satya prasad - indian national science academyinsaindia.res.in/bm/bm13_8807.pdf · satya prasad was...

SATYA PRASAD RAYCHAUDHURI

(1904 - 1986)

Elected Fellow 1952

SATYA PRASAD RAYCHAUDHURI was born in Calcutta on April 23, 1904. He comes of a respectable and well known zamindar (land lord) family. His ancestral home was in the village Saidpur of Taki in the 24 Parganas district of West Bengal. Satya Prasad was the second son and third issue of his parents (Dakshina Prasad Raychaudhuri and Suniti Bala Raychaudhuri) who must have felt proud of their four talented sons and three daughters. All the four brothers had distinguished career. His eldest brother, Kashi Prasad Raychaudhuri, was an official in the Calcutta University Library. The third brother, late Dr Debi Prasad Raychaudhur~, a well known sericulturist, retired as Director of Research. Central Sericultural Research Institute, Berhampur, West Bengal. His youngest brother, Dr Syama Prasad Raychaudhuri is a plant pathologist and virologist and retired as Head of the Division of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Ihstitute, New Delhi and is still very active in work related to plant protection. Syama Prasad is also a Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy.

Satya Prasad was born at a time when there was great political and social awaken- ing in Bengal and India was on the road to modern age. The famous South Suburban School, Bhowanipur, Calcutta and the prestigious St Xavier's College, Calcutta and their devoted teachers had influenced and shaped the future career of young Satya Prasad. He used to remember with reverence Rev Father J Van Naste, Professor of Chemistry, St Xavier's College, Calcutta. Probably this inspired him to take up chemistry as the main subject both at the undergraduate and post-graduate levels although he was a brilliant student of mathematics. When he joined the post-graduate classes in the University College of Science and Technology of the Calcutta University in 1925, he came under the influence of two towering personalities and genii in Chemistry, viz., Acharya PC Roy, the then Palit Professor of Chemistry and Professor J N Mukherjee, the then Khaira Professor of Chemistry of the University of Calcutta. The influence of these two great men of that time imbibed in young Satya Prasad the erudition, simplicity, and large-heartedness. Satya Prasad was a true disciple of Professor JN

Biographical Memoirs

Mukherjee; both were colloid scientistsin the first phase of the career and later on outstanding personalities in soil science.

Satya Prasad was a brilliant student in the school, college, and university. His schooling started at the age of eight in 1912 in the South Suburban School, Bhowanipur, Calcutta which had a hoary tradition. He won prizes at each class promotion examination in the school and drew attention of the teachers. In 192 1, he passed in the first division the Matriculation Examination of the Calcutta University and had the distinction of winning a scholarship of Rs 10.00 per month for two years (1921-23), the Kirtichand Mackenzie Gold Medal of the University for securing the highest marks in mathematics amongst all the students passing the Matriculation examination that year, and also the Ashutosh Mukherjee Gold Medal from the School.

His college life began in 1921 in the prestigious St Xavier's College, Calcutta where also he was awarded gold medals and special prizes at each annual examination of the college. He passed the Intermediate Science Examination of the Calcutta Uni- versity in 1923, in the First Division, standing seventh in order of merit amongst the students passing the Intermediate Science and Arts Examination of the University and was awarded a monthly scholarship of Rs 25.00 for two years (1923-25). From the same College, he passed in 1925 the BSc examination with Honours in Chemistry and was placed in second class.

From the University College of Science and Technology, Calcutta University, he passed the MSc examination .in Chemistry in 1927 with specialisation in physical chemistry and was awarded Gold Medal of the University by virtue of his standing first class first that year. For his thesis work in the MSc examination, he had privilege of carrying out research under Professor JN Mukherjee who was known as colloid scientist of repute at that time. He was one of the best and earliest students of Dr Mukherjee.

After the MSc examination, he continued his research work in physical chemistry under Professor Mukherjee for the DSc degree of the Calcutta University. He was Khaira Research Scholar from 1927 to 1930. In 1929, he won Nagarjuna prize and a gold medal for his thesis on Activated Charcoal and in 1930, the Jubilee Research prize and a gold medal of the university for an essay on Soil Actdiry and Base Exchange in Soil. In fact, he was trying to employ the principles of physical chemistry in under- standing some of the complicated phenomena in soil reactions. The same year, he became the Premchand Roychand Scholar for his thesis on Electrochemistry of Soil Colloids. During 1930 to 1932, he was a research scholar under an ICAR (Imperial Council of Agricultural Research) Scheme on CoNoid Soil Constituents.

He was admitted to the DSc degree of the Calcutta University in 1932 for his thesis on (i) Electrochemistry of Soil Colloids an'd (ii) Activated Charcoal.

I Satya Prasad Raychaudhuri

In the Calcutta University, there are a few endowments which provide financial assistance for travel and study abroad. Under one such, viz., Sir TN Palit Foreign Scholarship, Dr Raychaudhuri went, in October 1934, to the Rothamsted Experi- mental Station, Harpenden, Herts, England where he worked, in collaboration with Dr BA Keen and Dr EM Crowther-the two pioneers in soil science-on the properties of tropical associated red and black soils. For the thesis incorporating this piece of research work, he was admitted in 1936 to the PhD degree of the London - University .

Dr Raychaudhuri became a specialist in soils at a time when soil science was still at infancy in lndia and soil science as a distinct scientific discipline and its importance were being gradually appreciated. The soil work ar Rothamsted was a turning point in his scientific career and was instrumental in his becoming a soil scientist of repute later on in his life. He returned to India in January, 1937. In 1945, he was admitted to the DSc degree of the London University in recognition and appreciation of his published work on Red and Lateritic Soils of India.

In professional career, Dr Raychaudhuri was a teacher, a researcher, an administrator, and an adviser. A brief account of his multifarious activity is given below.

In Calcutta

1933-1934 : When young Satya Prasad was admitted in 1932 to the DSc degree, the avenues for scientific appointments were very meagre so much so that Dr Raychau- dhuri was appointed in February 1933 as Sir PC Roy Research Fellow of the Calcutta University and simultaneously as Honorary Lecturer in Physical Chemistry in the post- graduate class of the Calcutta University. He continued his work on electrochemistry of sols and gels. In October 1934, he went to England.

? t '

In England t

.. 1934-1936 : During October 1934 to December 1936, Dr Raychaudhuri worked F

I on soils at the Rothamsted Experimental Station for the PhD degree of the London K F.- t ,>

University. He returned to India in January, 1937. c"

b. Back to India 1937-1944 : On his return to India, he was again Sir PC Roy Research Fellow

from March to May, 1937. His first professional career started in the Dacca Univer- sity, Dacca (now in Bangladesh) where he joined in June 1937 as Agricultural Research Chemist and taught colloid chemistry and soil science in the undergraduate and post- graduate classes. Here he started his pioneering research work on 'red and lateritic


soils of india' and simultaneously carried out field experiments at the Bengal Govern- ment Farm, Tejgaon on the manurial requirements of rice plants. In April 1940, he was promoted as Lecturer (Class I) in physical chemistry of the Dacca University. He continued teaching and research there up to October 29, 1944.

In the IARI, New Delhi

1944-1947 : On October 30 1944, Dr Raychaudhuri joined the Imperial (now Indian) Agricultural Research Institute in India, in the Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry as Soil Survey Officer in charge of the All India Soil Survey Scheme (ICAR) which had for its objective the collection and collation of published and unpublished information on soils, survey and other relevant information including those on soil classifications adopted for revenue purposes. This was the first step pre- lude to embarking on ambitious soil survey programme which would include preparation of a soil map of India. In this capacity, he co-ordinated the work concerning the collection and collation of soil information which was later on published in the form of 'Final Report of the All India Soil Survey Scheme'. In addition to the soil survey work, he took part in the teaching programme and continued research on red and lateritic soils, and other soils of India. This was further continuation of his research work he undertook in Dacca. Here in the JARI, he spent the best part of his life with break of two and a half years.

In the Ministry of Food and Agriculture

1947-1949 : For a very short period he was in the Ministry of Food and Agricul- ture. On April 29, 1947, he was appointed as Soil Scientist by Government of India in the Ministry of Food and Agriculture and deputed to the USA for studying the recent techniques of soil conservation and, on return, was appointed as an Officer on Special Duty (Soil Conservation). He relinquished this post in 1949 to join back the IARI.

Back to the IARI . On August 30 1949, he came back to the IARI as the Head of the Division of

Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, and had the responsibility of administration, teaching and research in the division. The scope of work in this capacity was very wide. He organized the division to be the best in the country for teaching and research in soil science and also intensified the scope and programme of the All India Soil Survey Scheme. He initiated a number of research projects with special reference to characte- rization and classification of important soil groups of India, testing of new types of fertilizers and methods for increasing efficiency of fertilizer use, introduction of soil testing service in the country for determination of soil fertility and fertilizer use, introduction of radiotracer technique in soil and plant nutrition research work. He created an active group of soil scientists comprising his students and colleagues, many of whom

Satya Prasad Raychaudhuri

occupied and are still holding very high positions all over India. He remained as Head of the Division up to February 28, 1958.

During this period some significant developments in soil survey took place and the Government of India was seized with the importance of land use survey. In 1958, the All India Survey Scheme which was, since its inception in 1942, operating in the Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry was amalgamated, at the initiative and with the persuation of Dr Raychaudhuri, with another scheme, viz., the All India Land Use Survey of the Government of India in the Ministry of Food and Agricul- ture and was made a separate unit of the IARI and was named the All India Soil and Land Use Survey Organization with much wider scope of activity and programme. Dr Raychaudhuri was called upon to head this unit as the Chief Soil Survey Officer from March 1, 1958. In this capacity, he gave a definite shape to soil survey and land use, and soil classification in India. On October 30, 196 1 -the date of his superan- nuation-Dr Raychaudhuri retired from this position.

At the Planning Commission, New Delhi

1961- 1969 : The day after his retirement (i.e. October 3 1, 196 1) from the post of Chief Soil Survey Officer, he was called upon to join the Planning Commission as the Senior Specialist (Land Resources) in the Committee on Natural Resources, and was occupied with studies on different aspects of land resources and played a leading role in bringing out the following publications by the Committee.

1 . A Co-ordinated Study of Organizations Concerned with the Surveys of Natu- ral Resources, e.g. The Survey of India, Geological Survey of India, Soil and Land Use Surveys, Forest Surveys, Cadastral Surveys and Town Planning Surveys.

2. Study on Wastelands, including Saline, Alkali and Waterlogged Lands and their Reclamation Measures.

3. Study on Utilization of Urban Wastes.

4. Survey and Utilization of Agricultural and Industrial By-products and Wastes.

5. Land Resources of India, Vol. 1, 1964.

6. Study on Survey and Reclamation of Ravines in India.

Later on, he contributed substantially in the following projects :

(i) Study on soil conservation in catchment areas above dams of river valley projects.

' ( i i ) Preparation of a soil-cum-integrated land resource development map of India (scale 1 : 1000000).


(iii) Study of low unit areas of rice and wheat in relation to utilization of water. manures, and fertilizers.

He retired from this position vis-a-vis the Government service on October 31, 1969.

At the Shriram Khad Programme

1969-1986 : A man of his calibre and stature does not think of retired life. He was not only a leading figure and key man in soil survey and land use, but was also recognized a key man in soil fertility and fertilizer use. He was of the firm opinion that use of fertilizers for higher agricultural production should be linked with the nature and properties of soils. Mls Shriram Chemicals and Fertilizers who manufacture urea and superphosphate were quick to utilize his services, just on his retirement from the Planning Commission, for fertilizer promotion in their Shriram Khad Programme. He was made the Chief Agronomist of this programme. He took up this job as pastime, and kept himself busy with the fertilizer promotion programme. He maintained contact with workers in the field of soils, soil testing and fertilizers and kept himself abreast of the recent developments in these fields. H e was revelling in this position practically to the last days of his life.

The large number of publications, in the form of papers, bulletins, and books, by Dr Raychaudhuri will ever remain valuable record of his contributions to the basis in Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry. Some of his important contributions are briefly mentioned here.

Along with Professor J N Mukherjee, Raychaudhuri was pioneer in the field of colloid chemistry. Their work established that colloids possess electrochemical properties; the charges on colloid particles are influenced by electrolytes and non-electrolytes and are responsible for their absorptive properties. These observations led to the postulation that soil colloids possess colloidal properties and the cation exchange phenomenon of soil can be explained on the basis of charges on soil colloids. Still significant is the finding that soil acidity was due to the presence of exchange hydrogen and aluminium ions on the surface of soil colloidal particles. These ions could be replaced by other cations in solutions. The observations were corroborated from studies with sols of silicic, aluminium hydroxide, and humic acid-the basic constituents of soil colloids. These were the fundamental studies.

The most significant contribution for which he will be ever remembered and which had been and will be referred to in soil science literature IS his exhaustive work on the red and lateritic soils of India. I t is repeated here that Dr Raychaudhuri started his researches on soils at a time when soil science as a distinct discipline of science was


being gradually accepted in India and very little systematic information on soils of India and their properties was available. His approach to soil as a natural body was under* stood by only a few in India. Red and lateritic soils are the two of the important groups of soils of India. He recognized (Indian J, agric. Sci. 11, 220, 194 1) two broad morphological types of red soils: (a) red loams, characterized by argillaceous soils with a cloudy structure and a little concretionary material and (b) red earths, with loose top soil, friable, but rich in secondary concretions as a consequence of sesquioxide rich clay. According to Raychaudhuri (J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 16, 205, 19681, lateritic soils of India may be subdivided, on the basis of climate, into three classes, viz., lateritic soils of (i) high rainfall zone with strongly expressed dry season, (ii) high rainfall zone with weakly expressed dry season, and (iii) humid zone with pronounced wet and dry season. Further, according to situation, each of the above classes may be subdivided into two sub-classes, viz., (a) high-level laterite occurring in hill regions and (b) low- level laterite occurring in low-lying areas. For the first time, the detailed picture of the physico-chemical and mineralogical properties of these soils were recorded by him.

In the IARI, he extended his work to other soil groups of India, viz., soils of the arid and semi-arid regions, particularly on saline and sodic (alkali) soils which are of common occurrence in these regions. Specific mention may be made of his work on these soils in Delhi State. Saline and sodic soils in Delhi occur in two distinct physio- graphic divisions, viz., khadar or recent alluvium and bangar - or old alluvium. The soils are at different stages of salinization and sodiumization and the genetic factors are tex- ture of the parent material and water-table. These were the first genetic studies of these problem soils and the data form a valid base, even today, for undertaking reclamation measures. Studies on the genesis and characteristics of soils growing rice in India were the other valuable work done by him.

His contribution on the Egect of climate and cultivation on nitrogen and organic matter reserves in Indian soils is pioneering and extremely important. It was concluded that the low level of organic matter in many Indian soils was primarily caused by envi- ronment and only secondarily by cultural practices. Since hot climates mitigate against build-up of soil organic matter, the solution of India's nitrogen economy must be based on nitrogen fixation by plants.

He played a key role in the survey, classification and mapping of soils of India and preparation of soil map of India. The Final Report of the All India Soil Survey Scheme, compiled under his guidance, was the first authentic record of the soils of different States and Union Territories of India and tentative soil map of India. The two books Lnnd Resources of India, Vol. 1 and Soils of India, comprising soil groups of India and their characteristics, will ever remain a landmark in the Annals of Soil Science in india. rt is a pity that cruel hands of death snatched him away from our midst when he was in the process of revision of the book on Soils of Ii~dia ic collaboration with other soil scientists of India. For the first time soil map of India


based on available soil data (scale 1 inch = 70 miles) was published in 1954 under his leadership. His Presidential Address at the Agricultural Sciences Section of the 43rd Indian Science Congress under the title Survey and Classifcation of Indian Soils is a masterpiece of documentation of his contributions and thinking in the subject.

Dr Raychaudhuri was of the firm conviction that soil survey information should have relevance to soil productivity, land use planning, and fertilizer use and he never lost an opportunity to advocate it. The logical consequence was his deep involvement and contribution in the domain of soil fertility and fertilizer use. Towards the middle of the present century, the production of chemical fertilizers was very inadequate in India to meet the requirement of the country. He was instrumental in getting tested in India various types of new fertilizers imported from abroad. Although efficient use of fertilizers was recognized as one of the potential factors conducing to the sustained crop production at high level, apprehensions were expressed in some quarters against their use in this country. Most of the fears appear to be con- nected with loss in soil fertility due to the continued use of chemical fertilizers. He compiled data from the field experiments carried out in India, in a bulletin on Use of Artijkial Fertilizers in India to demonstrate the efficiency of the fertilizers through application in judicious doses, particularly in combination with organic manure and thus to overcome the apprehensions. He highlighted and emphasized the need for production of more fertilizers for higher agricultural production. How deep was his fore- sight can be guessed from the large number of fertilizer factories in India today. Still they are not sufficient.

Soil testing is a proven and practical method for evaluating fertility of soil and fertilizer recommendations to the farmers for increased crop production and is very popular in the USA and some other foreign countries. At the initiative of Dr Raychaudhuri, soil testing service was started in India under the Indo-US Operational Agreement No. 4, on the 'Determination of Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Use', which was signed on May 31, 1952 and his contribution at the initial stage of the national scheme will be remembered in future. Currently, more than 400 soil testing laboratories are in existence in India.

The other notable contribution by him is the establishment of Radio-Tracer Labo- ratory in the Division in 1950. For the first time in India, nuclear techniques using isotopes were utilized for research on soils and plant nutrition. Today, a well-equipped and big Nuclear Research Laboratory, a separate unit in the IARI, is providing national facilities.

His deep interest in the agricultural practices in ancient India is rather unique for a soil scientist. While working at Rothamsted in 1936, he translated into English the Sanskrit text of Krishi Sangraha, written by sage Parasara in 1300 B. C. He adduced evidences from ancient scriptures of India to establish that agriculturists in ancient India


(3250 - 1200 AD) were quite conscious of the nature of soil and its relation to the production of specific crops. Some of the very interesting observations are quoted from his publications:

The economy of the people of prehistoric and ancient India, like that of all ancient civilizations, was based on agriculture. Our ancient forebears have left for us much evi- dence, literary and otherwise, from which it is possible to ascertain the methods of agriculture employed by them. From a study of these records we learn that not only were their methods of agriculture quite advanced, but their knowledge of agricultural science was surprisingly developed for their age. The use of dung as manure appears to have been practiced since the Rigvedic Age (Rig Veda, I , 161, 10, 2500-1500 B.C.). The value of green manure like sesamum appears to have been known in periods as far back as 1000 B.C., as references to the use of stalks and stems of sesamum as manure are found in Atharva Veda (11, 8.3). The practice of application o f phosphatic ferrilizer like bone dates back to about 300 B.C., while the value of excreta of goats and sheep was recognised in post-Vedic age, i.e., between 500 BC and 500 AD (KautiIya's Arthasastra).

Dr SP Raychaudhuri was associated with a large number of learned societies. But, the Indian Society of Soil Science, the Indian National Science Academy, and the Indian Science Congress Association were very much close to his heart and he nurtured them up to the last conscious day of his life. It is painful to note that he passed away on the day, i.e., the 3rd January, 1986, when the 73rd Session of the Indian Science Congress was being inaugurated in Delhi. In the annals of the Indian Society of Soil Science, Dr Raychaudhuri's name will be written in golden letters. In 1952, when this national society was in disarray and was virtually on the verge of collapse, he took the reins of the Society as the Honorary Secretary and infused life to it. He was largely instrumental in bringing the Society to the forefront of scientific societies and to the present stature of international recognition. The Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, the first and only Journal devoted exclusively to soil work in India was started in 1953 in spite of severe financial strain.

The societies with which he was associated and which honoured him in one way or the other are given below.

1934 : Foundation Member, Indian Society of Soil Science.

1936 : Associate Member, Royal Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland.

1944 : Fellow, Royal Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland.

1947 : Fellow, Soil Conservation Society of America.

1952 : Fellow, National Institute of Sciences of India (now the Indian National Science Academy).


1952-1 959 : Honorary Secretary, Indian Society of Soil Science,

1954-1 956 : Vice-President, Commission 11, International Society of Soil Science.

1955 : Fellow, National Academy of Sciences of India.

1956 : Fellow, Soil Conservation Society of India.

1957 : Fellow, Indian Chemical Society.

1960- 196 1 : President, Indian Society of Soil Science.

1977 : Honorary Member, Indian Society of Soil Science.

1981 : Honorary Member, USSR Society of Soil Science.

1984 : Golden Jubilee Honour of the Indian Society of Soil Science during its Golden Jubilee Celebration.

The Indian Society of Soil Science invited him to deliver the Fourth Dr RV Tamhane Memorial Lecture in 1977 at Bangalore and the First Professor J N Mukherjee -Indian Society of Soil Science Foundation Lecture in 1983 in Calcutta. In 1975, he delivered the Dr Baradananda Chatterjee Memorial Lecture in Calcutta under the aus- pices of the said Memorial Trust. Raychaudhuri participated in a large number of international conferences such as Third International Congress of Soil Science held in Oxford (1935); Annul Convention of the Soil Conservation Society of America held at Ithaca, USA (1947); FAOlUNESCO Soil Map Panel Meeting held in Rome (196 1); UNESCO Seminar on Soil Salinity held in Taskent, USSR (1962); International Sym- posium on Sodic Soils held at Budapest, Hungary (1964); International Seminar on Chemicalization of Plant Production, held in Leipzig, Germany (1972); UNESCO International Training on Biogas and Biofertilizers, held at Mymensingh, Bangladesh (1980); First National Congress of Soil Science of Pakistan, organized by the Soil Science Society of Pakistan, held in Faisalabad, Pakistan (1985).

Dr Raychaudhuri got married in Dacca (now in Bangladesh) on the 16th August, 1942; such late marriage was rather unusual at that time. His wife, Mira, was daughter of Shri Jatindra Mohan Datta and Shrimati Giri Bala Datta. Interestingly, his father- in-law was a well known and much respected Professor of Chemistry in the Government College, Sylhet (now in Bangladesh). Srnt. Mira Raychaudhuri is a gracious lady.

Dr and Smt Raychaudhuri were an ideal pair, commanding respect in all spheres of life. They were blessed with two sons and one daughter. The first son, Shri Bijoy Prasad Raychaudhuri, is an economist and is now employed in the Planning Commis- sion, Shri Ajoy Prasad Raychaudhuri, the second son, is an engineer and working nith M/s Chloride India Ltd. Dr (Mrs) Subhashri Ghosh Dastidar, their only daughter, got her Doctorate degree of Delhi University in Organic Chemistry and is now a teacher in the West Bengal Educational Service.


I Dr Raychaudhuri led a very peaceful life in the family, in the office, and in whatever situation may be. His sweet behaviour and amiable disposition, unassuming nature, and simple life style commanded admiration and respect of anyone coming in his contact. No one had ever found him to lose temper under any adverse circumsta- nces and he faced worst criticism with smiling face. Simplicity, erudition, austerity, and large-heartedaess were distinguishing features of his character. His magnificent character charmed everybody and caused him to be surrounded by a host of people wherever he used to go. His helping attitude was remarkable. He did not know to say 'no' to anybody. The author personally know, how silently he helped so many persons in financial difficulties. This part of the memoir will not be complete without mentioning his unflinching faith in science and his sincerity and seriousness in anything, howsoever triffling that may be.

Even at the age of 82 years, he was as active and youthful as ever. At many of the scientific gatherings, he was addressed by very senior members as 'young Raychau- dhuri'. Even to the last stage of his life, he was so active that none of us could think tbat he would leave us someday. On January 3, 1986, this doyen of soil science left for his heavenly abode after a momentary illness. As he was quite peaceful and quiet in nature, he left this world so quietly that even his close associates could not believe the sad news. On January 4, 1986, his mortal frame was consigned to flames at the Nigambodh Ghat in Delhi in presence of his relatives, friends, colleagues, admirers

I and students. I TD BISWAS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1927. (With MUKHERJEE J N AND CHAUDHURI S G) Variation of the electrical charge of colloidal particles. 11. Effect of dilution and non-electrolytes on the charge and its variation with concentration of electrolytes. J. Indian chem. Soc., 4, 493.

1928. (With MUKHERJEE J N AND NAGARAJA RAO A) Variation of the electrical charge of colloidal particles. 111. The influence of non-electrolytes on the cataphoretic speed of colloidal particles as indicated by such measurements. ibid., 5, 697.

- (With MUKHERJEE J N AND BHATTACHARYA A S) Variation of the electrical charge of colloidal particles. IV. The effect of dilution on the charge of colloidal particles in the presence and absence of electrolytes. ibid., 5, 735.

- (With MUKHERJEE J N) Critical potential in the coagulation of colloids by electrolytes. Nature. London, 122, 960.

1930. (With MUKHERJEE J N AND SUBBA RAO M R) Experiments with precipitated and colloidal manganese dioxide. J. Indian chem. Soc., 7, 803.

1931. (With MUKHERJEE J N AND BISWAS M M) Colloidal chemical analysis, I. ibid., 8, 373. - (With MUKHERJEE J N) Hydrolytic adsorption of activated charcoal. Nature, London, 128,

41 2. - On activated charcoal. I. J. Indian chem. Soc. 8, 433.


1931. (With MUKHERJEE J N) Hydrolytische Adsorption durch aktivierte. Kohl?. Kolloid 2. 57, 302.

- Die relativen adsorbierbarkeiten von Sauren durch aktivierte Kohle und die Massenwit- jung des Adsorbenten. Kolloid 2. 57, 308.

- (With MUKHERJEE~ J N) Uber aktivierte Kohle. 2. Phys. Chem., 157, 435. 1932. (With MUKHERJEE J N et al) On the nature of reactions responsible for soil acidity. 11.

Titration curves of silicic acid sol; humic sol, and aluminium hydroxide sol. Indian J. agric. Sci., 2, 638.

- Role of activated charcoal in adsorption phenomenon. Proc. Inst. Chemists, India, 63. 1933. (With CHAUDHURY S G) On the mechanism of coagulation of colloids. Sir P C ROY Corn-

memoration Issue. J. Indian chem. Soc., 201. - (With MUKHERJEE J N AND MAZUMDAR M) Adsorption of electrolytes by activated charcoal.

Sir P C Roy Commemoration Issue. ibid, 209. - (With MUKHERJEE J N AND RAJKUMAR S G) Variation of the electrical charge of colloidal

particles. V. Effect of manner of preparation of arsenious sulphide sol on the cataphoretic speed in presence of electrolytes. ibid, 10, 27.

- (With MUKHERJEE J N et al.) Colloid chemical analysis. 11. ibid, 10, 405. - (With MUKHERJEE J N AND PALIT S R) Variation of the cataphoretic speed of colloidal

particles. VI. Further experiments on the variation of the cataphoretic speed with dilution of colloidal solution and in presence of added electrolytes. ibid., 10, 713.

1934. (With MAZUMDAR B) A note on the chemistry of the precipitating action of water obtained from Boro fish, Pasoodonophis boro. J. Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal., 29, 275.

- (With SEN A K AND CHATTERJEE A) On the pH of sols after coagulation with electrolytes. J Indian chem. Soc. 11, 13.

1935. (With MUKHERJEE J N et al.) On the nature or reactions responsible for soil acidity. 111. Indian J. agric. Sci., 4, 733.

1936. (With NANDY S K) On the activated charcoal. IT. Purification by washing with water and by activation. J. Indian clzem. Soc., 13, 410.

- A translation of the Sanskrit Text Krishi Sangraha. Imp. Bur. Soil Sci. Monthly Letter, 59, 1.

1937. On the nature of laterite and lateritic soils. Sci. & Cult., 3, 69. 1939. (With NANDY MAZUMDAR A B) Studies on buffer curves and base exchange reactions of

some Indian red soils with special reference to those occurring in southern India. Bull. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 2, 34.

1940. (With NANDY MAZUMDAR A B) Studies on Indian red soils. I. Buffer curves and base exchange reactions. Indian J. agric. Sci. 10, 62.

(With SULAIMAN M) Studies on the chemical constituents of Indian lateritic and red soils. I. Determination of free sesquioxide components. ibid, 10, 158,

- Problem of soil erosion in India. Dacca Univ., 14, 33.

1941. On the nature of red and black tropical soils with special reference to the lateritic soils of India. ibid, 15, 67.

- Agriculture inancient India. ibid, 15, 101. - Reclamation of alkali lands. Sci. Cult., 6, 577. - Studies on the physico-chemical properties of associated black and red soils of Nyasaland

protectorate, British Central Africa. Indian J. agric. Sci., 11, 100. - A short account of the agricultural methods practised in ancient India. Sci. Cult., 7, 10. - Studies on the Indian red soils. 11. Fixation of phosphates. Indian J. Agric Sci., 11, 205. - Studies on the Indian red soils. 111. General morphological characteristics of some profiles.

ibid, 11, 220.


(With MUHKERJEE M K) Studies on the Indian red soils. IV. Nature of the weathering complex as determined by the van Bammelen-Hissink method of hydrochloric acid extract. ibid, 11, 236.

Studies on the chemical constituents of Indian laterite and red soils. 11. Influence of sesqui- oxides and free silica components of Indian red soils on the buffer curves of the soils. ibid, 11, 603.

(With BASURAYCHAUDHURI P K) Studies on the nature of buffer curves of Indian red and lateritic soils. BUN. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 4, 194.

Rock minerals and mineral wealth of India. Dacca Univ. J., 17, 27. (With BASURAYCHAUDHURI P K) Studies on Indian red soils. V. Factors responsible for buffer capacities and base exchange properties. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 12, 137.

Influence of mean annual rainfall and altitude above sea level on the composition of clay fractions of Indian lateritic soils. Sci. Cult., 7, 601.

(With MWKHERJEE K C) Studies on Indian red soils. VI. Determination of mineralogical composition. Indian J. agric. Sci., 12, 323.

(With GHANI A K M Q) Studies on the physico-chemical and electro-kinetic properties of gels of silicic acid and aluminium hydroxide and some synthetic and natural aluminosi- licates, in relation to ion exchange phenomena. J. Indian Chem. Soc. 19, 311.

(With BHUIYAN A B) Kinetics of oxidation of soil organic matter. I. Relative orders of oxidation with some reagents. ibid, 20, 76.

(With HUSSAIN MIAN A) A preliminary study of the ageing alumina and silica gels and of the precipitates obtained from mutual coagulation of alumina and silicic acid sols. ibid, 20, 195.

(With CHAKRAVORTY J N) Studies on Indian red soils. VII. Influence of rainfall and altitude above sea-level on the chemical composition of clay fractions of soils types. Indian J. agric. Sci., 13, 252.

On the nature of tropical black soils. Dacca Univ. Studies (Science). 6 , 11 1. (With SULAIMAN M AND BHUIYAN A B) Physico-chemical and mineralogical studies of

black and red soil profiles near Coimbatore. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 13, 264. (With HUSSAIN MIAN A) Studies on Indian red soils. VIII. Studies on the physico-chemical and mineralogical properties of some red and lateritic soils. ibid, 14, 117.

(With DATTA N B) Comparison of properties of freshly precipitated and heated aluminosi- licates and silica gels of clay minerals. J. Phys. Chem., 49, 21.

(With HASSAN K A) On the nature of alumino-silicate, iron silicate precipitation formed by the mutual coagulation of silicic acid alumina and iron hydroxide sols. ibid, 49, 453.

Soils of India and soil survey. Indian Fmg, 7, 121. (With MUKHERJEE S K) Present position of soil survey in India. J. Scient ind. Res., 6 , 1. Soil conservation survey and land use classification. Indian Fmg., 10, 138. Study of structure of clay minerals in relation to soil survey work. J. Indian chem. Soc.

(Indian News Ed.), 12, 103. Reclamation of wastelands and land gone out of cultivation. Indian Fmg., 11, 390. Red and lateritic soils of India. Trans. 4th Int. Congr. Soil. Sci., 3. (With SUBBIAH B V) Soil survey and rapid soil tests. Proc. Irrig. Res. Bd. 199. Soil erosion. Indian Fmg., (N. S.) 1, 5. Indian soil and its conservation. - Sci. Cult., 16, 286. A suggested procedure for soil conservation survey. I. Soil Wat. Conserv. India, 1, 23. Chemical fertilizers and soil productivity. Indian J. agric Sci., 22, 223. (With RAMAMOORTHY B AND DRSAI S V) Potassium fixation in soils with special refer~nct

to India. ibid, 22, 49.


1952. (With SANKARAM A) Methods of soil survey in different countries of the world. ibid, 22,247. -- (With SANKARAM A) Concepts of nomenclature for units of soil classification. ibid, 22, 347. - (With SEN N) Certain geomorpbological aspects of Rajputana desert. Bull. natn. Inst. Sci.

India, 1, 249. - Desert soils and desert farming. ibid, 1. - (With SANKARAM A) Studies on the saline soils of Delhi State. I. Some typical profiles of

the Jamuna Khadar area (North). Indian J. agric. Sci., 22, 209. - Survey and classification of Indian soils. JN Mukherjee 60th Birthday Commemoration

Volume, 43. 1953. Soil surveys and planning. J. Soil. Wat. Conserv. India, 1,7. - (With TAMHANE R V AND SHOME K B) Soils of arid and semi-arid zones of India. I. Delhi

and Ajmer. J. Indian Soc. Soil. Sci., 1, 105, - (With DAS S C ) On the nature of soils growing paddy. Sci. Cult., 18, 406. - (With TRIPATHI R D) Studies on the saline soils of the Delhi State. 11. Some typical pro-

files of the Jamuna Khadar area (South). India12 J . ngric. Sci., 23, 213. - (With BHOWMICK M D) Relative merits of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers. Proc.

natn. Inst. Sci. India, 19, 35. 1954. (With BANURJEE B S) Studies on some profiles of soils growing paddy. J. Indian Soc. Soil

Sci., 2, 5. - (With MATHUR L M) A basic land resource map of India. Bull. natn. Inst. Sci. India, 3,

111. - Distribution and classification of Indian red soils and laterites. ibid, 3,101. - (With DATTA BISWAS N R) Saline and alkali soils of Asia with special reference to India.

Trans. 5th Int. Congr. Soil. Sci., 1, 191. 1955. (With JUNEJA P C AND GULATI K C) Utilization of jungle dried bones. Indian J. agric. Sci.,

25, 29. - (With DAS S C AND GHOSH A B) Salvaged ammonium nitrate as fertilizer. Indian J. agric.

Sci., 25, 193. - (With NIMGADE N M) Studies on saline soils of Delhi State. 111. Dabar (Low lying) areas.

ibid, 25, 105. - Classification and nomenclature of Indian soils. J. Soil. Wat. Conserv. India, 3, 92. - Survey and classification of Indian soils. Presidential Address, Agricultural Sciences Section.

43rd Indian Sci. Congr., 1-1 6. - (With DATTA BISWAS N R) Saline and alkali soils of India. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. India,

24, 611. 1956. (With GHOSH A B et al, Composition of different types of bone meal and effect of particle

size on the available phosphoric acid content. ibid, 25, 355. - (With DHAMIJA OP) Studies on soils growing paddy. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 4 , 193. - (With DHAMIJA 0 P) Cinchona soils of West Bengal. ibid, 4, 275. - (With ROY B B) Use of tracer technique in plant nutrition. Sci. & Cult., 22, 1. - Survey and classification of Indian soils. J. scient. Ind. Res., 15A, 66. - (With DAJI J A AND RAHEJA P C) Fertilizers boost rice yield. Indian Fmg, 6(8), 15. - (With SUBBIAH B V et al) Soil fertility and composition of corp as affected by crop rotations.

J. Indian Soc. Soil. Sci., 4 , 167. -- Bagging the fertilizers. Indian Fmg., 6(3), 95. - Rice grows on varied soils. ibid, 6(8), 21. - (With GHOSH A B) Ammonium chloride and ammonium sulphate-nitrate as sources of

nitrogen to paddy and wheat. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 4, 23. - (With BISWAS T D) Ammonium chloride as a fertilizer in India. ibid, 4, 1.


1957. (With SEN A) Organic matter and nitrogen content of lndian soils at high altitudes. BUN. natn. Inst. Sci. India, 9, 195.

- (With BISWAS T D) A suggested procedure for classification of grasslands in India. J. Soil Wat. Conserv. India, 5 , 118.

- (With SINHA N S) Studies on the saline and alkali soils of Delhi State. I~~dian J. agric. Sci.,

27, 347. - (With DATTA BISWAS N R AND DAKSHINAMURTI C) Soil conditions for the growth of saf-

fron at Pampore (Kashmir). ibid, 27, 413. 1959. The fertility rating of land on the basis of soil survey data. Irrig. Power J. 16, 1. - (With MUTATKAR V K) Carbon and nitrogen status of soils of'arid and semi-arid regions of

India, J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 7 , 255. - Comparative study of available phosphorus in Indian soils as estimated by different methods.

Indian J. Agric Sci., 29, 96. 1960. (With MURTHY RS) Land classification for agricultural development. Soils Fertil. 23, 235. - (With LANDEY RJ) Effect of soil reaction on the availability of phosphorus and potassium in

soil. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 8, 171. - (With MURTHY R S) Cotton growing soils of India. Indian J. Agron., 5 , 16. - (With ANANTHARAMAN P V) Characteristics of some Indian acid soils growing paddy. J.

Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 8, 223. - Survey and planning for land use in the river valley projects. J. Soil Wut. Conserv.. India,

8, 35 . - (With MURTHY R S) Genetic classification of some saline alkali soils of the Indo-Gangetic

alluvium. Trans. Seventh int. Congr. Soil Sci., 4 , 278. 1960. (With SHOME K B) Productivity rating of soils of India. Proc. natn. Inst. Sci. India. 26A,

260. 1961. New systems of classification and nomenclature of soils. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 9, I . - (With RISHI A K AND SEN A) Studies on the nature of concretions in alluvial soils. Indian

J. Agric. Sci., 31, 53. - Studies on nitrogen and carbon status of some Indian soils under semi-humid and humid

conditios. Proc. natn. Acad Sci., India, 21, 3. - (With DATTA BISWAS N R) Classification of rice soils of India. Int. Rice. Commn. Newsl.,

10, 1. 1962. Basic soil regions, Symposium on Evaluation of Tropical Habitat for Production of Food.

Fodder, Fuel and Fertilizer. International Society of Tropical Ecology. - Development of legends for classification and nomenclature of Indian soils. J. Indian Soc.

Soil Sci., 10, 1 . - (With MURTHY R S AND SHARMA V D) Studies on saline and alkali soils of India, V. Mor-

phology, genesis and classification of saline alkali soils of south India. Indian J . Agric.

Sci., 31, 278. - (With MURTHY R S AND MATHUR B S) Genesis and classification of some alluvial soils in

the Ganga River Plain of central Uttar Pradesh. Proc. natn. Inst. India, 28, 549. - (With DATTA BISWAS N R) Soil testing in relation to fertilizer use in paddy in India and

its response. ibid, 28, 881. - (With MURTHY R S) Land classification for agricultural development. Indian J. Agron. 7 ,

- Some aspects of agricultural practices in Ancient India (3250 BC-800AD). Bull. natn. Znst.

Sci. India, 21, 107. 1963. (With MURTHY R S AND BHALKAR D V) Saline and alkali soils of India. VI. Morphology

and genesis of some selected saline and alkali soils of Bihar, UP and Punjab. Indian J. agric. Sci., 33, 28.


1963. On the choice of phosphatic fertilizers. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 11, 83. - (With ANJANEYA REDDY P S) Rating of some red soils of Bangalore district, Mysore State.

ibid, 11, 311. - (With ANANTHARAMAN P V) An approach to classify soils growing paddy. Proc. natn, Insf.

Sci. India., 29A, 180. 1964. Agricultural land resources of India. Soil. Sci., 97, 3. - Soil classification in relation to soil fertility. Bull. natn. Inst. Sci. India, 26, 102. - Agricultural land resources and soil fertility. Harvester, 6, 9. - (Wiith ANJANEYULU B S R) Studies on some Indian black soils growing tobacco. Proc. natn.

Inst. Sci. India, 29A, 676. - (With ANJANEYULU B S R) Studies on some Indian soils growing tobacco. J. It~dian Soc. Soil

Sci., 12, 177. - Classification and management of saline and alkali soils of 1ndia. Proc. Symp. Sodic Soils.

Budapest, 83-89. - A suggested method of pre-irrigation soil survey. J. Soil Wat. Conserv, India, 12, 3. - (With DATTA BISWAS N R) Trace element status of Indian soils. J. Indian Soc. Soil. Sci., 12,

207. 1965. Classification and management of saline and alkali soils of India. Agrokem. Talojt, 14, 83. - (With ANJANEYULU B S R AND KRISHNA MURTI G S R) Clay mineralogy of some Indian

soils growing tobacco. Proc. natn. Znst. Sci., India, 31, 1 1. - Role of complex fertilizers in crop nutrition : Ammonium phosphate and nitrophosphate.

Fertil. News, 10(12), 81. - (With SHUKLA S S AND ANJANEYULU B S R) Studies on some foothill soils of Himalayas.

J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 13, 115. - On the soil map of India, Geography and Classification of t'he Soils of Tropical Countries,

Part 11. The Dokuchuev Institute, Moscow. 1966. (With SHUKLA S S) Studies on some soils of the Upper Catchment of Kosi Barrage. J.

' Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 14, 197.

1968. (With MAHAJAN K T) Comparison of cultivated and uncultivated soils of Kalaghad-Nadi catchment. ibid, 16, 419.

- Interpretative soil grouping-prediction of soil behaviour and practical use of soil maps. ibid, 16, 205.

1969. (With PATEL M M) Comparative study of some typical saline and alkali soils occurring in certain climatic regions in India. ibid, 17, 291.

1970. Economics of fertilizer use. Bull. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 8, 203. 1971. (With GOPALASWAMY V) The qualitative mineralogical investigation on fine sand fractions

of some peaty, marshy and swampy soils. Indian J. Agric. Chem., 4, 9. - (With GOVINDA RAJAN S V) Soil genesis. In Review o-f Soil Research in India. Indian

Society of Soil Science, New De'lhi. - Fertilizer demonstration under Shriram Khad Programme on soil test basis. Proc. Int. Symg.

Soil Fert. Evaln, New Delhi, 1, 1093. - Transformations of clay minerals under saline and alkali soil conditions. Proc. Indian natn.

Sci. Acad., 40B, 3 1 5. 1972. Reclamation of acid soil and increase of soil phosphorus and uptake of phosphate plants by

liming. Indian J. agric. Chem., 5, 1. 1974. (With GHOSH S K) Distribution of clay minerals in Indian soils. Bull. Indian Spc. Soil Scf.,

9, 143. 1975. Soil produdivit.~. Dr Baradananda Chatterjee Memorial Lecture, Calcutta. 1976. Potassium fertilizers for increased crop production. Bull. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 10, 306.

,

I '

- - - Satya Prasad Raychaudhuri

1977. Integrated nutrient supply for increased soil productivity. (The Fourth Dr RV Tamhane Memorial Lecture). J.' Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 25, 456.

1979. Targets and achievements of production and consumption of fertilizer phosphorus in India and.future outlook. Bull. Indian Soc. Soil. Sci., 12, 202. b

1983. Professor J N Mukherjee -Indian Society of Soil Science Foundation Lecture. J. Indian Soc. Soil., Sci., 31, 359.

1984. Development of soil productivity in ancient and mediaeval India. Bull. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 14, 1.

BOOKS AND BULLETINS

1953. Agricultural Practices in Ancient India. ICAR Rev. Ser. 4. 1957. (With BLUME J M) Soil Fertility and How to Maintain it. Farin Bull. ICAR. 30. 1958. Properties of Colloid Soil Constitutents. ICAR. Rev. Ser, 17. - Soils of India. ibid, Ser. 25. - (With SUBBIAH B V) Soil Testing Kit. ibid. Ser. 14. - Final Report of the All India Soil Survey Scheme. ICAR Bull., 73.

1960. (With HANS JENNY) Efect of Climate and Cultivation on Nitrogen and Organic Matter Reserves in Indian Soils. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.

1963. ( ~ ~ ~ ~ ' A G A R W A L R R et al.) Soils of India. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi .

- Land Resources of I~~d ia , Volume 1 : Indian Soils-Their Classificatio~z, Occurrence, and Properties. Committee on Natural Resources, Planning Commission, New Delhi.

- (With ROY B B et al) Black Soils of Indiu. Monograph No. 3, National Institute of Sciences of India, New Delhi.

1964. (With DATTA N P) Phosphorus and Postassium Status of Indian Soils. ICAR Rev. ser. Bull. 3 6.

1966. Land and Soil. National Book Trust. India. New Delhi. 1967. Use of Artificial Fertilizers in India. ICAR Tech. Bull. (Agric.) No. 13. 1971. (With GOVINDA RAJAN S V) Soils of India. ICAR. Tech. Bull. (Agric.) No. 25.

satya prasad - indian national science academyinsaindia.res.in/bm/bm13_8807.pdf · satya prasad was...

Documents