antone complained to anyone who would listen about the dearth of intelligent science ction movies.”

derelict (adj.) abandoned, run-down

“The city nally condemned the derelict house that had become overgrown with ivy and weeds over theyears.”

destitute (adj.) having nothing; in poverty

“Most of the graduate students teaching Deepa’s college classes appeared destitute. They wore rattyclothes and had pallid complexions that suggested malnutrition. She wondered if she could trade them asandwich for a better grade.”

desolate (adj.) deserted; lifeless

“The desolation that marks most of the Sahara desert also gives it an eerie beauty.”

emaciated (adj.) overly thin, especially due to lack of food

“It’s a mystery to some why emaciated models are considered the pinnacle of beauty.”

indigent (adj.) very poor

“Some of the indigent people in Mexico try to cross into the United States illegally to nd work and escapepoverty.”

privation (n.) lacking basic necessities; the state of being deprived

“The campsite was in a state of privation, lacking showers and toilets, but Greg and Linda were willing to livewithout such conveniences for a few days.”

Boost Your Score


• Write ve sentences, each one using a word from 22A and a word from 22B.



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Chapter 22 QuizEnter the Correct Word in the Blank

afuent austere avarice cupidity benefactor derelict covet destitute

emaciated opulent

1. _______to desire longingly

2. _______wealthy; plentiful; owing freely

3. _______greed

4. _______strict, unadorned

5. _______richly abundant; showing great wealth

6. _______one who gives aid or money

7 ._______having nothing; in poverty

8. _______abandoned, run-down

9. _______overly thin, especially due to lack of food

10._______excessive desire, especially for money


11. chron = _______

12. ex, e = _______

13. pre = _______

14. trans = _______

Chapter 23A: The Fun Person at the Party

convivial abandon irreverence enthrall vivacious winsome

Roots

co, com, con: with, togetherper: through, intensive, throughout

viv, vit: life

abandon 1. (n.) total lack of inhibition 2. (v.) to give up with the intent of never reclaiming

“Vivian was going to be swamped with work the next three months, so she partied that night with abandon.”



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convivial (adj.) outgoing and festive, especially at social gatherings“Greg’s convivial nature usually makes him the life of the party.”

enthrall (v.) to charm, hold spellbound

“The former Navy SEAL enthralled the crowd with stories of his adventures and brushes with death.”

irreverence (n.) mischievous disrespect

“A necessary quality for a satirist is irreverence. One needs to be willing to mock sacred beliefs andinstitutions to make a humorous point.”

winsome (adj.) charming, often in a childlike way

“The young boy had a winsome manner to him that make him instantly likable.”

vivacious (adj.) animated; lively

“Tita wasn’t planning on going on a cruise, but her friend was so vivacious when she was describing her tripthat she began to consider going on one.”

Chapter 23B: The Boring Person at the Party

banal apathetic perfunctory dour vapid

apathetic (adj.) lacking interest or concern

“The teacher had a hard time motivating herself to be lively as most of her students were apathetic aboutlearning.”

banal (adj.) overly commonplace or trite, especially in relation to language

“The Hollywood executive felt like tearing his hair out if he read one more script loaded with banal languageand a clichéd plot.”

dour (adj.) stern, joyless

“The doorman’s dour personality reduced the number of tips he received.”

perunctory (adj.) done routinely and with little interest or enthusiasm

“Hicham could tell the customer service representative wasn’t going to be interested in helping him from theperfunctory way that she answered the phone.”

vapid (adj.) lacking liveliness or interest, dull

“Lauren tried striking up a conversation with her new coworker, Bob, but she found him vapid and boring totalk to.”

Boost Your Score


• Match four of the above words with people you know or have met recently.



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Chapter 23 QuizMatching: Denitions

___1. apathetic a. Outgoing and festive, especially at social gatherings

___2. banal b. Stern, joyless

___3. convivial c. Mischievous disrespect

___4. dour d. Overly commonplace or trite, especially in relation to language

___5. enthrall e. Animated; lively

___6. irreverence f. To charm, hold spellbound

___7. perfunctory g. Done routinely and with little interest or enthusiasm

___8. vivacious h. Lacking interest or concern


9. ____, a = towards

10. _____, ______, ____, c, = make, do

11. _____, ____ = ow

12. _____, e = out, out of

Boring or Fun?

Write “B” if the word best describes a boring person, “F” if it best describes a fun person.

13. banal _______

14. vivacious_______

15. dour _______

16. vapid_______

17. abandon _______

Chapter 24A: Words Dealing with Forgiveness or Mercy

atone absolve contrite clemency epentant exonerate

Roots

ab, a: away, from


ex, e: out, out of



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absolve (v.) to free from blame, guilt, or sin“On his deathbed, the convict asked the priest to absolve him of his crimes.”

atone (v.) to repent, make amends

“Marcel atoned for injuring a woman while driving drunk by devoting his life to preventing alcohol abuse.”

clemency (n.) a merciful act

“Since it was Lindsey’s rst trafc violation, the judge granted her clemency and let her go with a warning.”

condone (v.) to overlook or forgive an offense

“Condoning a friend’s actions can be harmful in the long run because it tells the friend he or she can repeatthe action without a negative consequence.”

contrite (adj.) feeling deep regret for one’s actions

“Robert felt contrite about spending little time with his children while they were growing up.”

exonerate (v.) to clear from guilt or blame

“After the real killer was captured, Samuel was exonerated and released from jail.”

repentant (adj.) guilty, remorseful

“At the press conference announcing his resignation, the mayor said, “I truly feel repentant for my actionsand for violating the trust of the people that elected me.”

Chapter 24B: Words Dealing With Sadness

dirge despondent lugubrious elegy wistful morose

despondent (adj.) feeling depressed, hopeless

“After a tornado destroyed her house and killed her cat, Beth felt despondent and unwilling to live.”

dirge (n.) a mournful song

“The dirge the elves sang about Gandalf’s death moved the hobbits’ hearts, even though they couldn’tunderstand the words.”

elegy (n.) a speech given in honor of a dead person

“It was difcult for Miriam to give an elegy for her mother, but afterwards many people told her it was a ttingtribute.”

lugubrious (adj.) mournful or gloomy, often exaggeratedly so“Peter gets lugubrious every time he has to take an important test. His friends nd his melodramatic anticscomical, although they are kind enough not to make fun of him to his face.”

morose (adj.) gloomy, sullen

“A morose mood came over the bar crowd when their team lost the championship by fumbling the ball in thelast minute of the game.”



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wistul (adj.) yearning; musing upon sad things“Peter was wistful for his childhood, when he felt life was simpler and he was happy.”

Boost Your Score


• Write four sentences, with each one containing a word from 24A and a word from 24B.

• Review Chapter 11: Words Dealing with Happiness or Friendliness. For three of the words in 24B, nd anantonym for it in Chapter 11.

Chapter 24 QuizMatching: Denitions

___1. atone a. Feeling depressed, hopeless

___2. clemency b. Feeling deep regret for one’s actions

___3. contrite c. A speech given in honor of a dead person

___4. despondent d. Mournful or gloomy, often exaggeratedly so

___5. elegy e. To repent, make amends

___6. lugubrious f. Guilty, remorseful

___7. repentant g. A merciful act

___8. wistful h. Yearning; musing upon sad things

Guilt or Sadness?

Write “G” if the word relates to guilt, “S” if it relates to sadness, or “N” for neither.

9. despondent ______

10. morose _______

11. repentant ______

12. clemency ______

13. contrite ______

14. lugubrious _______



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Cumulative Review: Chapters 21-24Match the word with the word group

___1. anachronistic a. Time/History

___2. avarice b. Wealth/Greed/Envy

___3. cupidity c. Poverty/Destitution

___4. dilatory

___5. destitute

___6. prescient

___7. indigent

___8. portent

___9. quotidian

___10. bereft

___11. morose a. Fun person

___12. absolve b. Boring person

___13. irreverence c. Forgiveness/Mercy

___14. apathetic d. Sadness

___15. despondent

___16. exonerate

___17. vapid

___18. convivial

___19. wistful

___20. repentant


21. “Carl asked why Alison is feeling (convivial, morose). She said it is because she had a (indigent, prescient)feeling that someone she loves is going to die soon.”

22. “The (destitute, opulent) party had life-size statues made of sorbet that were later served in china bowls.”

23. “The convict felt (contrite, dilatory) for the crimes he committed.”

24. “Watching the teenagers party with (abandon, dourness) made the elderly man (lugubrious, wistful) for thefun times he had as a teenager.”



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Further Study: Words With Dual Meaningsabandon 1. (n.) total lack of inhibition 2. (v.) to give up with the intent of never reclaiming

aggregate 1. (v.) to gather together 2. (n.) a total

anathema 1. (n.) a formal ban or curse 2. (n.) one who is greatly detested

annex 1. (v.) to seize territory or space 2. (n.) a room attached to a larger room

apprehend 1. (v.) to seize, arrest 2. (v.) to perceive or understand

canvas 1. (n.) a piece of cloth on which an artist paints 2. (v.) to cover, inspect

cleave 1. (v.) to divide 2. (v.) to stick together

defer (v.) 1. to postpone 2. to yield to another’s wisdom

façade 1. (n.) the decorative front wall of a building 2. (n.) a deceptive appearance or attitude

facile 1. (adj.) easy 2. (adj.) supercial, insincere

imperative 1. (adj.) necessary, important 2. (n.) a command or order

morass (n.) 1. a swamp 2. something that confuses or overwhelms

reprobate 1. (adj.) unprincipled, lacking in morals 2. (v.) to condemn

sanguine 1. (adj.) optimistic 2. of the color of blood



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Further Study: Mini-GroupsIf you have time, look up these words in a collegiate-level dictionary and write the denitions in your vocabularynotebook. The basic denitions are highlighted, but the words have shades of meaning that are necessary toknow if you want to use them correctly.

Loud

boisterous (adj.)

strident (adj.)

vociferous (adj.)

Abundant

copious (adj.)

plethora (n.)

profuse (adj.)

surfeit (adj.)

A Tiny Amount

modicum (n.)

paucity (adj.)

pittance (n.)

Unoriginal

derivative (adj.)

hackneyed (adj.)

trite (adj.)

Best Example

archetypal (adj.)

epitome (n.)

paradigm (n.)paragon (n.)

Harmul

baleful (adj.)

deleterious (adj.)

grievous (adj.)

Slanderous

aspersion (n.)

defamatory (adj.)

pejorative (adj.)

Rude

brazen (adj.)

brusque (adj.)

impertinent (adj.)

Intense Praise

adulation (n.)

approbation (n.)

exalt (v.)

extol (v.)

To Reduce

abate (v.)

atrophy (v.)

abridge (v.)

corrode (v.)

expurgate (v.)

Secretive

clandestine (adj.)covert (adj.)

surreptitious (adj.)



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Chapter 1 Quiz

1. d

2. a

3. c

4. b

5. e

6. away, from

7. with, together8. out, out of

9. uncanny

10. pathology

11. eclectic

12. aberration

Chapter 2 Quiz

1. a

2. f

3. d

4. e

5. b

6. c

7. not, without

8. away, from

9. benevolent

10. magnanimous

11. deft

12. alacrity

Chapter 3 Quiz

1. e

2. d

3. b

4. c

5. a

6. good, well

7. in, into

8. not

9. great

10. love

11. feel, suffer

12. shake, timid

13. wish

14. beseeched

15. cogent

16. debunked

Chapter 4 Quiz

1. a

2. d

3. e

4. b

5. c

6. f

7. with, together

8. to know

9. from, away, down

10. placated

11. panacea

12. respite

Answer Keys



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Answer KeysCumulative Review:

Chapters 1-4

Match the word with the word group

1. d

2. c

3. b

4. c

5. a

6. b

7. a

8. d

9. c

10. b

11. d

12. a

13. atypical — not typical

14. in trep id — fearless, unshakable

15. cogent — logically convincing

16. panacea — a cure-all

17. eccentric

18. intrepid

19. coerced

20. devious

Chapter 5 Quiz

1. c

2. a

3. d

4. b

5. f

6. e

7. love

8. all

9. succinct

10. circumlocution

11. laconic

12. pithy

Chapter 6 Quiz

1. d

2. c

3. a

4. e

5. f

6. n

7. around

8. speech, thought

9. amorphous

10. dubious

11. vacillating

12. equivocal



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Chapter 7 Quiz

1. d

2. f

3. a

4. b

5. c

6. e

7. g

8. both

9. around

10. equivocal

11. shape

12. around, look

13. timorous

14. servile

15. punctilious

16. capitulation

Chapter 8 Quiz

1. a

2. c

3. b

4. f

5. d

6. e

7. head

8. with, together9. against, toward

10. follow

11. drag, draw

12. shake, timid

13. admonish

14. decried

15. denigrating

16. derided

Chapters 5-8 Review

1. b

2. d

3. c

4. c

5. a

6. b

7. a

8. c

9. d

10. a

11. b

12. d

13. circum loc ution — indirectand wordy language

14. a morph ous — without deniteshape or form

15. tractable — easily controlledor dealt with

16. disparage — to reduce in esteem or rank; to speakof in a disrespectful way

17. denigrated

18. circumspect

19. laconic20. capitulate

Answer Keys



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Answer KeysChapter 9 Quiz

1. e

2. g

3. a

4. b

5. c

6. d

7. h

8. f

9. to, towards

10. from, down, away

11. pretense

12. unctuous

13. prevaricates

14. dissembles

Chapter 10 Quiz

1. d

2. a

3. f

4. c

5. e

6. b

7. with, together

8. apart, away, not

9. palatable

10. culinary11. voracious

12. arable

Chapter 11 Quiz

1. a

2. a

3. c

4. c

5. c

6. c

7. b

8. a

9. b

10. c

11. not

12. eat

13. congenial

14. jubilation

15. facetious

Chapter 12 Quiz1. g

2. a

3. e

4. c

5. f

6. b

7. d

8. am, ami

9. co, com, con10. greg

11. eu

12. wrath

13. odious

14. enmity

15. malediction



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Answer KeysChapters 9-12 Review

1. b

2. a

3. b

4. c

5. d

6. a

7. c

8. b

9. b

10. c

11. a

12. d

13. d

14. c

15. a

16. d

17. amicable — agreeable, showinggood will

18. dis sem ble — to conceal or disguise one’s nature,feelings, or motives

19. malevolent — having or exhibitingill will; wishing harm to others

20. voracious — unendinghunger; insatiable

21. animosity, ruse

22. euphoria

23. depravity

24. spurious

Chapter 13 Quiz

1. a

2. c

3. d

4. b

5. e

6. speak

7. bad, badly

8. wish

9. D

10. S

11. S

12. D

13. D

14. S

15. sS

Chapter 14 Quiz1. coalesce

2. linchpin

3. disseminate

4. aggregate

5. engender

6. yoke

7. sharp, sour

8. know

9. around10. look, see

11. disseminated

12. segregated

13. conuence

14. engender



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Answer Keys

Chapter 15 Quiz

1. a, b

2. b

3. c

4. b

5. b, c

6. c

7. b8. a

9. b

10. b

11. c

12. crowd, ock

13. apart, away

14. seed, sow

15. agged

16. sedentary

Chapter 16 Quiz

1. d

2. a

3. f

4. b

5. c

6. e

7. g

8. sed, sid

9. somn

10. torp

11. S

12. D

13. D

14. S

15. D

16. D

Chapters 13-16 Review

1. a

2. b

3. c4. b

5. d

6. d

7. a

8. b

9. d

10. a

11. c

12. d

13. a

14. c

15. b

16. c

17. cognizant – “aware, mindful”

18. disseminate – “to spread widely”

19. segregate – “to separate others froma group”

20. somnolent – “drowsy, sleepy”

21. ascertain, lethargic22. supercilious

23. effrontery

24. truculent



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Answer KeysChapter 17 Quiz

1. e

2. b

3. g

4. a

5. c

6. f

7. h

8. d

9. D

10. O

11. D

12. S

13. D

Chapter 18 Quiz

1. e

2. h

3. g

4. a

5. d

6. b

7. c

8. f

9. with, together

10. God, godly

11. holy

12. God, godly

13. S

14. S

15. D

16. S

17. S

18. D

Chapter 19 Quiz

1. c

2. a

3. b

4. e

5. f

6. d

7. not

8. quiet

9. silent

10. august

11. palatial

12. truncated

13. commodious

Chapter 20 Quiz

1. d

2. i

3. a

4. b

5. c

6. j

7. f

8. e

9. h

10. g

11. colloquial

12. bombastic

13. laudatory

14. inarticulate



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1. b

2. c

3. a

4. d

5. d

6. b

7. c

8. a

9. d

10. b

11. a

12. b

13. c

14. c

15. d

16. a

17. apotheosis – (n.) 1. elevation to divine status. 2. (n.)a gloried example

18. colloquial – characterized by the useof informal language

19. difdent – shy due to lack of condence

20. quiescent – quiet; still; at rest

21. difdent

22. diminutive, polemic

23. sacrosanct

24. garrulous

Chapter 21 Quiz

1. a

2. e

3.b

4. g

5. c

6. g

7. d

8. f

9. S

10. D

11. Y

12. N

13. Y

Chapter 22 Quiz

1. covet

2. afuent3. avarice

4. austere

5. opulent

6. benefactor

7. destitute

8. derelict

9. emaciated

10. cupidity

11. chron — time12. ex, e — out, out of

13. pre — before

14. trans — across, over, through

Answer Keys



VOCABULARY

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Chapter 23 Quiz

1. h

2. d

3. a

4. b

5. f

6. c

7. g

8. e

9. ad

10. fac, fea, fect

11. u, ux

12. ex

13. B

14. F

15. B

16. B

17. F

Chapter 24 Quiz

1. e

2. g

3. b

4. a

5. c

6. d

12. N

13. G

14. S


1. a

2. b

3. b

4. a

5. c

6. a

7. c

8. a

9. a

10. c

11. d

12. c

13. a

14. b

15. d

16. c

17. b

18. a

19. d

20. c

21. morose, prescient

Answer Keys

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