URBAN RISK AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT

School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi

ASSIGNMENT-1

BEST REHABILITATION PRACTICE- National-Bhuj ,Gujarat(India)

International-Colombia

Savitri Kumari SPA/NS/UP/1272 Semester –III Batch -2016-18 Dept. of Urban Planning

Submitted by-

INTRODUCTION Definition :Rehabilitation Sectors of Rehabilitation Scale GLOBAL SCENARIO Disaster Displaced People CASE STUDIES National-Bhuj International-Colombia CHALLENGES CONCLUSION

STRUCTURE OF PRESENTATION

DIVERSITY IN RESPONSES

Shelter programme design varies across countries and types of crisis, with phase of response, or amongst different organizations within the same response.

SCALE VERSUS IMPACT

Disasters and displacements vary significantly in scale, and as a result so responses.

In many cases, there is simply not sufficient funding or capacity for organizations to provide the support that is needed.

INTRODUCTION

Rehabilitation refers to the actions taken in the aftermath of a disaster to enable basic services to resume functioning, assist victims’ self-help efforts to repair physical damage and community facilities, revive economic activities and provide support for the psychological and social well being of the survivors.

It focuses on enabling the affected population to resume more-or-less normal (pre-disaster) patterns of life. It may be considered as transitional phase between immediate relief and more major, long-term development.

REHABILITATION

Buildings Infrastructure Economic assets (including formal and formal

commercial sectors, industrial and agricultural activities etc.)

Administrative and political Psychological Cultural

Sectors vulnerable to disaster impact, and which, therefore, will require rehabilitation and reconstruction inputs.

GLOBAL SHELTER SCENARIO

Total number of refugees and IDPs was higher than any other year in the 2015, with a total of approximately 50 million displaced people around the world.

In 2015, there were 371 reported natural disasters (the highest value in the previous five years), affecting over 108 million people (more than 2013 but less than 2014). However, the numbers of people affected is not the same as those with shelter needs.

People affected by Natural Disaster

Source: World Bank(Shelter Projects 2015 – 2016)

NATURAL DISASTERS

Asian countries are the worst affected.

In terms of displacement, India, China and Nepal accounted for the highest numbers of internally displaced people caused by natural disasters during 2015 (3.7 million, 3.6 million and 2.6 million respectively), mainly due to two floods and storms, three typhoons and a flood, and two earthquakes respectively.

RECONSTRUCTION OF HOUSES DAMAGED / DESTROYED APPROACHES

• Owner Driven Reconstruction • Public Private Partnership Program (PPPP) • Under the PPPP the houses are reconstructed by

the NGOs for the beneficiaries to be registered in the joint names of the husband and wife.

• All the houses should be insured. • Financial, technical and material assistance

provided by the government. • The designs for seismic reconstruction of houses

provided by the government. • The material assistance provided through material

banks at subsidized rates. • Design of model houses provided to the public to

choose from with an option to have one‟s own design.

EARTHQUAKE INFORMATION

CASE STUDY– BHUJ EARTHQUAKE 2001,GUJARAT INDIA

Source: The UNDP/DMT Response to the Gujarat Earthquake: Some of its Good Practices

Magnitude: 6.9 on the Richter scale with epicentre at 20 K.M. North East of Bhuj

No of districts affected

21 out of 25 districts

Most affected areas

Kachchh, Ahmedabad, Jamnagar, Rajkot and Surendranagar.

Death toll 20,000 approx.

Affected villages 7904 villages affected in 182 talukas in 21 districts

Affected population

15.9 million (42.06%) affected out of total population of 37.8 million

Damage Houses Fully Destroyed 1.87 lakh (Pucca), 1.67 lakh (Kachcha) & 0.16 lakh (huts)

Houses Partially Destroyed 5.01 lakh (Pucca), 3.87 lakh (Kachcha) & 0.34 lakh (huts)

Total estimated loss of damage Rs. 21262 crore

Date and time of Occurrence of Earthquake: 26 January 2001 at 8:46 am

RECONSTRUCTION & REHABILITATION

To co-ordinate the massive effort, a nodal agency was created – Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority

GSDMA

Emergency response

Guidance & Monitoring

Reconstruction Planning and

Program Management

Mitigation Planning,

Monitoring, Implementing

…which effectively co-ordinates with all the entities associated with disaster management

REHABILITATION POLICY Short and Medium term Rehabilitation Policy...

28Reconstruction and Rehabilitation packages Housing Rehabilitation of orphans and women Packages for rural artisans Packages for capacity building Packages for handicraft artisans Packages for agriculture Packages for industry, trade and services Package for tourism

RESPONSE ACTIVITIES Government of Gujarat (GoG) Set up

Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority (GSDMA) Implement the reconstruction and rehabilitation

US $1 billion

Government of Gujarat (GoG) FUNDING Economic rehabilitation 300,000 families.

US$2.5 million Small, medium and cottage industries.

Details Rs. in Crores

National Calamity Contingency Fund (NCCF) 500.00

Water supply (Rural and Urban) 100.00

Prompt Electricity Development (Restoration) Programme (Rs.96 crore for Kachchh)

109.63

Indira Avas Yojna 49.00

Prime Minister Gramodaya Yojna 21.05

Slum Development 19.07

Prime Minister Gram Sadak Yojna 53.86

Operation Black Board Yojna 30.00

Total Rs. 882.61

Central Assistance received for emergency relief, rescue and rehabilitation European Union (EU)

Department for International Development (DFID) United States Agency for International Development

(USAID) Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA),

Bilateral Agencies

Source: High Commission of India, London, Press Release January 30, 2001, Gujarat Earthquake Relief Update

Public sector industries provided huge donations for rehabilitation. Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO) and the National Housing Bank (NHB), offered to provide financial assistance of US$400 million.

No. of houses damaged: 180,536 completely destroyed 913,297 partially damaged Project target population: 23,000 Households

STATUS OF DAMAGE

SHELTER SIZE

Approximately 4m x 2½m

An international NGO worked in partnership with a network of 22 local NGOs to rapidly implement a non-food items distribution programme

80 Temporary Houses on land bought near Al-Mahdi Colony. The houses will have steel frames so they can be converted to permanent homes later.

UNIT COST

varies

BHUJ, 2001- EARTHQUAKE

A low-cost shelter design was developed using low 1m walls and a bamboo-framed and grass-thatched roof. With time it was recognised that there was a need to preserve the grass for animal fodder, so the roofing material was replaced with locally produced Mangalore clay tiles. Many of the materials distributed to build shelters could be reused at a later stage.

The criteria and procedures for the selection of beneficiaries for relief distribution in the communities were not always clearly defined. They were commonly left to the subjective interpretation of the village-level workers and the communities.

SOCIAL ISSUES CONSTRUCTION

The dimensions of the shelters built were approximately 4m x 2½m. Although this provided a covered area of only 10m2 for a family, these dimensions were carefully selected to focus on earthquake safety. Cement, Bamboo, Woven mats, Wooden spacers, Wooden rafter Wooden purlin, Roof tile, Roof ridge, Iron wire, Mild steel rod were used for the construction.

LOCATION On site, in the remaining open spaces. Eg. On the campus of religious places Source: IASC Emergency Shelter Cluster, 2008

PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM

(50% cost by NGOs & 50% by government) Number of villages adopted: 289 Number of houses to be constructed: 37,673 Houses completed: 27,432 (73%) Houses under construction: 10,241 Villages adopted for infrastructure creation

RELOCATION OF VILLAGES

Full Relocation Number of villages: 24 Houses to be relocated: 5,225 Houses already relocated: 3,936 (75%) Partial Relocation Number of villages: 37 Houses to be relocated: 10,299 Houses already relocated: 6,614 (64%)

Owner driven housing construction facilitated by financial, material and technical assistance by government .

INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM

APPROACH ADOPTED

Institute of Seismological Research (ISR) Gujarat Institute for Disaster Management 3 regional centres for Emergency Response

planned in the cities of Ahmedabad, Surat & Rajkot of Gujarat

22 Observatories centres established and upgraded

Revision of State Relief Manual

WHAT HAS CHANGED?

Indicator Before the Earthquake(%)

After Earthquake(%)

Number of Pucca houses 66 100

Beneficiaries living in homes with separate toilets

32 53

Insurance of reconstructed houses

6 49

People knowing what to do before, during and after a disaster

0 80

Employment level among women

42 92

Water supply through pipelines at home

30 34

Quality of life index 1.00 1.143

39% beneficiaries in the four towns (Bhuj, Bhacau, Anjar and Rapar) are living in larger houses today as compared to 15% in other towns

The proportion of beneficiaries surveyed receiving sweet water has increased by 10% in Kutch District.

23% more BPL families live in pucca houses as compared to 14% more APL families

More than 90% students who dropped out in both primary and secondary schools have rejoined

72% women surveyed have more income now compared to pre-earthquake levels.

Source:V. Thiruppugazh (43 pre.pdf) What has changed after Gujarat earthquake 2001 ? http://www.jst.go.jp/astf/document/43abst.pdf

DISASTER MANAGEMENT-A PARADIGM SHIFT

The Gujarat earthquake resulted in a paradigm shift in the policy from relief and humanitarian assistance oriented post-disaster intervention to a pro-active prevention, mitigation and pre-disaster preparedness

Comprehensive Gujarat State Disaster Management Policy(GSDMP) was declared in November, 2002 For legal and regulatory requirement Gujarat State Disaster Management Act was enacted in March, 2003

GSDMA POLICY

The policy resulted in a shift of focus from relief oriented approach to proactive disaster mitigation and risk reduction.

The policy identified hazard mitigation, vulnerability reduction, capacity building, integration of development planning with disaster management and emergency preparedness.

Defined roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders in various phases of disaster management WHAT GSDMA HAS DONE

Formulation of Policies Preparation of DM Plans Preparedness Initiatives Capacity Building Mitigation Measures Community Preparedness

WHY BEST PRACTICE?

Gujarat Earthquake Reconstruction as a role model for reconstruction by

Earthquake reconstruction program in Bam, Iran Tsunami reconstruction programs in Srilanka and Indonesia Tsunami rehabilitation and reconstruction programs of India

INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITIONS

GSDMA was awarded the UN Sasakawa Award for Disaster Reduction for the year 2003

GSDMA awarded CAPAM award for Innovations in Governance

GEERP awarded Green Award by World Bank for successfully integrating environmental concerns in the

emergency reconstruction program.

MITIGATION MEASURES -GUIDELINES Multi hazards resistant construction has been provided Local materials in hazard-resistant construction Guidelines specifically for low cost reconstruction and retrofitting General Development Control Regulation has been revised ‘Revision of Building Codes’ is being taken up as a separate study that will enquire into the suitability of the

existing building codes w.r.t. specific requirement of the region of Gujarat

CONCLUSION

DM Shifted to Home Ministry in Government of India from Agriculture Ministry. Based on Gujarat Experience, a National level disaster management authority on the lines of GSDMA is

being worked out at the central government level The planning commission has recommended for utilizing 10% of the plan funds for pre-disaster

mitigation and planning activities Draft bill on National Disaster Management has been prepared Gujarat Experience resulted in a major change in the way reconstruction programs are being done in

India and the neighboring countries.

Source:V. Thiruppugazh (43 pre.pdf) What has changed after Gujarat earthquake 2001 ? http://www.jst.go.jp/astf/document/43abst.pdf

Disaster risk profile

Colombia has the 10th highest economic risk to three or more hazards in the world, according to the Natural Disaster Hotspot study by the World Bank.

Colombia is located in the north-west corner of South America Colombia's total area is 2,070,408 km 2 (1,141,748 km 2 of

mainland and 926,660 km 2 of territorial waters) Colombia ´s population is aprox. 48 million people(2011) Equatorial country which climate is determined by trade winds,

humidity and altitude – the temperature drops as the altitude increases.

90% of the emergencies are related to hydro climatological phenomena

Total emergencies arranged by type Source: Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development Climate Change Division

Source:https://ipad.fas.usda.gov/highlights/2012/03/Colombia%20Rain/images/Image1_000.png

CASE STUDY–FLOOD 2011 ,COLOMBIA

Disaster risk management framework

Colombia has built a National System for Disaster Management and Prevention, articulated around a comprehensive National Disaster Prevention and Attention Plan.

Since the early 2000s, Colombia has decentralized disaster risk management responsibilities and made disaster risk management a national development priority.

Investments in disaster risk management, including risk reduction, are done at three

levels in Colombia involving the national government, departmental governments, and municipal governments.

Activities under the HYOGO framework for action(HFA)

It has strengthened information collection and analytic capacity for early warning and risk mapping related to hydrological, seismic and volcano events.

Source: UN Habitat Shelter Projects, 2011

COLOMBIA, 2011- FLOODS Project description

The entire community of Doña Ana to voluntarily resettle to a new location, due to severe annual flooding.

The project was implemented by a consortium which included a private foundation, public bodies and aid organisations.

Project Timeline Strong engagement of national authorities in both

project planning and resolution of land-tenure issues. Social and community mobilisation established a sense

of belonging as well as facilitating construction. Environmentally-friendly development: introduction of

new ecological water treatment plant. A holistic approach to the project included

socioeconomic support, psycho-social support, capacity building of woman’s groups along with infrastructure and education components.

Technical aspects of the project included: Land surveys to ensure a safe relocation site. The design and construction of durable housing,

based on minimum space standards and disaster-resistant features.

Water pumping with filtering beds to clean waste-water before it returned to the lagoon.

Rainwater harvesting.

The project is unique in Colombia in its combination of funding from private foundations and civil society, and implementation by a well established national humanitarian organisation, with the support of the community and local government.

The funding requirements of this multi-phased project may be difficult for other communities to replicate, but the modalities and mechanisms of implementation of this programme demonstrate a model that could be replicated in other areas of Colombia or other parts of the world.

This project is an example of a success story for a community struggling with the adverse effects of flooding, a situation many remote communities around the world find themselves in.

The story of the project has been disseminated at a number of high-level conferences including the World Urban Forum in Medellin.

WHY BEST PRACTICE?

Limited funding, limited time frames, the urgency of life-threatening situations, the flexibility of donors and issues in relinquishing control, based on concerns over structural safety .

CHALLENGES

Affected people are the first responders after a disaster, and most projects identify how to support them in finding temporary shelter solutions, or in their self-recovery. There is a difference for what this means for those in protracted displacement, compared to those who are able to rebuild where they have access to land to do so.

PEOPLE AS FIRST RESPONDERS

CONCLUSION

Shelter is “more than just a roof”, It is not just the structure that protects from the elements, but is the series of activities that a household

undertakes to save and construct, adapt and expand a dwelling, as well as the range of continuing actions and livelihoods that people do in and around their home.

SHELTER AS A PROCESS

REFERENCES

V. Thiruppugazh (43 pre.pdf) What has changed after Gujarat earthquake 2001 ? http://www.jst.go.jp/astf/document/43abst.pdf https://www.google.co.in/search?q=gujarat+earthquake “Gujarat: A Devastating Earthquake, published by the Directorate of Information, Gujarat State. http://shelterprojects.org/shelterprojects2013-2014/SP13-14_A02-Colombia-2011.pdf World Bank(2008) Disaster Risk Management in Latin America and the Caribbean Region:GFDRR Country

Notes

THANK YOU