saxelmwifoebrioba da usafrtxoebasaxelmwifoebrioba da usafrtxoeba: saqartvelo “vardebis...

saxelmwifoebrioba da usafrTxoeba

Tbilisi2006

American Academy Studies in Global Security

Carl Kaysen, John Steinbruner, and Martin B. Malin, editors

Robert Legvold, ed. Thinking Strategically: The Major Powers, Kazakhstan, and theCentral Asian Nexus

Robert Legvold and Celeste A. Wallander, eds., Swords and Sustenance: TheEconomics of Security in Belarus and Ukraine

Steven E. Miller and Dmitri V. Trenin, eds., The Russian Military: Power and Policy

Bruno Coppieters and Robert Legvold, eds., Statehood and Security: Georgia after theRose Revolution

Èññëåäîâàíèÿ Àìåðèêàíñêîé àêàäåìèè ïî ïðîáëåìàì ãëîáàëüíîé áåçîïàñíîñòè

Ðåäàêòîðû Êàðë Êåéçåí, Äæîí Ñòåéíáðþíåð è Ìàðòèí Á. Ìåéëèí

Ñòðàòåãè÷åñêèå ïåðñïåêòèâû: âåäóùèå äåðæàâû, Êàçàõñòàí è öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêèé óçåëÏîä ðåäàêöèåé Ðîáåðòà Ëåãâîëäà

Ìå÷è è îðàëà: ýêîíîìèêà íàöèîíàëüíîé áåçîïàñíîñòè Áåëàðóñè è ÓêðàèíûÏîä ðåäàêöèåé Ðîáåðòà Ëåãâîëäà è Ñåëåñòû À. Óîëëàíäåð

Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîñòü è áåçîïàñíîñòü: Ãðóçèÿ ïîñëå “ðåâîëþöèè ðîç”Ïîä ðåäàêöèåé Áðóíî Êîïïèòåðñà è Ðîáåðòà Ëåãâîëäà

globaluri usafrTxoebis problemebis amerikuli akademiisgamokvlevebis wignebis seria gamoica humanitaruli da zustimecnierebebis amerikuli akademiis mier da gamouSva masaCusetsisteqnologiurma institutma. wignis rusuli Targmani SegiZliaT naxoThumanitaruli da zusti mecnierebebis amerikuli akademiis vebgverdze: http://www.amacad.org/publications/books.aspx . wignis qarTuliTargmani gamoica mSvidobis, demokratiisa da ganviTarebis kavkasiuriinstitutis mier.

humanitaruli da zusti mecnierebebis amerikuli akademiis misamarTi:

136 Irving StreetCambridge, MA 02138-1996tel.: (617) 576-5000faqsi: (617) 576 5050eleqtronuli fosta: [email protected] gverdi: www.amacad.org

saxelmwifoebrioba da usafrTxoeba:

saqarTvelo “vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg

bruno kopitersis da robert legvoldis redaqciiT

humanitaruli da zusti mecnierebebis amerikuli akademiakembriji, masaCusetsi

mSvidobis, demokratiisa da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri institutiTbilisi, saqarTvelo

© humanitaruli da zusti mecnierebebis amerikuli akademia, 2005kembriji, masaCusetsis Stati

© humanitaruli da zusti mecnierebebis amerikuli akademia, 2006kembriji, masaCusetsis Stati

yvela ufleba daculia. ra formiTac unda iyos eleqtronuli Tumeqanikuri saSualebebis daxmarebiT, fotoaslebis damzadebiT,CaweriTa Tu informaciis moZiebisa da Senaxvis CaTvliT _gamomcemlis werilobiTi Tanxmobis gareSe. mocemuli wignis romelimenawilis gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba.

am wignSi gamoTqmuli azrebi ekuTvniT statiebis avtorebs daaucileblad ar asaxaven humanitaruli da zusti mecnierebebisamerikuli akademiis Tanamdebobis pirebisa da mecnier muSakebispoziciebs.

ISBN 99928-37-05-5

Tavdapirvelad gamoica MIT Press-is mier Semdegi saTauriT: “Statehoodand Security: Georgia after the Rose Revolution” (“saxelmwifoebrioba dauSiSroeba: saqarTvelo vardebis revoluciis Semdeg”).

sarCevi

winasityvaoba ...................................................................................................... vi

Sesavali

problemis dasmarobert legvoldi ................................................................................................... 1

Tavi 1

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebigia nodia ................................................................................................................... 53

Tavi 2

1989-1993 wlebi. siZneleebis xana saqarTvelos istoriaSiqristof ciurxeri ............................................................................................... 110

Tavi 3

saqarTvelos Tavdacvis politika da samxedro reformadaviT darCiaSvili ............................................................................................... 155

Tavi 4

saqarTvelo da ruseTi: rTuli gza urTierTgagebisakenjaba devdariani .................................................................................................... 203

Tavi 5

gayinuli gaurkvevloba:ruseTi da konfliqti afxazeTis irgvlivoqsana antonenko ................................................................................................. 270

Tavi 6

saqarTvelos usafrTxoeba da dasavleTis rolidamien eli da giorgi gogia ............................................................................... 356

Tavi 7

saqarTvelo da misi Soreuli mezoblebiTomas de vaali ...................................................................................................... 403

daskvna

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis modeli “centri-periferia”bruno kopitersi .................................................................................................. 445

avtorTa Sesaxeb .............................................................................................. 509

saZiebeli ............................................................................................................. 514

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winasityvaoba

am monografiaSi gaanalizebulia usafrTxoebis problema,romlis winaSec dgas saqarTvelo da kavkasiis regioni. agreTveaRwerilia saqarTvelos susti saxelmwifo, romelic moucavsSida konfliqtebs, xolo regionebSi aRzevebul ZaladobasveRar akavebs qveynis sazRvrebi. avtorTa azriT, saqarTvelosSida da gare problemebi qmnis iseT dilemas usafrTxoebisTvalsazrisiT, romelic gamoiares yvelaze ufro saxifaTomdgomareobaSi myofma qveynebma. wignSi mocemulia msjelobaimis Sesaxeb, Tu ra SeuZliaT gaakeTon, an ra unda gaakeTonsaqarTvelom, ruseTma, garemomcvelma regionebma da dasav-leTis qveynebma imisaTvis, rom daculi iyos saqarTvelosaxalaRmocenebuli demokratia da gaZlierdes saerTaSorisousafrTxoeba.

wigni warmoadgens yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi usafrTxoebisproblemebze gamoqveynebuli oTxtomeulis bolo tomisTargmans. TiToeuli am tomTagani exeba am problemis gamov-lenas romelime erT regionSi. am seriis pirveli tomi eZRv-neboda centralur azias: “strategiuli azrovneba: mTavariZalebi, yazaxeTi da centraluri aziis kavSirebi” (“ThinkingStrategically: The Major Powers, Kazakhstan, and the Central Asian Nexus”)gamoqveynda 2003 wels. 2004 wels mas mohyva Semdegi ori tomi,romelTagan erTi eZRvneboda im ekonomikur faqtorebs,romlebic gansazRvravs erovnuli usafrTxoebis dRis wesrigs:“xmali da sakvebi: usafrTxoebis ekonomika belorusiasa daukrainaSi” (“Swords and Sustenance: The Economics of Security in Belarusand Ukraine”), xolo meore ruseTis samxedroebs: “ruseTisSeiaraRebuli Zalebi: Zala da politika” (“The Russian Military:Power and Policy”). seriis TiToeuli tomi gamoica inglisur enazemasaCusetsis teqnologiuri institutis gamomcemlobis mierda oTxive tomi iTargmna rusul enaze. am gamocemebis eleq-tronuli versiebi gamoqveynebulia akademiis vebsaitze SemdegmisamarTze: http://www.amacad.org/projects/postsoviet.aspx.

vii

es seria gamoica amerikis mecnierebisa da xelovnebisakademiasTan arsebuli saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis prob-lemebis Seswavlis komitetis egidiT. am monografiis da misisami winamorbedis gamocema ver moxerxdeboda proeqtis mTavarisponsoris, niu iorkis karnegis korporaciis mxardaWerisgareSe. saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis sferoSiprogramis xelmZRvaneli diana arseniani warmoadgendaproeqtis gansakuTrebiT yuradRebian, gulisxmier da kvali-ficiur mrCevels. proeqtze muSaoba mimdinareobda amerikismecnierebisa da xelovnebis akademiis saerTaSoriso usafrT-xoebis sakiTxebis Seswavlis komitetSi. es, ra Tqma unda, ZalzemniSvnelovani garemoeba iyo, magram gacilebiT ufro mniSv-nelovani iyo is didi daxmareba, romelic gagviwies komitetisTanamSromlebma. programis direqtori martin malini iseTivegulisxmierebiT da keTilganwyobiT xelmZRvanelobda am tomisgamocemas, rogorc proeqtis sxva danarCen tomebs. martinisori kolega, lei nolani da Semdeg, misi Semcvleli helen kurikoordinacias uwevdnen Cvens saqmianobas da iazrebdnensamuSaos yovel wvrilmans. agreTve, gvinda madlierebagamovxatoT akademiis aRmasrulebeli oficris lesli ber-lovicis mimarT proeqtisadmi didi interesisa da mxarda-WerisaTvis. proeqtis dasawyisidan dasasrulamde mxarSigvedgnen komitetis TanaTavmjdomareebi karl keiseni da jonsteinbruneri, romelTa erudiciam da Tanadgomam maT saxe-lebTan erTad bevri ram Semata proeqts.

am wignis Targmna SesaZlebeli gaxda kolumbiis universitetisharimanis institutis, briuselis Tavisufali universitetisa daevraziis fondis grantis saSualebiT. Cven gansakuTrebiTmadlierni varT evraziis fondis TanamSromlebis, juli gior-gaZisa da ana jobavas mimarT maT mier gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis.agreTve gvinda gamovxatoT madliereba nino dadalauris, nanajanaSias, lali gabunias, lela nanuaSvilis, efemia lorias danaTia nemsaZis mimarT, romelTac Targmnes dasavlel avtorTamonografiebis Tavebi, agreTve aleqsandre kuxianiZis mimarT,romelmac izruna qarTuli tomis gamocemaze.

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uaRresad madlierni varT Cveni avtorebis mimarT, romelTamier gaweuli samuSaoc Seadgens am wignis safuZvels. maT aramxolod gagviziares TavianTi codna da unari, aramed didimoTminebiT itandnen Cveni mxridan wayenebul dausrulebelmoTxovnebs. 2004 wlis TebervalSi avtorTan Sexvedras brugsSimaspinZlobda UNU-CRIS - gaerTianebuli erebis universitetisSedarebiTi regionuli integraciis Seswavlis programa da Cvenmadlierni varT misi direqtorebis, luk van langenhovis dapaskal vantores mimarT, romelTac SemogvTavazes aseTisasiamovno garemo. brenda Saferma da oqsana antonenkommoamzades komentarebi am Sexvedraze warmodgenili TavebisSesaxeb, Semdeg ki proeqtis monawileni gaxdnen da TiToeulCvengans didad exmareboda maTi intuicia da maxvili azrovneba.viaCeslav Cirikbam, jorj hiuitma da megali rodrigas garsiamwaikiTxes da SeniSvnebi moamzades ramdenime Tavis Sesaxeb daCven madlierni varT maT mier gaweuli daxmarebisTvis.xelnaweri gansakuTrebuli gulmodginebiT waikiTxa ormaanonimurma recenzentma da Cven yvelas, proeqtis TiToeulmonawiles didad dagvexmara maTi Tanmimdevruli da gonivrulirCevebi. agreTve gvinda, madloba vuTxraT ala raCkovas,romelmac didi rudunebiT Seamowma wignis sqolioebis siswore.da bolos, gvinda gamovxatoT gansakuTrebuli madliereba jongrenanis mimarT, romelmac udidesi ostatobiT Seasrulawignis redaqtirebis samuSao. misi Sesworebebi agreTvegansakuTrebiT sasargeblo iyo rusuli da qarTuli Targ-manebisaTvis.

bruno kopitersirobert legvoldi2006 wlis ianvari

winasityvaoba

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problemis dasma

robert legvoldi

cnobilia, rom ruseTs problemuri mezoblebi hyavs.arsebobs imisi saSiSroeba, rom misi mosazRvre susti daarastabiluri saxelmwifoebi ruseTis teritoriaze an sakuTarproblemebs gadaitanen, an avRaneTSi, iranSi, eraysa da axloaRmosavleTSi aRmocenebul safrTxes. sxva postsabWouriqveynebic aranakleb SemaSfoTebel garemocvaSi cxovroben,romlis did nawilzec ruseTi mdebareobs. postsabWoTasaxelmwifoebidan arc erTs ara aqvs usafrTxo garemo.gamonakliss amJamad ukve evrokavSiris dacvis qveS myofibaltiispireTis sami respublika warmoadgens. magram safrTxeara mxolod qveynis sazRvrebze, aramed xSirad TviT amqveynebis SigniTac aRmocendeba xolme. es qveynebi arasta-biluria, maTi ekonomika vardnas ganicdis, maT aqvT sxvaseriozuli problemebic, romlebic sabWoTa kavSiris nangre-vebze maTi saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenas ukavSirdeba; bevr amqveyanaSi feTqebadi Sida konfliqtebi Rvivis, xolo oTxqveyanaSi meamboxe regionebi Tavs am saxelmwifoebis nawiladar cnoben.

zemoxsenebuli mxolod ramdenime postsabWour qveyanasrom exebodes, es ase Zlier ar SeaSfoTebda msoflio sazogado-ebriobas. magram yofili sabWoTa kavSiris sxvadasxva nawilSi_ Sua aziaSi, kavkasiasa da “axal Sida miwebze” (belorusi,moldova da ukraina) _ ganlagebuli am qveynebidan arc erTiar aris dazRveuli Sida gardaqmnebiT gamowveuli safrTxis,SesaZlo samoqalaqo konfliqtebisa da regionaluri Zala-

Sesavali

2

dobisagan.1 amas garda, erT-erTi qveregioni an yvela maTgani(ufro sworad, mTeli postsabWouri sivrce, rogorc aseTi)saerTaSoriso sistemis periferiaze rom iyos ganlagebuli, sxvaqveynebi, maT Soris zesaxelmwifoebic, Tavs uflebas miscem-dnen, yuradReba ar mieqciaT am problemebis gadaWris waru-matebeli mcdelobebisaTvis. magram postsabWoTa sivrcewarmoadgens Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sistemis ori yvelazemniSvnelovani strategiuli regionis _ aRmosavleT aziisa daevropis Sida nawils da musulmanuri samxreTidan wamosulisaSiSroebis wyaros. da bolos, postsabWoTa sivrceSi ganla-gebuli yvela es qveregioni, ase Tu ise, eqceva msoflioSiarsebuli udidesi arastabilurobis ama Tu im zonebis gavlenissferoSi.

amrigad, saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis udidesi nawilisa damisi wamyvani saxelmwifoebisaTvis problemas warmoadgens (esyovelTvis ase iyo) ara ruseTi, rogorc aseTi, aramed ruseTiTavisi geografiuli konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT. magrammTlianad arc amiT aixsneba qveynis am nawilSi arsebulisituacia. yoveli qveregioni SeiZleba areulobis wyaro gaxdesda safrTxe Seuqmnas momijnave regionebs an maT stabilurobas.yvela regionSi SeimCneva liberalizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTulifaruli Sida politikuri tendenciebi, romlebic dasavleTsimeds ukargavs, rom postsabWouri qveynebi Semdgomi demo-kratiuli talRis adgili gaxdeba. yvela es qveregioni iqcanarkotikebis, iaraRisa da kontrabanduli saqonlis derefnad,sadac adamianebiT vaWrobasac aqvs adgili; SesaZloa, momavalSiam derefnebiT masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis dasamzadebelielementebis gadatanac gaxdes SesaZlebeli.

arc erT qveregionSi ar xdeba am safrTxeebis iseTi aSkarademonstrireba, rogorc kavkasiaSi; arc erTi qveyana ise ar aris

1 belorusTan, ukrainasa da moldovasTan mimarTebiT termini “Sidamiwebi” mocemulia naSromSi: Robert Legvold and Celeste A. Wallander, eds. Swordsand Sustenance: The Economics of National Security in Belarus and Ukraine (Cambridge,MA: The MIT Press, 2004).

robert legvoldi

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Sewuxebuli am safrTxiT, rogorc saqarTvelo. garda amisa,saqarTvelos am safrTxis gansazRvraSi gacilebiT mniSvne-lovani roli akisria, vidre qveregionis sxva qveynebs. sworedes aris am wignis daweris mizezi.

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos arsebobis mTeli istoriismanZilze qveynis mSvidoba da keTildReoba yovelTvissafrTxis winaSe idga. separatistebTan arsebuli konfliqtebixSirad Zalis gamoyenebamdec midioda. afxazeTisa da samxreToseTis mudmivi problemebi pirdapir exeba erovnul usafrT-xoebas da saSiSroebas uqmnis saxelmwifos teritoriulmTlianobas. situacia imanac gaarTula, rom qarTuli saxel-mwifos pirveli liderebi meryevi nabijebiT uZRodnen qveyanassabWoTa warsulidan ufro Tanamedrove politikuri daekonomikuri wyobisaken, ris Sedegadac qveyana Zalze susti damoumzadebeli aRmoCnda usafrTxoebis sferoSi mis winwamoWrili problemebis winaSe. saqarTvelos Sida problemebsmis sazRvrebze arsebuli arastabilurobac emateba: samxre-TiT, somxeTi da azerbaijani, faqtobrivad, saomar mdgo-mareobaSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan mTiani yarabaRis gada-uWreli problemis gamo; CrdiloeTiT, CeCneTSi meamboxeTamudmivi moqmedebebiT ruseTi, romelsac Tbilisi isedacagresiulad da arakeTilganwyobilad miiCnevs, sul ufrogaRizianebuli da zedmetad TviTdajerebuli xdeba.

yvela es faqtori uaRresad rTul da Znelad gadasawyvetproblemebs uqmnis saqarTvelos axal mTavrobas usafrTxoebisuzrunvelsayofad. erT weliwadze meti gavida mas Semdeg, racaSkarad gayalbebuli arCevnebis Semdeg politikuri opoziciaquCaSi gamovida da eduard SevardnaZis mTavroba xelisuflebasCamoaSora. 2003 wlis noembris “vardebis revoluciisa” da masSemdeg Catarebuli saprezidento da saparlamento arCevnebisSedegad xelisuflebaSi axali liderebi movidnen, romlebmacmarTvis warsul gamocdilebaze uari Tqves da sruliad axaligezi aiRes. qveynis axali prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili da misimTavari partniorebi, yofili premier-ministri zurab Jvaniada parlamentis Tavmjdomare nino burjanaZe umalve Seudgnen

problemis dasma

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saxelmwifos gajansaRebas, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisgaZlierebas, mTavrobaSi arsebul korufciasTan brZolas,kriminaluri qselebis saqmianobis aRkveTas, urC provinciaSi_ aWaraSi – centraluri mmarTvelobis aRdgenas, xalxisndobiT aRWurvili Sinagan saqmeTa saministros Seqmnasa dagadasaxadebis akrefas, rac ase sWirdeboda saxelmwifos.

magram axali mTavroba am amocanebis gadasaWrelad iseTmeTodebs iyenebda, romlebsac am wignis erT-erTi avtori“gaxangrZlivebul revoluciur sindroms” uwodebs; mTavrobismier gamoiyeneboda iseTi taqtika, romelmac “vardebisrevoluciis” wlisTavze samoqalaqo sazogadoebis liderebi,romelTa umravlesobac Tavidan mxars uWerda axal xeli-suflebas, daafiqra imaze, Tu ramdenad iqneboda misaRebi axalimTavrobisaTvis Ria da pluralistuli sazogadoeba.2 metic,afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis sakiTxebSi progresis misaR-wevad, 2004 wlis gazafxulsa da zafxulSi axali liderebimTeli rigi naCqarevi iniciativebiT gamovidnen: am inicia-tivebma gamoiwvia konfliqtebis xelaxali gaRviveba, ruseTTanurTierTobebis gauareseba da dasavleTis zogadad keTil-ganwyobili saxelmwifoebis wyroma. “vardebis revoluciidan”erTi wlis Semdeg erTi sakiTxi kvlav Riad rCeboda: raimedismomcemic ar unda iyos axali mTavrobis ganzraxva dapirveli nabijebi, mainc rCeba upasuxo kiTxvebi: Seswevs Tu aramTavrobas Zala, gadawyvitos saxelmwifos winaSe mdgariurTulesi problemebi? SeZlebs Tu ara igi saxelmwifosaTvisesoden mniSvnelovani usafrTxoebis mopovebas?

rogorc Cans, gare Zalebi saRad ver afaseben TavianT rolssaqarTvelos ganviTarebaSi (es ruseTs exeba) an ar SeuZliaT,es roli ufro mniSvnelovani gaxadon (aq igulisxmeba evro-pelebi da amerikelebi). qarTuli mxarisaTvis ki misi sisustekonceptualuria: gaurkvevelia, Tu rogor unda iyos ganxi-

2 es mosazreba ekuTvnis gia nodias da mocemulia jaba devdarianisstatiaSi: “Georgia’s Rose Revolution Grapples with Dilemma: Do Ends Justify Means?”Eurasia Insight, 26 October, 2004 w.)

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luli saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis problema sxvadasxvaaspeqtSi ise, rom gaTvaliswinebuli iyos misi rTuli urTi-erTkavSirebi. saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncef-ciaze sakmaod cota azria gamoTqmuli, yovel SemTxvevaSi,oficialur wreebSi, Tumca saubari yofila iseT sakiTxebze,rogorebicaa: damarcxebis Sinagani gancda, eTnikur niadagzeaRmocenebuli regionaluri konfliqtebiT gamowveuli safrT-xe, wina mTavrobebis uunaroba qveynis problemebis gada-sawyvetad, muqara ruseTis mxridan (yvela es faqtori sakmaodrealuria). 2000 wlis bolos eduard SevardnaZis mTavrobammoamzada oficialuri dokumenti saTauriT “saqarTvelo damsoflio: samomavlo xedva da strategia”, rac warmoadgendasaerTaSoriso urTierTobebisa da usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb sa-qarTvelos Sexedulebis Camoyalibebis mcdelobas. magram rTulikonceptualuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetis magivrad dokumentisavtorebi zogadi sabaziso principebisa da samomavlo survilebisformulirebiT Semoifarglnen, gansakuTrebiT evropasa daamerikis SeerTebul StatebTan saqarTvelos urTierTobissferoSi. daviT darCiaSvili mis mier daweril nawilSi aRniSnavs,rom mixeil saakaSvilis mTavrobam samxedro reformas axaliimpulsi Semata da 2005 wlis gazafxulisaTvis igi mzad iyo,erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefcia parlamentisTvisac gaecnoda farTo sajaro ganxilvazec gamoetana. momavali gviCvenebs,SeZles Tu ara avtorebma qveynis winaSe arsebul safrTxeTasirTulis aRqma da mis dasaZlevad realisturi, sistemuri dakonkretuli gzebis dasaxva.

winamdebare naSromis Seqmnis meore mizezi saqarTveloserovnuli usafrTxoebis problematikis ganxilvis survilia.avtorebi ecadnen, ufro naTlad ganesazRvraT saqarTveloswinaSe mdgari safrTxis mTavari faqtorebi da maTi rTuliurTierTqmedeba. saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis problemasxSirad ganixilaven, rogorc mravalSrian sakiTxs, romelSicSedis separatizmis saSiSroeba, saxelmwifo institutebisngreva da ruseTis intrigebi. bevri aRniSnavda, magram xmamaRlaar ambobda, rom arsebobda kavSiri saqarTvelos Sida sisustesa

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da regionis arastabilurobas Sorisac. magram Tu mxolodusafrTxoebis problemis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis CamoTvliTSemovifarglebiT, ar ganvixilavT maTi urTierTgavlenisfaqtorebs da ar SeviswavliT uSualo urTierTkavSirs arasta-bilurobis Sida da gare faqtorebs Soris, maSin rTuli iqnebaerovnuli usafrTxoebis iseTi koncefciis SemuSaveba, romelicsaSualebas mogvcems, srulad SevafasoT problemis sirTule.meore, da ufro mTavari, isaa, rom rodesac saubari CamovardebamsofliosaTvis saqarTvelosa da misi usafrTxoebis proble-mebis mniSvnelobis Sefasebaze, vaSingtonis, briuselisa da,albaT, moskovis politikosebi ver ganixilaven saqarTvelosproblemebs ufro farTo regionalur konteqstSi. amis gamoisini jerovnad ver afaseben TavianT rols da arasworad esmiTsakuTari interesebi saqarTvelos winaSe mdgari problemebissaboloo gadawyvetaSi. is faqti, rom isini yuradRebiTakvirdebian saqarTveloSi ganviTarebul movlenebs, radganacam regionSi TavianTi interesebi gaaCniaT, ar niSnavs imis gagebas,Tu rogor urTierTqmedeben regionSi moqmedi Zalebi. asevemaTi gulwrfeli, magram zogadi survilebi, rom saakaSvilisaxalma mTavrobam demokratiisa da evropasTan daaxloebiskursiT iaros, ar aris imis garantia, rom isini gaatareben imCaxlarTuli Sida da gare realobis Sesabamis politikas,romelSic saqarTvelo imyofeba.

ase rom, winamdebare naSromSi sami amocana davsaxeT: pirveli,gvsurda, gveCvenebina saqarTvelos usafrTxoebasTan dakav-Sirebuli problemebi, romlebic warmoiSveba mravali Sida dagare faqtoriT da gangvexila maTi urTierTgadakveTis gzebi daurTierTzegavlena. meore, gvindoda agvexsna, Tu ratom undaiyos am qveynis winaSe arsebuli problemebi mniSvnelovani aramarto saqarTvelosa da misi uSualo mezoblebisaTvis; ratomunda aRiqvan seriozulad es problemebi dasavleTis wamyvanmaqveynebma da maTTan dakavSirebulma dawesebulebebma; ratomaris saWiro am problemebis gadasawyvetad ufro meti ram, vidrematerialuri daxmareba, romelic axlandeli urTierTobebisbirTvs warmoadgens. mesame, gvindoda, gagvego, Tu ra unda

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gaakeTon am problemebis gadasaWrelad qarTvelebma, maTmauSualo mezoblebma da, saboloo jamSi, mTelma dasavlurmasamyarom. mokled rom vTqvaT, gvsurda, gagverkvia, Tu rogorunda gamoasworon arsebuli situacia qarTvelebma, rusebma,evropelebma da amerikelebma – amis Sedegad gaZlierdebodaTiToeuli zemoCamoTvlili qveynis erovnuli usafrTxoeba,rac, Tavis mxriv, uzrunvelyofda urTierTusafrTxoebasac; dabolos, ra realuri politikuri nabijebis gadadgma SeiZleba ammimarTulebiT.

problemis arsi

ruseTisa da yvela postsabWoTa saxelmwifosaTvis, gamo-nakliss, albaT, baltiispireTis qveynebi warmoadgens, usafrT-xoeba sakuTari saxlidan iwyeba _ es qveynebi seriozulad wuxanimis gamo, rom, miuxedavad maTi Zalisxmevisa, sabWoTa kavSirisdacemis Semdeg Zveli Tu axali Rirebulebebi politikur-ekonomikur sistemebad Camoayalibon, Sedegebi gaurkveveli dabundovania. saqarTvelos liderebs didi imedi aqvT TavianTiqveynis gardaqmnis, magram sanam isini urTules amocanebsganaxorcieleben, qveyana SeiZleba mTlianobis dakargvissafrTxis winaSe aRmoCndes. aqedan gamomdinare, maTTvisusafrTxoeba ufro realuri amocanis gadawyvetiT iwyeba – esaris qveynis teritoriuli usafrTxoebis SenarCuneba an,Tundac, centraluri xelisuflebis aRdgena im farTo teri-toriebze, sadac amJamad es xelisufleba ar vrceldeba.

magram zemonaxsenebi miznis Sesruleba mxolod pirvelietapia saqarTveloSi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad.qarTvelebs, visac kargad aqvT gacnobierebuli am problemisseriozuloba, awuxebT ara mxolod separatizmis saSiSroeba,aramed isic, Tu ramdenad eyofa qarTul saxelmwifosa dasazogadoebas am saSiSroebasTan gamklavebis neba da unari. maTaRelvebT, rom institutebi, maT Soris, iseTebic, romlebicspecialurad usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad Seiqmna,

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naTesavebis, klanebisa da “gansakuTrebuli interesebis mqonejgufebis” zegavlenis qveS imyofeba da imdenad susti dakorumpirebulia, rom ver SeZleben qveynisa da misi moqala-qeebis dacvas. qarTvelebi ukve im azrsac uSveben, romproblemis mizezi, SesaZloa, TviTonve iyvnen: is, rasacqarTvelebis erovnuli TviTSegneba hqvia, ufro farTosazogadoebriobis rRvevis Sedegi SeiZleba iyos. aqedan naTelixdeba, Tu ratom iyo “vardebis revolucia” aseTi mniSvnelovani– igi iyo qarTvelebis imedi, rom qveyana Tavs daaRwevs ammarwuxebs da SeaCerebs vardnas.

raoden seriozulic ar unda yofiliyo saqarTvelosarastabilurobis Sida mizezebi, xelsayreli garemocvisSemTxvevaSi problema gacilebiT martivi (Tumca ara ioli)iqneboda. magram saqarTvelos mezoblebi mas mxolod prob-lemebs uqmnian. qveyanas aSkarad Tu farulad emuqreba garedanmomavali safrTxe. saqarTvelos SigniT arsebuli arare-gionaluri konfliqtebi qveynis yofas arTulebs, xoloregionaluri _ mezoblebTan urTierTobas gansazRvravs.samxreT kavkasiaSi dialogisa da, metic, saqmiani da ekonomikuriurTierTobebis ararsebobis gamo saqarTvelos ara aqvs misimezoblebis mxardaWera da, rac mTavaria, ara aqvs saSualeba,koncentrireba moaxdinos sakuTar problemebze. es iwvevskonfliqtebis erTi teritoriidan meoreze gavrcelebissaSiSroebas, mezoblebs Soris ki, romelTac uwevT dapi-rispirebul mxareTa Soris arCevanis gakeTeba _ daZabulobas.kerZod, CeCneTSi arsebuli Zaladobis gamo ruseTi ufroagresiulia da daundobeli sxva mezoblebis mimarTac. TumcaCeCneTSi rom mSvidoba yofiliyo da arc CrdiloeT kavkasiisdanarCeni nawilidan wamosuliyo safrTxe, saqarTvelo ruseTisxels mainc igrZnobda, radgan moskovi Zalian nela da mtkiv-neulad egueba Tavisi kontrolis dakargvas regionze, romelicori saukunis ganmavlobaSi mis strategiul placdarms warmo-adgenda.

zemoaRwerili faqtorebi saqarTvelos arastabilurimdgomareobis uSualo da aSkara mizezebia. problemas ufro

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kargad rom davakvirdeT, vnaxavT, rom istoriulma da geogra-fiulma garemoebebma Tavidanve gansazRvra is dabrkolebebi,romelic saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis sferoSi eqneboda.saqarTvelo Savi zRvis auzis regionSi mdebareobs; am regionisqveynebis bedi saukuneebis manZilze, jer kidev berZnebisa daskviTebis droidan dawyebuli, imperiaTa aRmocenebasa dadacemaze iyo damokidebuli, iqneboda es romis, bizantiis,sparseTisa Tu TurqeTis imperiebi. xSirad ki regionis beds amimperiebis urTierTdapirispirebac gansazRvravda, magaliTad:sparseT-TurqeTis dapirispireba XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi, ruseT-TurqeTisa _ XIX saukuneSi. droTa ganmavlobaSi momcrosaxelmwifoebs an didi imperiebi STanTqavdnen, an, rackavkasiis SemTxvevaSi moxda, isini buferul zonebad garda-iqmnebodnen (romsa da parTias, bizantiasa da arabeTs,sparseTsa da ruseTis imperias Soris).3 saqarTvelo damou-kidebeli saxelmwifo mxolod erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSigaxldaT – bagratovanTa dinastiis “oqros xanaSi”, romelic1122 wels Tbilisis seljukebisagan gaTavisuflebiT daiwyo da1220 wels saqarTveloSi monRolebis SeWriT damTavrda. boloori saukunis ganmavlobaSi qveyana ruseTis, Semdeg ki sabWoTaimperiis SemadgenlobaSi imyofeboda. SedarebiTi Tavi-suflebis periodebSi saqarTvelos mwiri arCevani hqonda: masan damcveli unda moeZebna da damoukidebloba daekarga(rogorc es XVIII saukunis bolos moxda, rodesac erekle IIruseTs mimarTa), an TviTon qveyana unda daSliliyo (XVsaukuneSi, aleqsandre I Svilebis dros) an gayofiliyo (rogorcXVI saukuneSi, TurqeTis mmarTvelobis dros).

dRes, rodesac saqarTvelom kvlav moipova damouki-debloba, igi seriozul dabrkolebebs awydeba, rac Cveu-lebrivi ambavia im patara qveynebisaTvis, romlebic uzarmazarida naklebad keTilganwyobili mezoblis gverdigverd cxov-roben, “gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac istoriul mexsierebas

3 mwyobrad Camoyalibebuli es istoriuli Teoria ixileT: Charles King,The Black Sea: A. History (New York: Oxfors University Press, 2004)

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or qveyanas Soris konfliqtamde mivyavarT”, – aRniSnavs jabadevdariani am wignis erT-erT TavSi. saqarTvelo axal epoqaSisando mokavSireebisa da kavSirebis gareSe Sedis. Tomas devaali, romelsac ekuTvnis erT-erTi Tavi am wignSi, aRniSnavs,rom uzarmazar, moqiSpe qveynebs Soris mdebare saqarTvelosTiTqmis arasdros hqonia saSualeba, kavkasiel mezoblebTanerTad erTiani fronti Seeqmna. kavkasiaSi daqsaqsulobisxelSemwyob Setakebebsa da uTanxmoebebs didi xnis istoriaaqvs. Tu de vaalis gamoTqmas moviSveliebT, saqarTvelos arSeuZlia, hqondes “regionaluri usafrTxoebis sando sistema.”

miuxedavad istoriuli memkvidreobisa, es kidev ar niSnavsimas, rom ar SeiZleba am situaciidan gamosavlis povna. mTavariaarCevani: is arCevani, romelsac akeTeben saqarTvelos xelmZ-Rvanelebi Sida problemebis gadasawyvetad, separatistulregionebTan urTierTobis gansasazRvrad, regionSi Tanam-Sromlobis gasaZliereblad da gare Zalebis politikazereagirebisaTvis – dRevandeli realobis gaTvaliswinebiT.samwuxarod, saqarTvelosa da misi partniorebis mier damou-kideblobis periodis bolo TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSigakeTebuli arCevani Sors iyo optimalurisagan. rogorc Cans,dRemde istoriuli warsulis inercia sZalavs Tanamedrovetendenciebs. isev Riad rCeba kiTxva, SeZlebs Tu ara saakaSvilismTavroba am tendenciebis gamijvnas.

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis problema masStaburi, drama-tuli da kompleqsuri xasiaTisaa, romelic ori ZiriTadi nawili-sagan Sedgeba: usafrTxoeba saqarTvelosaTvis, pirvel rigSi,misi saxelmwifoebriobis SenarCunebas niSnavs, xolo es damoki-debulia arausafrTxo qveynebis garemocvaSi arsebobis usia-movno realobaze. saxelmwifoebriobis simyife da arastabi-luri garemocva usafrTxoebis im dilemas warmoSobs, romelicukiduresad rTul mdgomareobaSi myofi qveynebis winaSe dgas.

imis mtkiceba, rom usafrTxoeba saqarTvelosaTvis misisaxelmwifoebriobis SenarCunebas niSnavs, ver asaxavs amsakiTxs mTeli masStaburobiTa da siRrmiT. gareSe damkvirve-bels (albaT, mkiTxvelic miaqcevs amas yuradRebas) yvelaze

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metad aocebs, Tu raoden gansazRvravs saqarTvelos sinamdvi-le qarTvelebis usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebul Sexedule-bebs. saqme is ki ar aris, rom qarTvel politikosebsa da polito-logebs ar esmiT TavdacviTi politikis mniSvneloba da veriTvaliswineben am regionSi Zaladobis warmoSobis saSiSroebas,an ar ZaluZT, ganWvriton, Tu ra SeiZleba mohyves saxelmwifo-TaSoris dapirispirebas da ruseTTan dauregulirebel urTi-erTobas, aramed saqme isaa, rom yvela es sakiTxi aqtualobaskargavs, roca saqme saqarTvelos momavals exeba afxazeTsa dasamxreT oseTTan mimarTebaSi, radgan wuxili saxelmwifosuunarobaze, aRadginos saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianoba,Zalian didia.

qveynebis umravlesoba, maT Soris, amerikis SeerTebuliStatebi, ruseTi da evropis saxelmwifoebi, erovnuli usafrT-xoebis sakiTxze muSaobisas, pirvel rigSi, maT winaSe arsebulisafrTxeebis xasiaTsa da xarisxs aanalizeben. saqarTvelosruliad sxvagvarad iqceva: igi safrTxis Temidan ki ar iwyebsmuSaobas, aramed usafrTxoebis Temidan – anu gansazRvravsusafrTxoebas, rogorc aseTs. 1998 wlis noemberSi strate-giuli kvlevis centris (Tbilisi) mier SemoTavazebuli“saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis” avtorebikoncefciis umTavres sakiTxad saqarTvelos saxelmwifoeb-riobis arastabilurobis ganmsazRvrel faqtorebs miiCneven.4

isini amodian im debulebidan, rom saqarTveloSi safrTxearsebobs, radganac dasustebulia misi saxelmwifo institu-tebi, sazogadoebam dakarga saerTo miznebis arsebobis

4National Security Concept of Georgia (Tbilisi: Strategic Research Center, November1998) http://www.src.ge/policy_papers/national_security.html. miuxedavad imisa, romnaSromis avtorebi miTiTebulni ar arian, cnobilia, rom centrisdamfuZnebelTa rigebSi Sedian finansTa yofili ministri daviT iakobiZe,sagareo saqmeTa yofili ministri irakli menaRariSvili, centrisaRmasrulebeli direqtori niko meliqaZe da centris direqtori naTelasaxokia. aq es naSromi misi politikuri Sedegebis gamo momyavs – CemiazriT, man Zalze mcire gavlena moaxdina politikaze an saerTodac armouxdenia – rogorc saqarTvelos azrovnebis stilis nimuSi.

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SegrZneba, xolo erma ver moZebna sxvadasxva nacionalurisaTvistomoebis gamaerTianebeli idea. miuxedavad imisa, romyvela oficialuri Tu araoficialuri Sexeduleba amgvarad araris Camoyalibebuli, umravlesoba, met-naklebad mainc,iziarebs am Sexedulebebs.

zemoxsenebuli centris mier SemuSavebuli koncefciisTanaxmad, usafrTxoeba damokidebulia ara imdenad imaze, aqvsTu ara saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis strategiis SemuSavebisunari, aramed mis SesaZleblobaze, Seqmnas ganviTarebisstrategia. usafrTxoebas, rogorc Sedegs, Segnebuli danayofieri Sroma moitans, romelic mimarTuli iqneba qveyanaSikanonmorCilebisa da konstruqciuli moZraobis damyare-bisaken da qarTul kulturul TviTmyofadobasTan erTadglobalizaciis gzaze myofi msoflio sazogadoebriobiscvalebad moTxovnebsac gaiTvaliswinebs. magram amisaTvissaqarTvelo suverenuli saxelmwifo unda iyos – anu mandamoukideblad unda SeZlos arCevanis gakeTeba da undagaTavisufldes gareSe Zalebis Carevisagan. msjelobaTa amjaWvSi rgolebi Semdegnairadaa ganawilebuli: “erovnuliganviTarebis strategia” – saxelmwifoebrioba – suvereniteti– usafrTxoeba. aSkaraa, rom am argumentacias ciklurobaaxasiaTebs, radganac usafrTxoeba suverenitetis saSualebiTSida gardaqmnebis safuZvels unda warmoadgendes; TumcaaSkaraa urTierTkavSiri saxelmwifoebriobasa da usafrT-xoebas Soris: saxelmwifoebrioba uswrebs usafrTxoebas.

winamdebare naSromis im nawilSi, romlis avtoric gianodiaa, analogiuri argumentebia warmodgenili. misi azriT,usafrTxoeba aris xalxis Tavisufleba, ixelmZRvaneloswarmodgeniT imis Sesaxeb, “Tu rad undaT yofna”. igi amas“erovnul proeqts” uwodebs da yvelaferi, ramac SeiZlebaCaSalos igi an gzidan gadaaxvevinos mas, iwvevs usafrTxoebisproblemas. gia nodia miiCnevs, rom proeqtis asamuSavebladsaWiroa, igi gamoxatavdes pativiscemas _ “erTgvar unikalurerovnul TviTmyofadobas” – dafuZnebuls enaze, kulturasaTu “sulierebaze”, imavdroulad, igi metisaken unda iswra-

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fodes. avtoris azriT, saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi “meti” arisevropuli saxelmwifoebis liberalur-demokratiuli mode-lisaken swrafva, magram avtori imasac aRniSnavs, rogor undavicodeT zustad, ra aris erovnuli proeqti da vin uWers masmxars? ramdenime erovnuli proeqtis arsebobis pirobebSiromels aqvs kanonieri Zala? es SekiTxvebi problemis siRrmeebsexeba da cvlis urTierTdamokidebulebas usafrTxoebasa dasaxelmwifoebriobas Soris.

saqarTveloSi erovnuli proeqtis Seqmnas seriozulidabrkolebebi eRobeba. gia nodias azriT, es dabrkolebebia:TviT qarTvelebis mier TavianTi Tavis “gansakuTrebuleTnikur” xalxad aRqma, sabWoTa institucionaluri sistemismemkvidreoba, romelic daqsaqsulobas uwyobs xels, gavleniani“alternatiuli erovnuli proeqtebi” da daZabulobis sxvamTeli rigi potenciuri wyaro – somxur da azerbaijanulsaTvistomoebSi arsebuli iredentistuli ganwyobidan dawye-buli, araintegrirebuli eTnikuri jgufebiT damTavrebuli. esdabrkolebebi erovnuli usafrTxoebis problemis Sinaganaspeqts Seadgens da safrTxes uqmnis erovnul proeqtsa dasaxelwifoebriobas. magram, gia nodias azriT, problemas aramxolod es dabrkolebebi qmnis. Tu sakiTxs ufro RrmadganvixilavT, vnaxavT, rom qarTuli erovnuli proeqtis Seqmnaspolitikuri institutebis gaubedaoba uSlis xels da arapiriqiT. institutebis warumatebloba ar SeiZleba am dabrko-lebebiT aixsnas, piriqiT, am dabrkolebebis masStabs institu-tebis sisuste gansazRvravs.

Sesabamisad, gia nodias azriT, saqarTvelos usafrTxoebisproblemis arsis gasacnobiereblad saWiroa saxelmwifossisustis mizezebis axsna. igi Tvlis, rom mizezs is Tavdapir-veli ormagi Rirebulebebi warmoadgens, romlebic saqarTvelosmosaxleobas gaaCnia: erTi mxriv, isini simpaTiiT uyurebenliberalur-demokratiul models, meore mxriv ki, eWvi SeaqvTmasSi, radgan antipaTiurad arian ganwyobili TviT saxelmwifosmimarT da cdiloben, igi sakuTari interesebisaTvis gamoi-yenon. Tu ufro CavuRrmavdebiT, problema Semdegnairad

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SeiZleba aixsnas: qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebiadasavleTis demokratiuli modeli, mas surs, dasavleTisnawili iyos, radganac dasavleTis nawilad yofna mas ruseTisgandamoukideblobas ganumtkicebs. swored amitom, dasavluriliberaluri modelisadmi swrafva usafrTxoebis mizezebiTaaganpirobebuli da ara am modelis Rirebulebebisadmi RrmasimpaTiiT.5 Tu davumatebT amas qarTveli xalxis instinqturundoblobas zogadad saxelmwifosadmi, rogori tipisac ar undaiyos igi (demokratiuli Tu sxva), rac sabWoTa saxelmwifoebrivigamocdilebidan modis, vnaxavT, rom demokratiis danergvisgziT saxelmwifos sisustis daZleva, faqtobrivad, SeuZle-belia, gansakuTrebiT im pirobebSi, rodesac bevri qarTve-lisaTvis demokratiuli Rirebulebebi qarTuli sazogadoebismier memkvidreobad miRebul Rirebulebebs ewinaaRmdegeba,rasac drodadro qarTuli eklesiac uWers mxars.

amgvar sakiTxebSi kargad gaTviTcnobierebuli qarTvelebisSexedulebebic, faqtobrivad, igivea. am wignis erT-erTi Tavisavtori, daviT darCiaSvilic miiCnevs, rom qarTuli “vardebisrevoluciis’’ momavali damokidebulia mis unarze, “gaaerTia-nos xalxi erovnuli ideis garSemo”, rac miuRwevelia mxolodsamoqalaqo sazogadoebaze gaTvliT.6 am amocanis ganxor-cielebas esaWiroeba “emociuroba da romantizmic” ki. amitomac,misi azriT, warmatebis misaRwevad saqarTvelos “demokra-tiulma Zalebma” Tavisi gegmis gansaxorcieleblad qarTulinacionalizmi unda gamoiyenon, magram im pirobiT, rom – dazustad amaSi mdgomareobs mTavari sirTule – mas moscildeba“saSiSi eTnikuri elferi”. amisaTvis aucilebelia, dairRves

5 es Cemi interpretaciaa. gia nodia amtkicebs, rom qarTvelebisumravlesoba namdvilad iswrafvis liberaluri Rirebulebebisa dademokratiuli modelisaken, romelic maTTvis mxolod saSualeba araa –da Tanac bevrad ufro metad, vidre umetes postsabWour qveynebSi.6 David Darchiashvili, ‘’Georgian Security Problems and Policies” in Dov Lynch, ed.,The South Caucasus, A Challenge for the EU, Chaillor Papers no 65 (Paris: Institute forSecurity Studies, European Union, December 2003) p. 126, http://www.iss-eu.org/public/content/chaile.html

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mankieri kavSiri qarTul nacionalizms, korumpirebul oficia-lur wreebsa da kriminalur elementebs Soris, xolo demokra-tiulma Zalebma qarTuli nacionalizmi iseTi saxelmwifosdasamkvidreblad gamoiyenon, romelic misgan gaucxoebulimoqalaqeebis mxardaWeras moipovebs.

amrigad, daviT darCiaSvili imaT ricxvs miekuTvneba, vincmiiCnevs, rom saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis problemis Tavi daTavi saxelmwifoebriobis simyifea, rac Tavis yvelaze saSiSgamoxatulebas saxelmwifo institutebis araefeqturobaSipovebs. mis koncefciaSi institutebis daknineba masStaburikorufciiT aixsneba, rasac sami saxis Sedegi moaqvs: pirvelrigSi, es aris “usafrTxoebis privatizacia”, rodesac korumpi-rebul saxelmwifo Cinovnikebs emorCileba erovnul dasazogadoebriv usafrTxoebaze pasuxismgebeli saxelmwifoorganoebi da isini maT pirad interesebs emsaxureba; meore,SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebis gavlenis aRdgena, romelTamoqmedebac TiTqos ukve aRkveTili iyo ramdenime wlis win;mesame – “politikis, danaSaulisa da klanurobis” Serwyma.7

saqarTvelos yvela donis oficialuri pirebi “aqtiurad arianCarTulni saeWvo komerciul maqinaciebSi, romliTac saxelmwi-fo sakuTrebis Ria Tu farul privatizacias axdenen”; amis gamosazogadoeba kriminalur qmedebebs ukve normad aRiqvams.

saqarTvelos problemebisadmi miZRvnil bevr analitikurnaSromSi farTodaa gaSuqebuli urTierTkavSiri korufcias(maT Soris, misi yvelaze uaresi gamovlinebebiT), kriminali-zebul saxelmwifos, institutebis sisustesa da erovnuliusafrTxoebis sistemis ngrevas Soris. magram daviT darCiaSvi-lisaTvis es problema yvelaze aqtualuria. pavel baevi ufroSors midis da amtkicebs, rom “saqarTvelos yvela ubedurebis”mizezi, rarig mavnec ar unda iyos gareTa Zalebis zemoqmedeba,pirvel rigSi, mainc “TviT sazogadoebis, politikur institu-tebsa da elitebs SigniT arsebuli anomalia da deformaciaa”;es “ubedurebebi” ufro “gamowveulia yovlismomcveli Crdilo-

7 David Darchiashvili, ‚“Georgian Security Problems and Policies“, p. 113.

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vani ekonomikiTa da korufciiT, vidre erovnuli wyeniT,warsulSi momxdari usamarTlobiTa Tu komunisturi warsulismemkvidreobiT.”8 amgvarad, damoukideblobis gariJraJzegasamxedroebuli formirebebis (erovnuli gvardia da “mxed-rioni”) zegavlenis gaZlierebas, 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisissamoqalaqo da afxazeTis omebs avtori sabWoTa periodSi Rrmadfesvgamdgar “klanur korufcias” ukavSirebs. sabWoTa epoqaSidawyebuli saqme ufro saSiSi formiT sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisSemdeg gamovlinda _ ekonomikis ngrevis, normaluri ekono-mikuri urTierTobebis moSlisa da Crdilovani ekonomikisayvavebis Sedegad.

winamdebare naSromSi daviT darCiaSvili gansakuTrebulyuradRebas uTmobs dasustebul saxelmwifos, korufciasa daSeiaraRebul Zalebs Soris arsebul destruqciul urTi-erTkavSirs. sxva yofili sabWoTa respublikebisagan, iseTebis,rogoricaa ukraina, belorusi da yazaxeTi, gansxvavebiT,saqarTvelom ver moaxerxa mis teritoriaze ganlagebulisabWoTa armiis Zalebis ubralo nacionalizacia da maTisaqarTvelos axali armiis safuZvlad gamoyeneba. amis magivraddamoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg pirveli prezidentis,zviad gamsaxurdias, mmarTvelobis periodSi arsebuli vakuumiam sferoSi mTeli rigi gasamxedroebuli dajgufebebiT amoivso.am dajgufebebidan mxolod ramdenime Tu iyo prezidentiserTguli, samagierod, yvela maTgani erTguli iyo sakuTari,umetes SemTxvevaSi, kriminali meTaurisa. amitomac eduardSevardnaZisaTvis, romelmac prezidentis postze zviadgamsaxurdia Secvala, umTavres amocanas warmoadgenda amTiTqmis ukontrolo SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebis damorCilebada saxelmwifo kontrols daqvemdebareba. daviT darCiaSvilisazriT, eduard SevardnaZem am amocanis Sesruleba strategiis

8 Pavel K. Baev, “Civil Wars in Georgia: Corruption Breeds Violence,” in Jan Koehler andChristoph Zurcher, eds., Potentials of Disorde (Manchester, UK: Manchester UniversityPress, 2003), p. 128 (baevi aRiarebs, rom korufcia da Crdilovani ekonomikackomunisturi memkvidreobis nawilebia).

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– “dayavi da ibatone”-s gamoyenebiT daiwyo: igi TiTo-TiTodiSorebda am gasamxedroebuli formirebebis liderebs. magramamgvari strategia, Tavisi mxriv, xels uSlida axali qarTuliarmiis srulyofas, mwyobri centralizebuli samxedrommarTvelobis Camoyalibebas.

daviT darCiaSvili dawvrilebiT ganixilavs im mtkivneulda usistemo zomebs, romelTa saSualebiTac jer zviadgamsaxurdia da Semdeg eduard SevardnaZe cdilobdnen, wesrigidaemyarebinaT im kriminalur dajgufebebSi, romlebic monawi-leobdnen saqarTveloSi warmoebul brZolebSi da gadaeqciaTisini saxelmwifo Zalauflebas daqvemdebarebul, samoqalaqommarTvelobisa da demokratiuli kontrolis qveS myofnamdvil armiad. miuxedavad uamravi komisiisa, aTobiT “re-formisa” da aSS-sa da Crdiloatlantikuri aliansis wevri sxvaqveynebis mxridan mniSvnelovani daxmarebisa, eduard Sevar-dnaZis epoqis bolo wuTebamde saqarTvelom ver SeZlo, odnavmainc waewia win samxedro reformis TvalsazrisiT. daviTdarCiaSvili amaSi saqarTvelos mmarTvelobasa da, pirvelrigSi, eduard SevardnaZes adanaSaulebs, radganac igi arendoboda armiasa da uSiSroebis Zalebs da maT mimarT, rogorcaRvniSneT, strategias “dayavi da ibatone” iyenebda; garda amisa,prezidenti Tvals xuWavda korufciis faqtebze yvela imsferoSi, romlis mesveurTa mxardaWerac sWirdeboda. metic,eduard SevardnaZes ar Seswevda unari an ar surda, yvelaferigaekeTebina reformirebuli da kargad organizebuli armiisSesaqmnelad; amas emateboda im masStaburi strategiulikoncefciis ararsebobac, romelic saWiro mimarTulebasmiscemda mis qmedebebs. yovelive ki ganapiroba qveynissamxedro strategiis arasworma da viwro xedvam, moqmedebaTaaraTanmimdevrulobam da avantiurizmma.

ra gansxvavebuli TvalTaxedvac ar unda hqondeT qarTvelanalitikosebs, TiTqmis yvela maTgani erTsulovnad miiCnevs,rom erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis problemis arsi TviTarasrulyofil saxelmwifoebriobaSi mdgomareobs. saqmesarTulebs is garemoeba, rom es problema mravali kompo-

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nentisurTierTkavSirs warmoadgens. analitikosebi, romlebicsaqarTvelos usafrTxoebis sferoSi arsebuli konkretuliproblemebis gamovlenas cdiloben, xSirad Caketil wreSimoZraoben, ise, rogorc zemoT naxsenebi strategiuli kvleviscentris TanamSromlebi. es aris klasikuri problema, romelicqaTmisa da kvercxis dilemas warmoadgens _ ra unda gakeTdesTavdapirvelad: Seiqmnas institutebi, romlebic SeZleben,moipovon ndoba sazogadoebaSi da daZlion nacionalizmisodiozuri formebi Tu jer gardaiqmnas nacionalizmi da amiTxeli Seewyos sayovelTao ndobiT gamsWvaluli institutebisSeqmnas? saxelmwifos aRdgena korufciasTan sabrZolvelad TukorufciasTan brZola saxelmwifos aRdgenis mizniT? “erov-nuli programis” an “ganviTarebis erovnuli strategiis”SemuSaveba saxelmwifoebriobis suverenitetisa da damo-ukideblobis gaZlierebisaTvis Tu suverenitetisaTvis brZolaerovnuli proeqtis gansaxorcieleblad?

amas garda, arsebobs Sida winaaRmdegobebi: qarTvelebi,gansakuTrebiT ki, prodasavluri sagareo kursis mxardamWeriinteligencia da politikosebi, rogorc wesi, im ideas emxro-bian, rom mizani aucileblad miRweuli unda iqnes liberaluridemokratiuli sistemis SeqmniT, romelic, Tavis mxriv, daicavssaqarTvelos unikalur kulturul, socialur da istoriulTviTmyofadobas. magram liberaluri demokratiuli sistemadapirispirebul mxareTa Serigebasac gulisxmobs da saWiroebisSemTxvevaSi dominanti erovnebebis mxridan daTmobebzewasvlasac. garda amisa, xSirad gamoiTqmis mowodeba, saxelmwi-foebriobas safuZvlad daedos dapirispirebul erovnebaTaSerigebis faqti, Tumca sakiTxi ver gadawydeba, Tu romelimejgufi uars ityvis morigebaze.

swored am sakiTxze zegavlenis gamo erevian gare ZalebisaqarTvelos saqmeebSi da, rogorc wesi, erevian Zalian cudad.keTilmosurneTa survili survilad rCeba. Tuki saqarTvelosusafrTxoebis problemis arsi saxelmwifoebriobaSia, saxel-mwifoebriobis yvelaze mtkivneuli forma Sekvecili suvere-nitetia – dakargul regionebSi ar xorcieldeba nacionaluri

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mmarTveloba da, rogorc daviT darCiaSvili aRniSnavs, arc maTmimdebare teritoriebze.9 erovnuli usafrTxoebis problemayvelaze naTlad samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis magaliTebzeCans. isini dRes saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi mdebare mini-saxelmwifoebs warmoadgenen, romlebic saqarTvelos mTav-robis gadawyvetilebebs ar asruleben, qveynis mmarTvelobaski situaciis Secvla ar ZaluZs.

rogorc cnobilia, ruseTi Tavdapirvelad afxazeTisseparatizmis momxred gvevlineboda, Semdeg ki _ problemadqarTul-afxazuri urTierTobebis daregulirebisas. bolodros igi rusul-afxazur urTierTobebs Tbilisze zewoli-saTvis iyenebs, amitom saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis problemisSida aspeqts TavisTavad eZleva saerTaSoriso da sakmaodfeTqebadi xasiaTi. saqarTvelosaTvis ruseTi saerTaSorisogaremocvaSi yvelaze saSiS faqtors warmoadgens. amis mizeziaraerTia: saqarTvelo Tvlis, rom ruseTi ar Cqarobs Tavisisamxedro bazebis saqarTvelodan gayvanas, raTa daaSinosqarTveli liderebi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, cdilobs, bazebisteritoriebi da infrastruqtura aSS-s an CrdiloatlantikurkavSirs ar Cauvardes xelSi; igi pativs ar scems arc sa-qarTvelos suverenitets da mzad aris, daarRvios kidec igi,Tu amas CeCneTSi mimdinare omi moiTxovs; amboben, romsaqarTvelos yofili prezidentis, eduard SevardnaZiswinaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxmebis ukanac ruseTi dgas;ruseTi yvelaferze wamsvlelia – gazis miwodebis SewyvetiTdawyebuli, amJamindeli mmarTvelobis mowinaaRmdegeTa-daxmarebiT damTavrebuli – oRond ki saqarTvelos Tavisisurvilebi moaxvios Tavze. yvela zemonaxseneb Sexedulebasamtkicebs da maT gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobasac aniWebsruseTis savaraudo mzadyofna, xeli Seuwyos afxazur da osurseparatizms, sul mcire, es konfliqtebi saqarTvelos mmarTve-lobis dasasusteblad an masze zewolisaTvis gamoiyenos.

9 David Darchiashvili, “Georgian Security Problems and Policies“, p.109

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regionSi arsebuli konfliqti da

saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoeba

saqarTveloSi myofi damkvirveblebi ar SeiZleba, aramCnevdnen im niuansebs, romlebiTac ruseTidan momdinaresafrTxe iniRbeba. maT esmiT, rom drodadro ruseTTandakavSirebuli problemebi garkveul TavzexelaRebul pirebsukavSirdeba da ara moskovis mTavrobas. Tumca imasac amboben,rom arakeTilganwyobasa da daZabulobas mxolod ruseTis mxarear unda iCendes.10 damkvirveblebma ician, rom rusebs SeuZliaTiseTi sakiTxi, rogoric saerTaSoriso terorizmia, romliTacisini marTlac SeSfoTebulebi arian, saqarTvelos saxelisgasatexad gamoiyenon. miT ufro, rom am sakiTxSi igi (ruseTi)sxva qveynebis mxardaWeriTac sargeblobs, magaliTad, amerikisSeerTebuli Statebis, romlis keTilganwyobac saqarTve-losTvis esoden mniSvnelovania.

ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebis damamZimebeli gare-moebebis ufro siRrmiseul Sefasebas gvaZlevs jaba devdarianiam wignis erT-erT nawilSi.11 igi saqarTvelos erovnuliusafrTxoebis problemis rusul aspeqts rTul movlenadmiiCnevs, romlis fesvebic qarTul erovnul fsiqologiaSiasaZiebeli. misi ganmartebiT, arsebuli winaaRmdegobebigacilebiT did rezonanss iwvevs (vidre es SeiZlebodagamoewvia) sxvadasxva “erovnuli miTebis” gamo da Tanac maSin,rodesac orive qveyana miiswrafvis axleburad gaazrebulierovnuli TviTmyofadobis dasamkvidreblad. is Sefaseba, romsaqarTvelo didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ruseTis imperializmisCagvris qveS iyo, qarTvelebze emociur gavlenas axdens, rusebski Seuracxyofas ayenebs. am TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo argansxvavdeba sxva yofili sabWoTa respublikebisagan. magali-

10 See the interview with Tedo Japaridze, “Georgia’s Interin Foreign Minister: Russian SecurityDepends on Georgian Stabilization, ’’ by Giga Chilhladze, Eurasianet, January 6, 2004w. http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav010604.shtml11 See Also Jaba Devdariani, ”Georgia on a Fault Line”, Prespective, vol.13, no.3 (January-February 2003), pp.1,6-8.

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Tad, gansxvaveba saqarTvelosa da ukrainas Soris mxolod imaSiSeiZleba gamoixatebodes, Tu ramdenad erTgvarovani Sexedu-leba aqvs TiToeulis mosaxleobas am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.12

ukrainis mosaxleobis nawils, gansakuTrebiT qveynis dasavleTnawilSi, qarTvelebis msgavsi Sexeduleba aqvs; magram sxvaregionebSi, ufro metad qveynis aRmosavleTiT, am azrs ariziareben. aqedan gamomdinare, ruseTTan mimarTebaSi arsebulipozicia politikuri kursis erTianobis garanti ki ara, piriqiT,ukrainis Sida politikis gaxleCis mizezi gaxda.

urTierTdapirispirebuli erovnuli miTebi gansazRvravssaqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris arsebul daZabulobas, TumcaTviTon es miTebi daZabulobas ar qmnis. daZabuloba garkveulgaremoebebs ukavSirdeba, magaliTad, iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa:samxedro bazebis gayvana, axali savizo reJimi da sxva imgvariqmedebebi, romelic ruseTis arakeTilganwyobil ganzraxvasgamoxatavs _ magaliTad, afxazeTisa da CeCneTis konfliqtebi,sadac erTi mxare meorisadmi sruliad mtruladaa ganwyobili.jaba devdariani ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis gafuWebasmxolod ruseTs ar abralebs. igi miiCnevs, rom rodesac ruseTiagresiulad moqmedebs, es nawilobriv saqarTvelos bralicaa.misi azriT, rodesac saqarTvelo konkretul sakiTxSi myarpozicias ikavebs da gaazrebulad moqmedebs, ruseTi Tav-Sekavebulad iqceva. amis aSkara magaliTia 2004 wlis apriliskrizisi aWaraSi, rodesac saakaSvilis mTavrobam ruseTisdaxmarebiT xelisuflebas CamoaSora centrisgan gandgomiliadgilobrivi politikuri lideri. amrigad, jaba devdarianicubrundeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis problemas. isicmiiCnevs, rom saqarTvelos usafrTxoeba – am SemTxvevaSi ukveruseTTan misi urTierTobis aspeqtSi danaxuli – gauaresdaqarTuli mxaris ususurobis gamo: arastabiluri sagareopolitika; liderebis mier ruseTis qmedebebis sakuTari

12 aq vgulisxmob umravlesobaSi myof eTnikur jgufs. saqarTveloSimcxovrebi zogi erovnuli umciresoba ar iziarebs qarTvelebis am azrsruseTis Sesaxeb im saxiT, ra saxiTac igi devdarians aqvs warmodgenili.

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warumateblobebis SesaniRbad gamoyeneba; mTavrobis korum-pirebuloba; mTavrobaSi mtkice poziciis ararseboba _ es issisusteebia, rasac ruseTi Tavis sasargeblod iyenebs.

daskvniT nawilSi jaba devdariani, rogorc qarTvelebisumravlesoba, wuxs imis gamo, rom ruseTi bolomde mainc verSeegua Tavisi imperiuli Zalauflebis dakargvas da cdilobs,rac SeiZleba meti gavlena SeinarCunos saqarTvelosa dakavkasiaze. saqarTvelos usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebuli arcerTi sakiTxi ar aris iseTi mwvave da mtkivneuli, rogoricseparatistebis mier mitacebuli teritoriebis problema,gansakuTrebiT es exeba afxazeTs. qarTvelebs esmiT, romafxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis daumorCileblobis fesvebieTnikur, kulturul da politikur gansxvavebaTa siRrmeebSiZevs. isini acnobiereben, rom saqarTvelos liderebis miergatarebulma politikam _ gansakuTrebiT ki zviad gamsa-xurdias moqmedebebma 1990-1991 wlebSi – kidev ufro gaamwvavaes uTanxmoebebi. isic marTalia, rom movlenaTa spirali,rogorc amas gia nodia da qristof ciurxeri weren, romelmaccentralur mTavrobasa da regionebs Soris Ria ganxeTqilebagamoiwvia, orive mxaris qmedebebma ganapiroba. SeuZlebeliadavadginoT, Tu ram misca biZgi regionSi Zaladobis eskalacias:1988 wels afxazeTis liderebis mier TavianTi teritoriissaqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis Semadgen-lobidan gayvanis mcdelobam Tu 1989 wels qarTuli mxaris miermiRebulma mkacrma zomebma. magram rac unda yofiliyo amismizezi, erTi mxriv, Tbilissa da, meore mxriv, soxum-cxinvalsSoris urTierTobebi imdenad swrafad daiZaba, rom ramdenimeTveSi situacia kontrols ukve aRar eqvemdebareboda (esprocesebi detalurad aris aRwerili ciurxeris mier amavenaSromis Sesabamis nawilSi). qarTvel liderebs iseve ZlieraSinebdaT afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis “arakeTilganwyoba”,rogorc afxazebsa da osebs _ qarTuli represiebi. afxazeTisada oseTis elitas ki eSinoda regionebSi privilegirebulimdgomareobis dakargvis. magram samxedro moqmedebebisdawyeba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, afxazeTSi, ciurxeris azriT, sul

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sxva ramem gamoiwvia: qarTuli dramis saTaveSi is samxedroebida mebrZolebi idgnen, romlebic sargeblobdnen saxelmwifossisustiT da Zaladobas sCadiodnen TavianTi momgebianikriminaluri saqmianobis dasacavad. ciurxeri am jgufebs“Zaladobis sulisCamdgmelebs” uwodebs.

ruseTis roli saomari moqmedebebis dasawyisidanve ZalianmniSvnelovani iyo. saqarTveloSi TiTqmis yvela darwmu-nebulia, rom 1992-1993 wlebis omSi ruseTi afxazebs uWerdamxars. qarTvelebi dRemde fiqroben, rom swored aman ganapi-roba movlenebis saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg Semotrialeba.maTTvis mxolod erTia gaugebari: miTiTebebi moskovidanmodioda Tu es rusuli samxedro meTaurobisa da afxazeTSidislocirebuli nawilebis TviTneburi gadawyvetilebebi iyo.oqsana antonenko Tavis naSromSi gacilebiT rTul istoriasmogviTxrobs, romlisac arc qarTvelebs sjeraT, rasacsaocrad emociurad gamoxataven da arc winamdebare wignisavtorebs. konfliqtSi namdvilad monawileobdnen rusisamxedroebi, magram, antonenkos azriT, ara erTiani fron-tiT. zogi samxedro piri afxazeTis meamboxeebs iaraRsawvdida an hyidda, xolo samxedro sahaero Zalebi sahaeroSetevebs axorcielebdnen qarTuli jaris winaaRmdeg.imavdroulad, 1992 wlis agvistoSi, saqarTvelos afxazeTzeTavdasxmis win amierkavkasiis samxedro olqis (romelicruseTs memkvidreobiT ergo sabWoTa periodidan) me-Taurobam qarTvel meomrebs didZali iaraRi, maT Soris,sakmao raodenobiT tanki gadasca. samxedro moqmedebebissawyis etapze saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul jarebs Sav zRvazedaxmarebas ruseTis samxedro sazRvao flotic uwevda.niSandoblivia, aRniSnavs antonenko, rom moskovis elitispolitikuri simpaTiebi orad gaiyo: misi nawili (maT Soris,prezidenti, sagareo saqmeTa da Tavdacvis ministrebi) mxars“Zlieri da erTiani saqarTvelos” ideas uWerdnen, sxvebs(jarisa da uSiSroebis Zalebis nawils, Crdilokavkasiisregionalur liderebsa da politikosebs) “promoskovuriganwyobis” afxazeTis arseboba surdaT.

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antonenkos azriT, ruseTi afxazeTis problemas arTulebsara avi zraxvebiT, aramed misi saSuamavlo rolis saTanadodSeusruleblobis gamo. damoukidebel qveyanaTa Taname-gobrobis (sadac ruseTs lideris roli akisria) ZalebzeafxazeTSi samSvidobo misiis dakisrebiT, moskovma, pirvelrigSi, miznad daisaxa, ar dauSvas Zaladobis afeTqeba, ramacsaqarTvelosaTvis esoden arasasurveli Sedegebi gamoiwvia _afxazeTis sazRvrebis gaZliereba da misi avtonomia. isicmarTalia, rom ruseT-CeCneTis meore omis gamo ruseTis rolisaqarTveloSi 1999 wlidan ufro uaryofiTi gaxda. rusebi,putinidan dawyebuli, miiCneven, rom qarTvelebi zedmetTanagrZnobas iCenen CeCneTis mimarT da, sul mcire, ar Ta-namSromloben ruseTTan CeCeni mebrZolebisaTvis daxmarebisarxebis gadaketvaSi. amis gamo ruseTi qarTvel liderebs mwvavedakritikebda da CeCnuri safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad pre-venciuli zomebiT imuqreboda sazRvris qarTuli mxridan.xandaxan ruseTis samxedro aviacia Tavs uflebas aZlevda,demonstratiulad mietana ieriSi saqarTvelos teritoriazearsebul samizneebze. 1999 wlidan ruseTma afxazeTTan TavisikavSirebis ganmtkiceba daiwyo. man gaxsna sazRvari, moxsna 1992wlidan sakmaod pirobiTad moqmedi blokada, afxazeTismcxovrebTaTvis ruseTis moqalaqeobis miniWebasTan erTadsaqarTvelos moqalaqeebs savizo reJimi dauwesa. Tumca ZnelisaTqmelia, risi gamoxatuleba iyo es aqciebi: Tbilisze zewolissurvilis Tu ruseTis Sidapolitikuri konfliqtebis arsebobis.yovelive aman kidev ufro daarwmuna qarTvelebi, rom ruseTsar ZaluZs an ar surs, saqarTveloSi arsebul eTnokonfliqtebSimiukerZoebeli momrigeblis roli iTamaSos. mis saxelze asevecudad moqmedebs is faqti, rom man xeli ar Seuwyo sxva mxareebis,maT Soris, arc saerTaSoriso organizaciebis rolis gaZlierebasmSvidobis mxardasaWerad da dasamkvidreblad.

Tu antonenkos mier gamoTqmul azrs ganvavrcobT, ruseTismier saqarTvelosaTvis Seqmnili problema imaze bevrad Rrmada rTulia, vidre es saqarTveloSi warmoudgeniaT. es problemaimdenad ruseTis aSkara agresiuli miznebisaken swrafvaSi ki

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ar gamoixateba, aramed misi surviliT, erTsa da imave mdinareSiorjer Sevides. afxazeTis SemTxvevaSi ruseTis mizani araromelime mxarisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba, aramed orivemaTganze gavlenis SenarCunebaa. oficialurad (da, albaT,gulwrfeladac) igi mzad aris, daicvas saqarTvelos teri-toriuli mTlianoba, magram, imavdroulad, yvelafers akeTebsafxazeTTan kavSirebis gansamtkicebladac. cxadia, mas surs,rom stabiluri saqarTvelo stabiluri amierkavkasiis nawiladixilos, magram amave dros Zalze zrunavs sakuTar zegavlenazeregionSi da ukuagdebs sxva mxareebis (iseTebis, rogorebicaa:aSS, TurqeTi, Crdiloatlantikuri aliansi, gaero, euTo) Carevisideas im sferoSi, romelsac igi Tavisi usafrTxoebis sferodmiiCnevs. metic, antonenko ambobs, rom ruseTis erTi SexedviTmtrul da arakeTilganwyobil qmedebebs _ saqarTvelosmoqalaqeebisaTvis savizo reJimis SemoRebas; afxazeTisa dasamxreT oseTis mosaxleobisaTvis ruseTis moqalaqeobisminiWebas da maTTvis savizo moTxovnebis moxsnas; afxazeTTansarkinigzo mimosvlis aRdgenasa da saqarTvelo-afxazeTisurTierTobebis dasaregulireblad saerTaSoriso iniciativebisarasaTanado mxardaWeras – ufro rTuli safuZveli aqvs.

Tumca antonenko da devdariani imis niSnebsac xedaven, romsaakaSvilis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg ruseTica dasaqarTveloc mzad arian, daiviwyon warsulSi arsebuli zogiuTanxmoeba. devdariani im mniSvnelovan pragmatul miznebzec(ZiriTadad, ekonomikuri xasiaTis) saubrobs, romlebic orivemxares warsuli uTanxmoebebis daviwyebisa da ufro stabiluriurTierTobebis damyarebisaken ubiZgebs. antonenko eTanxmebaam azrs da miuTiTebs, Tu romel sferoebSia SesaZlebeliekonomikuri TanamSromloba. igi miiCnevs, agreTve, rom 2004wlis gazafxulze afxazeTTan da samxreT oseTTan daZabulobisgamwvavebisas moskovi SedarebiT naklebad ewinaaRmdegebodakavkasiaSi ruseTisa da natos TanamSromlobas da saqarTveloSidsT-s samSvidobo Zalebsa da gaeros damkvirveblebs SorisTanamSromlobis gafarToebas. Tumca, miuxedavad saimedoniSnebisa, ori qveynis mmarTvelebs Soris arsebuli undobloba

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momdevno TveebSi ki ar Semcirda, piriqiT, gaizarda kidec. 2005wlis dasawyisSi saakaSvili ukve sakmaod daufaravad miuTi-Tebda, rom saqarTvelos saqme aqvs “msoflioSi yvelaze Zlierda yvelaze agresiul – SesaZloa, ara yvelaze Zlier, magramudavod yvelaze agresiul – ZalasTan”.13 drois TiTqmis imaveperiodSi putinis garemocvasTan daaxloebuli piri aRniSnavda,rom saakaSvili putinSi daaxloebiT igive mtrul ganwyobasaRZravs, rasac “fidel kastro aRZravda amerikel poli-tikosebSi.”14

sagareo situacia: cxovrebiseuli morevi

da koncentruli wreebi

qarTvelebs, raRa Tqma unda, ar sjeraT saswaulis, romodesme maTi geografiuli mdebareoba Seicvleba da saqarTvelodedamiwis sxva kuTxeSi aRmoCndeba, amitom isini acnobierebenCrdiloel mezobelTan Tanacxovrebis aucileblobas. qarTve-lebs imedi aqvT, rom rusebsac esmiT an droTa ganmavlobaSigaigeben, rom maTi usafrTxoeba “saqarTveloSi arsebulisituaciis stabilurobazecaa damokidebuli”15, – aRniSnaerTxel sagareo saqmeTa yofilma ministrma, Tedo jafariZem.magram am or qveyanas Soris arsebuli rTuli urTierTkavSiriSemdeg dilemas warmoSobs: SesaZloa Tu ara arsebuli dabrko-lebebis fonze ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebis dare-gulireba Tu amisaTvis saWiro gaxdeba ufro farTo struq-turuli erTeulis Seqmna? jaba devdariani am ukanasknel azrsiziarebs da saubrobs aSS-is monawileobiT konstruqciuli

13 mixeil saakaSvilis es gancxadeba mocemulia mis yovelwliurmoxsenebaSi qveynis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, romelic man 2005 wlis 10Tebervals parlamentSi gaakeTa.http://www.kvali.com/kvali/index.asp?obiektivi=show&n=12614 2005 wlis 24 marts moskovSi aRebuli interviu.15 Chikhladze, ’’Georgia’s Interim Foreign Minister: Russian Security Depends on GeorgianStabilization.”

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samkuTxedis Seqmnis SesaZleblobaze Tu evrokavSiris rolisgaaqtiurebaze an suamis msgavsi gaerTianebis (romlis wevrebicarian saqarTvelo, ukraina, azerbaijani da moldova, xolo 2005wlis gazafxulisaTvis mis SemadgenlobaSi uzbekeTic Seva)Seqmnaze. Tumca jaba devdariani miiCnevs, rom arc erTzemoCamoTvlil variants raime farTo perspeqtiva ar gaaCnia.swored amaSi mdgomareobs dilemac: ruseT-saqarTvelosurTierTobebi, SesaZloa, waagavdes sxva qveynebis urTi-erTdamokidebulebasac, magaliTad: israel-palestinis;samxreT da CrdiloeT koreis; bolo dromde _ indoeT-pakistanis. es is SemTxvevebia, rodesac or qveyanas Seqmnilisituaciidan gamosavlis povna damoukideblad ar ZaluZs. jabadevdarianis sityvebiT, “mravalSrian” gadawyvetilebebsstruqturuli sirTuleebic emateba, ris gamoc isini naklebadganxorcielebadia.

saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobebis Cixidan gamosayvanadaSS-is, ruseTisa da saqarTvelos sammxriv molaparakebebswarmatebis Teoriuli Sansi gaaCnia, magram realurad aSS-ruseTis strategiuli urTierTqmedeba kavkasiaSi bolo aTiwlis ganmavlobaSi ufro Sejibrs hgavs, vidre TanamSromlobas.16

amrigad, imis magivrad, rom saqarTvelos esargebla am regionSiamerika-ruseTis qmediTi urTierTobebiT, igi am urTierTobebsmsxverplad Seewira. daZabuli momentebis dros, magaliTad,saqarTvelos teritoriaze ruseTis SeWrasTan dakavSirebiT2002 wlis seqtemberSi putinma sruliad usafuZvlo gancxadebagaakeTa saqarTveloSi ruseTis uflebebis Sesaxeb; is, aseveaWianurebs saqarTvelodan samxedro bazebis gayvanas. orive amfaqtis gamo vaSingtoni moskovs TavSekavebisaken mouwodebda,magram aSS-is amgvari Careva ufro Sejibrs hgavda, vidreTanamSromlobas, amitom ruseTs sulac ar gasCenia survili,gadaefasebina saqarTvelosTan urTierToba. piriqiT, ruseTis

16 ruseTs dRemde aqvs postsabWoTa sivrceSi aSS-is samxedro rolisgaZlierebis SiSi. amis Sesaxeb saubaria statiaSi: Svetlana Babaeva, EkaterinaGrigoreva and Nikolai Khorunzhii, ”oni Uzhe nikogda ne uydut ottuda,” Izvestiya,January 25, 2004

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im politikosebma, romlebic kavkasiaSi aSS-is qmedebebspirdapir safrTxed miiCneven, ufro Seupovrad daiwyesTavianTi Sexedulebis mtkiceba.

realurad ki saqarTvelo amerika-ruseTis urTierTobebisorbitaSi moeqca, magram am urTierTobebs Tavisi intere-sebisTvis ver iyenebs. es usiamovno faqti saqarTvelosgarTulebuli strategiuli mdgomareobis erT-erTi magaliTia.am problemis arsi ori metaforiT SeiZleba gamoixatos –cxovrebiseuli morevi da koncentruli wreebi. es ori meta-fora imis gagebaSic gvexmareba, Tu ratomaa fsonebi ase maRaliara mxolod saqarTvelosTvis, aramed sxva qveynebisTvisac.

pirveli metaforis arsi isaa, rom konfliqti kavkasiisCrdiloeTidan – samxreTis, aRmosavleTidan ki dasavleTismimarTulebiT seriozul dabrkolebebs uqmnis konstruqciulTanamSromlobas regionSi. bruno kopitersi aRniSnavs, rommTiani yarabaRis, afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis konfliqtebisgadaWramde SeuZlebelia regionaluri integraciis miRweva.17

metic, yofili sabWoTa kavSiris sxva regionebisagan gansxva-vebiT, am konfliqtebs ara mxolod politikuri gaxleCisa dasatuaciis daZabvisaken mivyavarT, aramed igi regionis qveynebsSoris arsebuli urTierTobebis yvela mxares gansazRvravs.sxva avtorebis azriT, amierkavkasiis urTierTobebisaTvisamorfuloba, daqsaqsuloba da arakeTilganwyobaa dama-xasiaTebeli. dov linCis sityviT, amierkavkasia politikuradsakmaod amowurulia.18 sazRvrebTan dakavSirebuli uTanx-moebebi, ekonomikuri blokada, darRveuli sarkinigzo dasaavtomobilo mimosvla da sasjelis mizniT amuSavebuli savizoreJimi aramcTu xels uwyobs konfliqtis damaregulirebelsavaWro Tu sxva tipis kontaqtebs, aramed TviTonve warmo-adgens regionSi daZabulobis zrdis wyarosa da mizezs. Tqma

17 Bruno Coppieters, EU Policy on the Southern Caucasus, Policy Paper for thecommittee on Foreign Affairs, Human Rights, Common Security, and Defense Policy ofthe European Parliament (January 20, 2004), p.7,. http://www.europarl.eu.int/meetdocs/committees/afet/20040120/wider%20europe%20caucasus.pdf.18 Dov Lynch, ”A Regional Insecurity Dynamic,” in Lynch, The South Caucasus, pp.9-21.

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mxolod imisa, rom regioni moklebulia im instituciebs,romlebic arsebobs msoflios sxva nawilebSi – samxreT-aRmosavleT aziidan dawyebuli dasavleT evropiT damTav-rebuli _ warmoadgens araswor Sefasebas imisas, Tu ramdenadararsebulia institucionalizebuli Tu arainstucionali-zebuli sazogadeobis nebismieri forma somxeTSi, azerbaijansada saqarTveloSi. sxva postsabWouri qveynebis msgavsad, amregionis samive saxelmwifo ibrZvis, raTa damkvidrdes axalpolitikur, ekonomikur da erovnul erTeulad da warmatebismiRwevas samive am mimarTulebiT cdilobs. magram sxva qvey-nebTan SedarebiT, am saxelmwifoebs metad axasiaTebT poli-tikuri institutebis sisuste da korumpirebuloba, rac maTseriozul problemebs uqmnis. aSkaraa, rom Sida stabilurobisarsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki saqarTvelos mainc SeeqmnebodasafrTxe konfliqtur garemocvaSi myofi erTnairad sustisaxelmwifoebisagan. magram ramdenadac mdgomareoba saqarT-velos SigniTac arastabiluria, garefaqtorebi masze gaci-lebiT did gavlenas axdens da arsebuli kataklizmebi qveyanasSeiZleba did safrTxed moevlinos.

de vaali aRniSnavs, rom yovelive zemoTqmulis mizezi aramarto kavkasiaSi arsebuli politikuri daqsaqsulobaa, aramedisic, rom saqarTvelo bevrs arafers akeTebs mdgomareobisgamosasworeblad. avtoris azriT, saqarTvelo, somxeTi daazerbaijani ise arian erTmaneTisagan daSorebulni da imdenadara aqvT ekonomikuri urTierTkavSiri, rom Znelad Tu SeiZlebamaTi aRqma erTian regionad. de vaali wers, rom “amierkavkasiises sami respublika bevri sakiTxis gamo Zalian mtkivneuladaadaSorebuli erTmaneTs”. maT ara aqvT ekonomikuri kavSirebi,risi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mizezic “mmarTveli wreebismaRali kriminalizaciaa”, swored amis gamo ver xerxdeba“kavkasiuri saerTo bazris” magvari erTobis Seqmna. mTeli amxnis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelom cota ram gaakeTa situaciisgamosasworeblad. de vaalis sityvebiT, gamsaxurdias mmarT-velobis periodSi fexs ikidebda azri _ “am gamorCeul evropulqveyanas mesianuri daniSnuleba gaaCnia”. maSin igi Zalze Sors

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iyo regionis dramatizmiT aRsavse cxovrebidan da ruseTisagandistanciaze yofnas cdilobda. eduard SevardnaZem, romelmacprezidentis postze gamsaxurdia Secvala, Zalisxmeva aSS-sTanufro mWidro urTierTobis dasamyareblad mimarTa da, devaalis azriT, igi “TiTqmis ar iCenda saqarTvelos mezoblebTanpolitikuri da ekonomikuri integraciis gaZlierebis inte-ress.” amgvarad, imis magivrad, rom Tavis mezoblebs, somxeTsada azerbaijans, mTiani yarabaRis problemis daregulirebaSidaxmareboda da Suamavlis roli Seesrulebina, saqarTvelomam mimarTulebiT erTi nabijic ki ar gadadga da es roli euTosada ruseTis mTavrobas miando.

saqarTvelo uaRresad daZabuli regionis centrSi mde-bareobs da imis magivrad, rom stabilurobis birTvad iqces,rac misi bunebrivi daniSnulebis Sesabamisi iqneboda, igi,garkveulwilad gamiznuladac, SeiZleba arastabilurobismorevadac gadaiqces. Tuki stabilurobis procesi Seferxdada areuloba daiwyo, maSin “saqarTvelos krizisSi” SeiZlebamisi mezoblebic aRmoCndnen CarTulni, Tundac im mizeziT, romdaicvan TavianTi Tanamemamuleebi da materialuri interesebian Tavidan aicilon am krizisis negatiuri gavlena TavianT Sidaproblemebze. meore mxriv, qveynis daSla ara marto saqarT-velos Sida politikaSi arsebuli warumateblobebiT SeiZlebaiyos gamowveuli; saqarTvelos sazRvrebze arsebuli areuloba,SesaZloa, qveynis Sida teritoriebzec gavrceldes – aseTfaqts adgili aqvs ruseTis CrdiloeT sazRvarze. amgvarad, isevrCeba saSiSroeba imisa, rom saqarTvelo am regionSi stabi-lurobis ganmsazRvrelad ki ar mogvevlineba, piriqiT, sruliadsapirispiro rols Seasrulebs. amas garda, Tu kavkasiisromelime regionSi, maT Soris CrdiloeT kavkasiaSic, movlenaTaganviTarebam feTqebadi saxe miiRo, maSin qveynis SigniTsituaciis gauaresebis yvelaze didi safrTxe saqarTvelosemuqreba.

mixeil saakaSvilis xelisuflebaSi mosvlidan am weli-wadnaxevris Semdegac yvela es safrTxe isev aqtualuria. mTianiyarabaRis konfliqtSi zogjer gaielvebda xolme imedi imisa,

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rom somxebsa da azerbaijanelebs ormxriv molaparakebebzeprogresisTvis mieRwiaT, rac euTos minskis jgufs axaliiniciativebiT gamosvlis saSualebas aZlevda. Tumca xandaxanimis niSnebic Cndeboda, rom baqoSi am problemis mosagvarebladZalis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobasac ixilavdnen. CeCneTSi omigaxangrZlivda, Sesabamisad, misi Tanmdevi problemebicSenarCunda da sakiTxavia, Tu sad iCens igi SemdgomSi Tavs, raTanmdev movlenebs gamoiwvevs da ras moimoqmedebs ruseTisapasuxod. 2004 wlis zafxulSi saqarTvelos xelisuflebamsamxreT oseTSi arsebuli mdgomareobis Secvlis warumatebelimcdeloba ganaxorciela. 2005 wlis ianvarSi evrosabWossaparlamento asambleaze mixeil saakaSvilis mier wardgeniliaxali da, bevris azriT, sakmaod loialuri samSvidobo gegmaerTmniSvnelovnad iqna uaryofili oseTis liderebis mier,romelTac zurgs moskovis pozicia umagrebdaT. am faqtma kidevufro gaamZafra arsebuli imedgacrueba.

arastabiluri kavkasia da saqarTvelo potenciurad are-ulobis morevs ufro warmoadgens, vidre stabilurobis centrsda qmnis sruli regionaluri suraTis mxolod nawils. isinigamoxataven regionSi Semaval qveyanaTa Soris arsebuldanawevrebul da arastabilur urTierTobebs. magram yvela-feri regionis politikuri geografiiT ar Semoifargleba,radgan kavkasiis problema sxvaTa teritoriuli mmarTvelobisgaremocvaSi yofna ki ar aris, aramed is, rom igi aris arena sxvasaxelmwifoebis moqmedebisaTvis; amas ki meore metaforamdemivyavarT: saqarTvelo, rogorc koncentruli wreebis centri.istoriulad kavkasia sxvadasxva imperiaTa Sejaxebis mizezswarmoadgenda. es imperiebi (sparseTis, osmaleTis, ruseTis)axla aRar arsebobs, magram maT adgilas aRmocenebulimemkvidre-saxelmwifoebi – irani, TurqeTi da ruseTi – kvlavaceqiSpebian am teritoriebisaTvis erTmaneTs, zogjer Riad,xSirad ki – farulad. ruseTi ufro metad ewinaaRmdegebakavkasiis saqmeebSi iranisa da TurqeTis Carevas, vidre iranida TurqeTi – ruseTis dominirebas regionSi; magram, rogorcwesi, Teirani da ankara fxizlad adevneben Tvalyurs ruseTis

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moqmedebebs kavkasiaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki energetikis sferoSiarsebul politikas da xSirad garkveul berketebsac iyenebenmoskovis zegavlenis Sesasusteblad.

TurqeTisa da iranis realur gavlenas kavkasiaSi ufrokonkretuli xasiaTi aqvs. igi erTdroulad dadebiTicaa dauaryofiTic, Tumca aris safuZveli, vifiqroT, rom negatiurigavlena Warbobs. miuxedavad amisa, orive saxelmwifo kavkasiiszogierT qveyanas garkveul perspeqtivebs usaxavs: TurqeTiexmareba azerbaijans da saqarTvelos garkveul ekonomikurTanamSromlobas sTavazobs; irani ki somxeTis politikuri dafizikuri izolaciis dones amcirebs. magram iranisa daTurqeTis mniSvnelovani gavlena kavkasiaSi gamowveulia imiT,rom am qveynebs garkveuli problemebi aqvT sxva saxelm-wifoebTan urTierTobebSi. ruseTisa da somxeTis Semdeg iranimesame qveyanaa, romelic azerbaijanis usafrTxoebas emuqreba.arif iunusovis azriT, arsebobs potenciuri daZabulobisramdenime wyaro: iranis mravalricxovani azerbaijanulimosaxleobis vnebaTaRelva, kaspiis zRvis gazis sabadoebzexelmisawvdomoba da azerbaijanis Siitebis (umravlesobaSimyofi religiuri jgufi19) mimarT iranis mier gatarebulipolitika, Tumca irani ar cdilobda, regionSi momxdariareuloba, maT Soris, mTian yarabaRSic, Tavis sasargeblodgamoeyenebina da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi somxeT-azerbai-janis konfliqtis daregulirebaSic ki monawileobda.20 magramazerbaijanelebs imdeni problema aqvT, rom iranelebis esTavSekavebuloba bevrs arafers niSnavs.

somxeTisaTvis amgvari aforiaqebis mizezs TurqeTiwarmoadgens: misi roli yarabaRis konfliqtSi umniSvnelo

19 Arif Yunusov, ”Azerbaijan’s Security Problems and Policies, ” in Lynch, The SouthCaucasus, p.14620 mTiani yarabaRis konfliqtis daregulirebis mizniT iranma erTa-derTxel ganaxorciela warumatebeli mcdeloba, konfliqtis monawileori mxare molaparakebis magidasTan daesva 1992 wlis maisSi. ixileT:Thomas de Waal, Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War (NewYork: New York University Press, 2003), p. 180

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gavleniT ar Semoifargleba; TurqeTi azerbaijanis mokavSirea,somxeTis blokadaSi mTavar rgols warmoadgens da daJinebiTamtkicebs, rom yarabaRis problemis gadawyveta mxolodTurqeT-somxeTis urTierTobebis normalizebis Sedegadgaxdeba SesaZlebeli. miuxedavad damoukideblobis mopovebispirvel wlebSi somxeTis mcdelobisa, daeviwyebina mZimeistoriuli warsuli (1915 wels Turqebis mier somxebismasobrivi Jletac ki), mTiani yarabaRis Semdeg somxeTisaRSfoTeba kvlav gaZlierda da xelaxali ZaliT wamoiWra azri,rom TurqeTs kavkasiaSi Tavisi batonobis aRdgena surs dasomxeTis ganadgurebazec ar ityvis uars, Tuki amiT Tavismizans miaRwevs.21

situacias arTulebs im qveynebis mtruli urTierTobebi,romlebic kavkasiaSi arsebul masStabur konfliqtebsa dadapirispirebebSi monawileoben. saqme is ki ar aris, romazerbaijansa da TurqeTs Soris mWidro urTierToba amZimebsmaT damokidebulebas iranTan da iwvevs iransa da TurqeTsSoris uTanxmoebas, arc is, rom somxeTsa da irans SorisurTierTobebi ganapirobebs TurqeTTan damokidebulebas,aramed is, rom samxreTsa da dasavleTSi mdebare isedacarastabiluri regionebi maTi gavlenis qveS eqcevian. azer-baijan-TurqeTis kavSirebi moqmedebs israelze, iran-somxeTisurTierTobebi ki _ saberZneTze. amgvar dinamikas kavkasiissaerTaSoriso politika saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Semdgomkoncentrul wreSi Sehyavs da Cndeba saSiSroeba, rom axloaRmosavleTisa da balkaneTis politika, SesaZloa, kavkasiasacmoedos. Sesabamisad, kavkasiis sisuste da arastabilurobamimdebare regionebis arastabilurobas erwymis.

ukanaskneli gare koncentruli wre ufro politikurixasiaTisaa, vidre geografiuli. es aris kavkasiis saqmeebSiudidesi saxelmwifoebis monawileobis xarisxi. aSS, evropulisaxelmwifoebic da evrokavSiric miiCneven, rom regionSi maTacaqvT TavianTi interesebi. dainteresebis yvelaze did mizezs

21 De Waal, Black Garden, pp.274-75.

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kaspiis zRvasa da mis sanapiroze arsebuli navTobisa da gazismaragi warmoadgens. evropul bazrebze am maragis gatanisgzebis SerCeva ki qmnis garepolitikur da savaWro problemebs.kaspiis navTobsa da gazTan dakavSirebuli politika umTav-resad maT transportirebas exeba da ara warmoebas, amitomacam politikis Sedegebi yvelaze metad ainteresebs aSS-s, Tu arCavTvliT ruseTs, es faqti ki am or qveyanas Soris qiSpobiskidev erT mizezi xdeba. ruseTis mxridan Sesabamisi reaqciagamoiwvia bil klintonis prezidentobis dros aSS-is mTavrobisgadawyvetilebam, uzrunveleyoT navTobisa da gazis trans-portireba aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT – TurqeTis gavliT daara samxreTiT (radganac es iranis reJimis ganmtkicebasSeuwyobda xels) anda CrdiloeTiT (amis Sedegad moskovs amregionis energomwarmoebel qveynebze zegavlenis Zlieriberketebi Seeqmneboda). Sedegad, baqodan saqarTvelos gavliTTurqeTis port jeihanSi mimavali axali navTobsadenismSenebloba (riskenac didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ase iswrafoda aSS)vaSingtonsa da moskovs Soris dapirispirebis sagnad iqca daara TanamSromlobis safuZvlad.

kaspiis zRvis regionis navTobsa da gazTan dakavSirebulisaerTaSoriso politika ganxilulia am wignis damien helisa dagiorgi gogias mier Sedgenil nawilSi; Cvens amocanas arwarmoadgens am sakiTxis ufro Rrma kvleva, aRvniSnavT mxoloderTs, rom saTamaSo moedani aq ufro farToa da centraluraziasa da kavkasiasac moicavs. am moedanze mesame mxaris yvelazemniSvnelovan moTamaSeebs evropuli qveynebi, irani, TurqeTi,CineTi da navTobis yvelaze didi mwarmoeblebi warmoadgenen,xolo TamaSis dros iyeneben rogorc konkurenciis, iseTanamSromlobis wesebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom xSirad politikuriTvalsazrisiT winaaRmdegobriv sakiTxs navTobsadenis gayvanisTaobaze Tavisi dadebiTi mxarec gaaCnia, xolo xandaxan, kaspiisnavTobsadenis konsorciumis SemTxvevaSi, amerikis SeerTebuliStatebi da ruseTi SeTanxmebuladac ki moqmedebdnen. magrambaqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis, saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamavaliumsxvilesi navTobsadenis, SemTxvevaSi saqmis viTareba sul

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sxvagvarad iyo: es navTobsadeni Tavidanve aRizianebda ruseTs,gansakuTrebiT ki qveynis sagareo saqmeTa saministros, racruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebis gauaresebis kidev erTisababi gaxda.

bunebrivia, kavkasiaSi aSS-is interesTa sferoSi ara mxolodnavTobi Sedis da bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi es sfero mniSv-nelovnad gafarTovda kidec. brenda Saferi da sxva mkvlevrebiaRniSnaven, rom 11 seqtembris Semdeg saqarTvelom da azerbai-janma (ufro metad, am ukanasknelma) gansakuTrebuli mniSvne-loba SeiZines vaSingtonisaTvis terorizmTan brZoliskonteqstSi.22 amrigad, buSis administraciis mier ganxor-cielebuli brZola, gaeuqmebinaT kongresis mier dawesebuliSezRudvebi azerbaijanisaTvis daxmarebis gamoyofis Taobaze,gamowveuli iyo ara navTobTan dakavSirebuli interesebiT,aramed saerTaSoriso terorizmis problemiT; amave mizezisgamo pentagonma ufro yuradRebiT ganixila am qveynebis roliaSS-is strategiul gegmebSi. magram, miuxedavad imisa, rom aSSda ruseTi erTnairad arian Sewuxebuli saerTaSoriso tero-rizmis problemiT da masTan brZolis sferoSi bevri mimarTu-lebiT TanamSromloben kidec, maTi warmodgenebi kavkasiaSiarsebuli safrTxis faqtorebsa da maTTan brZolis meTodebzenaklebad emTxveva erTmaneTs. miuxedavad xsenebul sakiTxzeaSS-sa da ruseTis msgavsi poziciebisa, maT aqvT gansxvavebuliSexeduleba terorizmis wyaroebsa da kavkasiis konfliqtebze,rac saqarTvelos ar aZlevs saSualebas, garkveuli urTierTobaCamoayalibos erT-erTTan ise, rom Tavi aaridos meoriszewolas. Sedegad, terorizmTan brZola ar uqmnis saqarTvelosarc aSS-sTan urTierTobebis ganmtkicebis myar safuZvels daarc ruseTTan saqmis daWeris xelsayrel pirobebs.

rogorc wesi, saqarTveloc, azerbaijanica da somxeTicruseTsa da SeerTebul Statebs regionSi mTavar figurebadTvlian. regionSi arsebuli krizisuli situaciis, mosaxleobisgaRizianebisa da arsebuli qaosis gamo bunebrivi iqneboda,

22 Brenda Shaffer, ’’U.S. Policy, ” in Lynch, The South Caucasus, pp. 58-59.

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daxmareba da civ gonebaze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi garepirebisgan modiodes. magram radganac arc moskovi da arcvaSingtoni ar aRiqmeba erTnairad keTilganwyobil partniorad,Tbilisi, baqo da erevani iZulebulni arian, maT Soris arCevanigaakeTon da Semdeg arCeuli qveynis keTilganwyoba moipovon.magram is faqti, rom aSS-sTan srulyofili aliansi SeuZle-belia, xolo analogiuri aliansi ruseTTan _ arasasurveli(somxeTisTvisac ki), amierkavkasiis am qveynebs aiZulebs,SeinarCunon urTierTobebi orive ZalasTan. vimeorebT: realobamkacria da sifrTxiles moiTxovs.

amgvarad, saqarTvelos winaSe mdgari usafrTxoebis prob-lemis ormag bunebas _ “saxelmwifoebriobis simyife” da“arastabiluri garemocva” _ urTierTdakavSirebul sakiTxTaurTulesi kompleqsi udevs safuZvlad. imis gamo, rom saxezeasaxelmwifoebriobis problemis mravali CaxlarTuli aspeqti_ rTulia, magram ara SeuZlebeli _ aixsnas, Tu ratom gaakeTasaqarTvelom ase cota ram mis winaSe mdgari problemisgadasawyvetad saWiro strategiuli doqtrinis gaazrebisa daformulirebisaTvis. mis mier damuSavebul nawilSi daviTdarCiaSvili ganixilavs am mimarTulebiT gadadgmul ramdenimewarumatebel nabijs – Tavdacvis doqtrinis msgavsi dokumentisSemuSavebis sxvadasxvagvar mcdelobas. arc erT maTgans – 1997wels saqarTvelos parlamentis mier miRebuli e. w. “samxedrodoqtriniT” dawyebuli, 2003 wels mTavrobis mier ganxor-cielebuli unayofo mcdelobiT damTavrebuli – praqtikuliSedegi ar mohyolia. yvela es dokumenti, maT Soris, 2002 welssamxedroebis mier gamocemuli “TeTri wigni” da 2000 wlisoficialuri dokumenti “momavlis xedva da strategia” an ariyo saTanadod momzadebuli politikuri maRali wreebis mierimisaTvis, rom maT sayovelTao aRiareba moepovebinaT, ansakmaod arazusti iyo da ar miesadageboda saqarTvelos mkacrrealiebs.

2000 wlis dokumentSi “momavlis xedva da strategia”zogadadaa saubari saqarTvelos moqalaqeebSi “konstituciiserTgulebisa da saerTo moqalaqeobis” grZnobis ganmtkicebaze

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da “regionebsa da xalxSi erovnuli erTianobis grZnobisgaZlierebiT saxelmwifos konsolidaciaze”.23 am dokumentSimiTiTebulia, agreTve, rom aucilebelia “grZelvadianierovnuli programis” miReba. yovelive es problemas kiayenebda, magram ar aanalizebda mas; gamoyofda amocanas,magram ar aRwerda mis Semadgenel nawilebs. zogadi principebis_ teritoriuli mTlianobis pativiscema, adamianis uflebebisdacva, blokadebis moxsna da garemos dacva – Camoyalibebakargia, magram es, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, mxolod orientiriada ara safrTxis analizisa da masze reagirebis strategiisSemuSavebisaTvis saWiro amosavali wertili

daviT darCiaSvili aRniSnavs, rom prezidenti saakaSvilida misi gundi Seudgnen usafrTxoebis erovnuli koncefciisSemuSavebas, romelic ganixilavs saqarTvelos winaSe mdgarkonkretul problemebs. 2005 wlis gazafxulisaTvis igiTiTqmis dasrulebuli iyo. SeZleben Tu ara qveynis liderebiTavianTi winamorbedebis SezRudulobis daZlevas, damoki-debulia imaze, Tu ramdenad moaxerxeben isini miznis miRwevasda gardasuli wlebis apaTiisa Tu biurokratiuli indiferen-tulobis daZlevas. daviT darCiaSvili miiCnevs, rom am sferoSiZiriTadi mamoZravebeli principebis ararsebobis pirobebSiZalze Znelia qmediTi samxedro strategiis SemuSaveba,samxedro Zalebis aucilebeli raodenobis dadgena da amo-canebis gadanawileba. 2000 wlis koncefcia “momavlis xedva dastrategia” strategiis sakiTxebs calke nawilSi ganixilavs,sadac ufro naTladaa naCvenebi kavSiri moTxovnilebasa dadakmayofilebas Soris. dokumentSi weria, rom saqarTvelosunda gaaCndes unari, daicvas mis teritoriaze arsebulimilsadenebi, “gansazRvruli ZalebiT gaumklavdes Setevas”,Tavidan aicilos “sasazRvro zonebSi mcire jgufebis SeRweva”da aRmofxvras “mezobel qveynebSi Zaladobis afeTqebisSedegad warmoSobili SesaZlo areulobebi da vnebaTaRelvasasazRvro zonebSi”. dokumentSi gakvriTaa naxsenebi, rom

23 Georgia and the World: A Vision and a Strategy for the Future”, October 10, 2000.

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qveyanas aucileblad unda hyavdes iseTi jari, romelic “winaRudgeba nebismieri saxis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Setevas,romlis mizansac saqarTvelos dayofa, misi politikurisistemis an mmarTvelobis formis Zalismieri gziT Secvlawarmoadgens”; magram dokumentis sxva nawilebSi ufro rea-listuri saubaria: qveyanas unda “SeeZlos, gaumklavdessafrTxes saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobisagan daxmarebismiRebamde.”24 Tumca daviT darCiaSvili aRniSnavs, rom jer kidevbevria gasakeTebeli Tavdacvis sferoSi praqtikuli da kargadCamoyalibebuli poziciebis SesamuSaveblad.

garesamyaro

Tuki qarTvelebis mcdeloba, garkveuliyvnen maTi qveyniswinaSe mdgari usafrTxoebis rTul amocanebSi, marcxiTdamTavrda, SeZles Tu ara gare Zalebma, daedginaT saqarT-velosadmi TavianTi interesi da epovaT optimaluri gzebi misdasacavad? _ rogorc damien heli da giorgi gogia TavianTnawilSi amtkiceben, bolo dromde maT bevri veraferi SeZles.sabWoTa kavSiris daSlidan karga xnis manZilze evropelebmada amerikelebma araTu mTeli sisruliT ver aRiqves saqarT-velosa da regionis problemebi, aramed, qarTvelebisagangansxvavebiT, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi jerovnad verc kiafasebdnen aq arsebul interesebs.

amerikelebisa da evropelebis gasamarTleblad unda iTqvas,am interesebis Sefaseba sakmaod Zneli iyo. erTi SexedviT,navTobi rom ara, gare ZalebisaTvis upriani iqneboda, gas-clodnen regionSi arsebul qaoss, daZabulobasa da CamorCe-nilobas da rogorc es Cernobilis reaqtorTan dakavSirebiTmoxda, politikuri “sarkofagi” aeSenebinaT. miuxedavad imisa,rom irani da TurqeTi kavkasias esazRvreba, maT aqvT mizezi,yuradReba am regionis gareT mdebare, sxva, ufro mniSvnelovan

24 “Georgia and the World”.

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politikur sakiTxebze gadaitanon. evropelebs ki sakmaoproblemebi aqvT TavianT saxlTan axlos Tu TviT saxlSi. aSS-snaklebad sWirdeba, msoflios kidev erT regionSi gaataroscvlilebebi da daamyaros wesrigi. iqneb, arc rusebisTvisyofiliyo cudi, gaurkvevel mdgomareobaSi myofi kavkasiisaganSors daeWiraT Tavi da yuradReba sxva qveynebsa da regionebzegadaetanaT, iseTebze, rogoricaa: ukraina, belorusi dacentraluri azia _ es regionebi ekonomikuri, strategiuli dapolitikuri TvalsazrisiT bevrad mniSvnelovania maTTvis.

faqtia, rom arc erTi es qveyana msgavss arafers gaakeTebs,upirveles yovlisa, warsuli umoqmedobis gamo – sxvadasxvavaraudis, araswori midgomisa Tu miswrafebis, simxdalis da immoqmedebebis gamo, romlebmac isini am situaciamde miiyvana.ase rom, savaraudoa, moqmed pirTa umravlesoba da, maT Soris,ruseTic, momavalSic igive politikas gaatarebs kavkasiasTanmimarTebaSi, rasac adre – Tu, ra Tqma unda, regionSi ganviTare-buli movlenebi radikalurad ar Seicvala an, rogorc esruseTSi moxda, 2004 wlis zafxulsa da Semodgomaze CeCneTisomTan dakavSirebuli terorizmis axali talRa ar aiZulebsputinis administracias, uecrad ufro mkacr politikazegadavides. amas mowmobs putinis axleburi gancxadeba, saWi-roebis SemTxvevaSi CeCen an sxva qveynis teroristebTanbrZolis ruseTis sazRvrebs gareT warmoebis Sesaxeb daruseTis politikuri elitis warmomadgenlebis gaufrT-xilebeli gancxadebebi afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi ruseTispoziciebis gaZlierebis Taobaze am teritoriebis de faqtostatusis oficialuri aRiarebiT. magram dabejiTebiT SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom kavkasiis regionis gareT myofi arc erTi qveyana,maT Soris, ruseTic, ar aris dResdReobiT mzad, mkveTri zomebimiiRos kavkasiaSi Tavisi interesebis dasacavad. imavdroulad,Cans, rom arc erTi maTgani arc kavkasiis datovebas apirebs.amgvarad, erTi mxriv, maT ar SeswevT Zala, Secvalon dRevan-deli urTierTobebi, daaCqaron cvlilebebi an xeli SeuwyonmSvidobis damyarebas. meore mxriv, isini imisTvis ar arian mzad,rom riskze wavidnen da arsebuli arastabiluroba TavianT

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sasargeblod gamoiyenon: gaaZevon konkurentebi da Seqmnanstrategiuli sayrdeni punqtebi.

meore mizezi, Tu ratom ver daiviwyeben sxva qveynebisaqarTvelosa da kavkasias – rac, TavisTavad, dadebiTi faqtia– aris politikosebisa da analitikosebis argumentebi, riTacisini cdiloben, TavianTi mTavrobebi daarwmunon, yuradRebamiaqcion am regions. ra adgilic unda eWiros kavkasias msofliossaerTo sistemaSi, iq ganviTarebulma movlenebma – dadebiTmacda uaryofiTmac – SeiZleba iseTi masStabebi miiRos, rombriuselis, berlinis, parizis, vaSingtonisa da sxvebis interesinamdvilad gaamarTlos. Cveulebriv, interesTa siis saTaveSinavTobi da gazi dgas. gazi ufro evropelebisTvisaa mniSv-nelovani, navTobi – amerikisTvis, iranis, TurqeTisa daruseTisaTvis ki – orive erTad.25 siaSi Semdgom ukve SeSfoTebismizezebia CamoTvlili: narkotikebis, iaraRisa da sxva msgavsinakadebi, gansakuTrebiT gandgomil teritoriebze da maTgarSemo; afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis gadauWreli konf-liqtebis ganaxlebis riski da teroristebis mier am teri-toriebis placdarmad gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba. irans, Tur-qeTsa da ruseTs saSualeba aqvT, Tvalyuri adevnon, Tu rogorSeaRwevs regionSi aRmocenebuli arastabiluroba maT saerTosazRvrebSi, xolo 2007 wels bulgareTisa da rumineTisevrokavSirSi Sesvlis Semdeg evropelebic kavkasiis uSualomezoblebi gaxdebian. rogorc damien heli da giorgi gogiaaRniSnaven, evropa arasdros igrZnobs sruliad usafrTxodTavs, Tu kavkasia misi usafrTxoebis zonis miRma aRmoCndeba.

amerikelebs 11 seqtembris Semdeg sxva safiqrali gauCndaT:isini am regions, gansakuTrebiT ki azerbaijans, terorizmis

25 xSirad amtkiceben, rom aSS sinamdvileSi didad ar aris am regioniTdainteresebuli, mas arc misi navTobi ainteresebs, radganac amerikisbazarze am regionidan Semosuli navTobis raodenoba amerikis mierimportirebuli navTobis mTliani raodenobis Zalze mcire nawilsSeadgens. magram am dros yuradRebis miRma rCeba is faqti, rom realuradaSS-s ainteresebs, msoflio bazars navTobis maqsimaluri raodenobamiewodebodes.

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winaaRmdeg warmoebul axal omSi bastionis rols aniWeben. aSS-sarcTu ise bevri saxelmwifo hyavs mokavSired, sadac mo-saxleobis umravlesoba musulmania. aseT saxelmwifoebsvaSingtoni did mniSvnelobas ara mxolod maTi placdarmadgamoyenebisaTvis aniWebs, aramed sxva qveynebisaTvis magaliTismisacemad. cxadia, ruseTi am regions Tavisi Sida interesebisganuyofel nawilad miiCnevs – CeCneTis omiT dawyebuli, misiSeiaraRebuli Zalebis ganTavsebiT damTavrebuli; ruseTisaTvises regioni misi saxelmwifo monopoliebis, telekomunikaciaSi,energetikasa da sxva sferoebSi moqmedebis korporaciebispotenciuri arealia.

damien helisa da giorgi gogias miaCniaT, rom mTeli rigiiniciativebisa da mniSvnelovani daxmarebis miuxedavad, bolo aTiwlis ganmavlobaSi arc evropelebi da arc amerikelebi saTanadodar afasebdnen saqarTvelos problemebs. marTalia, aSS da evropasaqarTvelos ufro met daxmarebas uwevdnen (erT sul mosaxlezegaangariSebiT), vidre romelime postsabWoTaqveyanas, magram isiniar Cqarobdnen, mtkiced daeyenebinaT sakiTxi, es daxmarebauSualod institucionalur gardaqmnebsa da korufciasTanseriozul brZolas moxmareboda. isini TanaugrZnobdnen sa-qarTvelos dakarguli teritoriebis gamo, magram ar surdaT,Tavis Tavze aeRoT damkvirvebelTa saerTaSoriso jgufis Seqmnisiniciativa, romelic saqarTvelos ruseTze damokidebulebasSeamcirebda. mTel rig SemTxvevebSi da, maT Soris, xelaxalidaZabulobis warmoqmnisas 2004 wels, isini cdilobdnen, ekon-trolebinaT samxreT oseTis feTqebadi situacia, magram arsurdaT, konfliqtis gadawyvetaSi ufro aqtiurad CasarTavadeuTos iniciativebisaTvis daeWiraT mxari. evrokavSirSi Tavidan“amierkavkasiisaTvis strategiis” SemuSavebis Taobaze saub-robdnen, magram Semdeg es sakiTxi Riadve datoves. aSS mxarsuWerda saqarTvelos moskovsa da Tbiliss Soris urTierTobebisgamwvavebis momentebSi, magram ar cdilobda, Suamavlis roliekisra am ori qveynis samomavlo urTierTobebis daregulirebaSi.

“vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg sagrZnoblad gaizarda aSS-is,evrokavSirisa da Crdiloatlantikuri aliansis aqtivoba.

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SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis bolo periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli“donorebis daRlilobis” sindromi ekonomikuri daxmarebisaxalma talRam Secvala: ase magaliTad, 2004 wels briuselSigamarTul donorebis konferenciaze saerTaSoriso sazo-gadoebriobam saqarTvelosaTvis 1 miliardi aSS dolarisgadacemis valdebuleba ikisra. amas garda, Crdiloatlantikurmaaliansma da evrokavSirma ufro aqtiuri qmedebebi daiwyo amqveyanasTan mimarTebaSi. am orive organizaciam daCqarebulreJimSi SeimuSava Tanmimdevruli samoqmedo gegma, romlisganxorcieleba saqarTvelos maTi organizaciebis moTxovnebsa dapraqtikul saqmianobas miuaxloebda. 2005 wlis maisSi prezidentjorj buSis (pirveli amerikeli prezidenti, romelic sa-qarTvelos estumra) vizitma naTlad gausva xazi vaSingtonissurvils, gamoxatos simpaTia axali reJimisadmi da imavdroulad_ Tavisi SeSfoTeba Tbilisisadmi moskovis mkacri poziciis gamo.

masStaburia samomavlo amocanebi da Tu evropasa da aSS-snamdvilad surT cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba, maT mouwevTbevrad metis gakeTeba, vidre gaakeTes. dasavleTis daxmareba,upirveles yovlisa, unda moxmardes saxelmwifoebriobis Senebasada iseTi institutebis Camoyalibebas, romlebic SeZlebenkorufciasTan brZolas da mTavrobisadmi xalxis ndobis aRdgenas;magram aseve saWiroa, afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis gayinulikonfliqtebis gadawyvetisaken swrafvac. damien helisa da giorgigogias azriT, dasavleTi acnobierebs: garesamyaros aq raimesSecvla mxolod mravalmxrivi ZalisxmeviT Tu SeuZlia – anu Tuyvela mxaris, maT Soris, ruseTis, resursebi da gavlena iqnebagamoyenebuli. isini aRniSnaven, rom, samwuxarod, ruseTi,faqtobrivad, arasdros uWerda mxars aseT mravalmxriv midgomas,dasavleTma ki Zalze cota ram gaakeTa imisaTvis, rom mravalmxrivimidgomis efeqturoba daemtkicebina. situaciis gamosworeba verSeZlo 2005 wlis ianvarSi saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier SeTa-vazebulma samxreT oseTis konfliqtis mSvidobiani dare-gulirebis, uprecedento daTmobebis Semcvelma gegmamac. amgegmas dadebiTad Sexvdnen evropac da amerikis SeerTebuliStatebic, magram moskovSi vizitiT myofma samxreT oseTis

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liderma eduard kokoiTma es gegma calsaxad uaryo da misimoskoveli maspinZlebi arc ki Seecadnen mis gadarwmunebas.

saqarTvelos dasavleTTan urTierTobisas kvlav rCebaerTi mtkivneuli momenti, razec am wignis bevri avtoriamaxvilebs yuradRebas: saqarTvelo meryeobs dasavlursamyaroSi integraciis imedsa da dasavleTis (romelsac vergadauwyvetia, mtkiced aRuTqvas saqarTvelos, rom es namdvi-lad moxdeba) arausafuZvlo yoymans Soris. dasavleTzeorientirebul saqarTvelos axal xelisuflebas araTu mxolodsurs, saqarTvelo natosa da evrokavSiris wevri gaxdes, aramedimedi aqvs, rom es uaxloes momavalSi moxdeba. vaSingtonsa dabriusels ar surT, civi wyali gadaasxan saqarTvelos daSeumciron reformebis gatarebis stimuli, magram isini jerkidev ar arian mzad, sabolood gansazRvron saqarTvelosmomavali. amgvari ormagi damokidebuleba aisaxeba iseTpozitiur wamowyebebSic, rogoricaa saqarTvelo-natosurTierTTanamSromlobis gegma da evrokavSiris mier SemuSa-vebuli keTilmezoblobis axali evropuli politika. esdokumentebi dasavleTis damokidebulebis Sida gaorebazemetyvelebs. amgvar daurwmuneblobas is riskic axlavs, romsaqarTvelo aRmoCndeba uSedegod momlodine – im mdgoma-reobaSi, romelSic imyofeboda ukraina didi xnis ganmavlobaSinatosa da evrokavSirTan mimarTebaSi da romelmac mxolod“narinjisferi revoluciis” Semdeg daiwyo Secvla.

ra mniSvnelovanic unda iyos yvela es Sexeduleba, maTSijerovnad ar aris Sefasebuli garesamyaros, maT Soris aSS-isada evropis, daintereseba saqarTvelosa da misi mezoblebisbediT. maTi dainteresebulobis xarisxis SesafasebladmxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT postsabWoTa sivrceSi mimdinareprocesebi. is, rac odesRac sabWoTa kavSirs warmoadgenda, axlaaRar aris erTiani organizmi. es aris mudmivad daSlis procesSimyofi sivrce, sadac saxelmwifoebs TavianTi qveregionebiproblemebs uqmnian, Sordebian ruseTis birTvs da xSiradmSfoTvare samezoblos erwymian. postsabWoTa sivrceSiarsebuli tendenciebi Zalze hgavs erTmaneTs da amgvari

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daSlis miuxedavad es nawilebi urTierTqmedeben da saerTa-Soriso sazogadoebriobisaTvis erTian rTul SenaerTs qmnian.am TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelosa da misi mezoblebis problemebsufro didi mniSvneloba aqvT, vidre es gareSe damkvirveblebisumravlesobas hgonia; es mniSvneloba sam rameSi gamoixateba:pirvel rigSi, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg evropasa da aSS-Si usafuZvlod miiCnies, rom axladaRmocenebuli saxel-mwifoebis umravlesoba male “demokratizaciis mesame talRasSeerwymeboda”, anu maT sabazro ekonomikaze dafuZnebuli Ria,demokratiuli politikuri reJimebis Seqmnis survili gauCnde-bodaT. bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi gare damkvirveblebs TiTqosTvali aexilaT postsabWoTa qveynebis Secdomebsa da meryeobebze. magram verc erTma mZlavrma saxelmwifom, postsabWoTasivrcesTan yvelaze axlos mdebaremac ki, ver gaacnobiera issafrTxe, rom axladwarmoqmnili saxelmwifoebis umravlesobaam axali saukunis mijnaze ara WeSmariti (Tundac arasrul-yofili) demokratiis formebs irCevda, aramed mis arali-beralur da yalb variants. vaSingtonSi, briuselsa Tu tokioSi(da, gasakviri arcaa, rom arc pekinsa da moskovSi) bevripolitikosi arc dafiqrebula imaze, Tu ra safrTxe SeiZlebamoutanos maT qveynebs postsabWouri qveynebis demokratiulrelsebze gadasvlis warumatebelma mcdelobebma.

“vardebisa” Tu “narinjisfer” revoluciebamde da 2005 wlismartSi yirgizeTSi momxdar areulobamde suraTi naklebadsaimedo iyo. qveynebma, romlebmac Zveli politikuri saxeSeinarCunes – belorusma, TurqmeneTma da uzbekeTma – aranairireforma ar gaatares, magram amis gamo isini ara Tu warsulisgadmonaSTebiT savse izolirebul wreSi aRmoCndnen, piriqiT, maTbevri sxva saxelmwifoc SeuerTda, romelTac mTlianad Tu ara,nawilobriv mainc surdaT maTi mibaZva. praqtikulad, mTelicentraluri azia, maT Soris yirgizeTic, romlis saxelmwifomeTauric Tavdapirvelad demokratiis gulwrfeli mimdevari iyo,TandaTanobiT CamoSorda am gzas: uaryo Ria politikurikonkurencia, qmediTi politikuri partiebi; politikurigadawyvetilebis miRebisas gamWvirvaloba da sityvis Tavi-

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sufleba. 2004 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis pirveli turisCatarebisas ukraina araTu miuaxlovda, aramed kidev ufrodaSorda demokratias. xelisufleba yovelgvar zRvars gadavida,ramac sazogadoebis mxridan saqarTvelos 2003 wlis msgavsireaqcia gamoiwvia, magram kidev ufro dramatuli SedegebiT.ruseTis SemTxvevaSi cota Tu SeeZlo aexsna, Tu rogor SeZlesrusebma “marTuli demokratiis” damkvidreba liberaluridemokratiis niRbis qveS. kavkasiaSi _ somxeTSi da azerbaijanSi(da ara saqarTveloSi) _ 2003 wels Catarebuli saprezidento dasaparlamento arCevnebi araswori mimarTulebiT warimarTa.

SesaZlebelia, saqarTvelos, ukrainisa da yirgizeTis revolu-ciebi im istoriul tendencias warmoadgendnen, romelsac SeuZlia,SeaCeros an Semoatrialos demokratiuli reformebisagan daSo-rebuli procesebi. magram amisaTvis am revoluciebis meTaurebmaunda daamtkicon, rom isini kvlav adganan demokratizaciis gzasda maT ZaluZT maT qveyanaSi arsebuli problemebis nawilobrivigadaWra mainc. miuxedavad imisa, rom jer kidev ar viciT, moaxerxebsTu ara saakaSvilis mTavroba mis winaSe mdgari kolosalurisirTuleebis daZlevas da SeZlebs Tu ara igi, SeinarCunospluralizmi, Ria politika, gamWvirvaloba da konkurentuliekonomikuri garemo – xelisuflebaSi iseTi liderebis mosvla,romelTac swamT, rom aseTi RirebulebebiT unda ixelmZRvanelon,angrevs postsabWoTa saxelmwifoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel zogadaramarTebul tendenciebs.

gulubryviloba iqneboda, gveTqva, rom saqarTvelosa daukrainaSi ganviTarebul movlenebs (rom aRaraferi vTqvaTyirgizeTze) ZaluZs, suli STaberos sxva qveynebis sazoga-doebriobas da daafrTxos maTi avtoritari liderebi. Tundacimitom, rom jer kidev ar viciT, ramdenad myaria ama Tu imqveyanaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi.26 da mainc, Tuki

26 Tu belorusis, yazaxeTis, tajikeTis, azerbaijanisa da ruseTisliderebs surT, Tavidan aicilon movlenaTa ganviTarebis qarTulivarianti, maT unda izrunon, rom opoziciam ver SeZlos quCisdemonstraciebis organizeba, Tumca, aman ar gaamarTla yirgizeTSipolitikuri qaosisas, biSkekSi 2005 wlis martis movlenebis dros.

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postsabWoTa sivrceSi progresuli cvlilebebi xorcieldeba,amas didi mniSvneloba aqvs stabilurobis SenarCunebisaTvisrogorc am teritoriaze, ise mTel msoflioSi. maSin imedisyoveli gamobrwyineba – pozitivizmis yoveli gamomJRavnebulielementi – garedan Zalian Zlier mxardaWeras saWiroebs. kidevimitomac, rom postsabWoTa sivrceSi Sida kavSirebis moSlisgamo erT saxelmwifos meoreze zegavlena SeuZlia moxdinosmxolod uSualo mezoblobaSi. am sivrceSi cvlilebebi,metwilad, qveregionebis doneze mimdinareobs da yoveliqveregionisaTvis Tavisi sakuTari saxelmwifos konstruq-ciulobis magaliTi mniSvnelovani iqneboda – iseTi saxelm-wifosi, romelmac ar gadauxvia liberalizmis gzidan dagaagrZela svla WeSmariti demokratiisaken. idealur SemTxve-vaSi, centralur aziaSi aseTi saxelmwifo, SesaZloa, yazaxeTi(da ara yirgizeTi) yofiliyo, dasavleTSi – ukraina, kavkasiaSiki – saqarTvelo. magram msoflios udidesi qveynebis deda-qalaqebSi amgvari SesaZlo variantic ki jer ar ganxilula.

meore, postsabWoTa sivrceSi arsebobs centridanuliZalebis Semaferxebeli mniSvnelovani faqtori – es arisruseTi. ruseTi kvlavac rCeba im gare Zalad, romelic udideszegavlenas axdens yoveli postsabWoTaqveynis politikur daekonomikur cxovrebaze – baltiispireTis qveynebis garda.miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTi yofil sabWoTa kavSirTan (romaRaraferi vTqvaT sxva wamyvan saxelmwifoebze) SedarebiTsusti saxelmwifoa, mas Tavisi axladqmnili mezoblebisdaxmarebisa Tu xelis SeSlis gacilebiT meti ekonomikuri,politikuri Tu samxedro saSualeba aqvs, vidre sxva saxel-mwifoebs. igi kvlavindeburad miiCnevs, rom mas yofilpostsabWoTa saxelmwifoebSi meti interesi aqvs, vidreromelime sxva qveyanas. amitomac, rodesac CineTi, indoeTi,pakistani da aSS TavianT interesebs axorcieleben centraluraziaSi (da maT es interesi namdvilad aqvT), irani, TurqeTi,evrokavSiri da aSS _ kavkasiaSi, xolo aSS da evrokavSiri –ukrainaSi, moldovasa da belorusSi – maT aucileblad undagaiTvaliswinon ruseTis faqtori, Tuki surT, rom ganaxor-

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cielon efeqturi politika. arc erT dainteresebul mxares arSeuZlia, ignorireba gaukeTos ruseTis TvalTaxedvas anmiiCnios, rom esa Tu is sakiTxi TavisTavad gadawydeba.

aranakleb mniSvnelovania meore mxarec: miuxedavad imisa,rom axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis arsebobas ruseTiTavdapirvelad ugulebelyofda, aSkara iyo, rom misi politikada damokidebuleba maT mimarT gansazRvravda ruseTis sagareopolitikis zogad mimarTulebebs da aucileblad iqoniebdazegavlenas ruseTis urTierTobebze sxva wamyvan saxel-mwifoebTan. “civi omis” droindeli sayovelTao metoqeobisdros sabWoTa kavSiris aSS-sTan, evropasTan, CineTsa daiaponiasTan dapirispireba elbaze, axlo aRmosavleTsa dabirTvul SeiaraRebaze gadioda. “civis omis” dasrulebisSemdeg, didi areulobis dros, zemoxsenebuli dapirispirebairibma konfliqtebma Secvala, romelic dakavSirebuli iyoruseTis survilTan, SeenarCunebina gavlena damoukidebelmezoblebze, dasavleTs ki am qveynebTan sakuTari miznebigaaCnda. amitomacaa, rom Tu aSS-s, evropas, CineTs an iaponiasruseTTan winaaRmdegobebis daregulireba da farTo Tana-mSromloba surT, maSin maT mxedvelobaSi unda miiRon, romzemoxsenebuli regionebis gamo maT ruseTTan rTuli urTi-erToba eqnebaT. igive SeiZleba iTqvas ruseTis damoki-debulebaze sxva saxelmwifoebis mimarT.

1990-ian wlebSi izrdeboda daZabuloba ruseTsa da da-savlur samyaros, gansakuTrebiT ki aSS-s, Soris. TandaTanobiTpostsabWour sivrceSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma stra-tegiuli dapirispirebis xasiaTi miiRo. es dapirispirebaexeboda milsadenebs, natos programis “partnioroba mSvi-dobisaTvis” farglebSi ganxorcielebul samxedro wvrTnebs,ormxrivi urTierTobebis ZiriTad sakiTxebsa da natospolitikis saerTo mimarTulebas. 11 seqtembris Semdeg putinismSvidi reaqciis gamo, romliTac igi Tavdapirvelad Sexvda aSS-isa da sxva qveynebis samxedro Zalebis ganlagebas centraluraziaSi da aSS-is specialuri daniSnulebis Zalebis ganlagebassaqarTveloSi, iseTi STabeWdileba Seiqmna, TiTqos dapi-

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rispireba dasrulda. magram dRevandeli gadmosaxedidansxvagvarad Cans. putini da misi gundi bolo ori wlis ganmav-lobaSi migvaniSneben, rom isini ar apireben, dauTmon aSS-s anromelime sxva gaerTianebul Zalebs Tavisi gabatonebulipoziciebi kavkasiaSi, centralur aziaSi an sabWoTa kavSirisdasavleTiT mdebare yofil saxelmwifoebSi. xandaxan samxedroZalis an mkacri diplomatiis saSualebiT, ufro xSirad kiekonomikuri berketebis gamoyenebiT moskovi gviCvenebda, rommzadaa, konkurencia gauwios nebismier gare moTamaSes,gansakuTrebiT aSS-s, romelic, rogorc miCneulia, ruseTs amteritoriaze gavlenasa da yofnas ecileba.

amrigad, Tu aSS-sa da evropas surT, ruseTsa da dasavleTsSoris saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi arsebuli problema gadaiWras,xolo ruseTi dasavleTis samyaroSi integrirebul saxel-mwifod ixilon (Tu ruseTi amas Tavadac moisurvebs), am ormxares postsabWouri sivrcis konstruqciuli (da ara des-truqciuli) urTierTqmedebis zonad gardaqmnis gzebis Ziebamouwevs. arsad postsabWoTasivrceSi ar dgas es sakiTxi isemwvaved, rogorc kavkasiaSi da arc erT qveyanaSi ar miuRia masiseTi mtkivneuli forma, rogorc saqarTveloSi. ukraina,uzbekeTi da yazaxeTi, albaT, ufro sasurvel monapovradaRiqmeba, magram aSS-is SesaZlo yofna arc erT am qveyanaSi(ukrainis garda) ar iwvevs moskovis iseT Zlier gaRizianebas,rogorc saqarTveloSi. ruseTis zraxvebi kavkasiis regionSi,sxva regionebTan SedarebiT, yvelaze damafiqrebelia vaSing-tonisaTvis. arc erTi sxva qveyana ar iwvevs ruseTis iseTgaRizianebasa da mkacr qmedebebs, rogorc saqarTvelo. aqedangamomdinare, imis dadgena, Tu rogor unda iTanamSromlon (daara piriqiT) amerikam da ruseTma saqarTveloSi, mniSvnelovaniaara marto saqarTvelos winaSe mdgari usafrTxoebis problemismosagvareblad, aramed im umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxis gada-sawyvetad, Tu rogori tipis urTierToba SeiZleba damyardesmoskovsa da vaSingtons Soris. miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTisada evrokavSiris urTierTobebi ufro mravalmxriv da RrmaSinaarsisad gvesaxeba, es problema garkveulwilad aqac dgas.

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mesame, postsabWoTa sivrceSi arsebuli bevri qveynismomavali jer kidev kiTxvis niSnis qveS rCeba. jerjerobiTZnelia, viwinaswarmetyveloT, SeZlebs Tu ara am axali qveynebisumravlesoba an Tundac zogierTi maTgani Tavis teritoriazestabiluri politikuri da ekonomikuri wesrigis damyarebas,eqnebaT Tu ara qveyanaSi Tu mis gareT aRmocenebuli mtrobiskerebis CaxSobis unari, daZleven Tu ara sxvadasxva problemebs,moaxerxeben Tu ara damoukideblobis periodSi damkvidrebuliRirebulebebisa da institutebis rRvevis SeCerebas, aaridebenTu ara Tavs araswor politikas, ris gamoc bevri regioni qaossada ngrevaSi aRmoCnda. bunebrivia, rom zogierT qveyanas amsafrTxeebTan gamklavebis ukeTesi Sansi aqvs; mTeli post-sabWoTa regionisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom ruseTi iyosamgvari qveyana, Tumca, rogorc Cans, isic araTanmimdevruladviTardeba. Tu postsabWoTa sivrceSi aris kidec iseTi regioni,romlis momavalic Rrma SeSfoTebas iwvevs, es isev kavkasiaa. amSemTxvevaSi saqme Zalze mZimedaa.

amrigad, Tuki wamyvani saxelmwifoebi, ara mxolod aSS daevropa, aramed CineTi, iaponia da, am SemTxvevaSi, ruseTic,aRiareben im gaurkveveli situaciis daregulirebis mniSvne-lobas, romelSic postsabWoTa saxelmwifoebi imyofebian (amdaregulirebiT xeli Seewyoba mTeli msoflios sicocxli-sunarianobasa da stabilurobas), maSin maT msoflios am nawilSiTavianT daqsaqsul, araTanmimdevrul da dausrulebelmoqmedebebs Tanamimdevruloba, Zala da intensivoba undaSematon.27 Tu isini gaacnobiereben (wesiT, asec unda iyos),postsabWoTa sivrceSi arsebuli daZabulobisa da konfliq-

27 evropis, CineTisa da iaponiis politikisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia is, romarc erTi am qveyanaTagani ar miiCnevs, rom misi interesebi postsabWoTasivrcis yvela nawilze vrceldeba. aqedan gamomdinare, CineTisa daiaponiisaTvis kavkasia gamosulia maTi interesebis sferodan. am seriiTgamosul erT-erT wina wignSi me davasabuTe, Tu ratom aris araSors-mWvreteluri amgvari midgoma. ix. Robert Legvold, ed., Thinking Strategically:The Majot Powers, Kazakhstan, and the Central Asian Nexus (Cambridge, MA: The MITPress, 2003), ixileT, pirvel rigSi, Sesavali.

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tebis likvidaciis aucileblobas, maSin aseTi muSaoba kavka-siidan unda daiwyos. am teritoriaze yvelaze meti ubedurebadatrialda: omebiT gaxleCili sazogadoebebi da gayofiliqveynebi, eTnikuri qiSpoba, korumpirebuli politikurireJimebi, reformebis mkveTri kritika, ekonomikis ngreva,narkotikebisa da iaraRis ukanono brunva, teroristebi;kavkasiaSi arsebul bunebriv resursebze sxva regionebsacuWiravT Tvali, magram vinc flobs am resursebs, mzadaa,mimarTos igi maT winaaRmdeg, vinc ar flobs mas.

aseT rTul saqmeSi progresis miRweva problemaTa mogva-rebis swavlis yvelaze kargi saSualebaa. es garesamyarossaSualebas miscems, yuradReba saqarTvelosa da kavkasiisakenmimarTos, rac oden regionis mniSvnelovnobaze metia. axla arSevudgebiT im sakamaTo argumentis ganxilvas, rom saqarTvelosusafrTxoebis problemis gadaWra _ kerZod, kavkasiaSimSvidobisa da stabilurobisaTvis separatizmis problemismogvareba ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre mTian yarabaRSiarsebuli situaciidan gamosavlis Zieba. orive es sakiTxirealurad warmoadgens am regionSi arsebuli arastabilurobisbirTvs. saerTaSoriso politika am regionTan mimarTebaSi arSeicvleba iqamde, vidre ar gadaiWreba es ori sakiTxi; am kvanZisgasaxsnelad saWiroa misi jer erTi bolos gamoweva, Semdeg ki_ meoresi. kavkasiaSic igive meTodis gamoyeneba SegviZlia.magram arc erTi meTodi ar iqneba sakmarisad Sedegiani, TuTavidanve ar ganvmartavT, raoden rTuli da mravalmxriviasaqarTvelosa da misi mezoblebis usafrTxoebis uzrun-velyofis sferoSi arsebuli situacia.

amisaTvis mkiTxvels vTavazobT avtorTa koleqtivis mierSedgenil am wigns. pirveli Tavis avtori gia nodia am problemisufro Rrma, “Sida” ganzomilebas gviCvenebs: kavSirs warsulistvirTsa da saxelmwifoebriobis mSeneblobas, reformebisgzaze arsebul problemebsa da Cavardnebs Soris; ras iTvalis-wineben erTmaneTis Semcvleli reJimebi erovnuli usafrT-xoebis problemis gadawyvetisas. avtorisaTvis mTavar koncef-cias warmoadgens “erovnuli proeqtis” koncefcia, rac misTvis

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normatiuli idealia, romelic gansazRvravs saxelmwifosuverenitetisa da sasurveli politikuri wyobis wyaroebs. igimiiCnevs, rom “saqarTveloSi usafrTxoebis ararsebobis”mTavari mizezebia: dapirispirebuli erovnuli samoqmedogegmebis gaerTianebis uunaroba, ekonomikis kriminalizacia daaraefeqturi konstituciuri da institucionaluri reforma.

naSromis meore Tavis avtori, qristof ciurxeri, ganixi-lavs saqarTvelos mTavrobis warumatebel mcdelobas, xeliSeeSala Zaladobis aRmocenebisaTvis damoukideblobisCamoyalibebis dros, rac, pirvel rigSi, 1991 wels samxreToseTisa da 1993 wels afxazeTis dakargviT dasrulda. SemdegdaviT darCiaSvili aanalizebs saqarTvelos samxedro stra-tegiis SemuSavebis sxvadasxva etapebs. igi, upirvelesad,ganixilavs erovnuli usafrTxoebis problemis samxedroaspeqts – maT Soris, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mSeneblobas,strategiuli doqtrinis SemuSavebas, samxedro da samoqalaqostruqturebs Soris urTierTobebis daregulirebas da meam-boxe samxedro pirebis damSvidebas. naSromis meoTxe TavSi jabadevdariani ganixilavs saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis problemisrusul aspeqts; mexuTe Tavis avtori, oqsana antonenko,qarTul-afxazur konfliqtSi ruseTis rols aSuqebs.

meeqvse Tavis avtorebi damien heli da giorgi gogiaaanalizeben aSS-isa da evropis politikas saqarTvelosTanmimarTebaSi, rogorc maTi kavkasiis usafrTxoebis problemisgadaWrisadmi midgomis erT nawils, maT Soris saxelmwifo-ebriobis Senebisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saqmeSidaxmarebis gawevas. naSromis meSvide TavSi tom de vaalisaubrobs imaze, rasac SeiZleba iribi regionaluri faqtorebiewodos. es faqtorebi arTulebs saqarTvelos erovnuliusafrTxoebis problemas: saqarTveloSi navTobisa da gazsa-denebis mSeneblobis proeqtebSi sxvadasxva monawileTainteresebi devs da es ganxilulia energetikisa da usafrT-xoebis aspeqtSi; regionaluri konfliqtebi, romelSic saqarT-velo SeiZleba pirdapir arc monawileobdes, magram romelTaSedegic masze aisaxeba (mTiani yarabaRi, somxeT-TurqeTi da

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azerbaijan-irani); usafrTxoebis problemasTan dakavSirebuliregionaluri organizaciebi – iseTebi, rogoricaa, saqarT-velos, ukrainas, azerbaijansa da moldovas Soris arsebulimeryevi kavSiri (suami).28 da bolos, winamdebare wignis daskvniTnawilSi Cemi Tanaavtori bruno kopitersi saqarTvelosusafrTxoebis problemas axali kuTxiT ganixilavs – im WrilSi,romelic centrsa da periferias Soris arsebuli urTi-erTobebis cvalebad dinamikas asaxavs, Semdeg ki avtorimomavlis miseul xedvas gvTavazobs.

28 suuami isev suamad mas Semdeg gadakeTda, rac saqarTvelosa da ukrainaSimomxdari revoluciebis gamo uzbekeTi aRar ganixilavs am qveynebssasurvel partniorebad.

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Tavi 1

saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis

ganzomilebebi

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saqarTvelo faTerakian da arastabilur qveynad Camoyalibdamas Semdeg, rac 1991 wels damoukidebloba moipova. man orisisxliani da xangrZlivi secesionisturi omi gamoiara da orivecentraluri xelisuflebis damarcxebiT damTavrda. amisSedegad Seiqmna gadauwyveteli konfliqtis ori zona afxa-zeTisa da samxreT oseTis TviTgamocxadebuli respublikebissaxiT, romlebic erTad qveynis teritoriis daaxloebiT 15procentamde Seadgens. es zonebi politikuri gaurkvevlobis,safrTxisa da danaSaulis inkubatorebad iqca, xolo maTiomamdeli mosaxleobis didma nawilma “iZulebiT gadaadgilebulpirTa” statusi miiRo.1 2004 wlis maisamde aWarac qveynis SigniTgaurkveveli iurisdiqciis zonas warmoadgenda. Tumca damouki-debloba arasodes gamoucxadebia, is arc saqarTvelos konsti-tuciur wesrigs emorCileboda.

amas emateba is, rom mas Semdeg, rac komunistebma 1990 wlisarCevnebi waages, saqarTveloSi Zalauflebis konstituciurigadacema ar momxdara. samagierod, qveyanam gamoiara oriajanyeba, revolucia Tu saxelmwifo gadatrialeba (terminisarCevani pirovnebazea damokidebuli): pirveli sisxliani, meoreki mSvidobiani da SedarebiT mowesrigebuli. pirvelma epizodmaqveyanaSi ramdenime wliT lamis anarqia moitana; meoremTbilissa da aWaras Soris krizisi gamoiwvia. im regionebSic ki,

1 saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 2002 wlis aRweriT, saqarTveloSi 264 aTasiiZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piri iyo, Tumca zog komentators es monacemigazviadebuli hgonia.

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sadac xelisuflebis politikur kontrols aSkarad ar upiris-pirdebian, misi unari, elementaruli wesrigi daamyaros dausafrxoeba uzrunvelyos, eWvqveSaa. magaliTad, pankisisxeobam garkveul periodSi teroristebisa da kriminalebisnamdvili TavSesafris reputacia SeiZina. saqarTvelos yvelazeZlier mezobelTan da yofil imperiul batonTan, ruseTTanurTierToba uaRresad arastabiluri rCeba da ramdenjermemiaRwia samxedro konfrontaciis zRvars. saqarTvelossaxelmwifo xazinis Semosavali metad mcirea (Tundac misiarsebiTad disfunqciuri ekonomikis fonze), xolo xelfasebisaxelmwifo seqtorSi, rogorc wesi, sasicocxlo minimumzedabalia. raRa gasakviria, Tu saqarTvelos xSirad “sust” an“arSemdgar” saxelmwifos uwodebdnen.

am TavSi CamoTvlilia saqarTvelos arastabilurobisa damowyvladobis ZiriTadi wyaroebi, maT Soris “obieqturi”muqarebi da gamowvevebi. am obieqtur safrTxeebSi is rea-lobebi igulisxmeba, romelTac saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSirisnangrevebze saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesSi Seejaxa. amrealobaTa arseboba ar iyo qarTuli saxelmwifos, misipolitikuri elitis an sazogadoebis mier gakeTebul arCevanzedamokidebuli _ aq igulisxmeba iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaasaqarTvelos geografia, qveynis sidide da resursebi, misieTnikuri mravalferovneba, eTnikur umciresobaTa gansax-lebis Taviseburebebi, sabWoTa eTnikuri kvazi-federalizmismemkvidreoba. magaliTad, eTnikuri secesionisturi kon-fliqtebis mizezi iseT winaswar arsebul faqtorTa kombinaciaiyo, rogoricaa eTnikuri umciresobebis arseboba, romlebicara mxolod sasazRvro regionebSi iyvnen Tavmoyrilni, aramedTavianTi nacionalisturi politikuri programebis gan-xorcielebisas eTnikuri principiT Seqmnili institutebisgamoyeneba SeeZloT da mezobeli ruseTisgan seriozulimxardaWerac hqondaT. magram aq Sevecdebi “subieqtur”faqtorebsac gavuwio angariSi – imas, Tu rogori reaqciamoaxdina saqarTvelom am safrTxeebsa da gamowvevebze. aqigulisxmeba rogorc politikuri strategia, ise am strategiissafuZvelze moqmedebis unari: mokled, swored is sfero, raSic

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saqarTvelom “susti” Tu “arSemdgari” saxelmwifos iarliyidaimsaxura. am SemTxvevaSi yuradRebis centrSi eqceva arawinaswar arsebuli viTarebebis analizi, aramed is, Tu rogormiudgnen maT saqarTvelos moqmedi pirebi.

saqarTvelos winaSe mdgomi safrTxeebis analizi SeiZlebasagareod da saSinaod gaiyos. sagareo safrTxeTagan yvelazeTvalsaCino saqarTvelosTvis mis yofil imperiul batonTan,ruseTTan urTierTobaa. saqarTvelos damoukideblobisSemdeg gasuli wlebis manZilze es urTierTobebi ZiriTadadcudi, xolo raRac periodebSi metad mwvave iyo. raki saqarT-velo-ruseTis urTierToba am gamocemis sxva nawilebSiaganxiluli,2 aq ruseTis faqtors mxolod imdenad ganvixilav,ramdenadac is saqarTvelos saSinao safrTxeebs ukavSirdeba.

saqarTvelos erovnuli proeqti

rodesac safrTxeebsa Tu usafrTxoebaze vsaubrobT,yovelTvis romelime subieqtis usafrTxoebas vgulisxmobT: esSeiZleba iyos individi, jgufi an politikuri erTeuli.politikuri analizisas usafrTxoebaze ufro xSirad saxelm-wifosTan mimarTebaSi saubroben. Ceulebriv igulisxmeba, romsaxelmwifoebs met-naklebad msgavsi insteresebi aqvT, xolomaTi gansxvaveba am mxriv metwilad obieqtur faqtorebzeadamokidebuli: iseTze, rogoricaa saxelmwifos sidide,geografiuli mdebareoba an resursebi.

Tumc am faqtorebs garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvT saxelm-wifos usafrTxoebis problematikis ganxilvisas, isini maTbolomde mainc ver gansazRvraven. saxelmwifoebi adamianTaerTobliobebs – “erebs”, “xalxebs”, “mosaxleobebs” (an maT“elitebs”) ekuTvnis. sxvadasxva xalxebma an elitebma SeiZlebasxvadasxvagvarad gansazRvron, Tu rogori sazogadoebriviwesrigi undaT an ra Seadgens maTi qveynis “erovnul interess”.erovnuli interesis gansazRvris am procesTan dakavSirebiT

2 ix. jaba devdarianis da oqsana antonenkos mier dawerili Tavebi amavewignSi.

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Semovitan “erovnuli proeqtis” cnebas _ normatul ideas,romelic im sazogadoebrivi wesrigis bunebas gamoxatavs, romlisgansazRvra da dacvac saxelmwifo institutebs evaleba; igiagreTve adgens, Tu vin marTavs zemoxsenebul institutebs. is,rasac Cveulebriv erovnul interesebs uwodeben, swored amproeqtis garkveuli gagebidan momdinareobs.

erovnuli proeqti gamoxatavs sxvadasxva adamianis (an maTisaxeliT moqmedi elitebis) warmodgenebs, iseve rogorcsazogadoebaSi an mis romeliRac nawilSi gavrcelebulRirebulebebs, ideologiebsa Tu orientaciebs. adamianebsSeiZleba imgvari saxelmwifos Seqmna undodeT, romeliccdilobs, aqtiuri gavlena moaxdinos maTi qveynis sazRvrebsgareT arsebul samyaroze, an maT SeiZleba erCivnoT, saerTa-Soriso wesrigis, rogorc erTgvari faseulobis, pasiurimomxmareblebi iyvnen. maT SeiZleba surdeT Seqmnan “erovnulisaxelmwifo” garkveuli xalxisTvis (anu erisTvis) – an maTisaxelmwifos amocanad sxvadasxva eris gaerTianebas saxavdnen;SeiZleba undodeT, maTi saxelmwifo liberalur da demokra-tiul, an patriarqalur, komunitarul an sulac romelime sxvaRirebulebebze iyos dafuZnebuli.

maTi arCevanidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifoebs da maTqvemdebare sazogadoebebs metad gansxvavebuli problemebieqmnebaT usafrTxoebis dargSi: garkveuli faqtorebi, romleb-sac esa Tu is eri erovnul safrTxed aRiqvams, aseTad iqnebarc CaTvliliyo, erovnuli proeqti sxvagvarad rom iyosformulirebuli. magaliTad, Tu adamianTa jgufis mizanieTnikuri TviTgadarCena, anu sakuTari identobis SenarCu-nebaa, sulac araa aucilebeli, mas igive prioritetebi hqondes,rac sxva mxriv msgavs jgufs, romlis survilic srulfasovani,gaero-Si wevrobis mqone erovnuli saxelmwifos Seqmnaa; amitommas safrTxeebisa da gamowvevebis sxva erToblioba eqneba. eri,romelsac zesaxelmwifos ambicia aqvs, “erovnul safrTxed”aRiqvams iseT procesebs, romelTa am niSniT moxsenieba TavSicar mouva nakleb ambiciur saxelmwifos (magaliTad, ruseTinato-s gafarToebas erovnul safrTxed ganixilavs, magramimaves Tqma ar SeiZleba ukrainaze). ers, romelic demokratiuli

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wesrigis Seqmnas apirebs, safrTxeTa sxva wyeba eqneba, vidreers, romelsac tradiculi Tu modernizirebuli avtokratiisSeqmna surs. sapirispirod imisa, rasac lordi palmerstoniambobda, britaneTs (iseve rogorc nebismier sxva qveyanas) aramarto mudmivi mtrebi da megobrebi ara hyavs: arc misi (Tunebismieri sxva qveynis) interesebia maradiuli.3

bunebrivia SekiTxva: es erovnuli proeqtebi saidan modis?erebi Sedgebian individebisagan, romelTac sxvadasxva azriaqvT mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze da romelnic – gansakuTrebiT,demokratiebSi – TavianT uTanxmoebebs xmamaRla gamoxataven.cxadia, erovnuli proeqtebi xeebze ar izrdeba da arc“erovnuli niadagidan” jejiliviT ar amobibindeba. maT qmnian– an ageben, rogorc postomodernisti sociologebi ityodnen– adamianebi, vinc sakuTar Tavze iReben erovnuli proeqtebisCamoyalibebas, Cveulebriv, elitebs ganekuTvnebian – ufrometad, politikurs da inteleqtualurs.4 Tumca, erovnuliproeqtis Camoyalibeba inteleqtualTa TviTnebobaze rodiadamokidebuli. ideaTa bazarze sxvadasxva koncefcia manamdeejaxeba erTmaneTs, vidre normatiul mosazrebaTa raRacerToblioba aRiarebis kritikul zomas ar miaRwevs.

isic marTalia, rom eris SigniT arasodes aris srulikonsensusi imaze, Tu raSi unda mdgomareobdes erovnuliproeqti, magram misi ZiriTadi ideebis garSemo, Cveulebriv,xalxis didi umravlesoba irazmeba. politikosebs, gansa-kuTrebiT, Tu isini xelisuflebaSi arian, uyvarT mravalisakiTxis usafrTxoebis WrilSi warmoCena, radgan iseT sakiT-xebze, sadac Zireuli erovnuli interesebia CaTreuli, xalxismobilizeba (da masTan erTad xelisuflebis popularobis dagavlenis gazrda) ufro advilia.

3 am Temaze metad sayuradRebo mosazrebebisTvis ix. Robert Cooper, TheBreaking of Nations (London: Atlantic Books, 2003), gv. 127-138.4 kuperi wers: “politikur liderTa amocanaa daadginon, ra unda xalxs,jer kidev manamde, vidre xalxi Tavad gaigebdes amas: magaliTad, [uinston]CerCilis politika interesTa gaTvlas ki ar emyareboda, aramedbritaneli xalxisa da misi istoriis Rrma gaazrebas (The Breaking of Nations,gv. 133). mraval qveyanaSi aseT liderebad inteleqtualebi gvevlinebian.


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erovnuli proeqtis formulirebaze mravali faqtori axdensgavlenas, magram erT-erTi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania: esaamisabaZi modeli. erTa umravlesoba gvian ganviTarebulTa ricxvsmiekuTvneba: maT Tanamedrove erebad Tavis ageba daiwyes masSemdeg, rac sxva erebs ukve dadgenili hqondaT, ras niSnavs iyoganviTarebuli da mowinave, da msoflio wesrigis ZiriTadiparametrebic ukve ganmtkicebuli iyo. gvian ganviTarebulTaerovnuli proeqtebi, rogorc wesi, ufro win wasuli erebismiRwevebs baZaven, Tumca amave dros cdiloben, ipovon niSa,romelic maT politikur Taviseburebas Seesabameba.

misabaZ modelebs Cveulebriv eZeben (1) im saxelmwifoTa Soris,romlebic globaluri masStabiT yvelaze warmatebulia (Tanamed-rove samyaroSi aseTi e. w. “dasavleTia”), (2) yofil imperiulbatonebSi, romlebmac garkveuli modernizaciuli siaxleebiSemoitanes, Tundac ZalmomreobiT (xandaxan es isev dasavleTisqveynebia, xandaxan ki – ara); (3) “Cvennair” qveynebSi, romlebTanackulturulad da/an geografiulad axlos varT, magram romlebicmniSvnelovan sferoebSi Cvenze win arian wasulebi (aseTia,magaliTad, espaneTi da portugalia laTinuri amerikis qveyne-bisTvis). misabaZi modelebi SeiZleba erTmaneTs avsebdnen anupirispirdebodnen. evropisa da Crdilo amerikis ganviTarebuliqveynebi SeiZleba ganviTarebis zogad modelebs gvawvdidnen, magram,Tu isini kulturulad Sors arian Cvengan, dagvianebul moder-nizatorTa mxridan maTi bibaZvis mcdeloba SeiZleba sakmarisadlegitimuri ar aRmoCndes, radgan xalxisTvis faseulia ara mxolodganviTareba, aramed maTi kulturuli TviTmyofadobac. amitom, TumisabaZi modeli kulturulad relevanturia, anu Tu is “Cvennairiqveyanaa”, misi mibaZvac ufro advili xdeba.

qarTvelebis misabaZi magaliTi erTaderTi araa: ar arsebobskonkretuli kulturulad axlobeli qveyana, romelic aseTmodelad gamodgeboda (magaliTad, azerbaijanisTvis aseTadSeiZleba TurqeTi miviCnioT). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarT-velosTvis misabaZ modelad zogadad evropa warmodgeba,Tumca, aq isic unda davsZinoT, rom modeli evropuli erovnulisaxelmwifoa da ara evrokavSiri. ufro axlobel modelebadSegviZlia CavTvaloT aRmosavleT evropis warmatebuli

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postkomunisturi qveynebi, rogoricaa baltiis saxelmwifoebi,poloneTi, Tundac serbeTi (roca 2003 wlis noemberSi saqarT-veloSi politikuri reJimi Seicvala, qarTvelebi SegnebuladbaZavdnen serbeTidan slobodan miloSeviCis gaZevebas). eszogadi orientacia imas niSnavs, rom saqarTvelos didi proeqti“normalur” evropul qveynad qceva da aseTad aRiarebaa.

erovnuli proeqtis am martivi da arcTu originalurinormatiuli modelis ganxorcieleba moiTxovs ramdenimewinapirobas, romelTa uzrunvelyofa sulac araa ioli. upirvelesyovlisa, eri unda arsebobdes _ maSasadame, unda arsebobdespolitikuri erTeuli, romelic erovnuli proeqtis met-naklebaderTiani xedvis irgvliv aris gaerTianebuli. meore, is undaarsebobdes rogorc aRiarebuli damoukidebeli saxelmwifo dametnaklebi pativiscemiT sargeblobs erTa TanamegobrobaSi.mesame, mas unda hqondes normaluri evropuli qveynis Sesabamisipolitikuri wesrigi, – martivad rom vTqvaT, is liberaluridemokratia unda iyos. meoTxe, mas unda hqondes ekonomikuriwesrigi, romelic misi moqalaqeebis keTildReobis met-naklebadmisaReb dones uzrunvelyofs da saSualebas aZlevs qveyanas,saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri sistemis nawili iyos; amave dros, manunda SeinarCunos is, rac misi erovnuli TviTmyofadobisTvisaadamaxasiaTebeli: ena, erovnuli kultura, Tundac “suliereba”.

kanonieri iqneba, vikiTxoT: “saidan viciT, rom marTlacswored es ideebi gansazRvravs qarTveli xalxis miswrafebebs?ramdenad farTodaa gaziarebuli es prioritetebi? xom ar arises mxolod elitis fantazia?” marTlacda, namdvilad arasworiiqneboda imis Tqma, rom qarTvelebs eWvic ar eparebaT Tavis“evropulobasa” Tu “dasavlurobaSi”. sazogadoebis raRacnawilSi sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT nostalgiasac wavawydebiT,garkveuli movlenebis Tu incidentebis ukan anti-dasavluriganwyobebi SeiZleba davinaxoT. amas emateba isic, rom eTnikuriumciresobebi5 aucileblobiT sulac ar iziareben qarTvelTa

5 mosaxleobis 1989 wlis aRweriT, eTnikuri umciresobebi saqarTvelosmosaxleobis daaxloebiT 30 procents Seadgenda. 2002 wlis aRweriT(romelic afxazeTsa da samxeT oseTis did nawils ar moicavs)umciresobebi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 16.3 procentia.


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Soris gavrcelebul ZiriTad ideebs. magram, Tundac TuCavTvliT, rom arsebobs alternatiuli xedvebi: vTqvaT,ruseTTan mWidro integracia Tu marTlamadideblobaze anraime sxvaze damyarebuli ganumeorebeli “qarTuli gza”, da maTmomxreebic hyavT, am ideebma veranairad ver daikaves met-naklebad mniSvnelovani adgili qarTul politikur cxovrebasada sazogadoebriv diskursSi.

saqarTvelos problemebi erovnuli usafrTxoebis sferoSiam fonis gaTvaliswinebiT unda ganvixiloT. safrTxeebi amSemTxvevaSi is tendenciebi da Zalebia, romlebic erovnuliproeqtis ganxorcielebas emuqreba. yovelive is, rac serio-zulad aferxebs proeqtisaTvis arsebiTi miznebis miRwevas,erovnuli usafrTxoebis mniSvnelovani problemaa. saqarT-velos mowyvladobis kidev erTi sagulisxmo wyaroa daZabu-lobac, romelic qveynis normatiul modelsa da arsebulrealobebs Soris arsebobs.

erTian erad Camoyalibeba:

eTnikuroba, avtonomia da konfliqtebi

erTian erad Camoyalibeba yvelaze didi gamowvevaa,romelic saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dRidan win daxvda.aseTi gamowveva tipiuria erebisTvis, romlebic eris mSeneb-lobas mravalerovani imperiebis nangrevebze iwyeben. erebicariel adgilze ar igeba: maTi sawyisi wertilia Zveli reJimidanmemkvidreobiT miRebuli Sereuli mosaxleoba da instituciuriwyoba. magram Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi erebi erTma-neTisgan gansxvavdeba imiT, Tu ramdenad rTuli problemebixvdebaT da imiTac, ramdenad SeswevT unari, gaumklavdnen maT.saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi problemebi ufro meti iyo, vidresxva postkomunistur qveynebSi; amave dros, samwuxarod,qarTuli sazogadoebisa da politikuri elitis qmedebebiarcTu adekvaturi aRmoCnda, gansakuTrebiT _ damou-kideblobis pirvel wlebSi.

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sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis periodisTvis saqarTvelos sazoga-doeba daserili iyo gammijnavi xazebis mTeli qseliT, romeliceTnoss, religias da sub-eTnikur regionul identobebs eyrd-noboda, xSirad ki teritoriul-administraciuli struq-turebiTac iyo gaZlierebuli. yvelaze mniSvnelovani mainceTnikuri sakiTxi gamodga: saqarTveloSi eTnikur umciresobaTaramdenime jgufia, romlebic erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebaraodenobiT, gansaxlebis TaviseburebebiT da qarTuli saxelm-wifos proeqtis mimarT damokidebulebiT. yvelaze mniSvne-lovania is, rom saqarTveloSi damoukideblobis momentisTvisarsebobda ori eTnikuri principiT Camoyalibebuli (afxazeTi dasamxeT oseTi) da erTi religiuri principiT Seqmnili (aWara)avtonomiuri teritoria. sabWoTa periodSi maT garkveuliadministraciuli privilegiebi hqondaT.

Tu ramdenad problemuria saqarTvelos eTnikuri siWrele,didwilad erovnuli proeqtis centralur ideazea damoki-debuli; kerZod imaze, Tu rogor ganvsazRvravT cnebas“qarTveli”. sxva aRmosavleT evropelebis msgavsad, qarTve-lebic erisadmi kuTvnilebas gamorCeviT eTnikuri mikuTvne-bulobis wesiT adgenen.6 qarTvelTa didi umravlesobisTvis

6 nacionalizmis samoqalaqo anu politikur (inkluziur) da eTnikur(eqskluziur) versiebs Soris gansxvavebaze didZali literaturaarsebobs, magram avtorTa umetesoba Tanxmdeba, rom safrangeTidanaRmosavleTisken rom mivdivarT, nacionalizmi ufro eqskluziuri xdeba.magram aRsaniSnavia, rom lord eqtonma mijna did britaneTsa dasafrangeTs Soris gaavlo da amtkicebda (Tanamedrove terminebi romvixmaroT), eris franguli koncefcia eTnikuria, xolo britanuli – ufrosamoqalaqoo. aqedan Cans, rom Tumca or idealur tips Soris gansxvavebamet-naklebad cxadia, konkretuli SemTxvevebisadmi maTi miyenebaSeiZleba saproblemoc iyos. ix. John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton, Essays onFreedom and Power (Boston, MA: The Beacon Press, 1948); Eugene Kamenka, “PoliticalNationalism—The Evolution of the Idea,” in Eugene Kamenka and John Plomenatz, eds.,Nationalism: The Nature and Evolution of the Idea (London: Edward Arnold, 1973), gv. 2−20; da Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge,MA: Harvard University Press, 1992). sagulisxmoa jek snaideris azri, romeTnikuri nacionalizmis samoqalaqoze mZlavroba dagvianebulganviTarebas ukavSirdeba. ix., Jack Snyder, From Voting to Violence: Democratizationand Nationalist Conflict (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000), gv. 77


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“qarTveli” imas hqvia, vinc saerTo (miTosur) warmomavlobasatarebs (anu “sisxliTaa” qarTveli), da amave dros qarTulkulturas (gansakuTrebiT, qarTul enas) aris naziarebi. bevri(magram ara yvela) qarTvelisTvis es cneba marTlmadidebelqristianobasac moicavs. maSasadame, qarTuli politikurinacionalizmi amave dros eTnikuricaa: is gulisxmobs, rom,qarTvelebi, rogorc eri, sakuTar erTian da ganuyofelsaxelmwifos imsaxureben, magram am eris srulfasovani wevrebimxolod eTnikuri qarTvelebi arian.

es, bunebrivia, saqarTveloSi eTnikuri umciresobebisstatusis sakiTxs wamowevs. qarTvelebis umravlesobas sjera,rom maTi eri gamorCeulad tolerantulia, da arcTu usafuZ-vlod. marTalia, zogierTi radikali umciresobebs samSobloSigamgzavrebas urCevda, qarTvelTa umravlesobas eWvqveS ardauyenebia umciresobaTa ufleba, maT qveyanaSi ecxovraT.latviisa Tu estoneTisgan gansxvavebiT, eTnikuri umcire-sobebisTvis saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis uflebis miniWebaseriozuli eWvis qveS arasodes damdgara da yvela is, vincsabWoTa kavSiris daSlis momentisTvis saqarTveloSi cxov-robda, uproblemod gaxda misi moqalaqe.7 qarTvelTa umrav-lesoba ar aris imis dakanonebis winaaRmdegi, rasac dasavleTSi“umciresobis uflebebs” uwodeben. magaliTad, aravin ewina-aRmdegeba imas, rom saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo dawese-bulebebSi umciresobis enebs aswavlian. magram demokratiisepoqaSi, Sua saukuneebisgan ganxvavebiT, sxvisi Sewynareba aRararis sakmarisi; saxelmwifom unda SeZlos “sxvisi” integracia,anu is erovnuli proeqtis nebayoflobiT monawiled undaaqcios. sanam umciresobebi am azriT integrirebulebi ar arian,TviT maTi arseboba saxelmwifos mimarT gamowvevad rCeba.

yovelive es gvexmareba gavigoT eTnikuri problemebisadmiis sakmaod gaurkveveli da araTanmimdevruli damokidebuleba,rac qarTuli politikisTvis dResacaa damaxasiaTebeli. TumcaeTnikuri nacionalistis ideali eTnikurad wminda eria,

7 samagierod, problemebi SeeqmnaT eTnikur qarTvelebs, romlebicdamoukideblobis droisTvis sabWoTa kavSiris sxva nawilebSi aRmoCndnenda Semdeg saqarTveloSi dabrundnen.

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yvelaze radikalur qarTvel nacionalistebsac ki aseTi ramisSeuZlebloba imTaviTve esmodaT. umravlesoba amodiodaiqidan, rom eTnikur umciresobebs ufleba aqvT, saqarTveloSidarCnen da kulturuli TavisTavadoba SeinarCunon, magram impirobiT, rom erovnuli proeqtis erTguli damcvelebiiqnebian. am logikiT, umcirebobaTa mxridan orgulobisnebismieri gamovlena sakmarisi gamarTleba iyo maT mimarTdamsjeli RonisZiebebis, maT Soris gaZevebis, gasatareblad.raki umciresobaTa umetesi nawilis erTguleba eWvis qveS idga,isini mudmivi zewolis qveS grZnobdnen Tavs, rom Tavisisandooba daedasturebinaT.

amgvari ganwyoba sazogadod tipiuria postkomunisturisamyaros eTnikuri nacionalizmebisTvis, xolo balkaneTsa dakavkasiaSi, cvlilebebis adreul periodSi, is gansakuTrebiTdominanturi iyo. saqarTvelos SemTxevaSi es midgoma damo-ukidebeli saqarTvelos pirveli lideris (1990-92 ww.), zviadgamsaxurdias mmarTvelobis periodTanaa asocirebuli.8 mispolitikur leqsikonSi umciresobebi xSirad “stumrebad”moixseniebodnen. Tu wesierad moiqceodnen, maT darCenaSeeZloT, magram, rogorc ki qarTuli erovnuli proeqtisZiriTad principebSi Seitandnen eWvs, an sakuTar nacionalisturmidrekilebebs gamoavlendnen, maSinve wamoaZaxebdnen: Sens“istoriul samSobloSi” dabrundi da eg azrebi mand ganaviTareo.Tu romelime eTnikuri umciresobis elitebi sakuTar eqsklu-zivistur nacionalistur ideologiebs daicaven da maT garSemoxalxis darazmvasac SeZleben, es ukve centralur xelis-uflebasTan maTi ZalmomreobiTi konfliqtis sawindaria.saqarTvelos ori aseTi konfliqti hqonda (afxazeTsa da samxreToseTSi), da qarTuli mxare orive am SemTxvevaSi damarcxda.

samxedro marcxma da saerTo daqcevam, rac mas saqarT-veloSi mohyva, 1990-iani wlebis SuaxanebisTvis gamsaxurdiasstilis agresiuli eTnikuri nacionalizmis diskreditacia

8 gamsaxurdia 1990 wlis noemberSi gaxda saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWosTavmjdomare, ramac mas erovnuli lideris statusi mianiWa. prezidentadis mxolod 1991 wlis maisSi iqna arCeuli, magram amas misi realuriZalauflebis xarisxi arsebiTad ar Seucvlia.


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gamoiwvia. eduard SevardnaZis reJimis ideologebma dagmesgamsaxurdia, rogorc “provincieli faSisti”. eTnikur umci-resobebs moscildaT “stumrebis” iarliyi, rac maTi gaZevebisSesaZleblobas gulisxmobda. aman daasrula aSkara eTnikuridapirispirebis periodi, magram es jer kidev ar niSnavda, romqarTuli nacionalizmis ufro inkluziurma, samoqalaqo versiamsaboloo gamarjveba izeima eTnikuri yaidis nacionalizmze.ufro zusti iqneba imis Tqma, rom am mtkivneuli sakiTxis ganxilvaukeTesi droisTvis gadaido. SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis sawyisperiodSi aravis Seutevia eTnikuri umciresobebisTvis da arceWvis qveS dauyenebia maTi erTguleba, magram arc is ucdia vinmes,isini samoqalaqo cxovrebaSi SemoeyvanaT da maTi realurisamoqalaqo monawileobis gasazrdelad pirobebi SeeqmnaT. racSeexeba afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTs, isini “gayinuli konf-liqtis” zonebad iqcnen – omi gaCerda, magram arc myari mSvidobismomtani gadawyveta Canda Tvalsawierze.

metic, sajaro diskusiebi, romlebic saqarTveloSi gaimarTagarkveuli kanonproeqtebis garSemo – magaliTad, saqarTvelosmoqalaqeTa piradobis damadasturebel sabuTebSi “erovnebis”grafis Setanis sakiTxze – sakmaod naTlad aCvenebda, rom eriseTnikuri gageba kvlavac dominanturi rCeboda. 2000 wels,rodesac xelisuflebis “reformatoruli” nawilis iniciativiTSemoRebulma axalma kanonmdeblobam gaauqma sabWouri stilis“erovnebis grafa” pirovnebis damadasturebel oficialurdokumentebSi, amas farTo ukmayofileba mohyva. prodasavlurielita, romelic eris araeTnikuri gagebis damkvidrebascdilobda, Setevis qveS aRmoCnda.9 magram man, mcirericxov-

9 amasTan dakavSirebiT ix. Oliver Reissner, “‘Testground for Cosmopolitanism’ or‘Ethnic Zoo’?: The Debate about the Item ‘Ethnicity’ in the IDs for Georgia’s Citizens”(statia, warmodgenili komferenciaze “Potentials of (Dis-)Order: FormerYugoslavia and Caucasus in Comparison,” berlini, 1999 wlis 11-13 ivnisi). ix.agreTve David Losaberidze, “Citizenship Regimes in the South Caucasus,” wignSiCarine Bachmann, Christian StaerklÁ, and William Doise, eds., Reinventing Citizenship inthe South Caucasus: Exploring Dynamics and Contradictions between Formal Definitionsand Popular Conceptions (Zurich: Scientific Cooperation between Eastern Europe andSwitzerland (SCOPES), Swiss National Science Foundation, 2003), gv. 50, http://www.cimera.org/en/research/citizenship.htm.

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nobis miuxedavad, mainc moaxerxa, eris gamokveTilad eTnikurgagebaze damyarebuli kanonmdeblobis miReba gadaedo.rodesac SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis bolo periodSi misipopularoba daeca, xelisuflebam scada, eTno-nacionalisturigrZnobebi sakuTar interesebSi gamoeyenebina. kerZod, 2003wlis saparlamento saarCevno kampaniis dros mmarTveli partiisoficialuri warmomadgenlebi xSirad miuTiTebdnen ZiriTadiopoziciuri liderebis farul somxur Zirebze: amiT isinicalsaxad mianiSnebdnen, rom somxuri warmomavlobis SemTxe-vaSi pirovneba ar unda acxadebdes pretenzias, politikurilideri iyos saqarTveloSi.10

problemebi, rasac saqarTvelos erTianobas eTnokul-turuli faqtorebi uqmnis, mis erT-erT ZiriTad gamowvevadrCeba. eris eTnikurad eqskluzivisturi gageba kvlavac amproblemis gulisgulia. amas emateba isic, rom aseTi eqskluzi-visturi damokidebuleba umciresobebs aranakleb, an iqnebkidev ufro metad axasiaTebs, vidre qarTul umravlesobas. aserom, Tundac Tu dominant qarTul mosaxleobaSi eris samo-qalaqo gageba gaimarjvebs, es TavisTavad jer kidev ar mogvcemssazogadoebis warmatebuli politikuri integraciis garantias.magram raki eris aseTi gageba tipiuria postkomunisturi erebisumetesobisTvis, saWiroa davaxasiaToT is eTnonacionalurifaqtorebic (rogoricaa warmoSobis miTi, ena, religia ansxvadaxva jgufis formaluri statusi politikur sivreSi),romlebic specifikuria saqarTvelosTvis da gagvagebinebs,ratom gaurTulda mas ase Zalian erTianobis miRweva.

pirveli relevanturi faqtoria kavSiri eTnikur siWrelesada instituciur memkvidreobas Soris _ saxeldobr, saqarT-veloSi avtonomiuri warmonaqmnebis arseboba. sabWoTa kavSiri

10 magaliTad, irine sariSvili, pro-SevardnaZiseuli “erTiani saqarT-velos” blokis spikeri, zurab Jvaniasa da mixeil saakaSvilis somxurwarmomavlobaze saubrobda da imasac ki ambobda, rom riCard mailzi, aSSelCi saqarTveloSi, SeerTebul StatebSi arsebuli somxuri lobisinteresebs warmoadgenda. ix. “Georgian Government-backed Bloc SpokeswomanTakes Swipe at U.S. Envoy,” BBC Monitoring Former Soviet Union, August 12, 2003.


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agebuli iyo, rogorc samdoniani eTnikuri federacia (ufroswored, kvazi-federacia) - bevri mas rusul matrioSkasadarebda. umaRlesi, sakavSiro done formalurad zeerovnuliiyo, Tumca gare samyaroc da ararusi mosaxleobac mas “rusulad”aRiqvamda. meore doneze idga sakavSiro respublikebi, anuzeerovnuli struqturis SigniT myofi kvazi-eri-saxelm-wifoebi. mesame dones Seadgenda eTnikuri niSniT Seqmniliavtonomiuri respublikebi, anu meore rangis kvazi-eri-saxelmwifoebi, romlebic ukve sakavSiro respublikebSiSediodnen. es avtonomiuri respublikebi Tavis mxriv rangiTaRematebodnen avtonomiur “oblastebs” (olqebs), am ukanas-knelebze dabla idgnen nacionaluri “okrugebi”. amdenad, zogeTnikuri principiT Seqmnil avtonomiur warmonaqmns sxvazemeti formaluri Zalaufleba da saxelmwifo struqturebisufro ganviTarebuli sistema hqonda.

terminebze (“federalizmi” da “eri-saxelmwifo”) “kvazi”-sdamateba ukeT gamoxatavs saqmis arss, radgan gansxvavebafasads (anu formalur instituciur struqturasa) da Zala-uflebis realur meqanizmebs Soris sabWouri politikurisistemis arsebiT da (dasavleTSi) saTanadod Seufasebelelements warmoadgenda.11 fasads Seadgenda konstitucia –kvazi-federaluri, kvazi-demokratiuli dokumenti, romelicumaRles Zalauflebas arCeul parlamentebs (umaRles sab-Woebs) aniWebda da sabWoTa respublikebs gamoyofis uflebasacki utovebda, rasac namdvili federaciebi naklebad uSveben.amasobaSi, realur xelisuflebas axorcielebda komunisturi

11 am gansxvavebis dafiqsireba arsebiTia agreTve postkomunisturipolitikuri sistemis funqciobisa da sazogadoebis mier misdamidamokidebulebis gasagebad. sxva yvelaferTan erTad, komunisturisistemis memkvidreobas Seadgens farTed gaziarebuli warmodgena, romsxvaoba saCvenebel fasadsa da politikuri da ekonomikuri Zalauflebisrealur meqanizmebs Soris sruliad normaluria. sakvirveli araa, rombevri dasavleli politologi laparakobs “fasadur demokratiebze” an“potiomkinis demokratiebze” post-sabWoTa qveynebSi. ix., magaliTad,Charles King, “Potemkin Democracy: Four Myths about Post-Soviet Georgia,” TheNational Interest, no. 64 (summer 2001), gv. 93–104.

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partia da misi iZulebis aparati, romelic moicavda uSiSroebissamsaxurs, armiasa da policias. eseni ki mkacrad cent-ralizebulni iyvnen da emyarebodnen ara demokratiul wesebs,aramed represias. konstitucia SedarebiT demokratiuladgamoiyureboda, radgan komunistur partias ganusazRvrelivadiT SeeZlo Zalauflebis SenarCuneba.

sabWoTa kavSirSic ki fasads sinamdvilisgan mTlianad vergamoyofdi. dRevandeli gadasaxedidan aSkarad Cans, romsabWourma konstituciurma struqturam didwilad gansazRvrais, Tu ra saxiT Camoyalibda nacionalisturi moZraobebi damaTi programebi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis momentisTvis. racginda fiqtiuri yifiliyo sabWoTa federalizmi Zalaufleb-rivi struqturebis realuri funqciobis TvalsazrisiT, manxeli Seuwyo erovnuli biurokratiuli da inteleqtualurielitebis, iseve rogorc erovnuli saganmanaTleblo, samec-niero da kulturuli institutebis Camoyalibebas – yoveliveaman ki udidesi gavlena moazdina post-sabWoTa erebis mSeneb-lobaze. amgvarad, sabWourma kvazi-federalurma fasadmagacilebiT metad Seuwyo xeli nacionalizmis ganviTarebas,vidre misi Semoqmedebi gegmavdnen.12

amitomac, rogorc ki sabWoTa sistemis dasusteba daiwyo,axalma politikurma moZraobebma swored sabWoTa konsti-tuciaSi ipoves myaro iuridiuli safuZveli, am kvazi-erovnuli-saxelmwifoebisTvis damoukidebeli qveynebis statusimoeTxovaT. saqarTvelos saubedurod, igive Seexo meore rigisqvazi-saxelmwifoebsac: avtonomiur warmonaqmnebsac aRmoaC-ndaT instituciuri niadagi secesionisturi moZraobis

12 ix. Rogers Brubaker, “Nationhood and National Question in the Soviet Union andPost-Soviet Eurasia: An Institutionalism Account,” Theory and Society, vol. 23, no. 1(1994), gv. 47−78; Rogers Brubaker, Nationalism Reframed: Nationalism and the NationalQuestion in the New Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Yuri Slezkine,“The USSR as a Communal Apartment, Or How a Socialist State Promoted EthnicParticularism,” Slavic Review, vol. 53, no. 2 (summer 1994), gv. 414−452. es avtorebiZalian kargad gviCveneben, faqtobrivad rogor waaxalisa nacionalizmisganviTareba sabWourma institutebma, magram ver gvixsnian, ratom Seqmnessaxelmwifos komunistma mamebma maTi interesebisa da ideologiis aSkaradsawinaaRmdego sistema.


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dasawyebad. im dros saqarTveloSi sami amgvari erTeuligaxldaT da or maTganSi, afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi, saqmegamoyofis moTxovnamde mivida.

eTnikuri principiT Seqmnili avtonomiuri warmonaqmnebimetad mosaxerxebeli instituciuri formebi aRmoCnda sai-misod, rom eTno-nacionalisturi programebi arsebuliteritoriuli erTeulebis da ara amorfuli eTnikuri jgufebissaxeliT aefrialebinaT. isic unda gvaxsovdes, rom sabWoTasistemaSi avtonomia (sityvis pirveladi mniSvnelobis miu-xedavad) Tavisuflebas ki ara, privilegias gulisxmobda. isrogorc adgilobriv biurokratiul da inteleqtualur elitas,ise xalxs gansakuTrebuli statusis SegrZnebas aRuZravda.magram, amave dros, igive statusi daCagrulobis SegnebasaRvivebda im eris mimarT, visac sakuTari sakavSiro respublikahqonda. ase rom, rogorc ki sabWoTa kavSiris es ierarqiulistruqtura moiSala, konfliqtebis Tavidan acileba SeuZ-lebelic ki iyo: avtonomiur respublikebs TavianTi statusisamaRleba moundaT, magram sakavSiro respublikebi amas maTgangamoyofis survilad aRiqvamdnen.

alternatiuli erovnuli proeqtebi:

afxazeTi da samxreT oseTi

sabWoTa eTnikurma federalizmma Seqmna konfliqtebiswinapiroba, Tumca TavisTavad es jer kidev ar iyo sakmarisi.Ria konfliqtebis gasaCaReblad saWiro iyo alternatiulieTno-nacionalisturi programebic. isini wamoayenes afxazebmada osebma (Tumca, aWaraSi es ar momxdara). afxazebi da osebicalke eTnikuri jgufebia, romlebic enobrivad ar enaTe-savebian qarTvelebs, maSin rodesac aWarlebi qarTuladmetyveleben da eTnikurad qarTvelebad miiCneven Tavs.gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom afxazebi da osebi Crdi-lokavkasiel xalxebs enaTesavebian, romlebsac agreTvehqondaT avtonomia. magaliTad, osebis umravlesoba ruseTis

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federaciis SemadgenlobaSi myof Crdilo-oseTis avtonomiurrespublikaSi cxovrobs.13 afxazebi enobrivad axlos dgananCrdilokavkasiel xalxebTan, rogorebic adiReleebi, Cerqezebida yabardoelebi arian. ase rom, osebis da afxazebis erovnuliproeqtebis postulatebi daaxloebiT ase JRerda: “CvenqarTvelebi ara varT da erTaderTi avtoqtonuri mosaxleobavarT sakuTar teritoriebze. sxvebi _ maT Soris qarTvelebic_ CvenTan “Camosaxlebulebi” arian (an uaresi _ “okupantebis”statusi aqvT); Sesabamisad, es teritoriebi saqarTvelos arekuTvnis da unda gamoeyos mas, xolo Cvens TanamoZme Crdilo-kavkasiel xalxebTan erTianoba ki sworedac rom sasurvelia”.14

yvela es debuleba, pirvelis gamoklebiT, zustad imissapirispiroa, rasac qarTvelebi fiqroben. maTTvis es regionebimSobliuri miwaa da sakuTari Tavic mis ZirZvel mosaxleobadmiaCniaT.15 jer kidev 1918-21, qarTvelebis mier damoukidebelirespublikis Seqmnis wlebSi, orive es mxare sisxliani konfliq-tebis arenad iqca. Tumca, es imas rodi niSnavs, TiTqosqarTvelebis, afxazebisa da osebis erovnul proeqtebsuciloblad amgvar konfliqtebamde mivyavdeT. vTqvaT,afxazebis SemTxvevaSi, Zalismieri Sexlis Tavidan acilebasavsebiT SesaZlebeli iyo.16 magram omi mainc orivegan atyda,

13 samxreT oseTs ki avtonomiis ufro dabali xarisxi – avtonomiuri“oblasti” anu olqi hqonda. es gansxvaveba, qarTvelebisaTvis mainc, imasusvamda xazs, rom osebis “namdvili” samSoblo CrdiloeTi oseTia.14 osebis SemTxvevaSi es, ubralod, CrdiloeT oseTTan mierTebasgulisxmobda, maSin roca afxazebs Crdilokavkasiuri konfederaciisCamoyalibeba surdaT.15 qarTvelebs swored osebi miaCniaT “stumrebad” _ amitomacaa, romcneba “samxreT oseTi” maTTvis miuRebeli iyo. rac Seexeba afxazebs, aqviTareba ufro rTuladaa: qarTvelebis umravlesoba Tvlis, rom isinicam kuTxis avtoqtonuri mosaxleobaa; Tumca erovnuli moZraobis drossxva Teoriam moipova popularoba, romlis Tanaxmadac afxazebi Crdilokavkasiidan SedarebiT axali Camosaxlebulebi arian.16 Ghia Nodia, “The Conflict in Abkhazia: National Projects and Political Circumstances,”in Bruno Coppieters, Ghia Nodia, and Yuri Anchabadze, eds., Georgians and Abkhazians:The Search for a Peace Settlement (Koln: Sonderveroffentlichung des Bundersinstitutsfur Ostwissenschaftliche und Internationale Studien, 1998), gv. 14−48, agreTve http://poli.vub.ac.be.


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qarTvelebis samxedro marcxiT damTavrda, Semdeg ki situacia“gayinuli konfliqtebis” rangSi gadavida.

dResdReobiT, es viTareba umZimesi strategiuli gamo-wvevaa saqarTvelos usafrTxoebisaTvis. mas Semdeg, rac 90-ianiwlebis dasawyisSi zemoxsenebulma regionebma kvazidamo-ukideblobas miaRwies, iq saqarTvelosagan gamijnuli sazo-gadoebebi Camoyalibda da maTi reintegraciis perspeqtivayovel wels sul ufro saTuo xdeba. magram, meores mxriv,qarTvelebi mZimed gamicdian teritoriebis dakargvas da maTzexelis Caqnevas ar fiqroben. iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTasimravle mZime tvirTad awevs qveynis ekonomikas da desta-bilizaciiT emuqreba xelisuflebas, xolo sanam konfliqtebigadamwydara, Zaladoba nebismier dros SeiZleba ganaxldes _miuxedavad imisa, rom saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam warmatebiTdaado tabu adgilobrivi politikosebis mxridan omis enazesaubars.

am problemebis garda, gayinuli konfliqtebi saqarTvelossaerTaSoriso imijsac did zians ayenebs. maTi arsebobagarkveuli (Tumca ara erTaderTi, da iqneb sulac aramTavari)argumentia saqarTvelos nato-sa da evrokavSirSi gawevrianebissawinaaRmdegod. gadauwyveteli problemebi ruseTTan urTi-erTobasac gansakuTrebiT amwvavebs: maT gamo saqarTvelospraqtikulad dablokili aqvs satransporto gzebi ruseTTan,romelic bunebrivadaa misi mTavari ekonomikuri partniori:kerZod, afxazeTTan mosazRvre regionebs gasaRebis bazarzegasasvleli aRara aqvT. dabolos, sadavo teritoriebi krimi-nalebisa da kontrabandistebis saTareSo gamxdara, racgansakuTebiT aferxebs saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo insti-tutebis gamyarebas. afxazeTisa da samegrelos sazRvarzeqarTuli partizanuli dajgufebebi, anu kerZo samxedroSenaerTebi moqmedebda, romlebic kontrabandisa da gamo-ZalvisaTvis gamoiyeneboda da problemebs ara marto afxazur,aramed qarTul mxaresac uqmnida. gasakviri ar aris, romprezidentma saakaSvilma imTaviTve maTi aRkveTa scada. igivesuraTia samxreT oseTSic, romelic kontrabandis buded iqca.

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orivegan _ yovel SemTxvevaSi, vidre saakaSvilis xeli-suflebam xeli ar gamoiRo amgvar danaSaulebaTa aRsakveTad,korumpirebul qarTvel samarTaldamcavebs gvariani wili edoTam saqmianobaSi.

saakaSvilma ramdenimegzis mianiSna, rom amgvari viTarebasruliad Seuwynarebeli iyo da is yovel Rones ixmardakonfliqtebis gadasaWrelad. 2004 wlis maisSi, rogorc ki aWariskrizisi moTavda (ix. qvemoT), xelisuflebis yuradReba samxreToseTze gadavida (raki, saerTo azriT, es ufro ioli mosavleliiyo, vinem afxazeTis sakiTxi). saqarTvelos xelisuflebisstrategia aq ramdenime komponentisagan Sedgeboda:

1. keTili nebis gamoxatva osebis mimarT iseTi Ronis-ZiebebiT, rogoricaa maTTvis pensiebis gadaxdis dawyeba, osurenaze gadacemebis momzadeba, sxvadasxva saqvelmoqmedoaqciebis Catareba; aseve, wina xelisuflebis zogierTi nabijisgakritikeba, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, 1990 wels samxreT oseTisavtonomiis gauqmeba.17

2. separatistuli xelisuflebisaTvis ekonomikuri sayrde-nis gamocla kontrabandis aRkveTis meSveobiT.

3. Zalis demonstrireba regionSi samxedro kontingentisSeyvaniT; Tumca xelisufleba acxadebda, rom is formaluradjdeboda qarTvel mSvidobisdamcvelTaTvis gacemul kvotaSi.

4. rusebTan da sxva saerTaSoriso subieqtebTan diplo-matiuri da sazogadoebrivi arxebiT urTierTobis gaaq-tiureba.18

samwuxarod, yvelaferma aman mxolod regionSi saerTodaZabuloba, calkeul SemTxvevebSi ki msxverplic gamoiwvia,rasac Tbilissa da moskovs Soris ormxrivi braldebebis gacvla-gamocvla mohyva. Tumca saqarTvelos xelisufleba sakmaod

17 ix. “Georgian Leader Says It was ‘Mistake’ to Abolish Breakaway Region’s Autonomy,”ITAR-TASS, June 12, 2004.18 saqarTvelos strategiaze am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix interviuparlamentis gavlenian wevr giga bokeriasTan: “Tbilisi Wants to Regain SouthOssetia through Pro-Georgian Campaigning,” Civil Georgia, UNA-Georgia OnlineMagazine, http://www.civil.ge/eng/detail.php?id=7489.


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moqnili aRmoCnda saimisod, rom viTareba axal, srulmasStabiansamxedro konfliqtSi ar gadazrdiliyo, es mainc pirveliaSkara Cavardna aRmoCnda misTvis.

aWaris sakiTxi:

avtonomiuri magram ara Tavisufali

aWaris sakiTxi sakmaod uCveuloa. garegani damkvirveblisTvaliT, es TiTqos waagavs afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTisproblemebs, magram es Sedareba qarTvelebs sakmaod aRizia-nebT. erTis SexedviT, saerTo bevria: aWara avtonomiurirespublika iyo saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi, xolo 2004 wlismaisamde centralur xelisuflebas mcire roli Tu hqonda mismarTvaSi. magram aWarlebi, afxazebisa da osebisagan gan-sxvavebiT, Tavs qarTvelebad Tvlian. arc calke aWaris erov-nuli proeqtis sakiTxi wamoWrila odesme. maSinac ki, roca aWa-ris xelmZRvaneloba kriWaSi Caudga Tbiliss, separatistulilozungebi mas arasodes aufrialebia. piriqiT _ aslan abaSiZeTavs saqarTvelos erTianobis mebairaxtredac ki saxavda.

aWaris avtonomia pirvelad saqarTvelos 1921 w. konsti-tuciiT gamocxadda da imave wels erTi mxriv TurqeTs, meoremxriv ki – bolSevikebis mier marTul saqarTvelos, somxeTsada azerbaijans Soris dadebul yarsis SeTanxmebaSic aisaxa. amismizani qarTvel muslimTa sarwmunoebrivi uflebebis dacva iyo:saqarTvelos damoukideblobis periodSi (1918-21) aWarasxSirad “samahmadiano saqarTvelosac” uwodebdnen. Tumca,komunistur saxelmwifoSi sarwmunoebriv niadagze dafuZ-nebuli avtonomiis arseboba aSkara winaaRmdegobaSi modiodagabatonebul ideologiasTan.

1991 wlis Semdgom, rac saqarTvelom damoukideblobamoipova, religiur faqtors arasodes hqonia raime zegavlenaTbilissa da aWaras Soris urTierTobebze. maSinac ki, rocadaZabulobam piks miaRwia, am kartis gaTamaSeba aslan abaSiZesarasodes ucdia. Tu mis sasargeblod raimis Tqma SeiZleba, es

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isaa, rom religiuri Semwynareblobis TvalsazrisiT aWaraSiukeTesi mdgomareoba iyo, vidre saqarTvelos bevr sxva regionSi.isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom 2002 wlis aRweris mixedviT,muslimanebi aWaris mosaxleobis umciresobas Seadgendnen.19

ase rom, aWaris konfliqti politikuri da instituciurigaxldaT da ara eTnikuri. afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTismsgavsad, konfliqtis fesvebi aqac avtonomiuri erTeulebissabWour sistemaSi unda veZioT. aWaris SemTxvevaSi, abaSiZemavtonomiuri erTeulebis sistemis bundovaneba sakuTarisafaSos Sesaqmnelad gamoiyena. centraluri xelisuflebismimarT misi daumorCilebloba gansakuTrebiT sabaJosa dabaTumis portis erTpirovnuli kontroliT gamoixata (rac misireJimis Semosavlebis ZiriTad wyaros Seadgenda). is saga-dasaxado Semosavlebs ar uricxavda centralur xelisuflebasda nelnela pirad armiasac agebda. SevardnaZis dros saxelm-wifo susti iyo, rasac samxreT oseTsa da afxazeTSi samxedrokampaniebis katastrofuli SedegebiT gaCenili sindromiemateboda. “aWaris lomi” mSvenivrad sargeblobda amiT daseparatistuli blefis TamaSs TamaSobda: is TiTqos aSinebdaTbiliss, Tu aWaris saqmeebSi cxvirs CayofT, namdvil sepa-ratistad viqcevio.

raki aWara ugulebelyofda centralur xelisuflebas,qveyanaSi ori sxvadasxvagvari politikuri reJimis Tana-arseboba seriozulad aferxebda saxelmwifos mSeneblobas dakonfliqtis kidev erT keras warmoSobda. Tumca saqarTvelomyari demokratiuli institutebiT ver daikvexnida, magrampolitikuri pluralizmiTa da samoqalaqo TavisuflebisxarisxiT gacilebiT win iyo wasuli. aWara ki erTpirovnuliavtokratiuli mmarTvelobis nimuSs warmoadgenda, sadacpolitikur pluralizms aravin gaaWaWanebda. maSin rocasaqarTveloSi arCevnebi mudam konkurenciis (Tumca arayovelTvis patiosani konkurenciis) pirobebSi tardeboda,

19 am aRweris mixedviT aWaris mosaxleobis mxolod 30.6%-ia mahmadiani,xolo 54.0% marTlmadideblebs akuTvneben Tavs.


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baTumis reJimis mier Catarebuli arCevnebi, ubralod, fiqciagaxldaT: mosaxleobis aqtivoba 99%-s uaxlovdeboda xolme,xolo maTgan 95-98% abaSiZis partias aZlevda xmas.

amgvari viTareba mxolod samoqalaqo uflebebis kuTxiTrodi aCenda problemas. raki saqarTvelos saparlamentoarCevnebi proporciuli wesiT tardeboda, is adgilobrivilideri, visac SeeZlo amomrCevelTa ricxvis, maTi gamocxadebisda xmis micemis monacemTa totaluri gayalbeba, saerTo-erovnul donezec araproporciulad mniSvnelovan moTamaSediqceoda. 1999 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis dros abaSiZemTavar opoziciur koalicias edga saTaveSi (sadac TbilisSiSeqmnili partiebic Sedioda) da gamarjvebis kandidatadac kiiTvleboda. aman SevardnaZis “moqalaqeTa kavSirs” saSualebamisca, Tavisi saarCeno kampania xalxis daSinebaze aego: TuabaSiZem gaimarjva, mmarTvelobis aWaruli stili sruliadsaqarTveloze gavrceldebao. argumentma gaWra. 2003 wlisarCevnebSi aWaris faqtori (saerTo gayalbebebis fonze) krizisiserTi umTavres mizezTagani Seiqmna, uromlisodac “vardebisrevolucia”, SesaZloa, arc momxdariyo. arCevnebis oficialuriSedegebis Tanaxmad abaSiZis “aRorZinebis partiam” xmebis 20%miiRo,20 riTac is SevardnaZis aucilebel partniorad iqceodasaparlamento umravlesobis misaRwevad. abaSiZis TbilisSimzardi gavlenis garduvaloba mTeli saqarTvelos politikuri“aWarizaciis” perspeqtivas qmnida, ramac cecxlze navTisdasxmis efeqti gamoiwvia da gaaZliera saprotesto moZraoba,rac, sabolood, SevardnaZis gadadgomiT damTavrda.

rogorc saqarTvelos yvela sxva krizisul regionSi,ruseTis faqtorma aWaraSic iTamaSa mniSvnelovani roli.ruseTs sakuTari samxedro baza gaaCnda iq da abaSiZes TavissakvanZo mokavSired miiCnevda saqarTveloSi. Tu gaviTva-liswinebT samxeT kavkasiaSi mimdinare movlenebis paranoidulaRqmas rusi geostrategosebis mier, maTTvis aWara saqarT-

20 aRsaniSnavia, rom es xmebi ZiriTadad aWaraze modioda, Tumca, 2002 wlisaRweris mixedviT, misi mosaxleoba saqarTvelos mxolod 8.6% Seadgens.

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veloze zewolis mTavari instrumenti iyo, raTa am ukanasknelsTurqeTisken ar gaqceoda Tvali. meore mxriv, Tavad abaSiZesruseTis samxedro baza sakuTari politikuri reJimis usa-frTxoebis garantad miaCnda.

saakaSvilma imTaviTve ganacxada, rom abaSiZis amgvargamowvevebs ver moiTmenda da moqmedeba or frontze daiwyo:abaSiZis mimarT adgilobrivi opoziciis gaZlierebas daexmara,meore mxriv ki centraluri xelisuflebis yvela SesaZleblobagamoiyena masze ekonomikuri da politikuri zewolis mosax-denad. saakaSvilis xelisufleba SiSobda, rom abaSiZe Sevar-dnaZeze ufro Sors wavidoda da arc samxedro Zalis gamo-yenebas daerideboda sakuTari taxtis dasacavad. 2004 wlis 2maiss, abaSiZem aWaris danarCen saqarTvelosTan damakav-Sirebeli xidebis afeTqebis brZaneba gasca. savaraudod, igiimedovnebda, rom amgvari qmedeba TbilisTan samxedrodapirispirebas gamoiwveva, ris Sedegadac ruseTi CaereodaaWaris dasacavad. Tu es marTlac ase iyo, misi imedebi ar gamar-Tlda. igi qveynidan Tavad aWaris macxovreblebma gandevnes daara Tbilisidan Casulma jariskacebma. bedis ironiiT, sworedruseTis despanma, igor ivanovma daarwmuna abaSiZe imaSi, romsaboloo nabiji gadaedga da aWara daetovebina.

rogorc ki krizisma gadaiara, saqarTvelos xelisuflebampiroba dado, rom SeinarCunebda aWaris avtonomiur statuss,Tumca opoziciuri partiebis nawili mis gauqmebas iTxovda.21

magram, faqtobrivad, saqarTvelos konstituciis cvlilebebmada 2004 wlis pirvel ivliss ZalaSi Sesulma kanonma aWarisavtonomiuri respublikis statusis Sesaxeb arsebiTad Sekvecaavtonomiis uflebebi da is arsebiTad centralur xelis-uflebas dauqvemdebara.22 imave wlis ivnisSi, aWaris umaRlesi

21 aRsaniSnavia, rom statusis Secvlas isini Tavad aWaris mosaxleobaSiCatarebuli plebiscitis gziT iTxovdnen da ara centraluri xeli-suflebis gadawyvetilebiT. ix.: “Party of New Rights Started Gathering ofSignatures among Achara Residents for Plebiscite on Status of Achara,” Black Sea Press,June 14, 2004.22 “Georgian Parliament Defines Autonomous Status of Ajara,” Prime-News, July 1, 2004.


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sabWos arCevnebSi, saprezidento partiam didi upiratesobiT(72.1%) gaimarjva. axladarCeulma sabWom “prezidentis kaci” _levan vaSalomiZe airCia aWaris premierad da avtonomiurirespublikis konstituciaSic Seitana cvlilebebi saqarTveloskanonmdeblobasTan mis srul SesabamisobaSi mosayvanad.

SeiZleba, aWaris avtonomiis axleburi gansazRvra metis-metad centralisturad CavTvaloT. magram Tundac ase iyos,mTavari isaa, rom Tavad aWaris mosaxleobas amis gamo protestiar gamouTqvams. maT SeiZleba ar moswondeT, rom xelisuflebasTbilisidan uniSnaven – magram es saqarTvelos nebismierregions exeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tu aWaris sakiTxi safrTxesuqmnida saqarTvelos erTianobas, dRes is erTxel da samu-damod gadaWrili Cans. es ar niSnavs, rom aranairi kiTxvisniSnebi ar arsebobs imis Taobaze, Tu praqtikulad rogorimuSavebs avtonomiis axali reJimi. zogi Tvlis, rom momaval,ufro demokratiul aWaraSi sarwmunoebis faqtorma SeiZlebaufro metad iCinos Tavi da daZabuloba gamoiwvios. saqarT-veloSi iseTebic arian, visTvisac qarTvel mahmadianTaarseboba TavisTavad miuRebelia, radgan qarTveloba marTl-madidebeli eklesiis gareT ver warmoudgeniaT. es aWarelimahmadianebis yursac wvdeba da samomavlod garkveuliusiamovnebebi SeiZleba gamoiwvios.

javaxeli somxebi da qvemo qarTlis

azerbaijanelebi: politikuri

iredentizmis axali safrTxe?

arc afxazebi da arc osebi saqarTveloSi yvelaze didieTnikuri umciresobani arasodes yofilan: rodesac ssrkdaiSala, yvelaze mravalricxovan eTnikur umciresobas aqsomxebi (8.1%), rusebi (6.3%) da azerbaijanelebi (5.7%)Seadgendnen. 2002 wlisaTvis viTareba Seicvala: rusebismigraciisa da afxazeTis de faqto gamoyofis Sedegad (aq kibevri rusi da somexi saxlobda) azerbaijanelebi yvelaze did

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eTnikur umciresobad iqcnen (saerTo mosaxleobis 6.5%). Semdegmodian somxebi (5.7%). TiToeuli am jgufis didi wili azerbai-janisa (qvemo qarTli) da somxeTis (samcxe-javaxeTi) mosazRvreteritoriebzea Tavmoyrili. maTgan Zalze mcire nawili Tumetyvelebs qarTulad. maT sustad aqvT ganviTarebulisaqarTvelosadmi kuTvnilebis grZnoba da emociurad ufroTavis eTnikur samSoblosTan aigiveben Tavs.

aqedan gamomdinare, arsebobs Teoriuli SesaZlebloba, romes ori regioni mTiani yarabaRis msgavsi konfliqtebis zonadgadaiqces. saqarTveloSi xandaxan SfoTavdnen amis gamo, Tumca,raki yvelaferi mSvidobianad midis, SiSic Senelda. ratomaa,rom SesaZlebeli konfliqtebi aq ar ganviTarebula? mizeziramdenimea. upirveles yovlisa, avtonomiebis mqone eTnikurijgufebisgan gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos somxebsa da azerbai-janelebs administraciuli sayrdeni ar hqoniaT sakuTari eTno-nacionalisturi proeqtebis gansaviTareblad. meore mxriv,afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis gamocdilebam qarTvelebizogadad ufro frTxili gaxada eTnikur umciresobebTanmimarTebaSi; da mesame _ Tundac mTiani yarabaRis sisxlianikonfliqtis gamo, somxeTica da azerbaijanic eridebiansaqarTvelosTan urTierTobis gafuWebas da aq separatistulmoZraobebs ver dauWeren mxars.

Tumca viTareba javaxeTsa Tu qvemo qarTlSi erTmaneTismsgavsia, somxuri umravlesobis mqone javaxeTi mainc metyuradRebas iqcevs, vidre azerbaijanelebiT dasaxlebuliqvemo qarTli. javaxeTi patara regionia, romelic axalqalaqisada ninowmindis raionebs moicavs, mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 95%aq eTnikurad somexia.23 saqarTveloSi ar aris sxva kuTxe, sadaceTnikuri umciresoba amdenad dominirebdes. qarTuls aq

23 javaxeTi Sedis samcxe-javaxeTSi, samxreT saqarTvelos adminis-traciul regionSi, romelic eqvs raions moicavs. misi mosaxleobis 54.6%somexia, xolo 43.4% - qarTveli. saxeli “javaxeTi” Cveulebriv mieyenebaor raions, axalqalaqsa da ninowmindas, sadac somxuri mosaxleobasrulad dominirebs, magram formalurad aseTi administraciulierTeuli ar arsebobs.


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Znelad gaigonebT, xolo 2004 wlamde aq, qveynis kanon-mdeblobis sapirispirod, rusuli rubli jabnida mimoqcevaSiqarTul lars. qarTuli nacionalizmis talRis agorebisa da1992-Si prezident gamsaxurdias gaZevebis Semdgomi areulobissapasuxod, adgilobrivi nacionalisturi organizaciis,“javaxkis” TaosnobiT, somxuri laSqaric ki Seiqmna javaxeTSi.1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi qarTvel xelisufalT ZalzeuWirdaT regionSi SeRweva, Tumca aTwleulis SuaxanebisTvismaT es moaxerxes imiT, rom biznesis yvelaze momgebianseqtorebSi gabatonebul adgilobriv klanebs gaurigdnen.organizacia “javaxkic” ramdenime nawilad gaiyo (maTgan erT-erTia araregistrirebuli partia “virqi”) da misi gavlenasagrZnoblad Sesustda. “javaxkis” programa _ javaxeTissomexTa teritoriuli avtonomia _ avtonomiur erTeulebTanwarsuli gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, sruliad miuRebeliaqarTvelebisaTvis. amgvari moTxovna dro da dro isev gaismisxolme, magram masobrivi mobilizaciis safuZvlad is ar qceula.

rac Seexeba azerbaijanelebiT dasaxlebul kuTxeebs, iqmsgavsi aqtivoba ar SeiniSneba da avtonomiis moTxovnac arasodesgaJRerebula. or regions Soris gansxvaveba SeiZleba aixsnasrogorc eTnikur Temebs Soris gansxvavebiT, ise imiTac, romjavaxeTi geografiulad ufro mowyvetilia qveynis sxva nawilebs,vidre qvemo qarTli. gare geopolitikuri faqtorebic TamaSobsgarkveul rols: adgilobriv somexTa da azerbaijanelTa qcevabevradaa ganpirobebuli maTi eTnikuri samSobloebis moqmedebiT.saqarTvelosa da azerbaijans bevri saerTo interesi aqvs, orivesdaZabuli urTierToba aqvs ruseTTan, xolo TurqeTsa da amerikisSeerTebul Statebs strategiul partniorebad miiCneven. amissawinaaRmdegod, somxeTi ruseTTanaa daaxloebuli, xoloTurqeTs “istoriul mtrad” racxavs. sagareo politikis sa-kiTxebSi aseTi Zireuli gansxvaveba garkveul undoblobas iwvevssaqarTvelosa da somxeTs Soris, rac saqarTveloSi mcxovrebsomxobasac garkveul daRs aCens.

am konteqstSi, axalqalaqis rusuli samxedro bazisarseboba gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis sakiTxi gaxda. javaxeli

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somxobisaTvis es baza Semosavlis mniSvnelovani wyaroa: 2004wlamde mainc, bevri maTgani msaxurobda iq, xolo rus samxed-roebs sxva mxrivac udevT wili adgilobriv ekonomikaSi. kidevufro mniSvnelovania is, rom somxebi am bazas uyureben, rogorcerTgvar fars, romelic daicavs maT rogorc TurqeTiseqspansiisagan, ise qarTuli nacionalizmis SesaZlo Semo-tevisagan. amis sawinaaRmdegod, qarTvelebis umravlesoba damaTi xelisufleba amgvari bazis arsebobas maTi saxelm-wifosTvis safrTxed miiCnevs. ase rom, baza xels uwyobs somexmosaxleobasa da qarTul saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobisdaZabvas.

pankisis xeoba: importirebuli konfliqti

pankisi momcro xeobaa saqarTvelos Crdilo mTianeTSi,sadac daaxloebiT 7,000 qistia kompaqturad dasaxlebuli.isini mahmadianebi arian da CeCnebs enaTesavebian. amave dros,isini SedarebiT kargad arian integrirebulni qarTul mosax-leobasTan, Tavisuflad laparakoben qarTuls, da maTi gvar-saxelebic qarTulad JRers.

sanam CeCneTSi omebi daiwyeboda, bevr qarTvels arc kismenia pankisis xeobaze. sayovelTaod cnobili is 1999 welsgaxda, roca oms gamoqceuli aTasobiT CeCeni ltolvili miawydaiqaurobas.24 Cveulebriv ltolvilebTan erTad daucvelsazRvars iolad kveTdnen CeCeni mebrZolebic. aman saqar-Tvelosa da ruseTs Soris urTierToba mkveTrad daZaba:moskovma Tbiliss teroristebis mfarveloba daabrala.25 gardaamisa, qveyanas Seeqmna mwvave saSinao problemac: sul malepankisis xeoba faqtobrivad xelisuflebis kontrolidangamovida da iaraRiT aralegaluri vaWrobis, narkotikebis

24 CeCneTis pirveli omis dros, 1994 wels, ltolvilTa da daWrilmebrZolTa raodenoba Seudareblad naklebi iyo.25 ix. jaba devdarianis Tavi amave wignSi.


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tranzitisa da gamosasyidis mizniT gatacebebis kerad iqca.pankisis xeoba, SeiZleba iTqvas, saqarTvelos arSemdgarisaxelmwifoebriobis Tu misi rRvevis Taviseburi simbologaxda.26 arsebiTad, qarTvel samarTaldamcavebs iqaurobisgakontrolebis mcdelobazec ki aRebuli hqondaT xeli dapolitikosebic acxadebdnen _ pankisis xeobaSi wesrigisdamyarebas saqarTvelos CeCneT-ruseTis omSi CaTreva SeiZlebamohyveso; jobs, jer-jerobiT mainc, yvelaferi TviTdinebazemivuSvaT da xeoba izolirebul arealad vaqcioTo.

magram, Tundac adamianTa gaxSirebuli gatacebebis gamo,pankisis danarCeni saqarTvelosagan izolacia SeuZlebeliaRmoCnda: mezobel axmetis raionSi sakuTari laSqari Camo-ayalibes da imuqrebodnen, Cven Tavad davamyarebT wesrigso.es laSqaric TavisTavad iqca problemad. 2001 wlis oqtomberSiCeCen mebrZolTa mTeli SenaerTi, raRac idumali gzebiT (maSinambobdnen, rom es qarTveli samarTaldamcavebis xelSewyobiTmoxda) pankisidan afxazeTSi gadavida da warumateblad scada,brZoliT Sesuliyo afxazeTSi. pankisSi Seqmnili viTarebanawilobriv aixsneboda saqarTvelos centraluri xeli-suflebis uunarobiT, magram gamoikveTa korumpirebulsamarTaldamcavTa interesic, SeenarCunebinaT ukontroloviTareba, rom regionSi ganviTarebuli kriminaluri biznesidanTavisi wili mieRoT.

2001 wlis 9 seqtembers SeerTebul StatebSi ganxor-cielebuli terorostuli aqtebis Semdeg terorizmTanglobaluri omis konteqstma pankisis xeobisa Tu misi msgavsiregionebis mimarT damokidebuleba mkveTrad Secvala. arasta-bilur qveynebSi amgvari ukontrolo anklavebis arsebobac ki(gansakuTrebiT, Tu isini muslimanebiT arian dasaxlebulni)imTaviTve terorizmis savaraudo wyarod ganixileba. rodesacsaqarTveloSi aSS-s saelCos warmomadgenelma filip remlerma

26 aman dasavlur mediaSi iseTi gamoxmaurebebic ki gamoiwvia, rogoricmag.: Patrick Cockburn, “Collapse of Georgia is Ignored by the World,” (“msofliougulvebelyofs saqarTvelos kolafss”), The Independent, January 14, 2002.

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ganacxada, al-qaidas fesvi aqvs pankisSi gadgmulio, saqarT-velo erdoulad SeerTebuli Statebisa da ruseTis zewolisqveS aRmoCnda, ramac sul male moitana Sedegi.27 qarTvelisamarTaldamcavebis formirebebma ramdenime operacia ganaxor-cieles xeobaSi da garkveul warmatebebsac miaRwies, oRondmxolod mas Semdeg, rac Sinagan saqmeTa da uSiSroebissaministroTa korumpirebuli xelmZRvaneloba Seicvala.swored pankisis problemam gadaawyvetina SeerTebul Statebs,saqarTveloSi wvrTnisa da aRWurvis programa ganexor-cielebina, ris farglebSic man Tavisi specnawilebis orasamdeoficeri gaagzavna qarTuli jaris qvedanayofebis gada-samzadeblad.

politikuri integraciis problema

pankisSi, saqarTvelos sxva konfliqturi zonebis msgavsad,mTavari safiqrali erTiani saqarTvelos danawevrebis sa-frTxea. yvela am wertilSi eTnikuri Tu sarwmunoebrivifaqtori iCens Tavs, oRond TavisTavad eTnikuri siWreleproblemis mizezebs ver xsnis: konfliqtebis winapirobadufro metad sabWoTa periodis instituciuri struqturebi daam mravalsafexuriani kvazifederalizmidan damoukidebelerovnul saxelmwifoTa sistemaze gadasvlis procesi iqca.danawevrebis xifaTi aseve Zlier korelaciaSia rusi samxed-roebis yofnasTan rogorc uSualod (afxazeTi, samxreT oseTi,aWara, javaxeTi), ise arapirdapir (pankisis xeoba). iq, sadac ararsebobs danawevrebis instituciuri safuZveli an negatiurigaregani zegavlena (qvemo qarTli), safrTxec proporciuladklebulobs.

ra Tqma unda, aqedan ar unda gamovitanoT martivi daskvna,TiTqos saqarTvelos yvela Sida problemis gasaRebi mxolod

27 ix.: Ariel Cohen, “Moscow, Washington, and Tbilisi Wrestle with Instability in thePankisi,” Eurasia Insight, February 19, 2002, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav021902.shtml.


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da mxolod ruseTsa Tu sxva gare faqtorebSi unda veZioT.arsebobs sxva, nakleb TvalSisacemi problemebi, rac safrTxesuqmnis saqarTvelos an mas ufro mowyvlads xdis. amaTganyvelaze mniSvnelovani eTnikuri sakiTxebia. faqtobrivadgamoyofili afxazeTi da samxreT oseTic rom ar CavTvaloT,saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 16.3%-s eTnikuri umciresobebiSeadgens. maT Soris yvelaze did jgufebs somxebi da azerbai-janelebi Seadgenen.28 marTalia, maTgan iredentobis realurisafrTxe ar Cans, maTi marginaluroba qarTul sazogadoebaSimainc problemad rCeba. umetesi maTgani ver flobs qarTuls_ qveynis erTaderT saxelmwifo enas.29 aseve, maTi umravlesobasakuTari, adgilobrivi interesebiTaa dakavebuli da qveynissaerTo problemebs naklebad aRiqvams. marTalia, isiniwarmomadgenili arian parlamentSi, magram amas ufro cere-moniuli datvirTva aqvs; sxvadasxva politikur partiaSiumciresobaTa aqtiur wevrebs Znelad Tu ipoviT.

saxelmwifo enis verfloba somxebisa da azerbaijanelebispasiurobisa da marginalurobis mxolod erTi mizezTagania _umTavresi mainc qarTul sazogadoebaSi maTi statusis gaur-kvevlobaa. mainc, ris safuZvelze SeiZleba moxdes maTiintegracia? saWiroa maTi gvartomobis sruli ignorireba,oficialuri Tu araformaluri eTnikuri qvotebis daweseba, Turaime sxva? afxazeTisa da oseTis konfliqtebis Semdegsaxelmwifo liderebica da farTo sazogadoebac problemiswayruebas cdilobs, TiTqos is sakuTar Tavs Tavadve mouvli-des. magram ase albaT ar moxdeba...

bolo wlebis viTareba rom SevajamoT, erTis mxriv, saxel-mwifo ufro “qarTuli” gaxda, meore mxriv ki inerciiT gagrZel-da sabWoTa drois eTnikuri politika. eTnikur umciresobebsueWvelad aqvT TavianTi kulturuli identobis SenarCunebis

28 es 2002 wlis aRweris mixedviT, romelSic afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTismosaxleoba araa gaTvaliswinebuli.29 afxazur enas afxazeTis teritoriaze agreTve eniWeba saxelmwifo enisstatusi, oRond konfliqtis gadawyvetamde amas wmindad simbolurimniSvneloba aqvs.

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meqanizmebi – magaliTad, mSobliur enaze ganaTlebis miRebissaSualeba – magram swored es meqnizmebia, rac maT “eTnikurgetoSi” gamoketvas uwyobs xels. integraciis adekvaturiformulis moZiebas xels uSlis rogorc umravlesobis moumza-debloba, umciresobani eris srulfasovan nawilad miiRos, iseintegraciis SiSi umciresobebis mxridan, radgan isini masasimilaciis pirvel safexurad Tvlian. kidev erTi TeoriuliSesaZleblobaa arsebuli eTnikuri anklavebis institucio-nalizacia eTnikuri federalizmis safuZvelze. magram espolitikurad SeuZlebelia, radgan qarTvelebis TvalSi aseTieTno-federaluri erTeulebis Seqmna separatizmis pirvelisafexuria. aseTi gza albaT integraciis imedzec ki xelis aRebaiqneboda. sanam raRac formula moinaxeba, gariyuli eTnikuriumciresobebis arseboba qveynisTvis potenciuri safrTxisSemcvelad darCeba.

saakaSvilis xelisuflebis mier gadadgmuli zogierTinabiji mianiSnebs, rom mTavrobas gaazrebuli aqvs saqarT-veloSi eTnikur umciresobaTa problemebis arseboba dacdilobs kidec raRac nabijebis gadadgmas. male maTi mosvlisSemdeg aRdga gadacemebi umciresobaTa enebze. 2005 wlisTebervals, saqarTvelos parlamentisadmi yovelwliurmimarTvaSi prezidentma umciresobaTa integracia qveynisTviserT-erT umTavres problemad CaTvala da gamoacxada, romdaiwyebda umciresobis samasi warmomadgenlis qarTul univer-sitetebSi wvrTnis programas im angariSiT, rom isini saxel-mwifo dawesebulebebSi imuSavebdnen.30 es ar niSnavs, rom amproblemebs marTlac prioriteti mieniWeba, an rom xeli-suflebas mwyobri gegma aqvs maT gadasawyvetad. magram axalxelisuflebas problemis ugulebelyofac ar SeuZlia. sakuTargamokvlevebze dayrdnobiTac SemiZlia vTqva, rom eTnos-tabilurobis misaRwevad SevardnaZis xelisuflebis ZiriTadimeTodi eTnikur umciresobaTa elitebis (“klanebis”) korum-

30 “Georgian President Delivers Annual Address to Parliament,” BBC Monitoring Newslife,February 10, 2005.


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pirebul patronaJul qselebSi CarTva iyo. amgvari midgomisSenarCuneba SeewinaaRmdegeba axali xelisuflebis mierdeklarirebul reformistul miswrafebebs, magram xelis erTimosmiT maTze uaris Tqma _ ise, rom isini arc aqtiuri, umci-resobaTa wuxilebze pasuxebis Semcveli saintegracio poli-tikiT Secvalo _ destabilizaciis winapirobad SeiZleba iqces.

daqucmacebis kidev erTi tradiciuli faqtori saqarT-veloSi TviT eTnikur qarTvelTa Soris kuTxuroba da enobrivumciresobaTa arsebobaa. kuTxurobas saqarTveloSi xangrZliviistoria aqvs. XI-XII saukuneebis “oqros xanasa” da ruseTisimperiaSi Sesvlas Soris periodSi, qarTvelebi sxvadasxvasamTavroebsa da samefoebSi cxovrobdnen, romelTac zogadierTobis met-naklebad bundovani Segneba hqondaT, magram arcerTmaneTTan konfliqti akldaT. XIX saukuneSi, roca libe-ralurad ganwyobilma inteligenciam saerTo-erovnuli mikuT-vnebulobis idea wamowia win, eris mSeneblobis ZiriTadwinaRobad mas swored kuTxuroba miaCnda. paradoqsia, magramsaqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublika aRmoCnda isinstituti, romelmac qarTvelebSi erTiani erovnuli kuTv-nilebis SegrZneba ganamtkica. kuTxurobis arseboba dResac kiiwvevs garkveul SfoTvas. Tumca amaze sajarod laparaki kargtonad ar iTvleba, bevri fiqrobs, rom garkveul pirobebSi,kuTxurobam vinZlo erovnul erTianobasac ki gauCinos bzari.31

magaliTad, es qveteqsti aqvs diskusiebs imis Sesaxeb, gaxdesTu ara saqarTvelo federaluri mowyobis qveyana. 1993-94wlebSi prezidentma SevardnaZem Seqmna axali msxvili admi-nistraciuli regionebi _ mxareebi, da es statusi saqarTvelosistoriul provinciebs mianiWa, rogoricaa kaxeTi, imereTi,guria, samegrelo da sxv. magram am ideam sakmaod bevriwinaaRmdegoba gamoiwvia. 1995 wlis sakonstitucio diskusiis

31 magaliTad, qarTveli analitikosebi weren kuTxurobis gavlenazebiurokratiul sistemaSi patronaJuli qselebis Seqmnisas. ix.: kobakikabiZe da daviT losaberiZe, “institucionalizmi da klientelizmisaqarTveloSi”, sadiskusio naSromi, (Tbilisi, sadiskusio naSromebisseria, 2000), gv. 40-41.

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dros qveynis axleburi teritoriuli mowyobis TaobazeSeTanxmeba ver iqna miRweuli. saxelmwifo mowyobis esumniSvnelovanesi komponenti jerac Riadaa datovebulisaqarTvelos konstituciaSi, xolo samxareo administraciamxolod saprezidento brZanebulebiT funqciobs.32 bevrs iseveSinia, rom istoriuli mxareebis administraciul erTeulebadqceva kuTxurobas aaRorZinebs da erTian erovnul TviT-Segnebas gamouTxris Zirs.

am kuTxeebidan ori _ samegrelo da svaneTi gansakuTrebulyuradRebas iqcevs, radgan mosaxleobis es ori jgufi sakuTar,qarTulis monaTesave, magram sxva qarTvelebisTvis gaugebarenebze metyvelebs. megrelebi bevrad mravalricxovanni arian33

da zog dasavlel mimomxilvels isic ki ukvirs, damoukideblobasratom ar iTxoveno.34 magram saqme piriqiTaa: rogorc 1918-21wlebis, ise post-sabWoTa damoukideblobis periodebSi qarTulinacionalizmi swored samegreloSi iyo gansakuTrebiT Zlieri.zviad gamsaxurdia, saqarTvelos pirveli prezidenti, warmoSobiTsamegrelodan iyo. gamsaxurdias Camogdebis mere SevardnaZisreJimisaTvis erT-erT sakvanZo problemad swored samegreloiqca: gamsaxurdias momxreebi aq gamagrdnen, am mxareze kontrolisdamyarebis mcdeloba ki adgilobrivi mosaxleobis winaaRmdegsadamsjelo operaciebSi gadaizarda. garda amisa, afxazeTSimcxovreb qarTvelTa umetesoba, vinc konfliqtis Sedegad Tavisisaxlebidan gandevnes, swored megrelia. aqedan gamomdinare,megrelebs miaCniaT, rom yvelaze didi dartyma miiRes 1990-ianiwlebis samoqalaqo omebis Sedegad, da, rac kidev uaresia, maTi esgansacdeli qveynis danarCenma nawilma sakmarisad gulTan axlos

32 teritoriuli mowyobis konstituciur gansazRvraze droebiT uarisTqmis oficialuri axsna is iyo, rom jer afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTSiunda moegvarebinaT konfliqti; sinamdvileSi, Tavad qarTvelebs Sorisam sakiTxze erTiani azris Camoyalibeba qmnida gadaulaxav problemas.33 sxvadasxva kuTxuri identobis matareblebze mosaxleobis aRweraarafers ambobs, Tumca varaudoben, rom megrelebi naxevar milionamdeunda iyvnen, maSin rodesac svanebis ricxvi 40,000-s ar aRemateba.34 Neal Ascherson, Black Sea (New York: Hill and Wang, 1995).


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ar miitana. es ar niSnavs, rom megrelebs raime separatistuliideebi gauCndaT, magram am konfliqtebma, garkveulwilad, xazigausves maT gansakuTrebul adgils saqarTvelos danarCenmosaxleobasTan SedarebiT.

SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom “vardebis revoluciam” didadSeuwyo xeli aiarebis gamTelebas. saakaSvilma swored samegre-loze gaakeTa aqcenti prezident SevardnaZis reJimis sawina-aRmdego kampaniis agorebisas, da swored am mxarisgan miiRogansakuTrebuli mxardaWera noembris dReebSi. revoluciisSemdeg saakaSvilma garkveuli nabijebi gadadga gamsaxurdiasreabilitaciis mimarTulebiT, rac megrelTa umravlesobisTvissasiamovno iyo. saakaSvilTan daaxloebuli adamianebis mowmo-biT, samegrelos aqtiuri “CarTva” politikur procesebSiimTaviTve Seadgenda eris gamTlianebis saakaSviliseulistrategiuli Canafiqris nawils.

Tanamedrove erebisTvis savsebiT bunebrivia, arsebobdnenZlieri regionuli identobebi, romlebic garkveul konku-rencias uweven saerTo-erovnul TviTSegnebas: es TavisTavadsulac ar uTxris Zirs erovnul erTianobas. 1990-iani wlebisareulobis gamocdileba yvelaze naTlad aCvenebs, romkuTxurobis gamovlineba (maT Soris megrelebis SemTxvevaSi)saqarTvelos erTianobas aranairad ar emuqreba. Tu sadmearsebobdnen centraluri xelisuflebisagan gamoyofismosurne jgufebi, saxelisuflebo struqturebis sruli kraxidamoukideblobis miRwevis periodSi saamisod saukeTeso droiyo. swored maSin gaxldaT saqarTvelos politikuri insti-tutebi yvelaze myife da aramdgradi.

maSin rodesac SevardnaZis mcdeloba iqiTken iyo mimar-Tuli, 1990-iani wlebis eTno-politikuri konfliqtebisSedegebi gaeneitralebina da qveyana Semdgomi rRvevisaganexsna, saakaSvilma saqarTvelos sruli gaerTianeba gamoacxadaTavisi politikuri programis qvakuTxedad. jer-jerobiT manTiTqos moaxerxa megrelebis erTgvari gaucxoebiT gamowveulifsiqologiuri tramvis daZleva da aWaris problemis pirovnul-administraciuli problemebis moxsna. magram separatistuli

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regionebis SemoerTeba da eTnikuri umciresobebis realuriintegracia kvlavac rTul gamowvevad rCeba.

axali saxelmwifo wesrigi: anarqiuli

Tavisufleba, neo-patrimonializmi da

socialuri kontraqti

saxelmwifos sisustes ori ganzomileba SeiZleba hqondes:instituciuri uunaroba da xelisuflebis ukmarisi legiti-muroba. imis garkveva, Tu romelia maTgan umTavresi, kvercxisada qaTmis sakiTxs hgavs.35 Znelia qmediTunariani saxelmwifoinstitutebis mSenebloba, Tuki jer ar gagirkvevia, ra tipissaxelmwifos aSeneb, an vis ekuTvnis igi (vin aris politikurieri?). garda amisa, rogor unda moxdes eris mSenebloba, Tu amasar ikisrebs politikuri elita, da isev saxelmwifo insti-tutebs ar gamoiyenebs? saxelmwifo institutebis efeqturimoqmedeba TavisTavad zrdis misi legitimurobis xarisxs.meore mxriv, saxelmwifoobis moSlaa sisxlian omebSi gada-zrdili secesionisturi konfliqtebis mizezi da ara piriqiT.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifos simyare orgvarad SeiZlebaSevafasoT: 1) misi institutebis stabilurobisa da mdgradobismixedviT da 2) am institutebis produqtiulobiT, anu maTiunariT, maTze dakisrebuli funqciebi Seasrulon.36 orive am

35 dav linCi, samxreTkavkasiasTan mimarTebaSi, swored am or aspeqtzeamaxvilebs yuradRebas. ix.: Dov Lynch, “A Regional Insecurity Dynamic,” TheSouth Caucasus: A Challenge for the EU, Chaillot Papers no. 65, (Paris: Institute forSecurity Studies, European Union, December 2003), gv. 12−15.36 saxelmwifos sisustis gansazRvris ori gza arsebobs: legitimuriZaladobis gamoyenebaze monopoliis veberiseuli kriteriumi minima-listur moTxovnad SegviZlia CavTvaloT. joel migdali, mis xSiradcitirebul wignSi, saxelmwifos unarTa ufro farTo sias gvTavazobs,sadac Sedis: “unari, mTlianad moicvas sazogadoeba, sazogadoebrivurTierTobaTa mowesrigebis unari, saxsrebis mopovebis unari da imavesaxsrebis saTanadod anu gamarTulad gamoyenebis unari”. ix.: Joel S. Migdal,Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in theThird World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988), gv. 4.


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kriteriumiT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sustia _ Tundacimitom, rom qveynis mTlian teritorias ver akontrolebs.garda amisa, centralurma xelisuflebam ver uzrunvelyo Zalislegitimuri gamoyenebis monopolia qveynis SigniT _ anusaxelmwifos minimalur veberiseul moTxovnasac ver akmayo-filebs. es sisuste yvelaze mZafrad gamovlinda periodSi,romelic daiwyo 1991-92 ww. gadatrialebiT da gagrZelda 1995wlamde, roca xelisuflebam “mxedrionis” TareSs mouRo bolo.Tumca, 1995 wlis Semdegac saxelmwifo iguebda paramili-taruli dajgufebebis arsebobas _ amis magaliTia samegrelo-afxazeTis regionSi moqmedi partizanuli jgufebi, an pankisisxeobis problemis konteqstSi Seqmnili “saxalxo laSqari.”

saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sisustes mxolod Zalis le-gitimur gamoyenebaze monopoliis verdamyareba rodi war-moaCens. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani indikatoria xelisuflebiskonstituciuri gziT gadacemis uunaroba. gamsaxurdiac daSevardnaZec ZaliT gadaayenes da ara legitimuri saarCevnoprocesis gziT. sisusteze mianiSnebs saqarTvelos xeli-suflebis sakuTar samxedro formirebebze arasakmarisikontrolic. 1991 wels swored samxedro formirebebmagaaZeves gamsaxurdia, xolo erovnuli gvardiis sardals,Tengiz kitovans bralad sdeben 1992 wlis agvistoSi af-xazeTSi samxedro moqmedebebis wamowyebas. 1994 wlis aprilSi,roca saqarTvelos Tavdacvis ministrad yofili sabWoTagenerali dainiSna, jari gverdze gadga politikisagan, oRond1998-2001 wlebSi sazogadoeba seriozulad SeaSfoTa Seiara-Rebul ZalebSi momxdarma ramdenime janyma. rac Seexebapoliciasa da uSiSroebis samsaxurebs, isini saxelmwifoswinaaRmdeg gamoxdomebSi arasodes SemCneulan, magram,sayovelTao azriT, CarTulni iyvnen sxvadasxva kanon-sawinaaRmdego qmedebebSi, rogoricaa kontrabanda, narko-tikebiT vaWroba Tu adamianTa gatacebebi. aqve davamatebT,rom SevardnaZis periodSi samarTaldamcav organoebs uyu-rebdnen rogorc biznesisgan da moqalaqeebisgan fulisgamoZalvis awyobil meqanizmebs.

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sisustis Semdgomi ganzomilebaa saxelmwifos uunaroba,mokribos saxazino Semosavlebi da jerovnad daafinansossaxelmwifo institutebi. miCneulia, rom saqarTveloSiCrdilovan ekonomikas yvelaze didi wili uWiravs postsabWoTaqveynebs Soris (sxvadasxva SefasebiT, 40-70%).37 Sedegad,saxelwifo xazinis Semosavlebi Zalian mcirea. 2003 wels maTsaerTo erovnuli produqtis mxolod 11,2% Seadgines (evro-kavSiris qveynebSi maTi wili daaxloebiT 50%-s udris).38 amisSedegi iyo uaRresad dabali xelfasebi da pensiebi, romlebic,rogorc wesi, bevrad CamorCeboda sacxovrebel minimums.39

saxelmwifo organizaciebi ver izidavdnen patiosan dakompetentur personals: SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis bolowlebSi ministris xelfasic ki nebismieri saerTaSorisoarasamTavrobo organizaciis ubralo mdivnis xelfass vergautoldeboda. amis gamo, Zalian bevri Tanamdebobas mxolodpiradi gamorCenisTvis iyenebda. dabolos, saxelmwifossisustis yvelaze TvalsaCino maCveneblad da farTo ganxilvissagnad iqca korufcia, romelsac zogierTi saqarTvelosmravali sxva warumateblobis ZiriTad mizezad Tvlis. 2003wels, organizacia “saerTaSoriso gamWvirvalobis” mier Seqmnil

37 statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis oficialuri monacemebismixedviT, Crdilovani (aRunusxavi) ekonomikis wili 2000 wlidan 2003wlamde 32-sa da 34% Soris meryeobda. ix.: (Georgian Economic Trends, QuarterlyReview, no. 2-3, 2003, p. 10). nikolai hajiiski, evropuli bankis rekons-truqciisa da ganviTarebis eqsperti miiCnevs, rom “es cifri aSkarad 50%-ze naklebi ar unda iyos”. ix.: Daan van der Schriek, “Illicit Traders Work theGeorgia–Turkey Shuttle,” Eurasia Insight, August 6, 2003, www.eurasia.net.38 ix.: Galt and Taggart Securities, Georgia: Weekly Stock Market Commentary, January26, 2004. isic unda iTqvas, rom es cifrebi mainc Crdilovani ekonomikiswilis oficialur (savaraudod, Semcirebul) monacemebs eyrdnoba. TuCavTvliT, rom Crdilovani ekonomikis wili sinamdvileSi metia,saxelmwifo xazinis Semosavlebis procentuli Sefardeba erTianerovnul produqtTan mimarTebaSi kidev ufro dabali gamova.39 saq. statistikis sax. departamentis monacemebiT, 2002 wels saxelmwifomoxelis saSualo Tviuri anazRaureba 104,9 lari iyo, maSin rocasasicocxlo minimumi 127,9 lariT iyo gansazRvruli. ix.: Georgian EconomicTrends, Quarterly Review, no. 2-3 (2003), gv. 50−51.


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korufciis aRqmis indeqsSi saqarTvelos 133 qveynidan 124-eadgili ekava.40

oRond aq unda davZinoT, rom korufciis maRali done dasaxelmwifos sisuste avtomaturad ar ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs.bevr qveyanaSi korufcia yvavis, magram saxelmwifo kontrolicmtkicea. patiosani xelisufleba rom korumpirebuls sjobs,amaze aravin davobs, Tumca zogan qrTami saxelmwifo meqanizmis“SezeTvis” efeqturi saSualebaa. saqme Tavad korufciisxasiaTSia: SevardnaZis dros xelisufleba korufciul Semo-savlebze iyo damokidebuli, magram ar arsebobda erTianicentri, romelic maT nakadebs gaakontrolebda. anu, erTiqarTveli eqspertis TqmiT, “ekonomikuri kapitali saqarT-veloSi ar aris struqturirebuli erTian patrimonialurpiramidad”. 41 faqtobrivad, Tanamdebobebis saxiT xelisuflebaTavis moxeleebs korufciuli qmedebebisTvis licenziebsurigebda. maRalCinosnebi yiddnen Tanamdebobebs pirebze, vincmaT fulis gamosaZalad gamoiyenebda da mere wils gauyofda.aseTi korufciuli piramidebis mTeli qseli gaCnda, magram maTSoris koordinacia ar arsebobda. prezidenti SevardnaZeSuamavlis rols asrulebda sxvadasxva interesTa jgufs Soris,raTa sazogado stabiloba SeenarCunebina, magram raimesayovelTao wesebis gatarebas ar cdilobda. araformaluriwyaroebis mowmobiT, amgvari korufciuli sistema gansa-kuTrebiT arawinaswarmetyvelebadi da, Sesabamisad, destruq-ciulic gaxldaT. metic, calkeuli mcdelobebi korufciiswinaaRmdeg araTu uSedego iyo, aramed sistemas kidev ufrodaxlarTulad da arawinaswarmetyvelebadad aqcevda.

mainc ratomaa saxelmwifo ase susti saqarTveloSi?qarTveli inteleqtualebi xandaxan “arasaxelmwifoebrivmentalitetsa” da individis saxelmwifo institutebis mimarT

40 am mxriv mxolod maianmari, paragvai, haiti, nigeria da bangladeSi idgasaqarTveloze dabla ix.: http://www.transparency.org/cpi/2003/cpi2003.en.html.41 ix.: marina musxeliSvili, ana axvlediani, demokratizacia ekonomikurigardaqmnebis fonze, sadiskusio masala 8, (stokholmi: saerTaSorisoideas gamocema, 2003 wlis maisi, gv. 40..

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gaucxoebaze saubroben.42 zogis azriT, raki modernulisaxelmwifos institutebi saqarTvelos ruseTis imperiammoaxvia Tavs, maT imTaviTve “ucxos” iarliyi daedo. komunis-turi mmarTvelobis xanam es gaucxoeba kidev ufro gaaRrmava.saxelmwifo aRiqmeba rogorc akrZalvebis, represiis datyuilis sawyisi da ara moqalaqeTa dacvis meqanizmi. amgamocdilebis fonze qarTvelisaTvis “saxelmwifo” isaa, rasacTavi unda aarido. saxelmwifos dadgenili wesebisTvis Tavisaridebis erT-erTi meqanizmia pirovnul urTierTobebzeagebuli qselebis ganviTareba, es ki klientilizmis, korufciisda neopatrimonializmis Ziria.

Tumca yovelive zemoTqmuli SeiZleba swori iyos, esargumentebi saqarTvelosTvis specifikuri ver iqneba. moder-nul wesrigs aradasavluri samyaros did nawilSi ucxoobisdamRa adevs, radgan is gare Zalebis Tavmoxveulia da tradi-ciul Rirebulebebsa da cxovrebis wess arRvevs. Tu es asea,arsebobs korelacia modernulobis gamaucxoebel efeqtsa dasaxelmwifos sisustes Soris. aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmwifossisuste zogadi problemaa ganviTarebad qveyanaTa umeteso-bisaTvis.43 garda amisa, saqarTvelosnair qveynebSi anti-politikur ganwyobas aZlierebs komunisturi reJimis isto-riuli gamocdileba, romelic korufciaze, represiasa dasicrueze iyo damyarebuli.44

magram saqarTvelos politikuri institutebi gansa-kuTrebiT aramdgradia sxva postsabWoTa qveynebTan Seda-rebiTac ki. ratom? martivi pasuxi SeiZleba is iyos, romsaqarTvelo, ubralod, ufro mravalgvari gamowvevebis winaSe

42 ix., mag: mamuka biWaSvili, “krizisi da misi cnobierebis modifikaciebi(krebulSi “Wkua vaisagan”, gia WumburiZis SedgeniTa da redaqciiT);Tbilisi, mSvidobis, demokratiisa da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri instituti,1994, gv. 23-108.43 ix.: Mark R. Beissinger and Crawford Young, eds., Beyond State Crisis?: PostcolonialAfrica and Post-Soviet Eurasia in Comparative Perspective (Washington, DC: WoodrowWilson Center Press, 2002).44 ix.: George Konrad, Antipolitics (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984).


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idga, vidre sabWoeTis nangrevebze Seqmnili sxva qveynebi. iqnebasec iyos, oRond sxvadasxva savaraudo gamowvevis gazomva daurTierTSedareba umaduri saqmea. SegviZlia vidavoT, rombaltiis sam saxelmwifoSi aranaklebi safuZveli iyo eTnikurikonfliqtebisTvis, magram isini ar momxdara, radgan poli-tikuri liderebi ufro moqnilad moqmedebdnen.

ufro damajerebeli meCveneba, saqarTvelos saxelmwi-foebrivi mouwesrigebloba dagvekavSirebina im gansvlasTan,rac arsebobs, erTis mxriv, qarTvelebis mier aRiarebulliberaluri demokratiis normatiul models, meore mxriv ki,realur socialur gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT CamoyalibebulgadarCenis strategiebs Soris. rogorc Cans, saqarTvelosarCevani dasavluri liberalur-demokratiuli modelissasargeblod arsebiTad mis identobas ukavSirdeba: qarTve-lebi Tvlian, rom evalebaT, demokratia hqondeT, radgansxvagvarad dasavleTis nawilad ver iqnebian aRiarebuli. amavedros, saqarTvelos realur socialur da istoriul gamoc-dilebaSi “dasavlurobis” komponenti sakmaod mcirea: dasav-leTTan axlo kontaqtSi saqarTvelo arasodes yofila. SuasaukuneebSi misi socializaciis sfero ZiriTadad bizantiasTankavSirebiT ganisazRvreboda (xolo Tanamedrove dasavleTibizantiis memkvidreobas naklebad iCemebs), mogvianebiT kiotomanTa imperiasa da sparseTTan urTierTobiT. dasavlurmamodernulobam mxolod XIX saukuneSi, isic ruseTis gavliTSemoabija saqarTveloSi. modernulobis rusuli versia kiTavisTavad meoradi iyo. raRa gasakviria, Tuki qarTvelebidRes “naRdi,” sakuTrivi dasavleTisken, anu uSualod evropisada SeerTebuli Statebisken xidis gadebas cdiloben. qarTulierovnuli proeqtic swored dasavlur civilizaciasTanmierTebis survilidan modis.

1917 w. ruseTis imperiis kolafsma da 1991-Si ssrk-is rRvevamsaqarTvelos orjer misca Sansi, uSualod dasavluri moder-nizaciis gzaze gasuliyo. magram vesternizaciis proeqtisganxorcielebas socialuri kapitalic sWirdeba, romelicsaqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi SezRudulia, kerZod, Tavisuflebis

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rogorc gare SezRudvebis ararsebobis anarqiuli gagebiT,saxelmwifo institutebis mimarT undoblobiTa Tu saqmispirovnul urTierTobebze agebis CveviT. es ganwyoba daexmaraqarTvelebs, avtokratul mmarTvelebs ar Segueboda (aqgamsaxurdias personalistur-populisturi variantic daSevardnaZis oligarqiuli versiac igulisxmeba); oRond mdgra-di da efeqturi saxelmwifos asaSeneblad es mentalitetinaklebad aris gamosadegi.

“vardebis revoluciis” mTavari maxasiaTebeli is araa, romqarTvelebma kidev erTi arademokratiuli xelisufleba moicilesTavidan. misi yvelaze didi miRwevaa misi araZaladobrivi,mowesrigebuli, usisxlo buneba, is faqti, rom am movlenamminimaluri ziani miayena konstituciur wesrigs. xelisufleba iyoda ara opozicia, vinc pirvelma xelyo demokratiuli insti-tutebi, xolo xalxma, piriqiT, daicva konstituciuri wesrigiimiT, rom prezidenti aiZula, gadamdgariyo. SevardnaZisgadadgomis Semdgom procesebi maleve daubrunda konstituciisCarCoebs. swored revoluciis araZaladobrivi da mowesrigebulixasiaTi iyo, ramac qarTvelebsac da ucxo damkvirveblebsacafiqrebina _ vinZlo am qveynis evropuli ambiciebi arc iseusafuZvloao. farTod gavrcelebuli azriT, vardebis revo-luciam ubiZga evrokavSirs 2004 wels gadaesinja Tavisive 2003wlis gadawyvetileba da CaerTo samxreT kavkasiis qveynebievropis samezoblo politikaSi. qarTulma sazogadoebam gamoiyenaperiodi 1992-dan 2003 wlamde xelisuflebis or arakons-tituciur Secvlas Soris imisTvis, rom gaeZlierebina Tavisisocialuri kapitali, romelic saWiroa samoqalaqo sazogadoebisinstitutebis mSeneblobisTvis.

axla, daagrova Tu ara saqarTvelom sakmarisi sazoga-doebrivi kapitali im myari da qmediTunariani saxelmwifoinstitutebis Sesaqmnelad, romelTa wyalobiT momavalSi arcxaverdovani da arc raime sxva saxis revoluciebi aRardasWirdeba _ jer kidev sakiTxavia. pasuxi am kiTxvaze bevradaadamokidebuli imaze, Tu ramdenad moaxerxebs qarTulipolitikuri elita iseTi socialuri kontraqtis


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formulirebas, romelic misaRebi iqneba saqarTvelos moqa-laqeTa umravlesobisTvis. “korufciasTan brZolas”, axalixelisuflebis safirmo niSans, mxolod am ufro didi sakiTxiskonteqstSi aqvs azri. is, rasac dasavleli mrCevlebi Tuadgilobrivi demokratiuli aqtivistebi da politikosebi“korufcias” eZaxian, qarTvelTa umetesobisTvis saqmis keTebisCveuli xerxia. aseTi midgoma emyareba im wanamZRvars, romsaxelmwifo moqalaqis mowinaaRdegea. bevri sxva postsabWoTalideris msgavsad SevardnaZec cdilobda, axali viTare-bisaTvis moergo is, rasac zogi amerikeli sovetologi “breJne-viseul socialur kontraqts” uwodebda:45 xelisufleba TvalsxuWavda masobriv korufciaze sakuTar moxeleTa Tu moqala-qeTa Soris, sanacvlod ki maTgan politikur loialobasiTxovda. misi mmarTveloba myari iyo, sanam amgvari faruliSeTanxmeba ZalaSi rCeboda. da piriqiT, am breJnev-Sevard-naZiseul sazogadoebrivi kontraqtis uaryofa Seadgenda`vardebis revoluciis” ideologiur safuZvels.

saakaSvilis xelisuflebam Tavisi pirveli nabijebiTdagvanaxa, rom saxelmwifos gaZliereba da korufciis aRmof-xvra misi upirvelesi amocanaa. ukanono SeiaraRebuli formi-rebebi – partizanebi samegreloSi da Tu aslan abaSiZis piradigvardia aWaraSi _ daSlilia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, Tu arCavTvliT separatistul regionebs, saqarTvelo ukve akmayo-filebs saxelmwifoobis veberiseul kriteriums _ Zalislegitimur gamoyenebaze monopolias. mas Semdeg, rac saakaSvilixelisuflebaSi movida, araerTi maRalCinosani Casves cixeSikorufciis braldebiT, xolo gadasaxadebis akrefam saxelmwifoSemosavali, sul raRac ramdenime TveSi, naxevarze metiTgazarda.46 saxelmwifo moxeleTa Soris meqrTameobis aRmo-

45 ix. George Breslauer, Five Images of the Soviet Future: A Critical Review and Synthesis(Berkeley, CA: University of California Institute of International Studies, 1978); andLinda Cook, The Soviet Social Contract and Why it Failed (Cambridge, MA: HarvardUniversity Press, 1993).46 Galt and Taggart Securities, Georgia: Weekly Stock Market Commentary, October 11,2004.

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safxvrelad mTavrobam Seqmna fondi, saidanac damatebiTxelfass uxdis daaxloebiT 11,000 sajaro moxeles. fondmaSemowirulebani miiRo rogorc adgilobrivi, aseve saerTaSorisosponsorebisagan. am ukanasknelTa Sorisaa gaero-s ganviTarebisproeqti da amerikeli filantropi jorj sorosi. dagegmilia,rom sami wlis vadaSi am xarjebis gaRebis pasuxismgeblobasaqarTvelos saxelmwifo xazinaze gadava.47 axalma mTavrobamsaxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi mosamsaxureTa mkveTri Semcirebaciwyo. es aCens imeds, rom is, vinc ramdenime wlis Semdeg darCeba,saxelmwifo biujetidan adeqvatur anazRaurebas miiRebs.gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavi iyo Semcirebebi policiaSi(SevardnaZis dros es struqtura xelSeuxebeli gaxldaT). amavestrategiaSi jdeba privatizaciis metad Tamami programa,romelic “sindisis garda yvelafris” gayidvas iTvaliswinebs.48

jerjerobiT naadrevia imis winaswarmetyveleba, es yvela-feri ramdenad warmatebul Sedegs gamoiRebs saqarTvelosmoqalaqeTa da saxelmwifos Soris axali urTierTobebisCamosayalibeblad. moklevadiani gaTvliT, aseTma Ronis-Ziebebma iqneb destabilizaciac ki gamoiwvios, radgan koruf-ciasTan brZola im socialur wesrigs uTxris safuZvels,romelsac qarTvelebi aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi SeeCvivnen.tradiciuli wesrigis imgvari socialuri urTierTobebiTSecvlis mcdeloba, gamWvirvalobisa da angariSvaldebulebisdasavlur moTxovnebs rom akmayofilebs, sxvebsac hqondaT,magram xSir SemTxvevaSi aqedan araferi gamosula desta-bilizaciis garda. aseT SemTxvevebSi gardamaval periodSixelisufleba gansakuTrebiT rTuli dilemis winaSe dgeba:garkveulwilad Seiwynaros Tu ara korufciis misaRebi done _oRond ise, rom Tavad ar Caeflos masSi. meore mxriv, erovnuliganwmendis da saxelmwifo institutebis nulidan TavidanaSenebis revoluciur-iakobinuri enTuziazmic aranakleb

47 fondis direqtor kote kublaSvilTan intervius Canaweri, 2004 w. ivlisi.48 es programa axalma ministrma, kaxa benduqiZem gaaxmovana. masze ix.: “ADifferent Sort of Oligarch,” The Economist, July 27, 2004.


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safrTxes Seicavs.49 xelisuflebas uCndeba cTuneba, libera-luri demokratiis damyarebis mizniT avtokratiuli moder-nizaciis meTodebi gamoiyenos. am SemTxvevaSi demokratiulipolitikuri institutebi sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv interessSoris wonasworobas ki ar emyareba, aramed ganaTlebuli da“progresuli” elita cdilobs, sazogadoebas sakuTari wesebimoaxvios Tavs. swored am struqturul problemas asaxavsfarTod gavrclebuli braldebebi saakaSvilis mTavrobiswinaaRmdeg, rom man daarRvia ZalTa balansi aqtivisturiaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sasargeblod, riTac sxvasaxelisuflebo Stoebi da politikuri Zalebi daasusta, daxSirad midis miRebuli demokratiuli procedurebis daRve-vebze.50 problema ver gadawydeba, Tu ar moinaxa raRac “oqrosSualedi” adamianebisTvis misaReb sazogadoebriv praqtikebsada liberaluri saxelmwifos Tanamedrove idealur tips Soris.

“kulturis usafrTxoeba”: erovnuli

tradiciebi da dasavluri Rirebulebebi

axali sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis warmatebiT da-samkvidreblad da masze dayrdnobiT Tanamedrove liberaluri

49 sainteresoa, rom 1998 wlis Catarebuli gamokiTxvis analizis Sedegad,germanelma sociologma Teodor hanfma qarTuli sazogadoebisdemokratiuli Rirebulebebis mimarT erTguli nawili “RvTismosaviakobinelebad” monaTla (radgan isini religiurobis uCveulod maRalxarisxs amJRavnebdnen); ix.: Theodor Hanf and Ghia Nodia, Lurching to Democracy:From Agnostic Tolerance to Pious Jacobinism: Societal Change and People’s Reactions(Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2000).50 ix. amaze, magaliTad: Honouring of Obligations and Commitments of Georgia,Resolution 1415 (2005) of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, http://assembly.coe.int/Mainf.asp?link=http://assembly.coe.int/documents/adoptedtext/ta05/eres1415.htm, nanaxia 2005 wlis 10 maiss; Tinatin Khidasheli, “The Rose RevolutionHas Wilted Georgia,” International Herald Tribune, December 8, 2004; gia nodia,“avtoritaruli modernizacia laiT Tu demokratiuli institutebi?” 24saaTi, 2005 w. 28 ianvari; Irakly Areshidze, “Bush and Georgia’s Faded ‘Rose,’” ChristianScience Monitor, May 9, 2005.

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demokratiis institutebis asaSeneblad sxva yvelaferTan erTadaucilebelia, es xelSekruleba erovnuli identobis gagebasTaniyos ideologiurad Tavsebadi. igulisxmeba tradiciul Rirebu-lebebTan garkveuli kavSiri, radgan aseTi RirebulebebisaRiarebis gareSe erovnuli identobebi ver Sendeba. Tundac isfaqti, rom demokratia sxvadasxva civilizaciaSi araTanabradaafesvgamdgari (mahmadianur qveynebSi misi nakleboba gansa-kuTrebiT mtkivneuli da farTo diskusiis sagnad gamxdarimagaliTia), gvaCvenebs, rom liberaluri demokratiis gasa-marjvelad ar aris sakmarisi imis racionaluri argumentebiTmtkiceba, rom misi institutebi ukeTesia (an, uinston CerCilsTu davesesxebiT, nakleb cudia), vidre nebismieri sxva. xalxmaunda daijeros, rom es institutebi SeiZleba misi gaxdes, anu romisini misi kulturis normebTan Tavsebadia.

am TvalsazrisiT niSandoblivia garkveuli daZabulobaqarTuli erovnuli proeqtis or sxvadasxva ganzomilebasSoris. erTi mxriv, saqarTvelos miswrafeba liberaluridemokratiisaken didwilad misi erovnuli TviTSegnebiTaagapirobebuli, anu mas surs, liberalur demokratiad iqces,raTa yvelas daumtkicos, rom dasavluri qveyanaa da ZaluZs,ruseTze damokidebulebis gareSe Camoayalibos Tanamedrovetipis erovnuli saxelmwifo. meoris mxriv, aq Zalze Znelia iseganaxorcielo liberaluri demokratiis proeqti, rom wina-aRmdegobaSi ar moxvide damkvidrebul sazogadoebriv praqti-kebTan, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, ucxo da represiul reJimTanmravalwliani urTierTobidan amoizarda. am procesSi saWiroa,damkvidrdes axali normebi da institutebi, raSic wamyvaniroli ganaTlebulma elitebma unda Seasrulon. magram Tu esasea, igive elitebi aseT gardamaval periodSi Tavis oponentebsmaTzeve ideologiur ieriSs uadvileben: oponentebs saSualebaeZlevaT, Zveli socialuri praqtikebi erovnuli Rirebu-lebebisa da tradiciebis gamoxatulebad warmoadginon, rasacucxo modernizaciuli proeqti amoZirkviT emuqreba.

amitomacaa, rom modernizaciul proeqtebs xSirad adgi-lobrivi nativistebis winaaRdegoba mohyveba xolme. sakuTari


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poziciebis gasaZliereblad “modernistebs” marTebT yvelasdaumtkicon, rom isini ki ar asusteben, piriqiT, icaven daaduRabeben erovnul TviTSegnebas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,modernizaciis proeqti ideologiurad Cafesvebuli unda iyosadgilobriv politikur tradiciaSi. modernizaciulma eli-tebma maTi proeqti adgilobrivi politikuri tradiciisgagrZelebad da ganviTarebad unda warmoaCinon – an, rogorcminimumi, daarwmunon sazogadoeba, rom is safrTxes ar uqmniserovnul Rirebulebebs.

es problema agreTve sociologuri da politikuri kuTxi-Tac SegviZlia ganvixiloT. normatiul modelsa da mocemulsazogadoebriv kapitals Soris disbalansi Tavs iCens imsocialur-kulturul napralSi, rac erTmaneTs aSorebs, erTimxriv, Tanamedrove yaidaze ganaTlebul axalgazrda moder-nizaciul elitebsa da, meore mxiv, “CamorCenil” mosaxleobasda Zvel elitebs. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, am axal elitebsmiekuTvneba politikuri jgufebi (rogoricaa, vTqvaT, mixeilsaakaSvilisa da zurab Jvanias jgufebi, romelnic Tavda-pirvelad Camoyalibdnen rogorc “axalgazrda reformato-rebi” SevardnaZis “moqalaqeTa kavSiris” SigniT), arasamTavroboorganizaciebi, media, zogierTi mecnieri, xelovnebisa dakulturis warmomadgeneli, axali Taobis biznesmenebi. sworedes xalxi iyo “vardebis revoluciis” ideologiis Semoqmedi, misiSTamagonebeli da maorganizebeli Zala, Tumca maTma umcire-sobam uaryo revolucia liberaluri konstitucionalizmismkacri interpretaciis moSveliebiT. TavianT mowinaaRmdegedmaT miaCndaT saxelmwifo biurokratiis da Zveli yaidissaqmosnebis is elituri qselebi, visac reformatorebis mier“korucfiulad” Seracxuli praqtikebis SenarCunebis interesihqonda.

ideologiuri brZola am “modernistul” da “konservatul”elitebs Soris, ZiriTadad, swored zemoxsenebuli socialur-kulturuli ganxeTqilebis garSemo mimdinareobs. rogor undagavigoT qveyanaSi mimdinare politikuri brZolebi da refor-matoruli nabijebi: aris Tu ara maTi mizani koruciis winaaR-

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mdeg brZola, anu ucxo qveynis mier Tavsmoxveuli komunisturireJimisgan SemorCenili gadmonaSTebis aRmofxvris mcdeloba?Tu es sinamdvileSi qarTuli identobisa da RirebulebebiswinaaRmdeg brZolaa, romelic emyareba dasavleTis farulCanafiqrs, marTlmadidebluri kultura daasamaros? vin arianes “reformatorebi”: axali erovnuli liderebi, visac sakuTariqveynis gaZliereba unda, Tu ucxo gavlenis agentebi, visac,nebsiT Tu uneblied, qarTuli erovnuli sulierebis dasav-luri (Tu globaluri) RirebulebebiT Canacvlebisken mihyavTsaqme?

saqarTvelos Tavisebureba isaa, rom am or TvalTaxedvasreformatorul da konservatul banakebad ar Camouyalibebiapolitikuri partiebi. qveyanaSi ar Seqmnila arc ultra-memarjvene eTno-nacionalisturi partiebi modernizaciissawinaaRmdego nativisturi reaqciis gamosaxatavad. esSeiZleba nawilobriv avxsnaT imiT, rom saqarTveloSi poli-tikuri partiebi RirebulebaTa garkveuli sistemis, anuideologiis mixedviT ki ar iqmneba, aramed ufro garkveulipirebisa Tu mcire jgufebis interesTa gasatareblad.51 sxvaaxsna SeiZleba isic iyos, rom demokratiul reformebzeorientacia saqarTveloSi metad Zlieria. es ukanasknelidebuleba SeiZleba gaizomos sociologiuri kvlevebis mona-cemebiT, romlebic adastureben ara mxolod demokratiuliprincipebis farTo mxardaWeras, aramed – rac gansakuTrebiTmniSvelovania – mniSvnelovani antidemokratiuli diskursebisararsebobas. es ganasxvavebs kidec saqarTvelos sxva postko-munisturi qveynebisagan, romlebic ganviTarebis msgavs donezeimyofebian.52 ultra-memarjvene orientaciis moRvaweebma verSeZles sicocxlisunariani politikuri moZraobebis Seqmna daverc evropul Rirebulebebze saqarTvelos orientacias

51 gia nodia, “politikuri partiebi saqarTveloSi”, sadiskusio masala7(stokholmi: saerTaSoriso ideas gamocema, 2003 wlis maisi, gv. 45-53.52 ix.: John S. Dryzek and Leslie T. Holmes, Post-Communist Democratization: PoliticalDiscourses across Thirteen Countries (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002),gv. 147-157.


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Seuqmnes realuri alternativa.53 msgavsi ram ufro prorusulida neokomunisturi dajgufebebisagan iyo mosalodneli, vidreeTno-nacionalizmis mqadagebelTagan, oRond pirvelni aranairangariSgasawev politikur Zalas ar warmoadgenen.

es yvelaferi ar niSnavs, TiTqos saqarTveloSi moderni-zaciis mimarT gansxvavebuli diskursebi ar arsebobdes.ubralod, ZiriTadi politikuri jgufebi cdiloben, orivezemoTaRwerili midgoma erTmaneTs Seuxamon. is azri, romliberaluri demokratia da sabazro ekonomika safrTxes uqmnistradiciul Rirebulebebsa da erovnul TviTobas, sxvadasxvagziT araerTxel gamoxatula sajaro diskusiebSi. magaliTad,“erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis” Seqmnis TaobazegamarTuli diskusiebisas54 xSirad dgeboda sakiTxi, saWiro iyoTu ara am dokumentSi erovnuli kulturisa da tradi-ciebisaTvis mosalodneli safrTxeebis da maTi Tavidanacilebis gzebis asaxva. isini, vinc ufro metad usafrTxoebissakiTxebisadmi dasavlur midgomebs eyrdnobodnen, ambobdnen,ram amgvari msjeloba zedmetad gadatvirTavda dokuments,sxvebi ki amtkicebdnen, rom erovnuli usafrTxoeba erovnuliTviTobis dacvis gareSe warmoudgenelia.

kidev ufro farTo diskusiis sagnad iqca saqarTveloSi“erovnuli ideologiis” koncefciis Seqmnis sakiTxi. misimomxreni amtkiceben, gamokveTili ideologiis arqona dRevan-deli saqarTvelos umTavresi problemaao. aseTi “ideologiis”

53 Cems werilSi _ “rogor gavigoT, aris Tu ara guram SaraZe ruseTisspecsamsaxurebis agenti da aqvs Tu ara amas mniSvneloba” (24 saaTi, 10ivlisi, 2002) sxva yvelaferTan erTad vamtkicebdi, rom am pirovnebismoRvaweoba saqarTvelos dasavleTTan integraciisTvis xels SeSlazeiyo mimarTuli. aRsaniSnia, rom es erTaderTi braldeba gaxldaT,romelic b-nma guramma TavgadadebiT uaryo Tavis sapasuxo sateleviziogamosvlaSi.54 mTeli am diskusiebis Sedegi mxolod is gaxldaT, rom gaCnda dokumentisaTauriT “saqarTvelo da danarCeni samyaro: momavlis strategiuli xedva“, romelic, sando wyaroebs Tu davujerebT, ucxoeli mrCevlebis mier iyodawerili. saqarTvelos xelisuflebas is farTod arasodes gauvrcelebia– is nato-s veb-saitze gamoqveynda: http://www.nato.int/pfp/ge/d001010.htm.

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qveS isini gulisxmoben konceftualur dokuments, romelSicmoxdeboda erisa da saxelmwifosaTvis imperatiuli Rirebu-lebebisa da strategiebis formulireba. maTi azriT, aseTikoncefcia saxelmwifos mier xelTdasxmul oficialurdokumentad unda iqces da yvela saxelmwifo institutisa damoqalaqisTvis savaldebulo iyos. mowinaaRmdegeebi amboben,rom amgvari dokumenti ukve arsebobs _ mas saqarTveloskonstitucia hqvia da raRac axlis gamogoneba saWiro aRar aris.Tumca erovnuli ideologiis apologetebs naTlad arasodesuTqvamT, Tu ra Sinaarsi da struqtura unda hqonoda aseTdokuments, is mainc cxadi iyo, rom “erovnuli ideologiis” qveS,arsebiTad, erovnuli TviTobis SenarCuneba-gamyarebis stra-tegia moiazreboda.55

erTi SexedviT, TiTqos advilia saerTod yuradReba armiaqcio oficialur dokumentebSi erovnuli ideologiisdafiqsirebis moTxovnas, rogorc sabWoTa azrovnebis erTgvarrecidivs, magram am moTxovnis ukan ufro Rrma problemacimaleba. erovnuli idologiis moTxovna, rac ginda vifiqroTmis formaze, gamoxatavs im mosazrebas, rom qveyanas jermkafiod ver aurCevia, ra mimarTulebiT unda ganviTardes.liberaluri demokratiis Rirebulebebi metismetad abstraq-tuli Cans, rom mimarTulebis damsaxvelad iyos aRqmuli.politikurma elitebma jer ver moaxerxes, es Rirebulebebimyarad CaenergaT qarTul politikur praqtikaSi, amitom bevrsrCeba STabeWdileba, rom Tavad es elitebi liberaluridemokratiis ideebs ufro farad iyenebda, vidre realursamoqmedo programad.

nativisturi reaqcia yvelaze dramatulad religiuriumciresobebis mimarT Seuwynareblobisa da Zaladobis saxiTgamovlinda. es “sarwmunoebrivi nacionalizmi” ukiduresimemarjvene ideologiis qarTul versiad SegviZlia warmo-visaxoT. saqarTvelos religiuri eqstremistebi amodian iqidan,

55 es diskusiebi mimoxiluli maqvs statiaSi “ideologia: erovnuli dasxva”, afra, 5, 1998, gv. 157-169.


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rom marTlmadidebloba istoriulad qarTuli identobisZiria. aqedan isini askvnian, rom nebismieri sxva eklesiis _kerZod, ieRovas mowmeebis, sxvadasxva protestantulieklesiebis Tu kaTolikeebis _ prozelituri saqmianobaqarTuli identobis morRvevas isaxavs miznad. religiurinacionalistebis azriT, qarTulma sazogadoebam da saxel-mwifom marTlmadideblobis garda nebismieri sxva sarwmunoebisgavrceleba unda ganixilos, rogorc principuli gamowveva misierovnuli usafrTxoebisaTvis. amgvarma damokidebulebamyvelaze metad 1999-2003 wlebSi iCina Tavi, rodesac saqarT-velos religiuri Zaladobis talRam gadauara. adamianisuflebaTa xelyofas rom Tavi davaneboT, dausjeli Zaladobisfaqtebis momravlebam saxelmwifos sisustesac gausva xazi.marTalia, xelisufleba ver daiTanxmes formaluri akrZalvebiSemoeRo religiuri umciresobebis mimarT, magram mas arcfanatikosebis Zaladobrivi gamoxdomebi aRukveTia. metic,bevr SemTxvevaSi policia xelsac ki afarebda maT.

ra Tqma unda, araviTari farTomasStabiani sarwmunoebrivikonfliqti saqarTvelos ar emuqreba _ SeuwynareblobistalRa mxolod mcire mrevlis myoli eklesiebisken iyomimarTuli da ara mahmadianuri an, vTqvaT, somxuri grego-rianuli eklesiis winaaRmdeg, visac saqarTveloSi gacilebiTmeti mimdevari hyavs. magram Tavad es dausjelad darCenilikanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebebi saxelmwifos legitimurobasuTxrida Zirs. niSandoblivi is iyo, rom religiuri fanatizmises gamovlinebebi yvelaze metad dasavleTTan gaigivebuleklesiebs umiznebda: es arapirdapir migvaniSnebs, rom saqarT-velos mosaxleobis nawili dasavleTs marTla aRiqvams, rogorcrealur safrTxes qarTuli erovnuli identurobisaTvis.saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiam formalurad dagmo esZaladobrivi aqtebi, romelTa umravlesobas gankveTilimarTlmadidebeli mRvdeli edga saTaveSi. magram igive eklesiaTavis dokumentebSi “liberalur ideologias” marTlma-dideblobis sawinaaRmdego movlenad ixseniebda. es metadmniSvnelovania, radgan marTlmadidebeli eklesia yvelaze

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meti ndobisa da pativsacemis mqone institutia saqarTveloSi.sazogadoebis garkveuli nawili amarTlebda am Zaladobas,sxvebi ki Zaladobriv meTodebs ar iwonebdnen, oRond SeSfo-Tebas gamoxatavdnen religiuri umciresobebis aqtivobismimarT da maT winaaRmdeg SezRudvebis SemoRebas moiTxov-dnen.56 2003 wels, saakaSvilis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdgom,Zaladobis am talRam gadaiara, xolo agresiuli aqtebisramdenime Semsrulebels cixeSi ukres Tavi.

postSevardnaZiseuli periodis dasawyisSive gamoCnda, romnativisturi reaqcia ki arsebobs, magram imdenad Zlieri ar aris,rom saqarTvelos prodasavlur erovnul proeqts seriozulisafrTxe Seuqmnas. magaliTad, reformatorebis “arasakmarisqarTvelobaSi” dadanaSauleba maTi diskreditaciisTvissakmarisi ar aRmoCnda. 2003 wlis noembris revoluciis SemdegxelisuflebaSi swored prodasavleli modernizatorebimovidnen da rogorc saparlamento, ise saprezidento arCev-nebma maTi popularobis maRali done cxadyo.57 bevri maTgani,vinc Tavis droze liberaluri reformebs, maT Soris rwmenisTavisuflebis nakleb popularul moTxovnebs uWerda mxars,

56 2004 wlis gamokiTxvis mixedviT, 37.7% eTanxmeboda religiuri“seqtebis” Sekrebebis darbevas da 46.9% maTi literaturis dawvasmiesalmeboda; aseve, 43.6% baptistebisa da ieRovas mowmeebis aqtivobiskanoniT akrZalvas iTxovda, xolo 34.4% _ maT gandevnas. rac Seexeba“tradiciul” aRmsareblobebs, rogoric kaTolicizmi da islamia, maTwinaaRmdeg “galaSqrebas”, Sesabamisad, 20.6 da 38.%-ma misca xma. (ix.: giorginiJaraZe, iago kaWkaWiSvili, rusudan mSvidobaZe, giorgi xuciSvili daemzar jgerenaia, “qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia da religiuriumciresobebi sazogadoebrivi azris WrilSi: sociologiuri kvlevisSedegebi” saerTaSoriso konferencia: ‘religia da sazogadoeba _ rwmenaCvens cxovrebaSi’. moxsenebaTa mokle Sinaarsebi, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 11-14. ix. agreTve daviT zurabiSvili, aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba dareligiuri uflebebi saqarTveloSi, sadiskusio masala 8 (stokholmi:saerTaSoriso ideas gamocema, 2003 wlis maisi, gv. 68-72, da nodar ladaria,“religiozni ekstremizm v gruzii”, http://www.pankisi.info/analitic/?page=ge&id=43.57 2004 w. ianvris saprezidento arCevnebi mixeil saakaSvilma 96.27%-iTmoigo, xolo misma gaerTianebam nacionaluri moZraoba-demokratebisaparlamento arCevnebSi xmebis 66.24%. moipova.


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axla Tavadaa xelisuflebaSi. magram saakaSvili da misi gundikargad xvdeba, rom, dRevandeli popularobis miuxedavad,liberalur-demokratiul programasa da saqarTveloSi gavrce-lebul sazogadoebriv praqtikebs Soris mainc sakmaod didigansvlaa, rac saqarTvelos mowyvladad aqcevs nativisturireaqciis SesaZleblobis winaSe. amitom, maT nacionalizmisgansxvavebuli, alternatuli xedvis Camoyalibeba sWirdebaT.

demokrat modernizatorTa nacionalizmi Zlieri daqmediTunariani saxelmwifo meqanizmis awyobas gulisxmobs.aRmosavleT evropis yvela sxva postkomunisturi qveynismsgavsad, maTTvisac nato-sa da evrokavSirSi gawevrianebapolitikuri programis centraluri komponentia; magram es arniSnavs, rom isini uars amboben erovnul Tavmoyvareobaze anerovnuli saxelmwifos modelze. piriqiT, dasavluri institu-tebis wevroba saqarTvelos, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelm-wifos da erovnuli TviTobis SenarCunebis saukeTeso damcavmeqanizmadaa CaTvlili. xolo raki marTlmadidebeli eklesiasaqarTvelos TviTmyofobis yvelaze mZlavr simbolod rCeba,prodasavleli modernizatorebi frTxiloben, maTi ekle-siisadmi loialoba eWvqveS aravin daayenos. jer kidev 2002 wlisoqtomberSi, SevardnaZesTan TanamSromlobis periodSi, maTimxardaWeriT daido metad sakamaTo “konkordati”, anu saqarT-velos marTlmadidebel eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soriskonstituciuri SeTanxmeba. “konkordatma” marTlmadidebeleklesias faqtobrivad upiratesi religiuri institutisstatusi mianiWa, Tumca es marTlmadideblobis saxelmwiforeligiad gamocxadebas ar niSnavs. am aqtma liberali demok-ratebis kritika daimsaxura, maT Soris maTi, vinc Semdgom TavadaRmoCnda saakaSvilis mTavrobaSi.

Tumca konkordati garkveul winaaRmdegobaSi modisliberaluri demokratiis modelTan, reformatorebisTvis ismainc SedarebiT ioli da uxifaTo gza gaxldaT imisa, romerovnuli TviTmyofadobis ideisadmi Tavisi erTgulebaeCvenebinaT da aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis principi uSualoddartymis qveS ar daeyenebinaT. 2004 wlis 24 ianvars, sapre-

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zidento inauguraciis ceremonialze, saakaSvilma ficiquTaisSi gelaTis taZarSi dado58 da amas ormagad simbolurimniSvneloba mianiWa: erTi mxriv, man eklesiisagan kurTxevamiiRo (Suasaukuneebis xelmwifis msgavsad); meore mxriv,swored gelaTSia dasaflavebuli daviT aRmaSenebeli, saqarT-velos yvelaze warmatebuli mefe. aq miRebuli dalocviTsaakaSvilma, Zlieri qarTuli saxelmwifos momxrem, simbolurixidi gado saqarTvelos istoriis im periodTan, rodesacsaxelmwifo Tavisi Zlierebis zenitSi iyo.

sazogadod, saakaSvili simboloebs did (zogis TqmiT,zedmet) mniSvnelobas aniWebs. “vardebis revoluciis” Semdgom,jer kidev prezidentad inauguraciamde, misi pirveli nabijiis iyo, rom saxelmwifo droSis Secvlis gadawyvetilebamiaRebina parlaments. manamde arsebuli droSa saqarTvelossocial-demokratiulma mTavrobam 1918 wels SemoiRo. ferebiimdroindeli germaniis droSis msgavsi gaxldaT, oRondRvinomuqi wiTlis dominantiT _ social-demokratebisideologiaze misaniSneblad.59 axal saxelmwifo droSas, jerkidev opoziciaSi yofnisas “nacionaluri moZraobis” mieratacebuls, erTi didi wiTeli jvari gasdevs TeTr fonze, daoTxic – momcro. mowinaaRmdegeni amtkicebdnen _ eg kaTo-likuri droSaao, Tumca mas qarTuli marTlmadidebelieklesiac iyenebda. zogi istorikosis mtkicebiT, es droSasaqarTvelos oqros xanidan, me-XI-XII saukuneebidan modis: eski kidev erTi gzaa Zlieri qarTuli saxelmwifos ideissimboluri aRorZinebisa.

garda imisa, rom am drois saqarTvelo, Sua saukuneebissazomebiT, Zlieri saxelmwifo gaxldaT, qarTveli mefeebijvarosnebTanac iWerdnen saqmes. maSin rodesac dasavlelimimomxilvelebi xSirad eWvqveS ayeneben saqarTvelos evro-pulobas _ es qveyana evropul istoriul gamocdilebas

58 “kaTolikos patriarqma prezidentad akurTxa mixeil saakaSvili”(InterPress, 24, 2004).59 damoukidebeli saqarTvelos respublika 1918 wels Seiqmna germaniispatronaJiT.


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arasodes ziarebiao60 _ jvarosnebTan TanamSromlobis epizodiis iSviaTi gamonaklisia, rodesac saqarTvelos SeuZlia,evropasTan raimenairi istoriuli kavSiris arseboba daiCemos.61

ramdenad Seesabameba jvarosnuli omebi Tanamedrove evro-pulobis ideas _ es kidev sxva sakiTxia, magram saakaSvilisamocana am SemTxvevaSi imaze miniSnebaa, rom erT dros saqarT-velo uSualod iRebda evropul proeqtebSi monawileobas.Tavis sainauguracio sityvaSi prezidentma ganacxada: “Cvenubralod evropelebi ki ara, ZirZveli evropelebi varT!”62 esnaTqvami narTaulad ukavSirdeboda donald ramsfeldisgansxvavebas “Zvel” da “axal” evropas Soris (am ukanasknelSiaRmosavleT evropis postkomunisturi qveynebi igulisxmeba):aq saakaSvilma kargi gamosavali moZebna, radgan mas ameri-kelebsa da evropelebs Soris uwevs balansireba. magram aq ufromniSvnelovani imis xazgasmaa, rom qarTvelebis pretenziaevropulobaze uZveles Zirebs eyrdnoba. inauguraciaze oridroSa frialebda _ saqarTvelos uZvelesi simboloebiTdatvirTuli axali droSa da evropis droSa _ romelsacevrokavSiri da evropis sabWo aRmarTaven xolme, da romlissimbolika mTlianad Tanamedroveobaze mianiSnebs.

60 ix. mag.: William Pfaff, “‘Europe’ Has Historical Limits: The Baltics vs. the Caucasus,”The International Herald Tribune, February 28, 2004. pfafi wers: “axali prezidenti[saakaSvili] ambobs, rom saqarTvelo evro-atlantikur arealSi undadaabrunos. magram ras hqvia – ‘daabrunos?’ saqarTvelo me-16 _ me-17saukuneebSi xan sparseTis, xanac TurqeTis qveS iyo, Semdgom _ ruseTiskoloniad iqca mTeli orasi wliT, xolo 1921-1991 ww. sabWoTa respublikagaxldaT...” saqmec isaa, rom sakaSvili evropaSi “dabrunebis” gasa-marTleblad bevrad ufro Zvel ambebs ixsenebs.61 jvarosnebis motivma xelaxla “amoyvinTa” 2005 wels, rodesacsaakaSvilma, Tavis ukrainel kolega viqtor iuSenkosTan erTad, wamoiwyoqarTveli da ukraineli axalgazrdebisaTvis sazafxulo banakebisprograma, romelsac “axalgazrda jvarosnebi” daerqva.62 “Georgian President Optimistic about Future in Inauguration Speech,” BBC MonitoringFormer Soviet Union, January 25, 2004.

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daskvna

gamowvevebi saqarTvelos usafrTxoebisadmi mravalSriania.ori maTgani, yvelaze dramatuli da urTierTdakavSirebuli _afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis gadauwyveteli teritoriulikonfliqtebi da ruseTTan mouwesrigebeli urTierToba _gamowvevaTa am sistemis gare Srea. maT gadasawyvetad saqarT-velos metad mwiri arCevani aqvs. 2004 wels samxreT oseTSigancdilma warumateblobam kargad dagvanaxa saqarTvelospoziciis sisuste: adgilze situaciis Secvlisa da problemisdaCqarebuli gadawyvetis mcdelobam, SesaZloa, situacia kidevufro gaauaresa – magram amis alternativa status kvos pasiurimiRebaa. saqarTvelos, ubralod, resursebi ar gaaCnia amproblemebis gadasaWrelad. saerTaSoriso gamocdileba kigviCvenebs, rom teritoriuli konfliqtebis SemTxvevaSi,gansakuTrebiT Tu isini “gayinuli konfliqtebis” stadiasmiaRweven, roca arc erT mxares ar unda erTxel miRebulipoziciis daTmoba, ori gamosavali arsebobs: an saqmeSi gare Zalaereva da mxareeebs uxeSi samxedro an politikuri zewoliTaiZulebs, mis mier SemoTavazebuli gadawyveta miiRon, anviTareba aTwleulobiT ucvleli rCeba. aqedan gamomdinare,qarTvelebs aqvT safuZvliani SiSi, rom maT kidev didxansmouwevT, icxovron ori gadauwyveteli konfliqtis da ruseT-Tan gamwvavebuli urTierTobis pirobebSi, rac mudmiv daZa-bulobas niSnavs.

qveynis mTlianobis TemasTan dakavSirebuli sxva sakiTxebi_ aWaris avtonomiis sakiTxi, kuTxuroba, araintegrirebulida potenciurad gamoyofis mosurne eTnikuri umciresobebi –gamowvevaTa Semdeg Sres Seadgens. saqarTvelos SeuZlia,sakuTari resursebiT mixedos am sakiTxebs da damouki-deblobis miRwevis Semdeg dinamikac, kacma rom Tqvas, dade-biTia. abaSiZis represiuli reJimis usisxlo damxoba da aWarissaqarTvelos politikur sivrceSi dabruneba, albaT, yvelazedidi warmatebaa saxelmwifoebriobis Senebis gzaze, rasacqveyanam damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdgom miaRwia. samegre-


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lomac TiTqos moiSuSa 90-iani wlebis konfliqtebisaganmowevnili travma. magram somxuri da azerbaijanuli eTnikuriumciresobebi mxolod zedapirulad miekuTvnebian qarTulpolitikur ers da maTi integracia SesaZloa arc ise ioliaRmoCndes. pozitiuri TvalsazrisiT am problemebTandakavSirebiTac SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelom, rogorcCans, ZiriTadad moixada agresiuli eTnikuri nacionalizmissaymawvilo seni, maSin roca somxur da azerbaijanul umcire-sobebs – miuxedavad kerZo sakiTxebis gamo ukmayofilebisa –yvelaze rTul periodSic ki separatistuli programebisgarSemo mobilizacia ar ucdiaT.

qmediTi, mdgradi, legitimuri saxelmwifo institutebisSeqmna saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis amocanaTa gulis-gulia. es sakiTxi centraluria, radgan amiT ganisazRvreba qveynisunari, gadawyveta upovos zemoTaRweril problemebs. saqarT-velos gamocdileba saSualebas ar gvaZlevs, calsaxa pasuxigavceT am sakiTxs. xalxma ki mkafiod gamoxata Tavisi miswrafebademokratiisaken, magram verafriT Caabara mdgradi demokratiisyvelaze elementaruli gamocda: Zalauflebis Secvla konsti-tuciiT gansazRvruli wesiT. “korufcia” yvelas pirze akeriasaqarTveloSi – iseve, rogorc msoflios mraval sxva qveyanaSi.magram is, rasac is saqarTvelos konteqstSi realurad niSnavs,aris naprali, erTi mxriv, Tanamedrove saxelmwifos normatiulveberiseul ideasa da, meores mxriv, im damkvidrebul praqtikebsaTu gadarCenis strategiebs Soris, rac modernulobis ideasnagvianevad ziarebuli sazogadoebebisTvis aris tipiuri. mixeilsaakaSvilis xelisufleba gulwrfelad cdilobs, korufciadaamarcxos. magram masTan mxolod represiul-revoluciurimeTodebiT brZola da arsebuli saxelmwifo biurokratiis sruliundobloba Sedegs naklebad moitans da SeiZleba sazianocaRmoCndes, Tu am kampanias sajaro moxeleebis axali da mdgradiinstitutis Seqmnaze mimarTuli ufro prozauli muSaoba ardaerTo zed.

is faqti, rom saqarTvelo jiutad inarCunebs liberalurdemokratiad qcevis “erovnuli proeqtis” erTgulebas, vinZlo

gia nodia

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yvelaze imedismomcemi elementi iyos misi evoluciisa damou-kideblobis Semdeg. gamsaxurdiasa da SevardnaZis politikiswarumateblobas antidasavluri reaqcia ar moutania miuxe-davad imisa, rom orive politikosi, zedapirulad mainc,prodasavluri orientaciisa iyo. aSkarad antiliberaluriideologiebi – neokomunizmi, nativisturi eTno-nacionalizmi,antimodernistuli religiuri fundamentalizmi – ki aRmo-cenda, magram gamsaxurdias gaZevebis Semdgom isini politikursivcrceSi marginalurni rCebodnen. marTalia, qarTvelebmajer ver SeZles ZiriTadi demokratiuli procedurebisaTviseba, magram – rogorc “vardebis revoluciam” TvalnaTlivdagvanaxa, – Camoyalibda moqalaqeTa kritikuli masa, visacgaTavisebuli aqvs demokratiisa da adamianTa uflebebisZireuli Rirebulebebi. liberalizmis mkacr mimdevars SeiZlebagulze ar exatebodes marTlmadidebeli eklesiis privile-girebuli statusi an Zlieri erovnuli saxelmwifos agebazemimarTuli ritorika, rac dRes xelisuflebaSi myof proda-savlel modernistebs axasiaTebT. magram am ukanasknelT kargadesmiT, rom maTi reformebis warmateba imazea damokidebuli,Tu rogor SeZleben isini tradiciuli erovnuli Rirebu-lebebisa da identobis Sexamebas modernul liberalurideebTan. marTalia, kvlav arsebobs principuli SesaZleblobaimisa, rom aRmocendes mZlavri antiliberaluri nativisturimoZraoba, romelic saqarTvelos erovnul proeqts safrTxesSeuqmnis. magram is gamocdileba, romelic qveyanam aqamdedaagrova, erT rames gviCvenebs: gza daculi da stabilurisaxelmwifos asaSeneblad gadis axali sazogadoebrivi xelSek-rulebis Camoyalibebaze, romelic erTmaneTs Seuxamebs axalidrois dasavlur Rirebulebebs da erovnuli identobisSenarCunebis garantiebs.


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1989-1993 wlebi

siZneleebis xana saqarTvelos

istoriaSi

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sabWoTa kavSirSi komunisturi reJimis krizisma, 1991 welski sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam kavkasiaSi samoqalaqo omebis seriagamoiwvia.1 1987 wels mixeil gorbaCovma reformis ambiciuriproeqti wamoiwyo. misi “perestroikisa” da “glastnostis”politikis safuZvelze pirvelad sabWoTa kavSiris istoriaSi

*winamdebare Tavis Sedgenisas TavianTi komentarebiTa da mosazrebebiTdidi daxmareba gagviwies jonaTan kohenma, jorj hiuitma, robertlegvoldma, bruno kopitersma, gia nodiam, viaCeslav Cirikbam da jonaTanuiTlim.1 es Tavi eyrdnoba Cems wina naSromebs, ZiriTadad: Institutionen undorganisierte Gewalt. Konflikt und Stabilitätsdynamiken im (post-)sowjetischen Kaukasus(Berlin: Habilitationsschrift, Free U Berlin, 2003), and Christoph Zürcher, Jan Koehler,and Pavel Baev, “Internal Violence in the Caucasus,” The Economics of Political andCommon Violence (Washington, DC: The World Bank Development Economic ResearchGroup, 2002).aseve naxeT: Svante Cornell, “Autonomy in the South Caucasus: A Catalystfor Conflict” (paper presented at the ASN Fifth Annual World Convention, New York,NY, April 12–15, 2000); Nikola Cvetkovski, “The Georgian–South Ossetian Conflict,”(PhD diss., Aalborg University, n.d.), chapter 4, http://www.caucasus.dk/publication5.htm;Stephen F. Jones, “Georgia: A Failed Democratic Transition,” in Ian Bremmer, andRaymond Taras, eds., Nation and Politics in the Soviet Successor States (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 288–310; Darrell Slider, “Democratization inGeorgia,” in Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott, eds., Conflict, Cleavage, and Change inCentral Asia and the Caucasus (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp.156–200. Jonathan Wheatley’s forthcoming book Georgia from National Awakening toRose Revolution: A Story of Delayed Transition in the Former Soviet Union (Ashgate) -es Zalian Rirebuli wyaroa.

Tavi 2

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ruqa 3. avtonomiuri respublikebi da avtonomiuri olqebisaqarTveloSi (1991).

Central Intelligence Agency Map, courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries,The University of Texas at Austin,http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/commonwealth/georgia.gif

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Seiqmna is sazogadoebrivi sivrce, sadac SeiZleboda po-litikuri ukmayofilebis sajarod gamoxatva. es sazoga-doebrivi sivrce Tavdapirvelad erovnuli moZraobis war-momadgenlebma gamoiyenes. 1989 wlisaTvis erovnuli mo-Zraobebis umravlesoba radikalurad iyo ganwyobili dasabWoTa kavSiris Semadgenlobidan gasvlas uWerda mxars.procesi baltiispireTis respublikebis saxalxo organi-zaciebma wamoiwyes da maT kvals maleve mihyvnen somxeTis,azerbaijanisa da saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis jgufebi;maTi moqmedeba aranaklebi vnebaTaRelviT gamoirCeoda, ammoqmedebis Sedegebi ki gacilebiT dramatuli aRmoCnda.

1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiri daiSala da datova 15 memkvidre-saxelmwifo, romelTac gaaCndaT Zalze mcire saxelmwifoeb-rivi SesaZleblobebi. am qveynebSi ZalauflebisaTvis gamud-mebuli brZola mimdinareobda yofil elitasa da erovnul-demokratiul moZraobebs Tu nacionalisturad ganwyobilpirebs Soris. garda amisa, zogierT am axladwarmoqmnilsaxelmwifoSi mZlavrobda separatistuli moZraobebi. sabWoTakavSiris daSlis Semdeg warmoebuli Sida omebis arsis gasagebadgadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba saxelmwifos daSlis amuprecedento SemTxvevis gacnobierebas.

1989 wlidan 1993 wlamde saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuliZalismieri moqmedebis sami faqti aRiniSna. pirveli _ samxreToseTis separatistul regionTan dakavSirebuli eTnopo-litikuri konfliqti, romelic 1989 wels daiwyo, piks 1991 wlisianvarSi miaRwia da Semdeg isev gaRvivda 1992 wels. 1992 wlisivlisSi samxreT oseTSi ganalages samSvidobo Zalebi, romelTaSemadgenlobaSic Sediodnen rusi, qarTveli da osi mSvido-bismyofelebi. meore omi iyo TbilisSi _ sisxlismRvrelibrZola dapirispirebul politikur jgufebs Soris saxelmwifoZalauflebisaTvis. es Zalismieri qmedebebi 1991 wlis dekem-berSi daiwyo da 1993 wlis noemberSi dasrulda. maTi gamomwvevimizezi ki prezident zviad gamsaxurdias Zaladobrivi gziTgadayeneba iyo, romelic opozicionerma politikosebma da am“Zaladobis sulisCamdgmelebma”2 erToblivad ganaxorcieles.

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TbilisSi es konfliqti mxolod ramdenime kviras gagrZeldada 1992 wlis ianvarSi gamsaxurdias gandevniT dasrulda. magram1992 wlis martSi eduard SevardnaZis xelisuflebaSi dabru-nebis droidan imave wlis noembramde gandevnili prezidentismomxreebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi SeiaraRebul winaaRm-degobas uwevdnen axal mTavrobas. organizebuli Zaladobriviaqtis mesame SemTxveva iyo separatistuli afxazeTis avtono-miuri respublikis gamo gaCaRebuli omi. igi 1992 wels daiwyoda 1993 wlis seqtemberSi saqarTvelos jaris damarcxebiTdasrulda. faqtobrivad, samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTiskonfliqtebi dRemde mougvarebelia. orive SemTxvevaSiseparatistulma kuTxeebma samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT Tavidaimkvidres, rogorc de faqto erTeulebma, magram saerTa-Soriso aRiareba ver hpoves.

naSromis am nawilSi mocemulia saqarTveloSi warmoebuliam sami omis analizi: dawyebuli samxreT oseTSi 1988 wlismasobrivi mobilizaciidan, damTavrebuli Tbilissa da afxa-zeTSi politikuri Zalauflebis mosapoveblad warmoebuliomebiT. aqcenti keTdeba saqarTveloSi spiralurad ganvi-Tarebad eTnoerovnul mobilizaciaze. meore nawilSi saubariafaqtorTa im oTx jgufze, romelmac saqarTveloSi ZaladobiswarmoSoba ganapiroba: (1) sabWoTa eTnofederalizmis meqanizmi,(2) Sida postkomunisturi elitis daSla, (3) “Zaladobisinscenireba” da (4) regionaluri garemocva. naSromis mesame,bolo nawilSi miRebuli Sedegebi TanamedroveobasTan kavSir-Sia ganxiluli, Sefasebulia saqarTveloSi 1993 wlidangatarebuli struqturuli cvlilebebi da dasmulia kiTxva, rasniSnavs es dRes saqarTvelosa da regionaluri usafrT-xoebisaTvis.

2 rodesac vambobT “Zaladobis sulisCamdgmelebi”, vgulisxmobT imxalxs, romelic saomar saqmianobas piradi, materialuri keTil-dReobisaken swrafvas uTavsebs. es survili xSirad “ZaladobissulisCamdgmelTa” mamoZravebel Zalad iqceva xolme.


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erovnuli mobilizaciis spirali

saqarTveloSi mimdinare movlenebis mimarTuleba da logikaver aRiqmeba, Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT sabWoTa eTnofe-deraluri sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebel institutebs,romlebic ganviTarebuli dramis scenas warmoadgendnen. amnaSromisaTvis dawerili Tavis komentarebSi gia nodia aRniS-navs, rom sabWoTa kavSiri sxvadasxva statusis mqone teri-toriuli erTeulebisagan Semdgar asimetriul federaciaswarmoadgenda. pirvel doneze iyo TxuTmeti mokavSirerespublika, Semdeg modioda avtonomiuri respublikebi dabolos _ avtonomiuri olqebi. qarTuli drama eTnofe-deraluri struqturis darRvevis Sedegad ganviTarda; amstruqturaSi mmarTvelobis TiToeuli done ierarqiuladimarTeboda – zeda done iyo kavSiris centri (moskovi), SuaSimdebareobda saqarTvelos mokavSire respublika, bolos _afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublika da samxreT oseTis avtono-miuri olqi. movlenebis ganviTarebasTan erTad am ierarqiulmakavSirebma dakarga simWidrove, ierarqiuli struqturis ufrodabal doneebze ki Zalas ikrebda separatistuli moZraoba.saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mopovebasTan erTad samxreToseTi da afxazeTi sul ufro metad Zlierdebodnen sakuTaridamoukideblobis misaRwevad.

“perestroikis” adreul etapze saqarTvelo SedarebiTmSvidobiani respublika iyo, romelsac eTnikurad erTgva-rovani xelmZRvaneloba marTavda. igi mWidrod iyo Sekav-Sirebuli proteqcionizmiTa da patronaJiT da kargad icoda,Tu rogor gamoeyenebina qarTuli Crdilovani ekonomikismomgebiani SesaZleblobebi. 1970-iani wlebidan qarTulierovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis warmomadgenlebmasabWouri asimilirebis winaaRmdeg TavianTi azris gamoxatvadaiwyes, magram es xdeboda calkeul SemTxvevebSi da realuriopoziciuri moZraoba jer kidev ar arsebobda. saqarTveloSimxolod 1988 wels Camoyalibda baltiispireTsa Tu somxeTSiarsebuli opoziciuri erovnuli diskursi, romelic religiur,

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kulturul da politikur problemebs exeboda. pirveli jgufi,romelsac aSkarad separatistuli programa hqonda, giorgiWanturias mier daarsebuli erovnul-demokratiuli partiaiyo. nacionalisturi talRa uswrafesad Zlierdeboda daamuSavebda sayovelTao TemaTa variaciebs: “saqarTvelosmsxverplad Sewirva”; “saqarTvelos istoriis Secvla dadamaxinjeba”; “erovnuli mexsierebis amoSla”; “saqarTveloSirusul-sabWoTa ucxo mmarTvelobis ZaliT daweseba”. erovnulidiskursis mTavari elementebi (damoukideblobis moTxovnisgarda) prokomunisturad ganwyobilma “rusTavelis sazo-gadoebamac” ki aitaca.3 1989 wlis dasawyisidan yvela sazo-gadoebriv sferoSi radikali qarTveli nacionalistebidominirebdnen – gansjiTac da fizikuri qmedebebiTac: quCisdemonstraciebiT Tu SimSilobis aqciebiT Tbilisis centrSi.

erovnuli mobilizacia afxazeTSi saqarTvelos erovnulimoZraobis pirdapiri asaxvaa. 1989 wels afxazeTi avtonomiurirespublikis statusiT (avtonomiuri sabWoTa socialisturirespublika) moiazreboda saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. misimosaxleoba 525000 kacs Seadgenda, romelTagan 45.7 procenti_ qarTveli, 14.3 procenti _ rusi, 14.6 procenti ki somexiiyo. afxazebi mosaxleobis 17.8 procents Seadgendnen.4

afxazur-adiReuri enebis jgufi Crdilokavkasiur enaTaojaxSi Sedis. igi enaTesaveba CeCnur-daRestnur jgufs da araenaTa qarTvelur ojaxs, romelsac qarTuli ena miekuTvneba.afxazeTis mosaxleobaSi arian rogorc marTlmadidebeliqristianebi, ise musulmanebi. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobebs

3 Jürgen Gerber, Georgien: Nationale Opposition und kommunistische Herrschaft, seit1965 (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1997).4 es monacemebi motanilia ssrk-Si 1989 wels Catarebuli mosaxleobisaRweris angariSidan; es iyo sabWoTa kavSirSi mosaxleobis bolo dayvelaze farTomasStabiani aRwera. ixileT: 1989 wlis mosaxleobissakavSiro aRweris Sedegebi (Itogi vsesoyuznoi perepisi naseleniya 1989 goda,(Minneapolis, MN: East View Publications, 1989). am cifrebTan sifrTxilegvmarTebs, radganac es aRwera arc zustia da arc Tavisufali politikurimanipulaciebisagan. demografiuli sakiTxi Zalze mwvave diskusiebisTemaa qarTvelebsa da afxazebs Soris.


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arc sabWoTa periodSi aklda daZabuloba. stalinis mmarT-velobis sastiki represiebis qveS afxazebs eSinodaT qarT-velebis demografiuli da politikuri batonobis. Tbilisi dasoxumi mudmiv WidilSi iyvnen resursebis _ umTavresadmoskovidan gadmoricxuli fuladi saxsrebis, afxazeTSisakadro politikisa da Crdilovani ekonomikis Semosavlebzekontrolis mosapoveblad. swored es iwvevda maT Soris mudmivpolitikur uTanxmoebas. imdenad, ramdenadac am regionSi jerkidev myari iyo sabWoTa mmarTveloba, politikuri dapi-rispireba qarTul da afxaz mosaxleobas Soris Zalismierikonfliqtis mizezi ar gamxdara. 1957, 1967 da 1977 wlebSiafxazeTis kulturis muSakebi da inteligenciis warmo-madgenlebi (1977 wels ki maTTan erTad komunisturi partiiszogierTi maRalCinosani) moskovs afxazeTis ruseTis sabWoTafederaciuli socialisturi respublikis SemadgenlobaSiSeyvanas sTxovdnen. sabWoTa mTavrobam yovel jerze uaryoafxazebis es moTxovna, magram kompensaciis mizniT mTel rigdaTmobebze wavida da regionSi investiciebic gazarda.Sedegad, afxazebs xeli miuwvdaT Seusabamod didi raodenobiTresursebsa da mTavar politikur Tanamdebobebze. es gan-sakuTrebiT exeba 1980-iani wlebis bolo periods, rodesacTbilisi kargavda Tavis gavlenas adgilobriv afxazur saqmia-nobaze. 1990 wels afxazeTis mTavrobis ministrebis 67 procentiafxazi iyo.5 radgan sabWoTa sistemaSi ekonomikur marTvasacadministraciuli xelisufleba axorcielebda, afxazebiTiTqmis mTel adgilobriv ekonomikas akontrolebdnen.

1988 wels afxazeTSi “perestroikis” Sedegad Seqmnilisazogadoebrivi sivrce umalve daikava orma diametruladsawinaaRmdego azrma, romelic cdilobda istoriuli usa-marTlobis axsnas. afxazebi wuxdnen maT respublikaSi demo-grafiuli SefardebiTobis mkveTri cvlilebis gamo. sabWoTaperiodSi megreli (dasavleT saqarTvelo) glexebis afxazeTSiCasvliT (aseve mTavrobis mier mosaxleobis xelaxali gansax-

5 ixileT: http://freedomhouse.org/survey99/relterr/abkhazia.html.

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lebiT) avtonomiuri respublikis qarTuli mosaxleoba 1914wlis maCvenebel 28%-Tan SedarebiT sagrZnoblad gaizarda da1989 wels igi ukve 45.5%-s Seadgenda: aqedan gamomdinare,gaizarda konkurencia isedac mwir miwebze.6 afxazebi aseveukmayofiloni iyvnen afxazeTSi erT sul mosaxleze gamo-yofili fuladi saxsrebiT, rac saqarTvelos sxva teritoriazeerT sul mosaxleze gamoyofili Tanxis mxolod 40 procentsSeadgenda. es marTalac ase iyo, magram arasworad xdeboda amfaqtis interpretireba eTnikur diskriminaciad – radganafxazeTis mosaxleobis umravlesobas qarTvelebi warmoad-gendnen, am diskriminaciuli politikis mTavar msxverpladacisini gvevlinebodnen. metic, afxazeTi – es “sabWoTa riviera”_ aSkarad iyo sabWoTa kavSiris erT-erTi yvelaze mdidariregioni da cxovrebis donec iq bevrad ufro maRali iyo, vidresaqarTvelos danarCen mxareebSi.

imavdroulad, afxazeTis qarTuli mosaxleoba ukmayo-filebas gamoTqvamda afxazeTSi mTavari Tanamdebobebisaraproporciuli ganawilebis gamo. gansakuTrebiT mniSvne-lovani iyo kontroli miwis ganawilebaze, radganac afxazeTissasoflo-sameurneo produqcias _ Cais, Tambaqos, Rvinosa daxils _ uzarmazari mogeba mohqonda sabWoTa bazarze. Tbili-seli qarTvelebi afxazebs moskovel avtoritetebTan gansa-kuTrebul kavSirebSi adanaSaulebdnen da miaCndaT, romafxazuri erovnuli moZraoba safrTxes uqmnida saqarTvelosdamoukideblobisaken swrafvas.

1988 wlis ivnisSi 58 afxazma komunistma saqarTvelos ssr-is Semadgenlobidan afxazeTis gasvlis moTxovniT werili

6 mosaxleobis am moZraobaTa didi nawilis sulisCamdgmeli sabWoTamTavrobis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. ix.: Giorgi M. Derluguian, “The Tale of TwoResorts: Abkhazia and Ajaria before and Since the Soviet Collapse” in Beverly Crawfordand Ronnie D. Lipschutz, eds., The Myth of ”Ethnic Conflict”: Politics, Economics, andCultural Violence (Berkeley, CA: International and Area Studies, University of CaliforniaPress, 1998) pp.261-292 at p.267,http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1064&context=uciaspubs/research.


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gaagzavna moskovSi, komunisturi partiis me-19 konferenciaze.am moTxovnam qarTvelebSi “yarabaRis scenaris” gameorebis SiSiaRZra – am scenaris mixedviT erT-erTi yofili sabWoTarespublikis SemadgenlobaSi myofi avtonomiuri erTeulimeore respublikis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlas moiTxovda. 1989wlis martSi gaimarTa masobrivi demonstracia soxumis maxlob-lad, lixnis teritoriaze – am adgils gansakuTrebuli rolieniWeba afxazeTis istoriasa da miTologiaSi, radganac iq dgas“wminda” xe da istoriulad igi warmoadgenda afxazeTismmarTvelebis rezidencias. oci aTasma adamianma, am respub-likis komunisturi elitis afxazi warmomadgenlebis CaTvliT,xeli moawera e.w. “lixnis deklaracias”, sadac iTxovdnenafxazeTisaTvis mokavSire respublikis statusis miniWebas, racsaqarTvelos Semadgenlobidan gasvlas gulisxmobda. dekla-racia afxazeTis gazeTebSi 24 marts gamoqveynda. 1989 wlisivlisSi am or eTnikur jgufs Soris moxda Zalismieri dapi-rispirebis pirveli faqtebi, ris Sedegad daiRupa 16 da daiWraasobiT adamiani.7 magram, miuxedavad amisa, ufro masStaburiZaladobisaTvis arc afxazebi da arc qarTvelebi jer mzad ariyvnen.

afxazeTis mobilizacias qarTuli erovnuli moZraobagamoexmaura. mTeli qveynis masStabiT Catarda masobrividemonstraciebi, sadac antikomunisturi da antiafxazurilozungebi erTmaneTs erwymoda. Zlierdeboda antiafxazuriganwyoba, gansakuTrebiT afxazeTis qarTul mosaxleobasSoris. cnobas afxazebis mier mowyobili masobrivi demons-traciis Sesaxeb, sadac wamoyenebuli iyo moTxovna saqarT-velos Semadgenlobidan afxazeTis gasvlis Taobaze, 1989 wlismartSi Tbilisis istoriaSi arnaxuli saprotesto aqcia mohyva.saqarTvelos komunistur mmarTvelobas eSinoda, rom deda-qalaqSi Seqmnil situaciaze kontrols dakargavda da sabWoTajarebs demonstrantebis winaaRmdeg zomebis miReba sTxova. 9

7 Ronald G. Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation (Bloomington, IN: Indiana UniversityPress, 1994), p.323

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aprilis dilas armiam demonstracia Zalis gamoyenebiT daSala,ris Sedegadac daiWra asobiT da daiRupa cxrameti adamiani. amsisxlisRvris winaswarmetyveleba advili SesaZlebeli iyo:qarTuli erovnuli moZraoba ufro radikaluri gaxda, saqarT-velos komunisturma reJimma ki legitimuroba dakarga.

moskovis reaqcia igive iyo, rac ramdenime Tvis win yarabaRiskrizisis dros – gadayenebuli iqnen adgilobrivi mmarTvelipirebi. am SemTxvevaSi Tanamdebobidan gadaayenes saqarTveloskomunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivanijumber patiaSvili da mis magivrad saqarTvelos saxelmwifouSiSroebis komitetis Tavmjdomare givi gumbariZe daniSnes. 9aprilis movlenebiT gamowveuli Soki imdenad didi iyo, romaxalma komunisturma mmarTvelobam erovnuli opoziciismoTxovnebi miiRo da erovnul moZraobasTan did daTmobebzewavida. pirvel rigSi, cixidan gaaTavisufles erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis liderebi – zviad gamsaxurdia,merab kostava da giorgi Wanturia. 1989 wlis agvistoSisaqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom, romlis wevrTa umravlesobackomunisturi partiis wevri iyo, miiRo kanoni saxelmwifo enisSesaxeb. kanonis mixedviT savaldebulo iyo qarTuli enissajaro seqtorSi gamoyeneba mTeli respublikis masStabiT; amfaqts uaryofiTad Sexvdnen afxazeTSi (sadac araqarTulimosaxleobis umravlesobam qarTuli ar icoda) da samxreToseTSi.

1989 wlis seqtemberSi moskovSi gamarTul partiis centra-luri komitetis plenumze givi gumbariZem moiTxova, miecaTsaqarTvelosaTvis ufleba, Tavad moegvarebina Tavisi SidaeTnikuri sakiTxebi da am mizniT sakuTari SeiaraRebuli ZalebisSeqmnis uflebac ki iTxova. noemberSi saqarTvelos uzenaesmasabWom gamoacxada, rom igi aRar cnobda sabWoTa kanonm-deblobas, romelic saqarTvelos interesebs ewinaaRmde-geboda. 1990 wlis martSi ki gamocxadda saqarTvelos suvere-niteti, riTac sabWoTa mTavrobis mier 1921 wlidan dadebuliyvela xelSekruleba gauqmebulad iTvleboda. givi gumbariZemganacxada, rom saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena partiis


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mizans warmoadgenda. komunisturi partiis axali liderebissul ufro mzard erovnul ritorikas sabediswerod aRiqvam-dnen sabWoTa saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi myofi avtonomiebiserovnuli umciresobebi _ osebi da afxazebi da kidev ufroumwvavdebodaT qarTvelebis dominirebiT gamowveuli SiSi.

meore cxeli wertili aRmocenda samxreT oseTSi. saqarT-velos SemadgenlobaSi myofi am avtonomiuri regionis mosax-leoba 100000-s aWarbebda, romlis 66.2 procents _ osebi, 29procents ki qarTvelebi Seadgendnen.8 samxreT oseTSimcxovrebi ojaxebis umravlesoba Sereuli – qarTul-osuriiyo9. osuri ena miekuTvneba iranuli enebis CrdiloaRmosavlurjgufs. osebis umravlesoba marTlmadidebeli qristiania,xolo mosaxleobis umciresoba ki – suniti musulmani. 1918 da1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos menSevikurma mTavrobam sastikadCaaxSo osebis bolSevikuri ajanyeba. am movlenis gamo oseTismosaxleobaSi Warbobda azri, rom maT istoriulad usamarTlodeqceodnen. saerTod, 1988 wlis dasrulebamde urTierTobaTbilissa da cxinvals Soris, iseve, rogorc samxreT oseTSimcxovreb qarTvelebsa da osebs Soris, umTavresad ar iyodaZabuli. daZabulobam am or eTnikur jgufs Soris 1989 welsiCina Tavi. maSin naTeli gaxda, rom samxreT oseTi afxazeTisgzas daadga – gzas, romelic miznad isaxavda sul ufro metadnacionalisturad ganwyobili saqarTvelodan gamoyofas.samxreT oseTs surda, SeerTeboda CrdiloeT oseTs, romelsacruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi avtonomiuri respublikisstatusi hqonda.

am periodSi gamwvavda dapirispireba kanonmdeblebsSorisac: saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos mier 1989 wlis agvistoSimiRebul kanons qarTuli enis saxelmwifo enad gamocxadebisSesaxeb osebma sakuTari kanoni daupirispires da samxreT

8 ixileT: Itogi vsesoyuznoi perepisi naseleniya 1989 goda.9 Alexei Zverev, “Ethnic Conflicts in the Caucasus 1988–1994,” in Bruno Coppieters,ed., Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: VUB Press, 1996), p. 39, http://poli.vub.ac.be/publi/ContBorders/eng/ch0103.htm.

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oseTis teritoriaze oficialur enad osuri ena gamoacxades.1989 wlis noemberSi samxreT oseTis umaRlesma sakanonmdebloorganom, saolqo sabWom, TxovniT mimarTa saqarTvelosa dasabWoTa kavSiris uzenaes sabWoebs samxreT oseTis av-tonomiuri olqis statusis avtonomiuri respublikis sta-tusiT Secvlis Taobaze. am mimarTvaSi araferi iyo kons-tituciis sawinaaRmdego da arc gamonakliss warmoadgenda,radganac “perestroikis” bolo periodSi yvela avtonomiurolqsa Tu avtonomiur respublikas Tavisi statusis amaRlebasurda. miuxedavad amisa, qarTulma komunisturma mmarT-velobam da erovnulma opoziciam oseTis es mimarTva saqarT-velos Semadgenlobidan misi gamosvlisaken mimarTul nabijadda saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis safrTxis SeqmnadaRiqva.

saqarTvelos erovnulma moZraobam, romlis yvelazepopularuli lideri zviad gamsaxurdia iyo, samxreT oseTTanSeqmnili mzardi daZabuloba Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyena. 1989wlis 23 noembers samxreT oseTis sakanonmdeblo organosgadawyvetilebis sapasuxod (SeecvalaT olqis statusi ufromaRali, damoukidebeli respublikis statusiT) mobilizebuliiqna 30000 qarTveli demonstranti, romelic saprotesto aqciisCasatareblad samxreT oseTis dedaqalaq cxinvalSi avtobu-sebiT gaemarTa. qalaqSi SesvlisTanave maT gza sabWoTauSiSroebis Zalebma gadauketes. am faqts Setakebebi mohyva,rac, pirvel rigSi, zviad gamsaxurdias aZlevda xels, romelmacnaTlad daanaxa yvelas, rom Zala Seswevda, Seekriba 30000 kacida, Sesabamisad, SeZlebda, saqarTvelos komunisturi partiisliderebisaTvis sakuTari samoqmedo gegma moexvia Tavze.qarTveli nacionalistebis am demonstraciis sapasuxod“adamon nixasis”10 liderebma saxalxo laSqris pirveli Sena-erTebis Seqmna daiwyes samxreT oseTSi. samxreT oseTisqarTulma mosaxleobam Tavisi piradi nivTebis usafrTxo

10 adamon nixasi (“xalxis kreba”) samxreT oseTSi saxalxo moZraobaswarmoadgenda.


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adgilas gadatana da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gasaqcevad mzadebadaiwyo.

1990 wlis martSi saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom kanonieradcno yvela akrZaluli opoziciuri partia da saqarTveloaneqsirebul da okupirebul saxelmwifod gamoacxada, riTackidev ufro gaamZafra moskovTan arsebuli konfliqti.saqarTvelos sabWoTa kavSiridan gasvlis mcdelobis sapasuxodafxazebmac, Tavis mxriv, aseTive nabijebi gadadges saqarT-velos Semadgenlobidan gamosasvlelad. afxazeTis uzenaesmasabWom calmxrivad gamoacxada afxazeTis damoukidebloba damoskovs misi sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi mokavSirerespublikad Seyvana sTxova. es qmedeba saqarTvelos uzenaesmasabWom ukanonod gamoacxada.

1990 wlis agvistoSi, pirveli Tavisufali saparlamentoarCevnebisaTvis mzadebisas, saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWommiiRo saarCevno kanoni, romelic krZalavda arCevnebSi mxolodregionalur doneze moqmedi jgufebis monawileobas, riTacarCevnebSi nebismieri osuri partiis monawileoba gamoi-ricxeboda. amis sapasuxod 1990 wlis 20 seqtembers samxreToseTis saolqo sabWom samxreT oseTi samxreT oseTis demok-ratiul sabWoTa respublikad gamoacxada da moskovs sabWoTakavSiris SemadgenlobaSi pirdapiri gziT Sesvla sTxova. 9dekembers samxreT oseTSi arCevnebi Catarda. saqarTvelosaxladarCeulma parlamentma, sadac gamsaxurdias momxreebmaadgilebis umravlesoba moipoves, samxreT oseTis arCevnebiukanonod cno da avtonomiuri olqis statusi gaauqma. samxreToseTSi gamocxadda sagangebo mdgomareoba, xolo cxinvalSiSinagan saqmeTa uSiSroebis Zalebi ganlagda.

1991 wlis 5 ianvars 5000-kaciani qarTuli samxedro formi-reba, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen adgilobrivi saxalxolaSqrisa da axladSeqmnili qarTuli erovnuli gvardiiswevrebi, cxinvalSi Sevida. isini arbevdnen da Tavs esxmodnenadgilobriv mosaxleobas. samxreT oseTis saxalxo laSqarma maTsastiki winaaRmdegoba gauwia. ianvris bolos qarTulma jarmaes teritoria datova, poziciebi qalaqis garSemo amaRlebul

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adgilebze daikava da qalaqis blokada daiwyo; es blokada 1992wlis ivlisamde gagrZelda, sanam samxreT oseTis teritoriazerusul-qarTul-osuri samSvidobo jarebi ar Sevidnen.

samxreT oseTis omi iyo pirveli omi saqarTveloSi da mangarkveulwilad ganapiroba momdevno oric. saqarTvelos mTelteritoriaze Seiqmna SeiaraRebuli formirebebi, romlebicsaxelmwifo kontrols ar emorCilebodnen, Tumca ki maTCamoyalibebas garkveulwilad saxelmwifomve Seuwyo xeli.Semdgomi omebi saqarTveloSi iyo: samoqalaqo omi, romelic1991 wlis dekemberSi daiwyo da 1992 wlis agvistoSi dawyebuliafxazeTis omi. am omebSi mTavari roli SeiaraRebulma formi-rebebma iTamaSes.

saqarTveloSi 1990 wlis 28 oqtombers Catarebuli pirveliTavisufali saparlamento arCevnebi zviad gamsaxurdiasgamarjvebiT dasrulda. eWvgareSe iyo, rom axal mTavrobassaqarTvelos sruli damoukidebloba surda. magram gamsa-xurdias gamarjvebam ver dafara is faqti, rom gamarjvebulebsar SeswevdaT Zala sabolood gaxleCili erovnuli moZraobisgaerTianebisa. erovnul-demokratiulma da erovnuli damou-kideblobis partiebma boikoti gamoucxades uzenaesi sabWosarCevnebs da sanacvlod 1990 wlis 30 seqtembers sakuTariparlamentis – erovnuli kongresis – asarCevad alternatiuliarCevnebi Caatares. uzenaesi sabWos arCevnebis SedegadxelisuflebaSi movida saqarTvelos mosaxleobis axali fena –fena, romelsac nomenklatura da qalaqis inteligenciamiiCnevda dabali ganaTlebisa da susti profesiuli kvali-fikaciis mqone adamianebad, romlebsac qveynis marTva arSeeZloT. es azri dadasturda pirveli parlamentis mierCatarebuli samuSaos Sesaxeb angariSis Seswavlis Sedegad.

1990 wlis SemodgomisaTvis saqarTvelo nawilebad iSle-boda. sami avtonomiuri erTeulidan ori – samxreT oseTi daafxazeTi – Tbilisis kontrols ar eqvemdebareboda. saqarT-velos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba gaxleCili iyo,xolo parlamentis “promamuliSviluri” jgufebi umetesadgaukontroleblad moqmedebdnen. 1991 wlis 9 aprils, sabWoTa


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jaris mier TbilisSi demonstraciis mTeli sisastikiT darbe-vidan zustad ori wlis Semdeg, saqarTvelos parlamentmasaqarTvelos damoukidebloba gamoacxada, xolo 26 maiss kigamsaxurdia saqarTvelos prezidentad xmaTa 86 procentiTairCies. am arCevnebs boikoti gamoucxada afxazeTisa dasamxreT oseTis araqarTulma mosaxleobam.

gamsaxurdiam am Tanamdebobaze weliwadze naklebi xanidahyo. saqarTvelom samoqalaqo omisaken svla 1991 wlisagvistoSi moskovSi momxdari putCis Semdeg daiwyo. moskovisam movlenebiT gakvirvebulma gamsaxurdiam ganacxada, romsabWoTa kavSirSi mimdinare ZalauflebisaTvis brZolis mimarTigi neitraluri iyo da daeTanxma sabWoTa samxedro meTaurismoTxovnas, saqarTvelos erovnuli gvardia sabWoTa SinagansaqmeTa saministros struqturaSi Seeyvana. am brZanebas ardaemorCila erovnuli gvardiis meTauri Tengiz kitovani,radganac es “misi” gvardiis daSlas niSnavda; 1991 wlisseqtemberSi man Tavisi jari Tbilisidan gaiyvana da prezidentimoqmedi samxedro Zalis gareSe datova.

es niSnavda imasac, rom gamsaxurdias aRar gaaCnda Zlierisayrdeni Tavisi reJimis SesanarCuneblad. Tumca 1991 wlisTebervalSi man moaxerxa imJamad gandgomili “mxedrionis”daSla; agvistoSi Tengiz kitovani, misi momxreebi da premier-ministri Tengiz sigua prezidents ganudgnen, ris Sedegadacgamsaxurdias Zalze cota darCa iseTi SeiaraRebuli piri,romelTa ndobac SeeZlo. Tengiz kitovani da Tengiz siguagauwonasworebel mdgomareobaSi myofi zviad gamsaxurdiaswinaaRmdeg gamovidnen. gamsaxurdias mZlavri antisabWoTa danacionalisturi politika veRar malavda im faqts, romsaqarTvelos saxelmwifo nawilebad iSleboda, saerTaSorisomasStabiT ki qveyana izolaciaSi rCeboda. 1991 wlis dekemberSi,cixidan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg, jaba ioselianma “mxedrioni”aRadgina da meamboxeebs SeuerTda.

1991 wlis 22 dekembers erovnuli gvardiis daaxloebiT 500jariskaci TbilisSi Semovida da mcire xniT parlamentisSenobis alyaSi moqcevis Semdeg kanonierad arCeuli prezi-

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denti Tbilisidan gaaZeva. 1992 wlis 6 ianvars gamsaxurdiasomxeTSi gaiqca da opoziciamac Tavi gamarjvebulad CaTvala.magram samoqalaqo omi amiT ar damTavrebula. gandevnilmaprezidentma Tbilisis axali mTavrobis winaaRmdeg Seiara-Rebuli moZraoba dasavleT saqarTveloSi, Tavis mSobliurregionSi wamoiwyo.

gamsaxurdias Tbilisidan gaqcevis Semdeg asparezi ukve mzadiyo axal da ufro Zlier moqmed pirTaTvis. axalma gardamavalmamTavrobam – jaba ioselianma (“mxedrionis” lideri), Tengizkitovanma (erovnuli gvardiis meTauri) da yofilma premier-ministrma Tengiz siguam (romelic 1991 wlis agvistoSi gamsa-xurdiam gadaayena) – eduard SevardnaZes samSobloSi mouxmes.eduard SevardnaZe, romelic gorbaCovis inovaciuri mmarT-velobis periodSi sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministri iyo,didi avtoritetiT sargeblobda ucxoeTSic da saqarTveloSic.igi im rangis saxelmwifo moxeled moiazreboda, romelsacsaqarTvelos samoqalaqo omis qarcecxlidan gamoyvana SeeZlo.1992 wlis 7 marts eduard SevardnaZis dabrunebis Semdeg, e.w.“saxelmwifo sabWom” igi gardamavali mTavrobis Tavmjdomareddaasaxela da qveynis samoqalaqo omidan gamoyvana miando. Tuarsebul garemoebas gaviTvaliswinebT, es amocana Zalze rTuliiyo: samxreT oseTSi gamarjveba ukve SeuZlebeli Canda; afxazeT-Tan arsebuli konfliqti yovel wuTs SeiZleboda gamwvavebuliyo;gaZevebuli prezidenti zviad gamsaxurdia Tavis erTgul xalxTanerTad dasavleT saqarTveloSi moqmedebda. garda amisa, ruseTi,rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris memkvidre-qveyana, saqarTvelosaiZulebda, axladSeqmnil damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamego-brobas (dsT) SeerTeboda da qveyanaSi ruseTis samxedro bazebisarsebobaze daTanxmebuliyo. am dros eduard SevardnaZiserTaderTi (da Zalian arasando) mxardamWerebi “ZaladobissulisCamdgmelebi” – jaba ioseliani da Tengiz kitovani iyvnen.samxreT oseTTan arsebul konfliqtSi ruseTi axla mTavarfaqtorad gadaiqca. moskovidan wamosulma politikurma zewolam– osebis aSkara samxedro daxmarebam da dasaSinebelma manevrebma_ SveulmfrenebiT saqarTvelos soflebze drodadro ganxor-


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cielebulma Setevebma – SevardnaZe aiZula, cecxlis SewyvetazedaTanxmebuliyo. 1992 wlis ivlisSi ruseTis meTaurobis qveSmyofi rusul-qarTul-osuri samSvidobo Zalebi cecxlisSewyvetis ganxorcielebaze kontrols Seudgnen.

samxreT oseTSi konfliqtis deeskalaciis Semdeg afxa-zeTSi kvlav imZlavra Zaladobam. ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSisaqarTvelo-afxazeTis konfliqti mxolod kanonmdeblobis(Sesabamisi parlamentebis mier miRebuli kanonebis) daarCevnebis omi iyo.11 1990 wlis 25 agvistos afxazeTis uzenaesmasabWom afxazeTi sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi myofmokavSire respublikad gamoacxada. saqarTvelos uzenaesmasabWom es gadawyvetileba umalve ukanonod cno. 1991 wlisagvistoSi ganxorcielda konsensusis miRwevis erTi seriozulimcdeloba – zviad gamsaxurdiam afxazeTis mTavrobasTanmiaRwia SeTanxmebas Zalauflebis gadanawilebis Sesaxeb; esgadanawileba gamoixata saarCevno kodeqsis miRebiT, romlisTanaxmadac saarCevno olqebis demarkacia eTnikuri principiTunda momxdariyo; ase rom, yovel eTnikur jgufs afxazeTisaxal 65-kacian parlamentSi garkveuli kvota eZleoda: qarTulimosaxleoba (romelic 1989 wels afxazeTis mosaxleobis 45.7procents Seadgenda) miiRebda 26 adgils, afxazebs (17.8procenti) eqnebodaT 28 adgili, xolo sxva eTnikuri jgufebi(umTavresad, somxebi (14.6 procenti) da rusebi (14.3 procenti)miiRebdnen darCenil 11 adgils. konstituciuri sakiTxebisgadasawyvetad saWiro iqneboda xmaTa ori mesamedis miReba –amis gamo verc erTi eTnikuri jgufi ver gaatarebda konsti-tuciur cvlilebebs sxva jgufTan SeuTanxmeblad.12 1991 wlis

11 ”Human Rights Watch”, “Georgia/Abkhazia: Violance of the Laws of War and Russia’sRole in the Conflict, “ March 1. 1995 http://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/Georgia2.htm.12 ixiliT: Ghia Nodia, “The Conflict in Abkhazia: National Projects and PoliticalCircumstances,” in Bruno Coppieters, Ghia Nodia, and Yuri Anchabadze, eds., Georgiansand Abkhazians: The Search for a Peace Settlement (Koeln: Bundesinstitut fürOstwissenschaftliche und Internationale Studien, 1998), pp. 14–48, http://poli.vub.ac.be./publi/Georgians/chp0201.html; Revaz Gachechiladze, The New Georgia: Space, Society,Politics (London: Routledge, 1995), p.41 and p. 84.

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29 seqtembers am kanonis Tanaxmad afxazeTis uzenaesma sabWomCaatara arCevnebi, romlis Semdegi ori turi 13 oqtombersa da1 dekembers gaimarTa. sabolood, 1991 wlis xelSekrulebaZalaSi ar Sesula. amis erT-erTi mizezi iyo zviad gamsaxurdiasmTavrobis marcxi, ramac, Tavis mxriv, Semdegi movlenebigamoiwvia: SevardnaZis administracia yvelafers akeTebdazviad gamsaxurdias delegitimizaciisaTvis, amitomac masaranairi survili ar hqonda, gamsaxurdias proeqtisaTvisdaeWira mxari.

zviad gamsaxurdias momxreebi eduard SevardnaZis mTav-robas “moskovis marionetad” saxavdnen. Tavis mxriv, axalimTavroba cdilobda, erovnuli interesebis dacvaSi gamsa-xurdiaze metad warmoeCina Tavi. am mizezTa gamo mTavro-bisaTvis xelsayreli iyo 1991 wlis xelSekrulebis “erovnuliinteresebis Semlaxvel” dokumentad gamocxadeba. da bolos,afxazeTis mTavroba saqarTveloSi mmarTvelobisa da legi-timurobis rRvevis procesSi Tavisi Sansis gamoyenebascdilobda: 1992 wlis 23 ivliss afxazeTis uzenaesma sabWom,romelic arc ki ecada xmebis ori mesamedis mopovebas, rogorces 1991 wlis agvistos Zalauflebis gadamanawilebeli xelSek-rulebiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, ise miiRo kanoni, romliTac1925 wlis afxazeTis konstituciis proeqtis aRdgena xdeboda,sadac afxazeTi suverenul saxelmwifod iyo gamocxadebulida romelic Tavis droze sruliad afxazeTis sabWoebiskongresma miiRo.

1992 wels zviad gamsaxurdias mxardamWerma jarebmagaitaces saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa ministri da parlamentiserTi wevri. rogorc ambobdnen, mZevlebi afxazeTis teri-toriaze, galis raionSi gadaiyvanes. qarTulma mxarem es faqtiafxazeTSi Sesvlis sababad gamoiyena. 1992 wlis 14 agvistossaqarTvelos erovnuli gvardia afxazeTisaken daiZra, daikavasoxumi da gaaRviva konfliqti, romelic didi xnis ganmavlobaSimwifdeboda. afxazebs mxars uWerdnen Crdilokavkasielebi damaT teritoriaze ganlagebuli ruseTis jarebi. amitomac,qarTvelebisaTvis moulodnelad, maT maSinve SeZles Zlieri


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SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegobis gaweva. im droisaTvis dasavleTsaqarTveloSi zviad gamsaxurdias jarebi sakuTar samxedrokampanias awarmoebdnen. qarTul jars or frontze omissaSiSroeba emuqreboda. aseT SemTxvevaSi isini SeiZleba alyaSimoqceuliyvnen – CrdiloeTiT afxazebisa, xolo samxreTiT _zviad gamsaxurdias Zalebis garemocvaSi. aseTi ram erTi wlisSemdeg marTlac moxda. 1993 wlis seqtemberSi zviad gamsa-xurdias samxedro SenaerTebma dasavleT saqarTveloSi qarTuljars Seuties, xolo afxazebma, ruseTis mxardaWeris Sedegad,soxumis dabruneba SeZles. afxazeTis qarTuli mosaxleobaafxazeTidan gamoiqca.

damarcxebis Semdeg ukiduresad damcirebuli eduardSevardnaZe iZulebuli gaxda, ruseTisaTvis daxmareba eTxova,raTa gamsaxurdias gasworeboda. ruseTis jarma zviad gamsa-xurdias Zalebi or kviraSi daamarcxa. saqarTvelom ki winaaRm-degoba veRar gauwia dsT-s moTxovnas, misi sruluflebianiwevri gamxdariyo da xeli moewera mTel rig xelSekrulebebzeusafrTxoebis sferoSi. 1994 wlis ivnisSi afxazeTisa dasaqarTvelos mTavrobebi SeTanxmdnen, rom afxazeTisa dasaqarTvelos danarCen teritorias Soris arsebul sazRvarzerusi samSvidobo Zalebi ganlagdebodnen. Tbilisma daiwyomolaparakebebi moskovTan vazianSi, gudauTaSi, axalqalaqsa dabaTumSi ganlagebuli rusuli samxedro bazebis momavali bedisSesaxeb.

axali qarTuli parlamenti maSin airCies, rodesac afxazeTSijer kidev omi mimdinareobda – 1992 wlis 11 oqtombers.imavdroulad, Catarda parlamentis Tavmjdomaris pirdapiriwesiT arCevnebi, sadac SevardnaZes konkurenti ar hyolia.amomrCevelTa aqtivobam 74% Seadgina da eduard SevardnaZemmaTi xmebis 96% moipova. 1992 wlis 6 noembers axalma parla-mentma daamtkica kanoni saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Sesaxeb,romlis Tanaxmadac eduard SevardnaZe xdeboda aRmasru-lebeli xelisuflebis xelmZRvaneli, SeiaraRebuli ZalebisumaRlesi mTavarsardali da saxelmwifos meTauri. mas Semdeg,rac 1995 wlis 24 agvistos moxda axali konstituciis rati-

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ficireba, eduard SevardnaZe 1995 wlis 5 noembers xmaTa 74procentiT (oficialuri monacemebiT) qveynis prezidentadairCies.

am arCevnebiT eduard SevardnaZem moipova demokratiulida konstituciuri legitimuroba, rac mas xelisuflebaSimosvlisas ar gaaCnda. mas Semdeg, rac SevardnaZem ver SeZlokontrolis aRdgena samxreT oseTsa da afxazeTze, igi jabaioseliansa da Tengiz kitovans daupirispirda – liderebs,romlebmac 1992 wels is saqarTveloSi Camoiyvanes im imediT,rom TavianTi SeiaraRebuli formirebebiT SeZlebdnen mismarTvas. upirveles yovlisa, eduard SevardnaZem erovnuligvardiis neitralizacia ganaxorciela da etapobrivad gaaer-Tiana igi saxelmwifo struqturaSi. 1993 wlis maisSi man Tengizkitovani Tavdacvis ministrobidan gaaTavisufla, 1994 wlisTebervalSi ki amave Tanamdebobidan gadadga Tengiz kitovanisproteJe, giorgi yaryaraSvili, romelic am postze eduardSevardaZisadmi keTilganwyobilma vardiko nadibaiZem Secvala.1995 wlis ianvarSi ZalauflebisaTvis ukanasknelad uimedodgaibrZoles _ Tengiz kitovani (Tengiz siguas daxmarebiT) 700-mde msubuqad SeiaraRebul momxresTan erTad kvlav SeecadaafxazeTze ieriSis mitanas, magram isini qarTulma policiamSeaCera da daapatimra. jer kidev 1993 wlis Semodgomazeprezident gamsaxurdias momxreTa winaaRmdeg sabrZolveladeduard SevardnaZis dasayrdeni jaba ioseliani da misi“mxedrioni” iyo. mxolod 1995 wlis dasawyisSi SeZlo man,ebrZanebina Sinagan saqmeTa ministrisaTvis saministrosjarebis meSveobiT “mxedrionis” SenaerTebis dapatimreba,Tumca 1995 wlis zafxulamde jaba ioselianis moadgile dasaqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa yofili ministri, Temur xaCiSvili,jer kidev saxelmwifo uSiSroebis ministris moadgiledrCeboda. mxolod 1995 wlis agvistoSi prezident SevardnaZezeganxorcielebuli Tavdasxmis Semdeg moxda jaba ioselianisada Temur xaCiSvilis dapatimreba.

movlenaTa am mokle mimoxilvidan Cans, rom postsabWoTaperiodis pirveli xuTi weli saqarTvelosaTvis umZimesi


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aRmoCnda. 1988-1993 wlebSi saqarTvelo damarcxda or separa-tistul regionTan mimdinare omebSi, garda amisa, iyo Zala-uflebisaTvis daundobeli brZola TbilisSi. winamdebarenaSromis Semdgom nawilSi mocemulia movlenaTa amgvariganviTarebis axsna-ganmarteba.

qarTvelebis, afxazebisa da osebis eTnoerovnuli mobili-zaciis istoria sam mniSvnelovan sakiTxs wamoWris: pirvelrigSi, am sami jgufis mobilizacia urTierTdamokidebulprocess warmoadgenda, sadac yovel qmedebas ukuqmedebamohyveboda. Sidasazogadoebrivi organizebuli Zaladobaspiralis mxolod bolo iyo. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi eT-noerovnuli sakiTxebis gansja mxolod sityvebis oms war-moadgenda. Semdgom amas kanonmdeblobaTa omi mohyva: 1989wlidan da Semdgom periodSi gamococxlebulma sabWoTasakanonmdeblo organoebma erovnuli ideebi kanonebsa dagancxadebebSi gadaiyvanes, sadac saxelmwifos meTaurebisuverenitets acxadebdnen. afxazeTis or sxvadasxva eTnikurjgufs Soris arsebuli dapirispireba Zalismier konfliqtSimxolod gare Zalebis intervenciis Sedegad gadaizarda.

meore, aRsaniSnavia, rom erovnuli programebi Zalianswrafad miiRo saqarTvelos, samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTiskomunisturma nomenklaturam da Semdeg isini sabWoTa sistemispolitikur institutebSi Seitana. am samive saxelmwifoSisabWoTa kanonmdeblebma erovnuli suvereniteti Tu damo-ukidebloba kanonmdeblobiT ganamtkices. mas Semdeg, rackomunisturi partiis mesveurebma nacionaluri moZraobisxelmZRvanelebs gadasces partiisa da saxelmwifos mobi-lizebis potenciali, mobilizaciis procesi sagrZnobladdaCqarda.

mesame, organizebuli Zaladoba gacilebiT gvian daiwyo,vidre nacionalisturi mobilizacia. zviad gamsaxurdias miererovnul grZnobebze apelireba sakuTari Zalauflebis ganm-tkicebis mizniT samxreT oseTis SemTxvevaSi organizebuliZaladobis warmoSobis mizezi gaxda – man gasaqani miscaaxladSeqmnil erovnul gvardias, romelic gamorCenis mZebnel

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meTaurTa daqvemdebarebaSi myof araoficialur formirebaswarmoadgenda. mogvianebiT am gasamxedroebuli jgufebisgakontroleba SeuZlebeli Seiqna. saxelmwifo kontrolsdauqvemdebarebel gasamxedroebul jgufebs ukavSirdebaorganizebuli Zaladobis eskalacia saqarTvelos sxva omebSic.

sabWoTa eTnofederalizmis meqanizmi

mobilizaciis zemoaRwerili procesi aSkarad ganapirobasabWoTa federaluri sistemis institutebma. osebi da afxazebisaqarTveloSi arc erTaderT da arc yvelaze didi raodenobiserovnul umciresobas ar warmoadgendnen. 1989 wels somxebisaqarTvelos mosaxleobis 8 procents Seadgendnen, xoloazerbaijanelebi – 5.7 procents. orive jgufis warmomadgenlebiSedarebiT kompaqturad iyvnen dasaxlebuli samxreT saqar-Tvelos regionebSi, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis sazRvrebisgaswvriv. faqtorebis es kompleqsi qmnis “triadul garemos”,romelsac rojer brubeikeri gansakuTrebiT sariskod miiC-nevs13. eTnopolitikuri konfliqtebis aRmocenebis metialbaTobaa maSin, rodesac nacionalistur saxelmwifoSieTnikuri umciresobis kompaqturad dasaxlebul jgufsmezobel qveyanaSi “ufrosi eTnikuri Zma” hyavs. xorvatiasa da,gansakuTrebiT ki, bosnia-hercegovinaSi warmoebulma omebmaaSkarad gviCvena, Tu ramdenad feTqebadia aseTi mezobloba.saqarTveloSi mcxovreb somxebsa da azerbaijanelebs mobili-zacia ar dauwyiaT da, osebisa da afxazebisagan gansxvavebiT,arc separatistuli tendenciebi gamouvleniaT. am gansxvavebismTavari mizezi isaa, rom afxazebsa da osebs sakuTari avtonomiagaaCndaT, hqondaT politikuri institutebi da simbolika, ramacxeli Seuwyo maT mobilizaciasa da gamoyofas. somxebsa daazerbaijanelebs ki saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi arc avtono-

13 Rogers Brubaker, Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question inthe New Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp.55-76.


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miuri olqi da arc avtonomiuri respublika ar hqoniaT. ase rom,samxreT oseTi da afxazeTi saukeTeso magaliTia sabWoTaeTnofederalizmSi14 Cadebuli Senelebuli moqmedebis naRmisa.

Semdegi sami faqtoriT aixsneba is, Tu ratom Seuwyo xeliavtonomiur regionebSi mobilizaciasa da separatizms sabWoTaeTnofederalizmma. pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovania is, romsaqarTvelos mier damoukideblobisaTvis gadadgmulma nabi-jebma safrTxis winaSe daayena is didi privilegiebi, romlebicsabWoTa kavSiris avtonomiuri olqebis rCeul erebs gaaCndaT.es gansakuTrebiT naTlad afxazeTis SemTxvevaSi gamoCnda.sabWoTa periodis dramatuli demografiuli cvlilebebisSedegad afxazebi 1989 wels afxazeTis mTeli mosaxleobismxolod 17.8 procents Seadgendnen, xolo qarTvelebi ki – 45.7procents, magram im dros afxazuri elitisaTvis arapro-porciulad farTod xelmisawvdomi iyo politikuri da ekono-mikuri resursebi, radganac yvela mTavari biurokratiuliTanamdeboba afxazebs ekavaT.15 moskovis TandaTanobiTi dasus-teba, politikur zedamxedvelobasa da sakuTrebis uflebebzekontrolis dakargva sistemas ngreviT emuqreboda, racafxazebsprivilegirebul mdgomareobas akargvinebda.

ase rom, orive jgufma mobilizacia axali garemoebebissapasuxod daiwyo: qarTvelebi imedovnebdnen, rom SeZlebdnenTavianTi ricxobrivi upiratesobis gamoyenebas da miznadisaxavdnen, daengriaT sistema, romliTac afxazebs resursebzearaproporciulad farTod miuwvdebodaT xeli. moskovisdaxmarebis imedis mqone afxazebs ki surdaT status-kvos

14 is faqti, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma somxebma mobilizacia arwamoiwyes, SeiZleba aixsnas agreTve somxebis TavdacviTi reaqciiT.somxeTis liderebma saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi somxuri diasporisliderebTan erTad SeZles aseTi mobilizaciis Tavidan acileba.yvelanairi amgvari mobilizacia erTmniSvnelovnad arasasurveli iyosomxeTisaTvis, romelic ukve iyo CarTuli mTiani yarabaRis konfliqtSi.aseT axsnas xSirad ver SexvdebiT literaturaSi, magram am regionSigadawyvetilebebis mimRebi pirebi xSirad wamowevdnen xolme win am sakiTxsnaSromis avtorTan saubrisas (ivlisi, 2002 w.).15 Derluguian, ,,The Tale of Two Resorts”, p..262

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SenarCuneba da, metic, TavianTi politikuri poziciebisgaumjobesebac ki. am situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, savaraudo iyo,rom afxazebi Seecdebodnen, TavianTi avtonomiuri respublikasabWoTa kavSiris pirdapir daqvemdebarebaSi SeeyvanaT. damouki-deblobis moTxovna sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg gaCnda,radgan am dros afxazebma potenciuri TavSesafari dakarges. racSeexeba saqarTvelos erovnul moZraobas, maTTvis afxazebismoskovisadmi erTguleba, romelic Tavdapirvelad mxolodekonomikuri interesebiT iyo gamowveuli, sabWoTa imperiisadmimaT samsaxurs adasturebda. ase rom, resursebis gamo aRmoce-nebuli konfliqti eTnikur konfliqtad gardaiqmna, ramac,Tavis mxriv, mobilizacias Seuwyo xeli.

meore, separatizmis mxardasaWerad mimarTul mobilizaciasxels uwyobda is faqtic, rom avtonomiuri warmonaqmnebisSigniT arsebul jgufebs, sakuTari teritoriis armqonenacionaluri jgufebisagan gansxvavebiT, gaaCndaT sakuTaripolitikuri institutebi, romliTac sargeblobda politikurielita. sabWoTa politikuri sistemis krizisis pirobebSiafxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis erovnuli moZraobebi swrafadZlierdeboda. orive teritoriaze nacionalur elitebs Sorismimdinareobda daundobeli konkurencia adgilobriv saxel-mwifo struqturebze kontrolis dasamyareblad. komunisturipartiis oficialuri pirebi afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSigamarTul mitingebSi monawileobdnen da saxelmwifo dapartiul resursebs gansakargavad erovnul moZraobebsgadascemdnen. Sesabamisad, afxazuri da osuri elitebiwarmoadgenda erovnuli inteligenciisa da komunisti Tanamde-bobis pirebis “personalur kavSirs”. orive SemTxvevaSiseparatistuli moZraobebi swrafad gavrcelda sakanonmdebloorganoebSic (sabWoebSi). samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTissabWoebi mudmivad mimarTavdnen moskovs maTi sabWoTa centri-sadmi uSualo daqvemdebarebis moTxovniT. orive sakanon-mdeblo organo Tavidan sabWoTa procedurebs mimarTavda daamiT garkveul formalur legitimurobas aRwevda, risigaprotestebac uWirda TbilisSi myof mTavrobas, gansa-


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kuTrebiT ki maSin, rodesac saqarTvelos ukve TviTon hqondaSewyvetili sabWoTa kanonebis mixedviT TamaSi.

mesame, centraluri sabWoTa mTavroba zogjer gamiznulad,zogjer ki uneblieTac xels uwyobda sxvadasxva mokavSirerespublikebis SemadgenlobaSi myofi avtonomiuri erTeulebisseparatistul ganwyobas. stalinis epoqidan wamosuli sabWoTaerovnuli politikis Zireuli elementi iyo principi: “dayavida ibatone”. zogierT SemTxvevaSi mokavSire respublikebisSemadgenlobaSi myofi avtonomiuri erTeulebi amave respub-likebis erTa nacionalisturi survilebis dasabalansebladgamoiyeneboda. daqvemdebarebul avtonomiaTa rCeulma erebmagansakuTrebuli sargebeli miiRes amgvari mdgomareobis gamo– maT Seusabamod farTod miuwvdebodaT xeli yovelgvarresursze, yovel SemTxvevaSi iqamde, vidre kiTxvis niSnis qveSar dadgeboda maTi moskovisadmi erTguleba. “perestroikis”gviandel periodSi moskovi amgvar praqtikas kvlav daubrundada samxreT oseTsac da afxazeTsac farTo politikur daxma-rebas uwevda saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg; sabrZolo moqmedebebisdawyebis Semdeg am daxmarebas samxedro xasiaTic mieca. Tavisiori sabrZolo marcxis asaxsnelad qarTuli mxare xSiradazviadebs am daxmarebas. sabrZolo moqmedebebis dawyebamdesamxreT oseTSic da afxazeTSic aSkarad gadaWarbebuliwarmodgena hqondaT moskovis xelT arsebuli zewolis realuriberketebis Sesaxeb. arasworma Sefasebebma, eWvgareSea,ganapiroba separatistebis samoqmedo gegmis CamoyalibebacsamxreT oseTsa da afxazeTSi.

postkomunisturi elitis Sida

daqsaqsuloba

eTnonacionalur mobilizaciasa da sabWoTa eTnofe-deralizmis institutebTan erTad organizebul Zaladobasaxali qarTuli elitis daqsaqsulobac ukvalavda gzas, racaxladmopovebuli damoukideblobis ganmtkicebas uSlida

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xels.16 es saxelmwifoebrivi sisuste da mmarTvel struq-turebSi arsebuli dapirispireba garkveuli institucio-naluri mizezebiT aixsneba da damaxasiaTebelia mTeli kavka-siisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki niSandoblivia saqarTvelosTvis.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sisuste gardamavali postko-munisturi epoqis Sedegi ar yofila. es sisuste ufro adrewarmoiSva, rogorc sabWoTa sistemis institucionalurimemkvidreoba. kavkasiasa da centralur aziaSi arsebuliproteqcionizmisa da klientelizmis qseli erT-erT yvelazeefeqtur araformalur instituts warmoadgenda sabWoTaperiodSi da igi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdegac SenarCunda.17

samxreT kavkasiis problemebisadmi miZRvnil naSromSi jeraldisteri aRwers, Tu rogor cdilobda stalinis droidan mo-yolebuli sabWoTa saxelmwifo sakuTari mmarTvelobis simtkicisuzrunvelsayofad adgilobrivi proteqciuli sistemis ga-moyenebas.18 amis Sedegad miRebuli socialisturi saxelm-wifoebriobis sisuste kompensirdeboda personificirebulimmarTvelobiT. sabWoTa ekonomikis gadamanawilebeli giganturimeqanizmi im nayofier niadags qmnida, romelzec kargad xarobdaproteqcionizmis sistema; amitom arcaa gasakviri, rom es sistemasabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdegac SenarCunda.

axalma qarTvelma nacionalistebma ver SeZles piradndobaze damyarebuli proteqcionizmis Rrmad fesvgamdgarisistemis ufro Tanamedrove, arapiradulze dafuZnebulisaxelmwifo biurokratiis Camoyalibeba.19 saqarTveloSi

16 Jones, “Georgia: A Failed Democratic Transition, “pp. 288-310.17 Pavel K. Baev, “Civil Wars in Georgia: Corruption Breeds Violence,” in Jan Koehlerand Christoph Zürcher, eds., Potentials of Dis/Order: Explaining Conflict and Stability inthe Caucasus and in the Former Yugoslavia (Manchester:Manchester University Press, 2003), pp. 127–144; Zürcher, Koehler, and Baev, “InternalViolence in the Caucasus”; Derluguian, “The Tale of Two Resorts,” pp. 261–292.18 Gerald Easter, “Personal Networks and Post-Revolutionary State-Building:Soviet Russia Reexamined,” World Politics, vol. 48 (1996), pp. 551–578.19 es aris ZiriTadi Tezisi statiis: Barbara Christophe, “Bringing Culture Backinto a Concept of Rationality: State–Society Relations and Conflict in Post-SocialistTranscaucasia,” in Koehler and Zürcher, Potentials of Dis/Order, 193–207.


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aRzevebuli erovnuli moZraoba, romelmac zviad gamsaxurdiaxelisuflebaSi moiyvana, SeeTvisa am kargad Camoyalibebul daRrmad fesvgamdgar struqturas, romelic kvlavac akontro-lebda yovelgvar SesaZleblobaTa gadanawilebas. amas garda,sakanonmdeblo organoSi ar iyvnen warmodgenilni proteq-cionizmis qselis gavleniani warmomadgenlebi, Zveli kadrebida qalaqis inteligencia – amis gamo parlaments sakmaodmoaklda politikuri mxardaWera. amgvarad, gamoucdelmaparlamentma ver SeaCera saxelmwifos rRveva, kerZod: man verSeZlo Zveli kadrebisa da maTi mfarvelebis ekonomikuri dapolitikuri SesaZleblobebis mobilizeba.

prezident zviad gamsaxurdiasa da misi axali parlamen-tisaTvis eTnonacionaluri mobilizacia Zalauflebis SenarCu-nebis saSualebas warmoadgenda, rasac katastrofuli Sedegebimohyva. nacionalizmi zviad gamsaxurdias erTaderTi sayrdeniiyo. igi xelisuflebaSi quCis zewolisa da erovnul-patrio-tuli emociebis Sedegad movida. 1990 wlis SemodgomisarCevnebze man da misma koaliciam _ “mrgvali magida –Tavisufali saqarTvelo” parlamentSi 250 adgilidan 155moipova. erovnulma moZraobam mas arCevnebSi gamarjveba kimoutana, magram saxelmwifos erTianobis uzrunvelyofa verSeZlo.

postkomunisturi periodis samive konfliqtisas organi-zebuli Zaladobis zrda pirdapir kavSirSia saqarTvelos SidauTanxmoebasa da Camouyalibel saxelmwifoebriobasTan.pirveli konfliqti – sabrZolo moqmedebebi samxreT oseTSi –im patriotul ZalTa konsolidacias mohyva, romelmac didadSeuwyo xeli zviad gamsaxurdias xelisuflebaSi mosvlas. ammoZraobam gamsaxurdias 1991 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSixmaTa didi umravlesobiT gaamarjvebina, magram samxreT oseTisomSi gamarjveba ver moutana. mxolod nacionalisturi rito-rikiT omebs verc awarmoeben da verc igeben.

zviad gamsaxurdias gadasayeneblad wamowyebuli saomarimoqmedebac Sida uTanxmoebebisa da susti saxelmwifoebriobisSedegad daiwyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom saprezidento arCev-

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nebze zviad gamsaxurdiam gaimarjva, qarTul politikurarenaze, gansakuTrebiT ki erovnuli moZraobis SigniT, arwydeboda piradi dapirispireba da qiSpi. zviad gamsaxurdia,rogorc pirovneba, ver gamodgeboda ukve gaxleCili erovnulimoZraobis gamaerTianeblad. igi mtrebs advilad iZenda,garSemo ki umetesad iseTi xalxi exvia, romelTa erTaderTiRirsebac misdami erTguleba iyo.20 am pirobebSi arcaa gasakviri,rom pirad ambiciebs ayolilma gaxleCilma erovnulma moZrao-bam gaerTianeba ver SeZlo. gamsaxurdiam ver daimorCila“Zaladobis sulisCamdgmelni”. erovnuli gvardia zviadgamsaxurdias ganudga da mis Camosagdebad daiwyo moqmedeba.

da bolos, afxazeTSi 1992 wels dawyebuli omic Sedegi iyoeduard SevardnaZis saqarTveloSi Camosvlis Semdgomidapirispirebebisa da gaumarTavi saxelmwifoebriobisa.imdroindeli garemoebebidan gamomdinare, erovnuli gvardiisafxazeTSi SeWra darbevis msurvel kerZo jaris manevrshgavda.21

zviad gamsaxurdias damarcxebis mizezebi gasagebi gaxdeba,Tu davakvirdebiT, ra auCqareblad da ostaturad aZlierebdaeduard SevardnaZe Tavis Zalauflebas, miuxedavad saqarT-velos teritoriis mniSvnelovan nawilze kontrolis dakar-gvisa da rogor akowiwebda igi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoeb-riobas 1992-1995 wlebSi. eduard SevardnaZem Tavisi udidesipiradi avtoritetiT, dasavleTidan saxsrebis mozidvisunariTa da Suamavlobis niWiT SeZlo sicocxlisunarianikavSiris Seqmna, romelSic Sediodnen yofili funqcionerebi,proteqcionizmis sistemis gavleniani pirebi da erovnulimoZraobis calkeuli erTeulebi. afxazeTSi damarcxebisSemdeg eduard SevardnaZe damorCilda moskovis Zlierzewolas da saqarTvelos dsT-is SemadgenlobaSi SesvlazeTanxmoba ganacxada. kmayofilebis niSnad moskovi mas gamsa-

20 Suzanne Goldenberg, Pride of Small Nations: The Caucasus and Post-Soviet Disorder(London: Zed Books, 1994), p. 92.21 Zürcher, Koehler, and Baev, “Internal Violence in the Caucasus”; Baev, “Civil Wars inGeorgia,” pp. 127–145.


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xurdias momxreTa gamosvlebis CaxSobaSi daexmara. amis Semdegki SevardnaZem Zaladobis ori mTavari sulisCamdgmelis –kitovanisa da ioselianis izolirebac moaxerxa.

nacionalizmma saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkiceba saqarT-velosa da postsabWoTa sivrcis sxva qveynebSi ver SeZlo; esmxolod somxeTsa da baltiispireTis qveynebSi gaxda Se-saZlebeli. somxeTma Tavisi saxelmwifoebrioba samxedronacionalizmis meSveobiT daamkvidra, romelic udides safrT-xesTan iyo dakavSirebuli. CeCneTSi CeCnurma nacionalurmamoZraobam ki, araTu saxelmwifoebrioba ver Camoayaliba,aramed qveyana anarqiamdec ki miiyvana, ramac gza misca 1994 wliskatastroful rusul samxedro kampanias. Tavisi poziciebisSejereba verc azerbaijanis nacional-demokratebma SeZles.

saxelmwifoebriobis sisuste da Zaladobis

sulisCamdgmelni22

postkomunistur gardamaval periodSi saqarTveloSimomxdari organizebuli Zaladobis bevr SemTxvevaSi ZaladobissulisCamdgmelni ukve nangrevebad qceuli saxelmwifos narCenSesaZleblobebs iyenebdnen. am adamianTa umravlesoba warsu-lSi saxelmwifo postebze iyo daniSnuli im elitis mier,romelsac Tavisi politikuri miznebis misaRwevad ZalaesaWiroeboda. qarTuli omebis yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli niSaniiyo zRvris moSla saxelmwifo da kerZo Zaladobas Soris,amitom saWiroa, gavarkvioT, Tu ras SeiZleba ewodos “saxelm-wifos privatizacia” da “kerZo saqmianobis saxelmwifoorganoebad gardaqmnis” ormagi procesi.

saqarTveloSi moqmedebda ori udidesi organizebulijgufi, romelsac Zalis gamoyenebis saSualeba hqonda _ es iyo“mxedrioni” da erovnuli gvardia. “mxedrioni” iyo Tbilisis

22 es nawili dafuZnebulia naSromze: Zürcher, Koehler, and Baev, “InternalViolence in the Caucasus.”

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kriminaluri dajgufebebisa da axalgazrduli bandebisamorfuli erToba, romelic 1989 wels sabWoTa periodisdamnaSaveTa samyaros mfarvelma, jaba ioselianma Seqmna.finansebis mosapoveblad es dajgufeba kriminalur saqmianobaseweoda – maT Soris reketsa da gamoZalvasac. 1992 wels manSeZlo Semosavlian sferoebze Tavisi kontrolis daweseba,magaliTad, benziniT vaWrobaze.23 “mxedrions” Tavi saqarTvelosdamcvel patriotul sazogadoebad miaCnda, misi wevrebifarTod iyenebdnen patriotul da religiur simbolikas. bevrimaTgani mkerdze atarebda medalions wminda giorgis gamo-saxulebiT. principSi, “mxedrioni” iyo warmatebuli saqmosan-patriotTa SeiaraRebuli SenaerTi, romlebmac TavianTi kerZojari saxelmwifo samsaxurSi Caayenes damoukideblobisaTvismebrZoli nacionaluri umciresobebis winaaRmdeg omis dros.

erovnuli gvardia 1990 wlis noemberSi Seiqmna da igiqarTuli jaris birTvi unda gamxdariyo. imis gamo, rom am drosjer kidev ar arsebobda qarTuli saxelmwifo, jaris dakom-pleqteba da misi SeiaraReba TiTqmis mTlianad kerZo pirebismier xdeboda. gvardia saxelmwifos TiTqmis ararsebulibiujetidan da Savi bazris warmatebul pirTa SemowirulobebiTfinansdeboda. gvardiis meTaurad da Tavdacvis ministradgamsaxurdias axlo megobari da TanamebrZoli Tengiz kitovanidainiSna. mas arc samxedro momzadeba hqonda da arc Sesabamisigamocdileba, samagierod, igi finansebis kargi mSovneligamodga.

erovnulma gvardiamac da “mxedrionmac” SeiaraReba sabWoTa(SemdgomSi ki, ruseTis) jarisagan miiRo – faqtobrivad, imsaxelmwifos jarisagan, romelic, qarTveli nacionalistebisazriT, gamiznulad aferxebda saqarTvelos damoukideblobas.1992 wlis ivlisSi, im periodSi, rodesac sabWoTa jari swrafadiSleboda, am gasamxedroebulma formirebebma sabWoTa arse-

23 Georgii Nizharadze, “The Institutional Framework of Caucasian and Central AsianTransitional Societies: Georgia, Abkhazia, and South-Ossetia,” The Economics of Politicaland Common Violence (Tbilisi: World Bank Development Economic Research Group,2002), typescript.


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nalidan 50 tanki miiRes.24 tankebis miRebidan erT TveSikitovanma afxazuri kampania wamoiwyo.

arc erTi am jgufTagani saxelmwifo kontrols ar eqvem-debareboda. jaba ioselianis “mxedrioni” prezident zviadgamsaxurdias daarsebis dRidanve upirispirdeboda, mogvia-nebiT erovnuli gvardiac SeewinaaRmdega saxelmwifo struq-turebSi integracias da uari Tqva prezidentisadmi erTgu-lebis ficis dadebaze. 1991 wlis Semodgomaze kitovanma daerovnulma gvardiam prezidents zurgi Seaqcies da amiTgamsaxurdias bedi ukve gadawyvetili aRmoCnda.

TbilisSi Zalauflebis mosapoveblad gaCaRebuli brZolaswrafad ganviTarda da prezident gamsaxurdias qveynidangaZevebiT dasrulda. miuxedavad imisa, rom sabrZolo moqme-debebSi 500-ze meti kaci ar monawileobda, samoqalaqo omis esZaladoba namdvilad iyo gasamxedroebuli jgufis mierorganizebul saxelmwifo gadatrialeba. gadatrialebiswarmatebiT dasrulebis Semdeg orive dajgufebam gadainawilagavlenis sferoebi: “mxedrionma” SeinarCuna kontrolibenziniTa da sigaretebiT vaWrobaze, xolo erovnuli gvardiasul ufro metad Caeflo iaraRiT vaWrobaSi. 1992 wlis martSisaqarTveloSi dabrunebulma eduard SevardnaZem, romelsacsaocrad sWirdeboda Tanamdgomebi, “mxedrions” mianiWa SinagansaqmeTa saministros daqvemdebarebuli usafrTxoebis Zalebis

241992 wlis 15 maiss azerbaijanis respublikam, somxeTis respublikam,belorusis respublikam, yazaxeTis respublikam, moldovas respublikam,ruseTis federaciam, ukrainam da saqarTvelos respublikam, rogorcsabWoTa kavSiris memkvidre-saxelmwifoebma, xeli moaweres e.w. taSkentisxelSekrulebas, romlis mixedviT xelmomwer qveynebs hqondaT sakuTarijaris Seqmnis ufleba, romelic Sesabamis saministroebs daeqvem-debareboda; xolo ministrebsa da saxelmwifos meTaurebs ki pativi undaecaT evropis tradiciuli SeiaraRebis xelSekrulebiT (CFE) gaTvalis-winebuli Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebisaTvis dadgenili zeda zRvrisaTvis.taSkentis xelSekrulebiT, saqarTvelos sabWoTa armiis sawyobebidan100 tanki da 200 javSan-sabrZolo manqana gadaeca; saqarTvelomignorireba gaukeTa gadacemis im pirobas, romlis Tanaxmadac ikrZa-leboda am SeiaraRebis Sida konfliqtebSi gamoyeneba.

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statusi da igi sabWoTa arsenalSi arsebuli iaraRiT aRWurva.“mxedrionis” erT-erTi lideri, Temur xaCiSvili, SinagansaqmeTa ministri gaxda. erovnuli gvardiis liderma Tengizkitovanma Tavdacvis ministris posti SeinarCuna. SevardnaZem“mxedrions” gamsaxurdias momxreebis winaaRmdeg brZoladaavala dasavleT saqarTveloSi. am sabrZolo kampanias ufroZarcva-rbevis saxe hqonda. am brZolaSi moxaliseebis CarTvismizniT jaba ioselianma da “mxedrionis” mebrZolebma tele-viziiT gancxadeba gaakeTes, ris Semdegac maT moxalise “SabaT-kviris” mebrZolebic SeuerTdnen. isini Cveulebriv samezob-losagan Semdgar patara-patara jgufebSi erTiandebodnen,romelTac “mxedrionis” punqtebSi iaraRs urigebdnen. samo-qalaqo omis es nawili dasavleT saqarTveloSi bevrad ufrosisxlismRvreli aRmoCnda TbilisSi momxdar gadatriale-basTan SedarebiT. sabrZolo moqmedebebis TiToeul mxaresdaaxloebiT 3000 mebrZoli monawileobda, aqedan 2000-mdedaRupulad iTvleba.

samxreT oseTSi Zaladobrivi qmedebebisaTvis aqtiurimzadeba 1990-iani wlebidan daiwyo. 1990 wlis bolosaTvis osebsTavianT gankargulebaSi 4000 – 5000 kaci hyavdaT, maTgan didiumravlesoba saxalxo laSqris wevri iyo.25 iaraRs isini umTav-resad cxinvalSi ganlagebul Sveulmfrenebis sabWoTa polkSiSoulobdnen. am polkSi momsaxure jariskacebisa da oficrebisumravlesoba eTnikur osebs warmoadgenda da maTi didiraodenoba am brZolebis monawile gaxldaT. am sabrZolomoqmedebebSi monawile osuri mxare metwilad CrdiloeToseTidan (ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi myofi avto-nomiuri respublika, romelic samxreT oseTze bevrad mdi-daria) Semosuli SemowirulobebiT finansdeboda.26

Setakebebis pikis dros qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg CrdiloeToseTidan Camosuli ramdenime aseuli moxalise ibrZoda.

25 Nizharadze, “The Institutional Framework of Caucasian and Central Asian TransiitionalSocieties.26 Zurcher, Koehler, and Baev, “Internal Violence in the Caucasus”.


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samxreT oseTis omis monawile orive mxares araorganizebuligasamxedroebuli formirebebi ibrZodnen; maT ar gaaCndaTerTiani sameTauro struqturebi, brZolebSi dros ki mxolodmsubuq SeiaraRebas iyenebdnen. osuri danayofebi ZalebsZiriTadad adgilobrivi mosaxleobis xarjze ikrebdnen, xoloqarTul danayofebSi umTavresad samxreT oseTis qarTulimosaxleoba monawileobda. Tavdapirvelad qarTvelebismxareze Sinagan saqmeTa saministros jarebi da erovnuligvardiis jariskacebi ibrZodnen. sabrZolo moqmedebebisdasrulebisaTvis am omSi mTeli rigi patriotuli sulis-kveTebiT gamsWvaluli jgufebi CaerTnen. “TeTri Sevardnebi”,“merab kostavas sazogadoeba,” “mxedrioni” da “saqarTveloserovnuli fronti” am omSi daqiravebul pirTagan Semdgararaorganizebul jgufebs agzavnidnen, romlebic xSiradmSvidobian mosaxleobas esxmodnen Tavs da mZevlebadac kiahyavdaT. samxreT oseTis konfliqtis msxverplis Sesaxebarsebobs Zalze mwiri da winaaRmdegobrivi monacemebi. qarTuliwyaroebis cnobiT, orive mxarem daaxloebiT 500-600 adamianidakarga.27 1990-1992 wlebSi olqis teritoria etapobrivaddatova daaxloebiT 12000 qarTvelma (samxreT oseTis mTlianimosaxleoba daaxloebiT 30000 adamians Seadgens). imavdro-ulad, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi osi erovnebis daaxloebiT30000 adamiani CrdiloeT oseTSi gadavida sacxovreblad zviadgamsaxurdias nacionalisturi reJimis mier maT winaaRmdegganxorcielebuli devnis gamo.

1992 wlis agvistoSi Tengiz kitovanis erovnulma gvardiam,eduard SevardnaZis mxardaWeriT, afxazeTis samxedrokampania wamoiwyo. erovnuli gvardiis 5000 wevri afxazeTSiSeiWra, 1000 jariskaci gagris portSi gadaisroles ruseTSimimavali gzis gadasaketad. gudauTaSi gaqceulma afxazeTismTavrobam sayovelTao mobilizacia gamoacxada. afxazeTis

27 Nizharadze, “The Institutional Framework of Caucasian and Central Asian TransitionalSocieties.” Other sources speak of 3,000 casualties on the Ossetian side (seewww.geocities.com/vienna/strasse/5262/South.html).

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erovnulma gvardiam, romelsac im dros 1000 jariskaci hyavdada ZiriTadad msubuqi SeiaraRebiT iyo aRWurvili, poziciebimdinare gumisTas napiris gaswvriv, ruseTis samxedro-sahaerobazis maxloblad, daikava. afxazebs CrdiloeT kavkasiidan mTisbilikebiT Camosuli asobiT moxalise SeuerTda. TiTqmis mTeliaraRs isini CeCneTidan iRebdnen. sabrZolo moqmedebebSi ammoxaliseTa CarTvaSi mTavari roli kavkasiis mTis xalxTakonfederaciam iTamaSa. es pannacionalisturi moZraoba 1989wels daarsda adiRei-yaraCai-CerqezeTis (CrdiloeT kavkasiaSiruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi myofi avtonomiuriolqebi) da afxazeTis aqtivistebis mier. 1990-iani wlebisdasawyisSi kavkasiis mTis xalxTa konfederacia meamboxepolitikur moZraobad gadaiqca, romelic CrdiloeT kavkasiissaxelmwifoebis damoukideblobas iTxovda. miuxedavad imisa,rom ruseTisagan gamoyofa miuRwevel ocnebad rCeboda, kon-federaciam mainc SeZlo moxalise samxedro Zalebis Camo-yalibeba, romlebmac afxazeTis omSi sakmaod mniSvnelovaniroli Seasrules. mogvianebiT, 1994 wels, am Zalebis erTmanawilma CeCneTis winaaRmdegobis frontis birTvi Seadgina.28

ricxobriv umciresobaSi myof afxazebs ruseTis jaridaexmara. oficialurad ruseTi afxazeTis sakiTxis mSvidobianigadawyvetis gzebs eZebda da omSi ar monawileobda, magram misipolitika, romelic princips – “dayavi da ibatone” efuZneboda,gulisxmobda konfliqtis monawile orive mxarisaTvis samxed-ro daxmarebis gawevas; magram konfliqtis periodSi amdaxmarebas afxazebi sul ufro metad da metad iRebdnen.afxazeTis erovnuli gvardia soxumSi ganlagebuli ruseTisjaris batalionisagan iaraRiT maragdeboda, xolo rusiinstruqtorebi moxaliseebis mosamzadebel banakebs xelmZRva-nelobdnen.29 garda amisa, ruseTi afxazebis frontis zurgsac

28 1992 wlis oqtomberSi am organizaciam saxelwodeba Seicvala _ maskavkasiis xalxTa konfederacia daerqva.29 Nizharadze, “The Institutional Framework of Caucasian and Central AsianTransitional Societies.”


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amagrebda da afxazeTSi ganlagebuli sahaero bazidan ganxor-cielebuli calkeuli sahaero dartymebiTac exmareboda maT.erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi CrdiloeT kavkasiidan da ruseTidanSemosuli daxmarebis wyalobiT dRiTidRe izrdeboda afxa-zebis brZolisunarianoba, rasac ver vityviT qarTvelebze.“boevikebisa” da mZarcvelebisagan Semdgarma qarTulma armiamdaSla iwyo. 1993 wlis 27 seqtembers afxazeTis mebrZolebmasabolood gaaZeves qarTuli jari soxumidan da ukve ramdenimedReSi afxazeTis mTel teritorias akontrolebdnen. afxazeT-Si darCenilma 200000 qarTvelma regioni datova.

organizebul Zaladobas yovelTvis ganapirobebs garkveulimotivacia da arsebuli SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebis survili.pol kolieri da anke hefleri sixarbisa da sazogadoebriviukmayofilebisadmi miZRvnil naSromSi amtkiceben, rom sixarbe(anu “Zaladobis sulisCamdgmelTa” angareba) da garemoebaTaxelsayreli damTxveva (magaliTad, iaf iaraRze xelmisawvdo-moba, mowinaaRmdegis aSkara sisuste, mesame Zalis daxmarebisimedi da a.S.) ufro xSirad warmoSobs Zaladobas, vidre amasiwvevs sazogadoebrivi ukmayofileba (magaliTad, ekonomikurida politikuri diskriminacia).30 saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi,miuxedavad nacionalisturi jgufebis mier sazogadoebrivukmayofilebaze saubrisa (Cagvra, ekonomikuri diskriminaciada a.S.), Sida Zaladobebis umetes mizezad angarebiT Sepyrobiligasamxedroebuli formirebebis qmedebebi unda CavTvaloT.iafi da advilad xelmisawvdomi sabWoTa iaraRis mopovebagacilebiT aiolebs aseTi jgufebis moqmedebas. zviad gamsa-xurdia aseT Zalebs Tavisi politikuri poziciebis gasamya-reblad iyenebda, magram saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sisustemmas am jgufebis kontrolisa Tu SeCerebis SesaZlebloba aRar

30 Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler, “Greed and Grievance in Civil War,” (Washington, DC:The World Bank Group, October 2001), http://econ.worldbank.org/programs/conflict/library/doc?id=12205; James D. Fearon and David. D. Laitin, “Ethnicity, Insurgency, andCivil War” (paper presented at the 2001 Annual Meeting of the American PoliticalScience Association, San Francisco, CA, August 30–September 2, 2001), http://www.stanford.edu/group/ethnic/workingpapers/apsa011.pdf.

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misca. qarTuli, osuri da afxazuri Zalebis mobilizacias SorisaSkara gansxvaveba arsebobs. qarTuli razmebis – “mxedrionisa”da “erovnuli gvardiis” – mamoZravebeli Zala “ZaladobissulisCamdgmeli” calkeuli pirovnebebi iyvnen; es ase ar iyoafxazebisa da osebis dajgufebaTa SemTxvevaSi. TiTqosdasabWoTa Cagvris (gansakuTrebiT ki, 1989 wlis 9 aprils TbilisSimomxdari Zaladobrivi faqtis Semdeg) winaaRmdeg Seqmnili“mxedrioni” Zalian swrafad gadaiqca angarebis surviliTSepyrobil kriminalur organizaciad, romelmac moaxdinaTavisi moqmedebebis legitimizacia da Tavis rigebSi axaliwevrebi patriotuli lozungebiT miizida. 1992-1993 wle-bisaTvis “mxedrionad” wodebuli sxvadasxva dajgufebis mizansZarcva-yaCaRoba warmoadgenda da gaugebaric ki iyo, iyvnen Tuara am jgufebis wevrebi Zveleburad jaba ioselianis erTgulni.

erovnuli gvardia “mxedrionisagan” gansxvavebulad war-moiSva. igi daarsda “zevidan” garkveuli politikuri miznebiT.es organizaciac akisrebda xarks Crdilovan ekonomikaSimoRvaweT da iaraRiT vaWrobis sarfian saqmes akontrolebda.bevri mebrZoli erovnul gvardiaSi Zarcvis perspeqtiviTSedioda. afxazeTis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli kampaniis wamowyebaerovnuli gvardiis ekonomikuri interesebiT iyo nakarnaxevi_ regionis Crdilovani ekonomikis mTavari seqtorebisgakontrolebis surviliT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom omma afxazeTis resursebi swrafadamowura. Zaladobis eskalaciasTan erTad ingreoda afxazeTisturistuli industria, paralizebuli iyo satransportoinfrastruqtura, adgilobrivma soflis meurneobam bazrebidakarga. sabrZolo moqmedebebis efeqturoba yovelTviuradklebulobda, mcirdeboda gasamxedroebuli formirebebismomarageba. SemdgomSi eduard SevardnaZem ostaturad gamo-iyena am organizaciebis resursebis Semcireba maTi meTaurebispolitikuri arenidan gandevnis mizniT.

afxazi da osi mebrZolebis mier samxedro Zalis gamoyenebaumTavresad nakarnaxevi iyo ara piradi gamorCenis surviliT,aramed im safrTxis arsebobiT, romelsac maT damoukidebeli


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da nacionalisturi saqarTvelo uqmnida. qarTuli nacio-nalizmis talRa aZlierebda momavali diskriminaciis SiSs,ramac adgilobriv nacionalistebs ufro iolad gadaawyvetinasakuTari Zaladobrivi meqanizmis SemuSaveba. qarTuli dajgu-febebis maT teritoriaze SeWrisTanave dadasturda osebisada afxazebis SiSi, organizebuli Zaladoba ki gardauvaliSeiqna.

mezoblobis faqtori

qveynis SigniT arsebuli konfliqtis ganviTarebazeramdenime garefaqtori moqmedebs. maT Soris yvelaze mniSvne-lovania Semdegi sami: diasporis mier meamboxeTa mxardaWera;geostrategiuli mdebareoba da konfliqtSi sxva saxelmwifosCareva.31 TiToeulma am faqtorma garkveuli roli iTamaSa 1988-1993 wlebSi saqarTveloSi, Tumca maTi moqmedeba xSiradgadaWarbebulad iyo Sefasebuli.

adgilobrivma diasporam da naTesaurma eTnikurma jgu-febma, raRa Tqma unda, daxmareba gauwies afxazebsa da samxreTosebs damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi. osebi kavkasionis mTa-vari qedis gadaRma32, CrdiloeT oseTSi mcxovrebi eTnikuradmonaTesave xalxisagan mniSvnelovan finansur da yovelgvarmaterialur daxmarebas iRebdnen; isini maT cocxali ZaliTacexmarebodnen. afxaz mebrZolebs CrdiloeT kavkasiis moxaliserazmebi da TurqeTSi mcxovrebi afxazuri diasporac exmare-boda. yvelaze Zlieri da brZolisunariani SenaerTebidanaRsaniSnavia e.w. “afxazuri batalioni”, romelsac meamboxeCeCeni lideri Samil basaevi xelmZRvanelobda. Samil basaevmada daaxloebiT 300 misma TanamebrZolma, romlebic SemdgomCeCeni separatistebis mTavar Zalad gadaiqcnen, faqtobrivad,

31 Collier and Hoeffler, “Greed and Grievance in Civil War”; Fearon and Laitin, “Ethnicity,Insurgency, and Civil War.”32 Zürcher, Koehler, and Baev, “Internal Violence in the Caucasus.”

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afxazeTSi, qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg warmoebul omSi, miiRespirveli sabrZolo gamocdileba.

miiCneven, rom urTierTmowinaaRmdege Zlieri saxelm-wifoebis gadakveTaze mdebare saqarTvelo dawyevlilia Tavisiarasaxarbielo geopolitikuri mdebareobiTa da mZime geomor-fologiuri situaciiT. sparseTs, osmaleTsa da mefis ruseTisimperiebs Soris arsebulma qiSpobam da sabWoTa kavSirispolitikurma modelma kavkasiis sociopolitikur da kultu-rul saxes Rrma daRi daasva. yvelaze mniSvnelovania is, rom amistoriulma memkvidreobam dagvianebuli da instituciuradsusti saxelmwifoebrioba ganapiroba. amas emateboda isic, romkavkasiis bevri regionis mTagorianobis gamo adgilobrivelitasac da kolonialur saxelmwifoebsac uZneldebodaTsasurveli mmarTvelobis damyareba. ase rom, ver uarvyofT,geopolitikam da geomorfologiam kavkasiis mTel istoriazedidi zegavlena rom moaxdina. magram rodesac saqme exebasabWoTa imperiis ngrevasa da axali, damoukidebeli saqarT-velos Seqmnas Soris arsebul drois mcire, boboqar dakonfliqtebian periods, maSin zemoaRwerili orive faqtorimniSvnelobas moklebulia. piriqiT, am periodSi Sida politikagacilebiT did rols TamaSobda. movlenebs adgilobriviinstitucionaluri struqturebi da maTi moskovTan urTi-erTdamokidebuleba gansazRvravda. 1988-1993 wlebSi saqarT-velos Sida konfliqtebze seriozuli gavlena arc erTpolitikur erTeuls ar mouxdenia, Tumca ki iTvleba, rom maT– TurqeTs, irans, somxeTs, azerbaijans, aSS-sa da evrokavSirs_ samxreT kavkasiaSi TavianTi interesebi gaaCniaT.

aq upriani iqneba, aRiniSnos ori ram, pirveli: markbeisinjeri Tavis mniSvnelovan naSromSi asabuTebs sabWoTakavSiris memkvidre-saxelmwifoebSi mimdinare movlenebisurTierTdamokidebulebas, rac emyareboda “warmatebulinacionalisturi mobilizaciis demonstrirebis efeqts”.33

33 Mark R. Beissinger, Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).


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sabWoTa kavSiris yvela respublikis sazogadoeba da elitagulisyuriT adevnebda Tvals nacionaluri moZraobebisganviTarebas. am moZraobis yoveli talRa, romelzedac moskoviTvals xuWavda, sxva nacionalur moZraobebs axali energiiTavsebda, anu eTnonacionaluri mobilizaciis spirali ara martosaqarTvelos SigniT qarTvelebis, osebisa da afxazebiserTmaneTis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli moZraobebiT imuxteboda,aramed baltiispireTis qveynebisa da somxeTis nacionalurimoZraobebiTac.

meore exeba sabWoTa kavSirs da misi daSlis Semdeg _ruseTs. Secdoma iqneboda saqarTveloSi ganviTarebulmovlenebze ruseTis zegavlenis uaryofa, magram aseTiveSecdoma iqneboda saqarTvelos yvela ubedurebis mzakvrulida kargad dagegmili imperiuli politikisaTvis gadabraleba.sinamdvileSi, sul mcire, 1990 wlis zafxulidan moskovs aRarSeswevda Zala saTanado politikis Camoyalibebis da misikoordinirebisa, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT mis ganxorcielebaze.es yvelaferi mzardi ekonomikuri ngreviTa da kremlSiZalauflebisaTvis mimdinare brZoliT aixsneba. kavkasiaSi“mSvidobis aRsadgenad” sul ufro meti cudad dagegmili dacudad Catarebuli operacia mimdinareobda. magaliTad, 1988wlis ivlisSi erevnis aeroportSi demonstrantebis winaaRmdegmiRebuli zomebi; 1989 wlis aprilSi TbilisSi momxdarimovlenebi an “sisxliani kvira” baqoSi 1990 wlis ianvarSi.saboloo jamSi, am operaciebma sabWoTa kavSiris Zaladobriobisunaric Seasusta da sabWoTa saxelmwifos dacema daaCqara;imavdroulad, am operaciebma impulsi Semates erovnulmoZraobebs. am yvelaferma ki, Tavis mxriv, rogorc cecxlzenavTma, ise imoqmeda saqarTvelos Sida teritoriaze mimdinarekonfliqtebze.

mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom sabWoTa centralurimTavroba avtonomiuri respublikebisa da olqebis erovnulmoZraobebTan taqtikuri kavSiris damyarebas cdilobda. 1990wlis aprilSi umaRlesma sabWom miiRo kanoni, romlis Tanax-madac, Tu mokavSire respublika sabWoTa kavSiris Semadgen-

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lobidan gavidoda, maSin masSi Semaval avtonomiur olqebsa darespublikebs, referendumis Catarebis Semdeg, unda hqonodaTsabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi darCenis ufleba aSkaraa, romam kanons unda daebrkolebina mokavSire respublikebis ssrk-dan gasvla. miuxedavad amisa, man ver SeZlo sabWoTa kavSirisSida afeTqebis Tavidan acileba da mxolod motivacia Semataavtonomiuri olqebisa da respublikebis brZolas gamoyo-fisaTvis. samxreT oseTi da afxazeTi amisi kargi magaliTia. aserom, es kanoni (Tumca, sxva mxriv, gamiznuli) mkafio niSaniaRmoCnda saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi myofi avtonomiurierTeulebis erovnuli moZraobebisaTvis: maT TiTqos aRuTqves,rom Tuki saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSiris Semadgenlobidangavidoda, moskovi maT “iSvilebda”. mTlianobaSi, sabWoTaierarqiis daSla is mniSvnelovani faqtori aRmoCnda, romelmacdramatulad Secvala moqmed ZalTa mamoZravebeli motivebi.saboloo jamSi, zustad amiT aixsneba Zaladobis warmoSoba daganviTareba saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi arsebul samive SemT-xvevaSi. sabWoTa struqturebis sisustis gamo saqarTveloSiSesaZlebeli gaxda erovnuli moZraobis aRmoceneba, ammoZraobam ki swrafad daikava mTavari poziciebi. azerbaijanisada CeCneTisagan gansxvavebiT, magram somxeTisa da baltiis-pireTis qveynebis msgavsad, saqarTvelos komunisturmanomenklaturam swrafad aiTvisa erovnuli moZraobebispolitikuri (Tumca ara ideologiuri) programa da saxelmwifosinstitutebi maT samsaxurSi Caayena. sabWoTa kavSiris Tanda-TanobiTma dasustebam gaaadvila saqarTvelosaTvis Tavi-suflebis mopoveba. 1990 wlis dasawyisidan erovnulma moZrao-bam da nomenklaturam mTavar miznad qveynis sruli suve-reniteti daisaxa.

movlenebis amgvarma ganviTarebam, Tavis mxriv, stimulimisca samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis separatistul moZraobebs.saqarTvelos eTnonacionalurma moZraobam avtonomiurerTeulTa gamorCeul erebSi sakmaod safuZvlianad gamoiwviaimis SiSi, rom damoukidebel saqarTvelSi maT SeiZleba aRarhqonodaT privilegiebi. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi somxebisa da


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azerbaijanelebisagan gansxvavebiT, osebi da afxazebi flob-dnen im politikur berketebs, riTac SesaZlebeli iyo separa-tistuli politikis gatareba. avtonomiur erTeulebSi mcxov-reb yvela erovnuli saTvistomos komunist funqcionerssaxelmwifo da partiuli resursebis erovnuli saqmisakenmimarTva SeeZlo _ isini am SesaZleblobas iyenebdnen kidec.kerZod, Tuki 1988 wlamde umaRlesi sabWoebi mxolod simbo-lurad iTvlebodnen warmomadgenlobiT organod, SemdgomSiisini WeSmariti politikuri xelisuflebis centrebad gar-daiqmnen.

radikalurma nacionalisturma ritorikam, ZaladobismarTvaze saxelmwifos gavlenis dakargvam da saqarTvelosmTavrobis aSkara survilma, gamoeyenebina “Zaladobis sulis-Camdgmelebi”, xeli Seuwyo ekonomikur-kriminaluri intere-sebis mqone gasamxedroebuli formirebebis warmoqmnas. zviadgamsaxurdias garSemo arsebulma axalma elitam ver SeZlo vercreJimis gadarCena da verc saxelmwifos konsolidireba, ramacsagrZnoblad gauadvila saqme “Zaladobis sulisCamdgmelebs”.

axali siZneleebi siZneleebis xanis Semdeg?

sabWoTa eTnofederalizmi amJamad aRar iyenebs Tavisdestruqciul energias, Tumca man Ria Wrilobebi mainc datova.aTwlianma gaWianurebulma molaparakebebma oseTisa da afxa-zeTis problema ver gadaWra. 2003 wlis seqtemberSi afxazeTma“damoukideblobisaTvis omSi” gamarjvebis meaTe wlisTaviaRniSna. am “gamarjvebis” fasi ruseTze mZime politikur-ekonomikuri damokidebuleba da saerTaSoriso izolaciaaRmoCnda. afxazebis umravlesobam ruseTis moqalaqeoba miiRo,rac maTTvis garkveuli socialuri da politikuri usafrT-xoebis garantiaa. omis Semdeg periodulad mainc xdebaZaladobrivi afeTqeba, daxoces ruseTis samSvidobo jarSimomsaxure aTobiT jariskaci, afxazi Tanamdebobis pirebi dasxvadasxva erovnuli saTvistomos warmomadgenlebi.

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afxazeTis mmarTveloba mixeil saakaSvilis xelisuflebaSimosvlas gaZlierebuli samxedro mzadyofniT Sexvda. dRes-dReobiT moskovi afxazeTSi Seqmnil situacias Tavisi samxedroZalis iq yofniTa da politikur-ekonomikuri daxmarebisgaweviT akontrolebs, risi ganxorcielebac saqarTvelos arZaluZs. eduard SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis bolos kriminalurigasamxedroebuli formirebebi jer kidev axdendnen zegavlenasmosazRvre regionis politikur da ekonomikur cxovrebaze.zogierTi maTgani kvlav mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli egreT-wodebul partizanul SenaerTebTan, iseTebTan, rogoricaa“TeTri legioni” zurab samuSias meTaurobiT, “tyis Zmebi” daviTSengelias xelmZRvanelobiT da ruzgen gogoxias formireba34.afxazeTis mTavrobis winaaRmdeg brZolis motiviT isini xSiraddaerevian xolme erTmaneTs benzinis, sigaretisa da Txiliskontrabandaze kontrolis mosapoveblad. 2003 wlis noemberSixelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg mixeil saakaSvilma brZanebagasca, bolo moeRoT am formirebebis moqmedebebisaTvis.

afxazeTTan SedarebiT samxreT oseTSi arsebuli situaciaufro myifea. iseve, rogorc afxazeTi, es pawawina saxelmwifocukanono vaWrobis, umTavresad alkoholuri sasmelebisa daTambaqos yidva-gayidvis centri aRmoCnda. ori Zlieri poli-tikuri klanis irgvliv koncentrirebuli politikuri elitaTavisi interesebisaTvis iyenebs am viTom Tavisufal ekonomi-kur zonas. 2004 wels konfliqtis eskalaciis drosac arSewyvetila vaWroba danarCen saqarTvelosTan, Tumca ki amvaWrobisaTvis cxinvalidan Tbilisamde mimaval mTel gzazesxvadasxva “gadasaxadebi” iyo dawesebuli, romlebsac ofi-cialuri da araoficialuri xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebikrebdnen.

afxazeTSi Seqmnili situaciisagan gansxvavebiT, 1992 wlisSemdeg saqarTvelo, SevardnaZis meTaurobiT da samxreT oseTisxvadasxva praqtikul nabijebs dgamdnen TavianTi urTi-

34 International Crisis Group, “Georgia: What Now?” Europe Report no. 151, December 3,2003, www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/2003/icg-geo-3dec.pdf.


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erTobebis gasaumjobeseblad. magram konfliqti araTudaregulirebuli ar aris, aramed gaurkvevelia, sruli damou-kideblobis garda ra politikuri statusi iyo misaRebi samxreToseTisaTvis da suverenitetis ra nawilis daTmoba SeeZlosaqarTvelos.

eduard SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis bolo wlebSi samxreToseTis saboloo statusis Sesaxeb mimdinare molaparakebebipraqtikulad SeCerda.

2004 wlisaTvis mixeil saakaSvilis mier gatarebulma Zalisdemonstrirebis politikam daZabulobis axali etapi warmoSva.man naTlad gamoxata, rom samxreT oseTs misi prioritetebissiaSi erT-erTi pirveli adgili ukavia. aWaraSi miRweuliwarmatebis Semdeg, sadac igi adgilobriv mmarTvels, aslanabaSiZes, gausworda, yvela eloda, rom prezidenti samxreToseTis saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi reintegracias Seec-deboda. 2004 wlis maisSi saqarTvelom samxreT oseTSi mdebareuzarmazari da cnobili ergneTis bazroba daxura. am bazrobazeyvela saxis, ZiriTadad, ruseTidan Semosuli kontrabandulisaqoneli iyideboda. zogi analitikosi miiCnevs, rom ergneTisbazroba Tavisi arsiT warmoadgenda ukanono Tavisufalekonomikur zonas, romelsac weliwadSi 35 milioni aSS-isdolaris Semosavali mohqonda. am Tanxis mniSvnelovani nawilieduard kokoiTis garSemo Semokrebili samxreT oseTispolitikuri elitis jibeebSi ileqeboda.35 bazrobis daxurvises gadawyvetileba imis erTmniSvnelovani signali iyo, romsaqarTvelo aRar apirebs status-kvos moTmenas. 2004 wlisivlisSi saqarTvelom samxreT oseTSi gamSvebi punqtebigaaZliera da rokis gadasasvlelze saqarTvelo-ruseTissasazRvro kontroli daawesa, raTa saqarTveloSi uaqcizosaqonlis importi Seemcirebina. mixeil saakaSvilis axalimTavroba energiuli kampaniiT Seecada am regionSi ZalTabalansis Secvlas. am kampaniis mizani osuri mosaxleobis ndobis

35 M. Alkhazashvili, “South Ossetia’s Reliance on Contraband,” The Messenger, July 15,2004, http://www.messenger.com.ge/issues/0655_july_15,2004/economy_0655_1.htm.

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mopoveba da separatistuli mTavrobis samxedro zomebiTdaSineba iyo, magram aman Sedegad regionSi samxedro dapi-rispireba da ruseTTan politikuri krizisi moitana.

mokled, samxreT oseTica da afxazeTic gadauWreliproblemaa. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom saqarTvelos sepa-ratistuli regionebisaTvis politikur da ekonomikursferoSi cota ramis SeTavazeba SeuZlia, samxedro sferoSi kiigi Zalze sustia saimisod, rom situacia Zalis gamoyenebiTSecvalos, konfliqtebis gadawyveta isev momavlis saqmedrCeba. Tavis mxriv, ruseTi dainteresebulia, regionSi Senar-Cundes status-kvo, TviTon ki vetos ufleba darCes.

reformatorebis meore Taobis winaSe mdgari amocanaSeiZleba im amocanaze aranakleb rTuli aRmoCndes, romelicsabWoTa saqarTvelodan damoukidebeli saqarTveloskengrandiozuli gadasvlis periodSi idga. es sruliad gan-sxvavebuli amocanaa. areulobis xanaSi mowinaaRmdege dajgu-febebi im qveynis ZalauflebisaTvis ibrZodnen, romelic,faqtobrivad, ar arsebobda. dRes sameuli _ saakaSvilisa damisi kolegebis saxiT – Rrmad fesvgamdgari da korumpirebulisaxelmwifo sistemis Secvlas cdilobs, magram warmatebisgarantia, cxadia, ar arsebobs. mokled rom vTqvaT, zviadgamsaxurdia politikur mowinaaRmdegeebs ebrZoda da damarc-xda. mixeil saakaSvili Rrmad korumpirebul, magram maRa-linstitucionalizebul sistemas ebrZvis da, SesaZloa, isicdamarcxdes. misi yvelaze saSiSi mteri ara esa Tu is politikurilideri an romelime politikuri partiaa, aramed is, rasacSeiZleba “SevardnaZis sistema” vuwodoT.

eduard SevardnaZem Zalis uxeSi gamoyenebiT nawil-nawildaSlili qarTuli saxelmwifos Sekowiweba da aRdgena SeZlo,magram amisaTvis man garkveuli safasuri gaiRo. imisaTvis, romdaqsaqsuli elita Semoekriba, igi moTminebiT ekideboda Rrmadkorumpirebul sistemasa da kadrebis monacvleobas. dRes essistema imdenad Rrmadaa fesvgamdgari, rom igi gacilebiTmetia, vidre sustadganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebriobis odendamRupveli Sedegi. es aris saxelmwifoebriobis axali


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alternatiuli varianti, romelic sakmaod gafarTovda daCaenacvla jansaR saxelmwifoebriv formas, iseTs, rogoricaapirovnebebze aradamokidebuli, sazogadoebaze mzrunvelibiurokratia. am sistemis Secvlas ramdenime korumpirebuliTanamdebobis piris dapatimreba ar eyofa, saWiroa mTelipolitikuri sistemis xelaxla, praqtikulad, nulidan Seneba.es rTuli gzaa da erT-erT mTavar saSiSroebas is warmoadgens,rom axali elita mxardaWeras eTnonacionaluri mobilizaciismeSveobiT Seecdeba. uaxlesi istoria, gansakuTrebiT ki,qarTuli, gvaswavlis, rom amgvari strategia Zalze sariskoa.

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saqarTvelos Tavdacvis

politika da samxedro reforma

daviT darCiaSvili

saqarTvelos Tavdacvis seqtoris mdgomareoba, gansa-kuTrebiT ki samxedro reformis bedi, mniSvnelovnadaadamokidebuli politikuri sistemis SigniT mimdinare movle-nebis dinamikaze. samxedro reformis aRqma, Sefaseba Tuwarmatebuli ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia qveynis erTiansocialuri da politikuri ganviTarebisagan mowyvetiT. erTisityviT, e.w efeqturi marTvis praqtikis danergvis gareSe,efeqturi Tavdacvis sistema, mwyobri usafrTxoebis politikada saRi samxedro-samoqalaqo urTierTobebi warmoudgenelia.es principi yvela qveyanaze vrceldeba, saqarTveloSi ki igigansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens.

samxedro reformasTan uSualo kavSirSia dafinansebissakiTxic. Tavisi SezRuduli materialuri resursebis gamo,saqarTvelo kvlav Ratak qveynad rCeba, rac yovelmxrivzRudavs reformebs, gansakuTrebiT ki usafrTxoebisa daTavdacvis sferoSi. jarebis restruqturizacia, Tundacricxovnobis Semcireba, ganaxleba an kontrolis efeqturisaSualebebis Seqmna, finansebs moiTxovs. samxedro pirsbiznesSi CarTvis - gansakuTrebiT ukanono komerciis - uflebaar eZleva. amis Tavidan asacileblad saxelmwifom unda SesZlosTavisi oficrebisa da jariskacebis adeqvaturi xelfasebiTada sacxovrebeli pirobebiT uzrunvelyofa, rac saqarTvelomdamoukideblobis pirvel aTwleulSi ver ganaxorciela.

garda amisa, usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politikazegavlenas axdens saqarTvelos ideologiuri da socialur-

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politikur orientacia. erovnuli usafrTxoebis politika daTavdacviTi sistema momdinareobs erovnuli interesebidan dasafrTxeebidan, rac erovnuli stereotipebis da Rirebu-lebebis TemasTan gvabrunebs. Rirebulebebi gansazRvravensafrTxeebs, romelTac erovnuli usafrTxoebis politikaunda daupirispirdes. erovnuli interesebi, safrTxeebisaRqma, romelnic pirdapir Tu arapirdapir sazogadoebriviRirebulebebidan momdinarea, gavlenas axdens usafrTxoebisseqtoris Sida struqturaze, sakadro politikaze, masSiarsebuli urToerTobebis Taviseburebebze. meorec, ama Tu imeris mier strategiul mokavSireTa da megobarTa arCevamniSvnelovanwiladaa damokidebuli masSi arsebul Rirebu-lebaTa sistemaze. TanamSromlobiTi aliansebis formirebisasTanxvedri Rirebulebebi iseve arsebiTia, rogorc pragmatuliekonomikuri interesebi Tu saerTo geostrategiuli xedvebi.

bolo dromde qarTuli sazogadoebis sabazo Rirebulebebissistema, qveynis winaSe arsebul safrTxeTa definicia (racusafrTxoebis seqtoris reformirebis fundamentia) dausafrTxoebis sferoSi adgilobrivi eqspertizis done arSeesabameboda dasavlur standartebsa da evroatlantikuriTanamegobrobis praqtikas. amave dros, saqarTvelo xelis-ufleba swored evroatlantikur TanamegobrobasTan integra-cias isaxavs miznad. Sesabamisad, uaxloes wlebSi, saxelmwifosada eris mSenebloba qveynis politikuri amocanebis mTavarprioritetad darCeba.

damoukideblobis pirvel aTwleulSi saqarTvelo sust, daegeb e.w. arSemdgar saxelmwifodac Camoyalibda. miuxedavadmiswrafebebisa Tu pretenziebisa, qveyanaSi damkvidrebulipolitikuri praqtika da mmarTvelobis stili sagrZnobladCamorCeboda dasavleTis Tanamedrove standartebs. erisa dasaxelmwifos aRmSenebloba xSirad me-19 saukunis midgomiT -erovnuli poeziis, istoriuli gmirebis miTologizirebulisaxeebis Tu marTmadidebluri eklesiis Rirebulebebisa dasimboloebis wina planze wamoweviT - gamoixateboda. qarTve-lebma da qveynis erovnulma umciresobebma ver SeZles erTiani

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erovnuli identobis Seqmna. eTnikuri kuTvnileba xSirad ufromniSvnelovnad iTvleboda, vidre individualuri ekonomikurikeTildReoba.1 Sesabamisad, prezident eduard SevardnaZisreJimisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gaxda liberalur-demokratiulida eTno-nacionalisturi ideebiT gajerebuli winaaRmde-gobrivi proeqtebi. maT formirebaze komunisturi nomenkla-turis tradiciebic axdenda gavlenas. Sesabamisad, reformebineli da meryevi xdeboda.

SevardnaZis reJimi mxolod ritorikulad gmobda koruf-ciasa da qsenofobias. Zalian xSirad es ori movlena qarTulikulturis maxasiaTeblad moiazreboda. qarTuli samuSaojgufi, romelsac prezidentma SevardnaZem anti-korufciulistrategiis SemuSaveba daavala, aRniSnavda, rom korufciacxovrebis wesad iqca garkveul sferoebSi. korufciuliazrovneba ise Rrmadaa sazogadoebriv azrovnebaSi, rom didisifrTxilea saWiro erovnuli Taviseburebebis saTaveebisa dakorufciuli Cveulebebis gamijvnis dros. antikorufciulirekomendaciebi2 mxolod qaRaldze rCeboda da araferi hqondasaerTo mTavrobis warmomadgenlebis, biznesmenebis dakriminalebis mier Seqmnil korufciul piramidebTan. ritori-kuli kritika ki reJimis winaaRmdegobrivi midgomis nawilswarmoadgenda: ganexorcielebina balansi erTi mxriv axalga-zrda reformator politikosebsa da moxeleebs, meore mxrivki, yofil komunistur nomenklaturas Soris.

mmarTvelobis bolo periodSi SevardnaZis mTavroba uunaroaRmoCnda, aRekveTa religiur niadagze warmoSobili Zaladobisfaqtebi. naTqvamis dasturia eklesiisgan gankveTili mRvdlisbasil mkalaviSvilis dausjeli Zaladobrivi qmedebebi reli-giuri umciresobis mimarT.

1 Theodor Hanf and Ghia Nodia, Georgia Lurching to Democracy (Baden-Baden:Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2000), pp. 92-1022 erovnuli antikorufciuli strategiis SemmuSavebeli jgufi,saqarTvelos erovnuli antikorufciuli programis ZiriTadi mimarTu-lebebi, kerZo gamocema, 31 oqtomberi,2000 w., gv.9 (jgufi Seqmnili iyoprezidentis mier)

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gasakviri ar aris, rom qarTuli sazogadoebriv-politikuricxovrebis SuqCrdilebi farTod airekleboda Tavdacvispolitikasa da samxedro reformis procesze. Tavdacvisa dausafrTxoebis politikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo sagareopolitikis mudmivi cvla, araadekvaturi dafinanseba daSeuzRudavi korufcia. naTeli strategiuli orientirebi Tuerovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefcia arasodes yofila bolomdeartikulirebuli. xSirad evro-atlantikur sivrceSi integri-reba qveynis mTavar prioritetad cxaddeboda.3 magram qveynispolitikuri elita prorusuli strategiis arCevansac argamoricxavda. samxedro-samoqalaqo urTierTobebi arade-mokratiuli iyo. isedac mwiri resursebis aramiznobrivi xarjvakidev ufro arTulebda dafinansebas. usafrTxoebisa dasamxedro uwyebebSi xelfasebi droulad ar gaicemoda,samxedro da parasamxedro struqturebi ver eqceoda adeqva-turi samoqalaqo zedamxedvelobis qveS.

arsebuli kanonmdebloba progresuli iyo, magram detali-zacias moklebuli da winaaRmdegobrivi. “Zalovani” ministrebi,rogorc wesi, sazogadoebrivi undoblobiT sargeblobdnen.

saboloo jamSi, 2003 wels SevardnaZis xelisuflebisdacemaSi yvela am xarvezma Seitana Tavisi wvlili. saqarTvelosaxalma mTavrobam prezident mixeil saakaSvilis xelmZ-RvanelobiT uprecendento neba aCvena korufciuli saqmia-nobisa da organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.dasavluri orientaciis mqone inteleqtualebi, romlebisxelmZRvanel postebze dawinaurdnen, acnobiereben globali-zaciis mniSvnelobas da iyeneben postmodernistul politikurdiskurss, romelic naklebad hguobs nacionalizms, unitarulisaxelmwifoebis ideas, saerTaSoriso arenaze saxelmwifoaqtiorTa tradiciul eqskluziurobas. axalma mTavrobamjvarosnuli omi gamoucxada korufciasa da saxelmwifo

3 1990-iani wlebis miwuruls SevardnaZem sajarod ganacxada, rom 2005wlisaTvis saqarTvelo natos karze daakakunebs. ix. “svobodnaia gruzia”,26 oqtomberi, 1999 w.

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saxsrebis aramiznobriv xarjvas. pasuxisgebaSi mieca ramode-nime maRalCinosani. 2005 wlis ianvarSi moZalade mRvdels -mkalaviSvils 6 wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa miesaja.4

da mainc, saqarTvelos saqarTvelos ganviTarebis axalmimarTulebebSi yvelaferi ar Seesabameba evro-atlantikurerTobaSi gaerTianebis kurss.5 axali elita jer kidev ibrZvispopularuli tradiciuli nacionalisturi sentimentebisa daliberalur-demokratiuli imperativebis Sesajereblad.mravalkulturulobis, decentralizaciis, Tavisufal erTaerTobaSi integraciisa da kooperatiuli usafrTxoebis ideaTamoxmobis paralelurad, axali xelmZRvaneloba centralizmismeTodebs ver iviwyebs da regionalur Tu adgilobriv orga-noebs uxalisod uziarebs samTavrobo movaleobebs.

warmatebis misaRwevad, axalma xelisuflebam unda gada-laxos reformebis bedis individualur, subieqtur nebazedamokidebuleba da xeli Seuwyos efeqturi

mmarTvelobis mxardamWeri farTo socialuri bazis Seqmnas.naTqvami exeba Tavdacvis sferosac.

saqarTvelos mTavrobas naTlad aqvs gansazRvruli koruf-ciasa da organizebul danaSaulTan brZolis aucilebloba. manmxari dauWira Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis, iseve rogorcsamarTaldacvis uwyebebSi axali reformatoruli jgufebisada samoqalaqo mrCevelTa sabWoebis Seqmnis ideas. zogmamaTganma ukve daiwyo praqtikuli rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba,rac xelaxal Sanss aZlevs SevardnaZis reJimis ganuxor-cielebel antikorufciul politikas. magram metia gasake-Tebeli usafrTxoebaze pasuxismgebeli uwyebebis struqturuli

4 IWPR, Caucasus Reporting Service, No 272, February 3, 2005, http://www.iwpr.net/home_index_new.html5 arsebiTad, es kursi deklarirebuli iqna Tanamedrove qarTulisaxelmwifoebriobis SeqmnisTanave. saqarTvelos pirvelma prezidentmazviad gamsaxurdiam Tavis saprezidento programaSi xazi gausva, romsaqarTvelos Tavdacvis doqtrina evropuli usafrTxoebis sistemisTanadgomaze aiRebda orientacias. es Seesabameboda mis ideas, romsaqarTvelo gamxdariyo evropasa da azias Soris damakavSirebeli xidi.ix. saqarTvelos respublika 253, 27 dekemberi, 1991 w.


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reformirebis, moqmedebis wesisa da misiebisaTvis saWiro axalikanonebisa da strategiuli diskursis SesamuSaveblad.

Tavdacvis reformas saqarTveloSi mougvarebeli eTnikurikonfliqtebic eRobeba win. es konfliqtebi da xelaxali Seiara-Rebuli Setakebebis potenciali arcTu saukeTeso fons qmnisqarTuli samxedro sistemis restruqturizaciisaTvis. marT-lac, xelisuflebaSi mosvlidan ramodenime TveSi, axalixelmZRvaneloba samxreT oseTis konfliqtis eqskalaciaSiaRmoCnda Cabmuli, rasac konfliqtis zonaSi Sinagan saqmeTasaministros damatebiTi jarebis Seyvana da Sinagan saqmeTaaxali ministris mier dagegmili reformis Seferxeba mohyvaerTerT Sedegad.

winamdebare TavSi gaanalizebulia saqarTvelos usafrT-xoebisa da Tavdacvis politikis warumatebloba da axalimTavrobis winaSe mdgomi gamowvevebi.6 igi oTx nawilad arisdayofili. pirveli nawili ikvlevs qarTuli armiis aRmSeneb-lobis istoriis sxvadasxva etapebs 1980-iani wlebis damdegidan

6 winamdebare Tavi efuZneba adre Catarebul gamokvlevebs usafrTxoebissakiTxebisa da samxedro-samoqalaqo urTierTobebis Sesaxeb. ix. DavidDarchiashvili, “Georgia: The Search for the State Security,” Caucasus Working Papers(Stanford, CA: Center for International Security and Cooperation, 1997), http://cisac.stanford.edu/publications/10255/; David Darchiashvili, “Trends of Strategic Thinkingin Georgia: Achievements, Problems, and Prospects,” in Gary K. Bertsch, Cassady Craft,Scott A. Jones, and Michael Beck, eds., Crossroads and Conflict: Security and ForeignPolicy in the Caucasus and Central Asia (Routledge: New York, 2000), pp. 66-74; DavidDarchiashvili and Tamara Pataraia, “Return to Europe? Some Aspects of the SecurityOrientation of Georgia,” Österreichische Militarische Zeitschrift, no. 1 (2001), pp. 43–55; ix. agreTve daviT darCiaSvili politikosebi, jariskacebi, moqalaqeni:saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis da samxedro-samoqalaqourTierTobebis analizi (Tbilisi, saxelmwifo universitetis gamom-cemloba, 2000 weli) http://www.cipdd.org/en/archive.shtml?lang=eng&detail=1&id=3;David Darchiashvili, “Power Structures in Georgia,” International Institute for Democracyand Electoral Assistance, Discussion Paper no. 5 (Printinfo: Yerevan, Armenia, 2003);David Darchiashvili, “Georgian Security Problems and Policies,” in Dov Lynch, ed., TheSouth Caucasus, A Challenge for the EU, Chaillot Papers, no. 65 (December 2003),p.107–128, http://www.iss-eu.org/public/content/chaile.html; agreTve, me viyavibiuletenis The Army and Society in Georgia redaqtori 1996-2000 wlebSi.1998-2001 wlis nomrebi SeiZleba nanaxi iqnas Semdeg misamarTze: http://www.cipdd.org/en/publication.shtml?cat_id=6.

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2003 wlis vardebis revoluciamde. masSi gaanalizebuliaprocesis sistemuri naklovanebebi da axsnilia dramatulimovlenebi, romlebmac Searyia samxedro-politikuri urTi-erTobebi. meore nawilSi ganxilulia samxedro Zalebzesamoqalaqo kontrolis problema: urTierToba mTavrobisaRmasrulebel da sakanonmdeblo Stoebs Soris, Tavdacvisbiujetis sakiTxi, samxedro sferoSi gamjdari korufcia.mesame nawili exeba erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciisCamoyalibebis procesSi warmoCenil gamowvevebs. Tavi srul-deba meoTxe nawiliT, romelSic mokledaa mimoxiluli Tavdac-vis politikis da samxedro reformis axali mimarTulebebivardebis revoluciis Semdeg.

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi:

istoriuli mimoxilva

miuxedavad mravalsaukunovani istoriisa, regularuliSeiaraRebuli Zalebis formirebaSi saqarTvelos didi gamoc-dileba ar gaaCnia. bolSevikuri revoluciis Semdeg mopovebulidamoukideblobis mokle periodSi (1918 – 1921) saqarTvelosgaaCnda 20-25 aTasi kacis Semadgenlobis regularuli jari damiliciis tipis saxalxo gvardia. qveyanas im dros ruseTisarmiidan wamosuli, profesionali, aristokrati oficrebis sakmaomoculobis korpusi hyavda. axal socialur - demokratiulmTavrobasa da oficerTa Soris damkvidrebuli urTierTun-dobloba xels uSlida qveyanas dabrkolebebis gadalaxvasa daefeqturi samxedro sistemis CamoyalibebaSi. qarTul jarSiaRiniSneboda disciplinis sisuste da cudi momarageba. mTeli eseqsperimenti mxolod 1921 wlamde gagrZelda - bolSevikuriwiTeli armiis mier qveynis okupaciamde.

gasabWoebis Semdeg moskovi zogjer Tanxmdeboda erovnulisamxedro SenaerTebis Seqmnaze. Tumca, es formirebebinaklebad asrulebda realuri erovnuli armiis funqciebs.msgavsi mcdelobebi sruliad Sewyda 1956 wels, rodesac nikita


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xruSCovma sabWoTa armiaSi yvela erovnuli SenaerTi gaauqma. axali qarTuli samxedro sistema damoukideblobisaTvis

masobrivi brZolis dawyebisa da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisTanaveiRebs saTaves. 1980-iani wlebis bolos antisabWoTa politikurijgufebis mier dakompleqtebuli pirveli qarTuli formi-rebebis Seqmna imxanad gaRvivebul eTnokonfliqtebs daemTxva.es formirebebi kanongareSe moqmedebdnen. 1990 wlis miwuruls,rodesac zviad gamsaxurdia movida saxelmwifos saTaveSi, esformirebebi daaxlovebiT 6 000 mebrZols iTvlida.7

Tumca, es cifri SesaZloa gadaWarbebulic iyos, radgan erTida imave dros, SeiaraRebul operaciebSi mxolod ramodenimeaseuli mebrZoli monawileobda. formirebebi sabWoTa armiisrigebidan daTxovnili qarTveli oficrebiT, samoqalaqoaqtivistebiT da kriminaluri warsulis mqone adamianebiT iyodakompleqtebuli.

miuRweveli rCeboda SeiaraRebul formirebaTa saerTopolitikuri kontroli. sabWoTa kontroli Tavidanve gamoi-ricxeboda - amgvari formirebebis arsebobas sabWoTa kanon-mdebloba ar iTvaliswinebda. garkveul garemoebebSi erovnulimoZraobis liderebs SeeZloT SeeqmnaT kidec alternatiulipolitikuri zedamxedveloba, magram maT Soris mudmivi qiSpisufevda. aqedan gamomdinare ar da ver iqmneboda erTianisakomando struqtura. yoveli metnaklebad mniSvnelovaniformireba avtonomiur erTeuls warmoadgenda. mas Sereuli,samxedro-politikuri misiebi ekisreboda da uSualo meTaursiyo daqvemdebarebuli. zog SemTxvevaSi formirebebi emorCi-leboda romelime anti-sabWour politikur organizacias,romelTa raodenoba iseve mravalricxovani iyo, rogorc TavadSeiararebuli formirebisa. yvelaze Zlieri da maraval-ricxovani “mxedrioni” loialobas mxolod damfuZneblis, jabaioselianis mimarT iCenda. igi ganaTlebiT xelovnebaTmcodne,

7 SeiaraRebuli da gasamxedroebuli formirebebi sabWoTa kavSirSi(moskovi, saerTaSoriso da samxedro-politikuri kvlevebis rusul-amerikuli centri, 1991) gv 8-9 (rusul enaze)

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profesori da, imavdroulad, kriminaluri samyaros cnobiliavtoriteti iyo. “mxedrions,” romlis birTvs, ZiriTadad,kriminaluri romantikis mimdevari axalgazrda ubnis biWebi dainteligentTa Svilebi warmoadgendnen, sZulda gamsaxurdia,romelic, Tavis mxriv 1990 wlisaTvis erovnuli moZraobiserTerT yvelaze gavlenian liderad yalibdeboda. “mxedrioni”upirispirdeboda gamsaxurdias xelmZRvanelobis avtori-tarul stils, misTvis miuRebel populistur nacionalizms,mis garemocvas, romelsac “mxedrionis” birTvi socialuri dakulturuli TvalsazrisiT “ucxod” moiazrebda. mxedrio-nelebi, iseve rogorc erovnuli moZraobis zogierTi sxvadajgufeba, gamsaxurdias ar patiobdnen, rom Tavis drozde,70-ian wlebSi, man sajarod moixada bodiSi antisabWoTa,disidenturi saqmianobisaTvis.

ioselianma saerTo ena gamonaxa komunistebis lider givigumbariZesTan, romelic TviTon cdilobda mzard erovnulmoZraobasTan saerTo enis gamonaxvas. amis Sedegad moxdaioselianisa da “mxedrionis” legalizacia alternatiulgasamxedroebul institutad, e.w. “maSvelTa korpusad.”maSvelTa korpuss mTavrobisaTvis daxmareba unda gaewiastiqiuri ubedurebebis dros.

“mxedrionis” garda funqcionirebda merab kostavassazogadoebis SeiaraRebuli frTa, romelsac zviad gamsa-xurdias erTguli vaJa adamia edga saTaveSi. sxva ori SedarebiTmniSvnelovani formireba - “qarTvel SevardenTa legioni” dasaxalxo frontis samxedro frTa “imedi,” neitralitetsinarCunebda gamsaxurdia - ioselianis dapirispirebaSi. iSvia-Tad, magram mainc, sxvadasxva formirebebis calkeuli jgufebiicvlidnen daqvemdebarebas. amis dadasturebaa “imedis”nawilis gadanacvleba “mxedrionSi.” meore magaliTia giayaryaraSvili, romelic Tavidan mxedrionSi iricxeboda,mogvianebiT ki calke razmi “TeTri arwivi” Camoayaliba.8

8 yvela monacemi 1995 – 1999 wlebis periodis yofili mebrZolebisa dapolitikosebis piradi interviuebis safuZvelzea mopovebuli


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aRniSnuli formirebebis moqmedeba, ZiriTadad, qarTvel daerovnuli umciresobebis warmomadgenel nacionalistTapirvel Setakebebs ukavSirdeba. samxedro TvalsazrisiTformirebebi mciremasStabiani da araorganizebuli iyo.

1990 wlis oqtombris mravalpartiul arCevnebSi anti-komunisturi mrgvali magidis gamarjvebis Semdeg, qarTulisamxedro sistemis aRmSeneblobaSi axali etapi daiwyo. axalmamTavrobam Camoyaliba erovnuli gvardia, romlis saxelwodeba,funqcia da Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosadmi daqvemdebarebamisi parasamxedro bunebis gamovlena iyo; igi pasuxs agebdasazogadoebriv wesrigsa da saxelmwifos teritoriul mTlia-nobaze.9 misi, Jandarmeriis msgavsi, elferi or mizans emsaxu-reboda: rCeboda ra sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi, axalielita, moskovis mxridan mwvave reaqciis SiSiT, Tavs ikavebdabolomde gaemJRavnebina sruli damoukideblobis mopovebissurvili. erovnuli armiis nacvlad Sida usafrTxoebazepasuxismgebeli uwyebis Seqmna nakleb provokaciuli Canda.meores mxriv, aSkara safrTxe, romlis winaSec saqarTvelosmTavroba idga, samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis avtonomiuriregionebis separatistuli moZraobebidan momdinareobda. ammoZraobis SesaCereblad parasamxedro Zalebi adeqvaturiCanda. imavdroulad sagareo Tavdacva sabWoTa centrispasuxismgeblobad rCeboda.10

miuxedavad zemoT naTqvamisa, cxadi iyo, rom erovnuligvardia momavali erovnuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis birTvadmoiazreboda. axali mTavroba ar malavda, rom adre Tu gvian,erovnuli damoukideblobis mopoveba surda da am konteqstSigvardielebs samSoblos damcvelis rols aniWebda. am ganzrax-vam praqtikuli forma erovnuli gvardiis dakompleqtebis dawrTvnis wesebiT SeiZina. erovnuli gvardia orwliani saval-debulo samsaxuris safuZvelze kompleqtdeboda. adreSeqmnili yvela parasamxedro formirebisaTvis savaldebulo

9 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos uwyebani 12, 1990 w.10 axali saqarTvelo, 10 noemberi, 1990w.

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gaxda gvardiaSi Sesvla an daSla. 1991 wlis gazafxulze gvardia12 000 kacisagan Sedgeboda. axalgazrdebi savaldebulogawvevas didi enTuziazmiT xvdebodnen, rac albaT ar moxde-boda sazogadoebas gvardia policiur uwyebad rom ar CaeTvala.gvardiaSi Caewera qarTuli warmoSobis bevri sabWoTa oficeri.gvardiis rigebSi Sevida “TeTri arwivi” da “imedi.” “mxedrioni-maSvelTa korpusi” romelmac uari ganacxada gamsaxurdiasmTavrobasTan Serigebaze, gauqmebulad gamocxadda, misi bevriwevri ki daapatimres.

am xnis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi kvlav ganlagebuli iyosabWoTa armiis didi SenaerTebi. garkveuli garemoebebSi, maTSesaZloa raRac rolic SeesrulebinaT erovnuli armiisSeqmnaSi, rogorc es ukrainasa da belorusiaSi moxda. magramsaqarTveloSi es SeuZlebeli iyo. jer erTi, sabWour Sena-erTebSi qarTvel oficerTa raodenoba minimaluri iyo. amiserTerT mizezs warmoadgenda is, rom ssrk-s arsebobis boloperiodSi samxedro karieris prestiJi qarTvelebSi sagrZnob-lad daeca. 1978 – 1979 wlebSi Tbilisis saartilerio saswav-lebelSi (erTaderTi samxedro skola sabWoTa saqarTveloSi)ramodenime aseuli kursantidan mxolod ociode iyo qarT-veli.11 erT-erTi qarTveli generlis SefasebiT, sabWoTakavSiris daSlis periodSi, qarTvelebi sabWour erovnebebsSoris 1 000 sul moqalaqeze oficrebis raodenobiT 72-eniiyvnen. nawilobriv am mizezis, iseve rogorc qarTul sazoga-doebaSi mzardi eTnikur-nacionalisturi ganwyobis gamo,sabWoTa jarebi okupaciur Zalad moiazreboda. gamsaxurdiasmTavrobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi moTxovna maTi gayvana iyo.marTlac, isini nel-nela tovebdnen saqarTvelos da rodesac1993 wlis SuaxanebSi es procesi droebiT SeCerda, qveynisteritoriaze rCeboda yofili sabWoTa armiis 15 000 – 25 000mosamsaxure, romelTac amierkavkasiis rusuli jarebis jgufisbirTvi Seadgines.

11 Tbilisis saartilerio skolis yofili kursdamTavrebulni; interviuavtorTan, dekemberi 1996 w.


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qarTuli armiis mSeneblobis mesame stadia 1991 wlisaprilSi, damoukideblobis deklarirebisa da gamsaxurdiasprezidentad arCevis Semdeg daiwyo. parlamentis Tavmjdo-maris postis prezidentobiT Canacvlebis Semdeg gamsaxurdiaSeecada gavleniani samxedro-samoqalaqo liderebis Camoci-lebas da samxedro Zalebze piradi kontrolis dawesebas. 1991wlis 19 agvistos saprezidento gankargulebiT erovnuligvardiis statusi miliciis specialur qvedanayofamde iqnadayvanili, xolo gvardiis sardlis Tanamdeboba gauqmda.

imavdroulad, jer kidev sabWoTa respublikebSi avtono-miuri SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gauqmebis gadawyvetilebamiRebul iqna moskovSi momxdari 1991 wlis agvistos putCismcdelobisas, sagangebo mdgomareobis saxelmwifo komitetismier. gamsaxurdias saqcieli nawilobriv motivirebuli iyomoskovidan wamosuli muqaris SiSiT, ramac, TavisTavad,sagrZnoblad Searyia gamsaxurdias avtoriteti mis momxreTaSoris. magram imavdroulad, moskovis moTxovna gamsaxur-diasaTvis kargi sababic iyo erovnuli gvardiis damoukidebelixelmZRvanelobis gzidan Camosacileblad. moskovis saxelm-wifo gadatrialebis mcdelobis CaSlisa da centrisadmi TavadruseTis respublikuri xelmZRvanelobis urCobis fonze,gamsaxurdiam 1991 wlis 9 seqtembers gamosca brZanebulebaTavdacvis saministros Seqmnis Sesaxeb. gvardias daubrundapirvandeli statusi, magram axla igi uSualod prezidentisdaqvemdebarebaSi gadavida. misi materialur-teqnikuriuzrunvelyofa ki Tavdacvis saministros daevala.12 parale-lurad iqmneboda Sinagan saqmeTa saministros Sinagani jari,romelzedac gadadioda gvardiis policiuri funqciebi.

saxelmwifos Senebis gamsaxurdiaseuli strategiis cvli-leba am istoriuli periodis konteqstSi unda iyos gagebuli.sabWouri mmarTvelobidan damoukideblobisaken gardamavaliperiodi dasrulda. saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRar moqme-

12 general-maiori guram nikolaiSvili, interviu avtorTan, oqtomberi1996 w.

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debda sabWoTa kanonebi da struqturebi. magram saxelmwifosada armiis aRmSenebloba umtkivneulod ar mimdinareobda damogvianebiT SeiaraRebuli ajanyebiTa da gamsaxurdias mmarTve-lobis damxobiT damTavrda. movlenaTa aseTi ganviTarebismizezTa Soris erTerTi iyo gamsaxurdias marcxi samxedroaRmSeneblobis sferoSi. mTavrobis meryevma damokidebulebamerovnuli gvardiis mimarT mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xelisamxedro reformis procesis arastabilurobas. rogorc malegairkva, gvardielebma prezidents ar apaties 19 agvistosbrZanebulebiT maTi statusis Selaxva, ramac saTave daudo1991 wlis zamTris SeiaraRebul ajanyebas.

qarTuli samxedro-samoqalaqo urTierTobis qaosSi sxvaaspeqtebic ikveTeboda. aRsaniSnavia, rom ramodenime para-samxedro formireba arasodes yofila integrirebuli erov-nul gvardiaSi. gamsaxurdias mxardamWeri merab kostavassazogadoeba avtonomiasa da iaraRs inarCunebda. misi liderivaJa adamia parlamentSi arsebul Tavdacvis, erovnuli uSiSro-ebisa da marTlwesrigis komisias Tavmjdomareobda. igiiTavsebda partiis lideris, formirebis sardlisa da kanonm-deblis funqciebs. igive SieZleba iTqvas Tengiz kitovanisSesaxeb. is erTdroulad iyo parlamentis deputati, TavdacvissamTavrobo komisiis Tavmjdomare da erovnuli gvardiissardali. kitovanis Tanamdebobis fonze gvardiis daqvem-debareba Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosadmi ubralo formalobaswarmoadgenda. igi pirovnul loialobas aRvivebda yofilisamoqalaqo pirebisagan dakompleqtebul gvardiis oficrebSi,romelnic Tavadac, ZiriTadad, yofili samoqalaqo pirebiiyvnen da naklebad icnobdnen profesionali samxedroebiseTikas. amrigad, formaluri iarliyebis safarqveS, qarTulSeiaraRebul ZalebSi isev klanur-feodaluri suliskveTebadominirebda. erisadmi erTgulebis popularuli lozungi vergadaizarda saxelmwifo institutebisadmi loialobaSi.

1991 wlis agvistoSi adamiasa da kitovanis TanamdebobebidandaTxovis Semdeg, romlebsac Tavidan arc ise TanamSromlobiTiurTierTobebi hqondaT, gamsaxurdias winaaRmdeg gaerTianda.


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1991 wlis dekemberSi gamsaxurdias momxreebsa da mowinaaRmde-geebs Soris gamarTul Tbilisis omSi kitovansa da adamiasxelaxla Sekrebili “mxedrionic” SeuerTda. am suraTs isicarTulebda, rom orive mxare rusi samxedroebisgan elodamxardaWeras, zogi maRal politikur doneze, sxvebi ki adgilob-rivad ganlagebuli sabWoTa jarebis meTaurebisagan. gasakviriaraa, rom rusebis frTxili simpatiebi ajanyebulebisakenixreboda. nacionalisturma ritorikam gamsaxurdias kargisamsaxuri ver gauwia ruseTTan urTierTobaSi.

1992 – 1993 w.w. saqarTvelos samxedro aRmSeneblobis meoTxestadias warmoadgens. es yvelaze qaoturi da konfliqtebiTdatvirTuli periodia saqarTvelos uaxles istoriaSi. Sesaba-misad, samxedro Zalebi sagangebo viTarebaSi, daugegmavadiqmneboda - konceptualuri orientiris gareSe.13 qaRaldzeyvelaferi metnaklebad organizebuli Canda, Tumca xSiricvlilebebiT daRdasmuli. 1992 w. ianvarSi umaRlesi xelisuf-leba amboxebulTa mier Seqmnil samxedro sabWos xelSiaRmoCnda, Tumca mokle vadiT. oriod TveSi mas Caenacvlasaxelmwifo sabWo eduard SevardnaZis xelmZRvanelobiT,romelic dabrunda ruseTidan. Tavdacvis saministros orga-nizeba SevardnaZem TiTqmis nulidan daiwyo. gadawyda jarebissaarmio korpusebad organizeba. 1992 wlis aprilSi Seiqmnapirveli namdvili saarmio nawilis - meTerTmete brigada.zafxulSi rusma samxedro moxeleebma saqarTveloSi ganlage-buli sabWoTa sawyobebidan Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebis didiraodenoba gadasces Tavdacvis axal saministros. imave welsdaarsda sasazRvro jari. erovnul gvardias Tavdacvis saminis-tros “swrafi reagirebis korpusi” ewoda da Tavdacvissaministros daqvemdebarebaSi Sevida. Sinagan saqmeTa saminis-tros kvlavindeburad SeunarCunda Sinagani jarebis kontroli.

1993 wels mTavroba Seudga maSvelTa korpusis damouki-debeli departamentis formirebas, romelSic “mxedrionelTa”

13 Richard Wolff, “The Armed Forces of Georgia-An Update”, Jane’s Intelligence Review,Europe tomi 6, #12, dekemberi 1994 w., gb 559-561

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didi nawili unda Sesuliyo. danarCenebs ki SeiaraRebuljarebSi gaerTianeba daevalaT. Tumca, realurad, rogorcerovnuli gvardia ise “mxedrionic” damoukideblobas inarCu-nebda. ioseliani, romelic 1992 wlis Semodgomaze parlamentiswevri da uSiSroebisa da Tavdacvis14 erovnuli sabWos Tavmjdo-mare gaxda, isev “mxedrionis” Seucvlel sardlad rCeboda. giayaryaraSvili iyo erTaderTi pirovneba, visac gvardielebiemorCilebodnen, rodesac man kitovani Secvala gvardiissardlis Tanamdebobaze. 1993 wlis maisSi, rodesac SevardnaZekitovans daupirispirda, am ukanasknelis posti - Tavdacvisministroba - yaryaraSvils ergo. amieridan yaryaraSviliSeiaraRebuli Zalebis integraciiT dainteresda. SeiaraRebuliZalebis axali, 1993 wlis maisSi SemuSavebuli struqtura aRaraxsenebda swrafi reagirebis korpussa Tu erovnul gvardias.gvardiis batalionebi meTerTmete armiis brigadaSi gaerTianda.daCqarda pirveli da meore korpusebis formireba. Tumcamxedrioni am procesSi ar monawileobda.

1992 – 1993 wlebis afxazeTis konfliqtis dros qarTuliSeiaraRebuli Zalebis sakadro da organizaciuli cvlilebebisTvalsazrisiT, realuri progresi ar SeimCneoda. batalionebimxolod ramodenime aTeuli kaciT iyo dakompleqtebuli. rigSemTxvevebSi isini TviTon irCendnen meTaurs. mebrZolTa didnawils uWirda dasaxeleba, Tu romel SenaerTs ekuTvnoda misirazmi. rigi formirebebi e.w. ubnebis saZmoebiT iyo dakomp-leqtebuli. iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac jariskacebi da axal-gazrda oficrebi frontis xazze yofnis vadebs Tavad gan-sazRvravdnen; rig SemTxvevebSi erTi danayofidan meoreSiinacvlebdnen. TviT Tavdacvis ministric ki zogjer arsebiTad,batalionis meTauris funqcias asrulebda. miuxedavad imisa,rom Tavdacvis saministros 1993 wlis maisSi miRebuli axalistruqturiT, erovnuli gvardia gauqmebulad iTvleboda,rogorc maRali rangis erTerTi meTauri ixsenebda, mas

14 1995 wels, konstituciis miRebis Semdeg, aRniSnul struqturisnacvlad erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWo Seiqmna.


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arasodes Seuwyvetia funqcionireba.15 1993 wlis oqtomberSiki SevardnaZem gvardiis formaluri aRdgenis brZaneba gamosca.

samxedro xelmZRvanelebi faqtiurad e.w. savele meTau-rebis kategorias ganekuTvnebodnen da samoqalaqo xelis-uflebis mimarT garkveul indifirentobas iCendnen. samxedroZalebze saparlamento kontroli mxolod qaRaldze rCebodaan saerTod ar arsebobda. ministris postze daniSnuli kitovanirig SemTxvevebSi SevardnaZes ewinaaRmdegeboda TavdacvissakiTxebSi, miaCnda ra, rom saxelmwifos meTaurs mxolodsagareo politikis mogvareba ekisreboda. erT-erT preskon-ferenciaze man ganacxada, rom parlamentsa da SevardnaZes kiara, “xalxsa” da armias unda gadaewyvita vin iqneboda Tavdacvisministri.

naxevrad avtonomiuri formirebebis garda arsebobdnenxelisuflebas sruliad daumorCilebeli razmebic. damxobiliprezidentis, gamsaxurdias SeiaraRebuli momxreebi perio-dulad axerxebdnen dasavleT saqarTvelos raionebis gakon-trolebas da afxazeTSi ganlagebuli jarebis Tbilisisganmowyvetas. imave periodSi aWaris lideri aslan abaSiZe sakuTarlaSqars ayalibebda.

gamsaxurdiasgan gansxvavebiT, SevardnaZem mainc SesZlogarkveuli kontrolis SenarCuneba rTul da daqucmacebulsamxedro-politikur garemoze. misi popularobis mTavariiaraRi pirovnuli gavlena iyo, radgan qarTuli politikuriscenis TiTqmis yvela moTamaSe Tvlida, rom mxolod Sevard-naZes SeeZlo sarTaSoriso Tanadgomis mopoveba. amasTan erTadigi “dahyavi da ibatones” misTvis kargad Cveul meTodsaciyenebda da erTdroulad arasodes upirispirdeboda yvelaSeiaraRebul liders. aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi SevardnaZegamsaxurdias momxreebTan saerTo enis gamonaxvasac arTakilobda. aseTi meTodebiT man TandaTan CamoiSora gzidankitovani, ioseliani da SeiaraRebuli jgufebis nakleb cnobili

15 maiori koba liklikaZe, saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministrosprescentris ufrosi, interviu avtorTan, 27 seqtemberi, 1999 w.

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liderebi. Tavisi Zalauflebis konsolidaciisaTvis manmSvenivrad gamoiyena ucxouri Tanadgoma da saerTaSorisomxardaWera, rac gamsaxurdias arasodes qonda.

1994 – 1995 wlebi gadamwyveti periodi aRmoCnda SevardnaZispirovnuli Zalauflebis konsolidaciisaTvis. es wlebiSeiZleba CaiTvalos saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis SeqmnismexuTe etapad. afxazeTSi gancdili marcxis Semdeg, Sevard-naZem 1993 wlis oqtomberSi damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebisTanamegobrobaSi gawevrianebis gadawyvetileba miiRo dasaqarTveloSi rusuli jarebis yofnac daakanona. am nabijiTigi gamsaxurdias momxreTa winaaRmdeg ruseTis mxardaWerismopovebas Seecada; gamsaxurdiam isargebla SevardnaZismarcxiT afxazeTSi da dasavleT saqarTvelos did nawilzesakuTari kontrolis damyareba daiwyo. SevardnaZis gada-wyvetilebaTa Sedegad saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa, usafrT-xoebisa da Tavdacvis saministroebi moskovis favaritebisxelSi gadavida. am politikam saTave daudo naxevrad kanonieriSeiaraRebuli formirebebisa da im samxedro liderebis gzidanCamocilebas, romelTa TviTneburi moqmedebebi centralurxelisuflebas uqmnida safrTxes. Tumca amiT samoqalaqoxelisuflebis winaSe mdgomi problemebi ar amowurula.

uSiSroebis axali ministri igor giorgaZe gamorCeuladZlier figurad warmoCnda da Sesabamisad SevardnaZis eWvebisaxali obieqtic gaxda. savaraudod, giorgaZe ukanono iaraRisada sigaretis kontrabandaSi monawileobda Tavisi rusulinacnobobis wyalobiT. ruseTis uSiSroebisa da samxedromaRalCinosnebi mas ufro ucxadebdnen ndobas vidre Sevard-naZes, romelsac sabWoTa imperiis damangrevlad moiazrebdnen.SvardnaZisa da giorgaZis konfliqti 1995 wels gamoaSkaravda.im periodSi ukve warsuls bardeboda SeiaraRebul formi-rebaTa ukontrolo TareSi TareSi. qarTvelebi mouTmenladelodnen mSvidobis damyarebas da ekonomiuri pirobebisgaumjobesebis perspeqtivas, gansakuTrebiT ki mas Semdeg racdasavleTma interesi gamoiCina saqarTvelos mimarT. rogorcaRmoCnda, giorgaZes unari ar Seswevda politikurad an Zalis


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gamoyenebiT metoqeoba gaewia SvardnaZisaTvis. samoqalaqo TueTnikuri omebis qartexiliT gatanjuli saqarTvelos mosax-leoba samxedro formian mmarTvels naklebad Seegueboda.garda amisa giorgaZes didi samxedro Zalac ar gaaCnda. 1994 welsruseTis daxmarebiT Seqmnili uSiSroebis saministros specia-luri brigada ver ajobebda sxva, e.w. Zalovani uwyebebis16

koleqtiur Zalas, romlis liderebsac Tavisi sakuTariambiciebi gaaCndaT.

wina wlebis msgavsad, SevardnaZe kvlav ganagrZobdaSeiaraRebuli uwyebebis momravlebis da maTi erTmaneTiTdabalansebis Cveul politikas. 1995 wels am politikam SZedegigamoiRo. 1992-1993 wlebis samoqalaqo da eTnikuri konfliq-tebis dros Seqmnil uwyebebTan SedarebiT, axali Zalovanistruqturebi ukeT institucionalizebuli da disciplini-rebuli gaxda. aseT garemoebaSi moskovi veRar dauWerda mxarsaxal gadatrialebas - radgan es ukve aSkarad miuRebeliiqneboda qarTveli da evropuli sazogadoebisaTvis. ruseTi-saTvis ufro gonivruli xdeboda Tavad SevardnaZesTanTanamSromloba.

1995 wlis agvistoSi saxelmwifos meTaurze ganxorciele-buli Tavdasxmis mcdelobis Semdeg, romlis srulyofiligamoZiebac kvlav momavlis saqmed rCeba, SevardnaZem misipirovnuli ZalauflebisaTvis yvelaze saSiSi figurebi -giorgaZe da mxedrionis lideri jaba ioseliani moicila.Tavdasxmis organizeba maT dabraldaT. am droisaTvis momZlav-rebuli policia TandaTan aniaraRebda da Slida mxedrions, racioselians TandaTanobiT izolaciaSi aqcevda. 1995 wlisseqtemberSi saqarTveloSi ganlagebuli ruseTis samxedro

16 Zalovani uwyebebi sityvasityviTi Targmania rusuli cnebisa “ñèëîâûåñòðóêòóðû”. es gamoTqma miRebulia postsabWota qveynebSi da gulisxmobsarmias, policias, uSiSroebis struqturebs, sasazRvro dacvas da rigsxva gasamxedroebul Zalebs, romlebic arasodes yofila sworad dabolomde urTierTgamijnuli. dawvrilebiTi informaciisaTvis ixileTinglisurenovani Jurnali “Zalovani institutebi post. sabWourinstitutebSi” http//www.pipss.org/

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bazidan giorgaZe ruseTSi gaiqca, ramac kidev ufro gaaZlieraTavdasxmis mcdelobaSi misi (da rusi Cinosnebis) pirovnulimonawileobis eWvi. giorgaZis gaqcevam, iseve rogorc ioselianisdapatimrebam daaCqara Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis reformisSemdgomi etapi. SevardnaZes meti Tavisufleba mieca piradiarCevaniT waremarTa samxedro aRmSenebloba, radgan misgarSemo Semokrebil politikosebsa da samxedro maRal-Cinosnebs Zala da gavlena ar eyofodaT, rom misi surviliswinaaRmdeg wasuliyvnen.

1995 wlis Semodgomidan 1998 w. gazafxulamde samxedromSeneblobis axali, rigiT meeqvse etapi mimdinareobda. ruseTisarmiis qarTuli warmoSobis generali vardiko nadibaiZe,romelic adre saqarTveloSi ganlagebuli rusuli kontin-gentis sardlis moadgile iyo, 1998 wlis gazafxulamdeuZRveboda saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul Zalebs. 1994 wlisdamdegs, rodesac man Tavdacvis ministris posti daikava,qarTul armias daaxloebiT 50 sxvadasxva zomisa da misiisdanayofi Seadgenda da maTSi 49 000 kaci iricxeboda.17 samxedrogawveva im periodSi18 sporadulad an dabali masStabiT xdeboda.Sesabamisad, armiisa da erovnuli gvardiis danayofebSiZiriTadad moxaliseebi Sediodnen. samxedro samsaxurSiCaricxuli bevri oficeri da jariskaci iSviaTad cxaddebodaTavis nawilSi. aRniSnuli 49 000 kacidan erTdroulad mxolodramodenime aTasi jariskaci Tu imyofeboda dislokaciisadgilze.

nadibaiZis ministrobis dros armiis ricxovnoba Semcirdada samxedro gawvevebis sistema ufro organizebuli gaxda.bevrma araprofesionalma oficerma datova armiis rigebi,romelsac axla metwilad sabWoTa samxedro gamocdilebis mqoneasakovani generlebi uZRvebodnen. 1996 wels axalma sistemammet-naklebad dasrulebuli forma SeiZina. saarmio korpusis

17 sarke, oqtomberi 18, 199518gawveva warmoebda 1992 wels miRebuli kanoniT “Tavdacvisa dasayovelTa savaldebulo samsaxuris Sesaxeb” sinamdvileSi kanon-mdebloba naklebad moqmedebda.


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sistema gauqmda im mizeziT, rom igi gamousadegar biuro-kratiul rgolad CaTvales brigadebsa da umaRles sardlobasSoris. Tavdacvis saministros daqvemdebarebuli SeiaraRebuliZalebi, romelic axla 30 000 kacs iTvlida, 7 motomsroleli, 1Sereuli tipis sazRvao brigadebad, sahaero Tavdacvisa dasahaero Zalebis danayofebad da ramodenime calkeul bata-lionad daiyo. erovnuli gvardia Tavdacvis saministrosdepartamentad gadaiqca da misi savele nawilebi erTi brigadisSemadgenlobaSi gaerTianda.19

Tavdacvis saministros jarebi mTavrobis erTaderTsamxedro resurss ar warmoadgenda. 1994 wels sasazRvroZalebi gamoeyo Tavdacvis saministros. imave wels SevardnaZemsaxelmwifo dacvis specialuri samsaxuri Seqmna. 1995 welsusafrTxoebis saministrosTan arsebuli specialuri brigadaSinagan saqmeTa saministros gadaeca. 1997 wels, specialurisaparlamento dadgenilebiT, samxedro Zalebis saerToraodenoba 42 000 jariskaciTa da oficeriT ganisazRvra.

samxedro mosamsaxureTa raodenobis parlamentis donezegansazRvra erTaderTi sakanonmdeblo siaxle ar yofila. 1995wels miRebuli konstitucia samxedro reformirebis proces-sac Seexo, gansakuTrebiT samxedro Zalebze samoqalaqokontrolis sferos. axali konstituciiT, saqarTvelo sapre-zidento mmarTvelobis sitemaze gadavida. prezidentiveaxorcielebda samxedro Zalebis umaRlesi mTavarsardalisfunqcias. 1995 w. saparlamento da saprezidento arCevnebisSemdeg, samoqalaqo kontrolis sakanonmdeblo safuZvlebisxelaxali formireba daiwyo. aRsaniSnavia kanonebi Tavdacvis,saxelmwifo saidumloebis, ndobis jgufis Sesaxeb da zogadiadministraciuli kodeqsi. 1998 wels parlamentis sami wevris-gan Semdgari ndobis jgufi Seiqmna, romelsac monitoringiunda ganexorcielebina samxedro da usafrTxoebis saidumloprogramaze.

19 parlamentis Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis komitetis wevrebi, interviuavtorTan oqtomberi, 1996.

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samxedro Zalebis uaxlesi istoriis me-7 etapi 1998 welsdaiwyo. usafrTxoebis yofili ministris jemal gaxokiZisTqmiT, am wels gadawyda, rom saqarTvelos usafrTxoebisa dasagareo polikis veqtori erTxel da sabolood dasavleTiskeniqneboda mimarTuli.20 imave wels evropis sabWom gadawyvitadaekmayofilebina saqarTvelos gawevrianebis survili.dasavluri navTobis kompaniebi, iseve rogorc SeerTebuliStatebisa da TurqeTis mTavrobebi sabolood daTanxmdnendidi aRmosavleT-dasavleTis navTobsadenis mSeneblobassaqarTvelos teritoriis gavliT. dasavleTis mzardi dain-teresebiT gamxnevebulma SevardnaZem, romlisaTvisac asevenaTeli xdeboda, rom dakargul teritoriebs ruseTis daxma-rebiT veRar daibrunebda, dsT-s koleqtiuri uSiSroebisxelSekrulebis datoveba gadawyvita. saqarTvelos mTavrobamufro aqtiurad daiwyo muSaoba qveynis teritoriidan rusulisamxedro bazebis gayvanis mimarTulebiT. dRis wesrigSidgeboda natoSi gawevrianebis survilis deklarireba.

axali orientaciis simtkiceze mogvianebiT gaCenili eWvebismiuxedavad, es cvlilebebi aiZulebda saqarTvelos mTavrobasmeti gaekeTebina samxedro Zalebis marTvisa da kontrolismeqanizmebis dasavlur standartebze gadasayvanad. 1998 wlisaprilSi nadibaiZe Tavdacvis ministris postidan gaaTa-visufles. igi erTerTi parasamxedro formirebis yofilmameTaurma daviT TevzaZem Secvala. imave periodSi parlamentisTavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis komitetis Tavjdomare revazadamiam daarwmuna prezidenti usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSimrCevelTa saerTaSoriso sabWos (ISAB) Seqmnis saWiroebaSi,romelic baltiispireTis qveynebSi arsebuli msgavsi insti-tutebis analogi iqneboda. 1999 wels ISAB-ma warmoadginarekomendaciebi, romlebic samxedro Zalebis ricxovnobisSemcirebas, uwyebaTaSorisi paralelizmis aRmofxvras, oficia-luri erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis da Tavdacvis TeTriwignis Seqmnas da Tavdacvis ministris Tanamdebobaze samo-

20 axali Taoba, oqtomberi 19, 1999


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qalaqo piris daniSvnas gulisxmobda. imavdroulad SeerTebuliStatebis eqspertebi saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministrosexmarebodnen dasavluri standartebis generaluri Stabis,Tavdacvis resursebis marTvis centris Seqmnasa da Tavdacvisbiujetis SemuSavebaSi. magram, saboloo jamSi, mTavrobam verSeZlo am rekomendaciaTa ganxorcieleba.

2001 w. 11 seqtembris cnobili movlenebis Semdeg SeerTe-buli Statebis mier terorizmis winaaRmdeg dawyebulma ommasaintereso gverdiTi efeqti iqonia qarTul samxedro Zalebze.reformatorulad ganwyobil samxedro da politikur lide-rebTan konsultaciiT, SeerTebulma Statebma wamoiwyowvrTnisa da aRWurvis programa (GTEP). Sedegad, 2003 wlisaTvisqarTulma armiam miiRo dabali intensivobis konfliqtebSisamoqmedod gawrTvnili 4 profesionaluri batalioni. Sevard-naZis mTavrobis winaaRmdegobrivi samxedro saqmianobidan esiyo bolo da albaT yvelaze mizanmimarTuli nabiji.

Tbilisma ver moaxerxa qveyanaSi ganlagebul SeiaraRebulZalebze sruli kontrolis daweseba. afxazeTsa da oseTSiarsebul ukontrolo Zalebs kvlav emateboda aWaris lideris,aslan abaSiZis razmebi. vardebis revoluciis dros aslanabaSiZis daqvemdebarebaSi, gadmocemiT, daaxloebiT oci tankida javSanmanqana, ramdenime Sveulmfreni da sanapiro katerebiSedioda. misi specialuri danayofebi 500 – 1000 kacisganSedgeboda. SevardnaZes arasodes SeeZlo gaekontrolebiaabaSiZis saqmianoba da misi TanamSromloba baTumSi ganlagebulisamxedro bazis xelmZRvanelobasTan. ufro metic, Tbilismaver SesZlo saerTo enis gamonaxva moskovTan am droisaTvisdarCenili ori rusuli bazis (baTumis da axalqalaqis) gayvanisSesaxeb, ris Taobazec mxareebs unda moelaparakaT 1999noembris euTos samitze miRweuli SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad. 2004wlis dasawyisSi 3000-6000 rusi samxedro kvlav rCebodabaTumisa da axalqalaqis bazebze. qveynis dasavleTSi (afxa-zeTis konfliqtis zonis mimdebare) da pankisis xeobaSimoqmedi partizanuli da kriminaluri dajgufebebi ki gasamxed-roebuli formirebebis mesame saxeoba iyo, romelic saqarT-

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velos mTavrobis kontrols ar eqvemdebareboda. 2002 wels,ruseTisa da SeerTebuli Statebis moTxovniT, qarTulmasamarTaldamcavma uwyebebma bolosdabolos specialurioperacia ganaxorcieles pankisis xeobaSi. sxvadasxva wyaroebisTamaxmad, qarTvelebTan Setakebis Tavidan asacileblad,CeCnurma SeiaraRebulma formirebebma xeoba datoves.21

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 1994 wlis SemdegSevardnaZis reJimma warmatebas miaRwia iaraRiani xalxisTareSis aRkveTaSi. garda amisa, samxedro Zalebi SeiZina ufrodisciplinirebuli gaxda. magram mTavrobam ver SeZlo aucile-beli reformebis gatareba. man ver moaxerxa efeqturi Tavdac-vis sistemis Seqmna da samoqalaqo kontrolisa da zedamxed-velobis qmediTi demokratiuli meqanizmebis danergva. sulufro mkvidrdeboda azri, rom saqarTvelo susti, metic,arSemdgari saxelmwifoa. yovelive es gansakuTrebiT naTelixdeboda vardebis revoluciis wina periodSi.

winamdebare Tavis momdevno ori nawili samxedro reformisim or mniSvnelovan gamowvevas exeba, romlis mimarTacSevardnaZis administraciam adekvaturi zomebi ver miiRo.pirveli samxedro Zalebze samoqalaqo kontrolis ganxor-cielebaa, meore ki, Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis strategiisganviTareba.

samxedro Zalebze samoqalaqo kontroli

“me mesmis, Tu risTvisaa policia - uTxra erTxel Sevard-naZem Tavis erTerT mrCevels - da rogor warmarTs igi yovel-dRiur saqmianobas, magram netav es samxedroebi raRazefiqroben TavianT yazarmebSi?”22 am remarkam gamoamJRavna

21 rusuli bazebis sakiTxsa da pankisSi ganlagebul CeCenTa gamoruseTTan konfliqtis Sesaxeb ixileT jaba devdarianisa da oqsanaantonenkos naSromebi winamdebare krebulSi.22 yofili maRalCinosani saqalaqo piri. konfidencialuri interviuavtorTan, Tebervali 2003.


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SevardnaZis Rrma eWvi samxedroebis mimarT, iseve rogorcdemokratiuli samxedro - samoqalaqo urTierTobis ucodi-naroba. samuel hantingtonis termini rom gamoviyenoT,samxedroebze samoqalaqo kontroli saqarTveloSi 1995wlisaTvis “subieqturobas” inarCunebda.23 SeiaraRebuliZalebis politikuri da samarTlebrivi daqvemdebarebis xazebibundovani iyo. sxvadasxva samTavrobo struqturebi dapolitikuri dajgufebebi eqiSpebodnen erTmaneTs samxedrosistemis gakontrolebasa da marTvaSi imdagvarad, rom Tavadsamxedroebs sakuTari politikuri Tu pirovnuli interesebiTmoqmedebis SesaZlebloba eZleodaT.

Tavdacvis sakiTxebSi erTiani xedvis ararseboba mniSvne-lovanwilad 1995 wlis konstituciidanac momdinareobda. amdokumentis mixedviT parlaments evaleboda saSinao da sagareopolitikis mTavari mimarTulebebis gansazRvra, prezidents kiam politikis warmarTva hqonda dakisrebuli.24 qarTul enaSiterminebis “gansazRvra” da “warmarTva” - mniSvneloba Zneladgasamijnia. es orazrovneba Tavis TavSi gulisxmobda imisSesaZleblobas, rom instituciur CarCoebze maRla piradigavlena, qarizma damdgariyo. an, Tundac meore magaliTi:saqarTvelos konstituciis 98-e muxliT prezidenti ga-nesazRvravda samxedro Zalebis struqturas, xolo maTiraodenoba parlaments unda daedgina. Sedegad, Tu prezidentida parlamenti ver SeTanxmdebodnen armiis Semadgenlobisdadgenaze, problema iolad ver mogvardeboda. arc is iyoiolad gasagebi, rogor SeeZlo prezidents SeiaraRebuliZalebis struqturis gansazRvra Tu ar iqneboda darwmunebuli,rom parlamenti uzrunvelyofda mas saWiro iaraRiTa dasamxedro mosamsaxureebiT.

23 Samuel P. Huntington, The Soldier and the State: the Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations (New York: Vintage Books, 1964) gv. 162-192. hantingtoni exebasituaciebs, rodesac sxvadasxva politikur organoebs aqvT zedam-xedvelobis paraleluri rolebi, rac samxedroebs politikur vaWrobaSiCarTvis Sanss aZlevs.24 saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxlebi 48, 49.

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ufro metic, rig SemTxvevebSi, parlamentis mier miRebulikanonebi ewinaaRmdegeboda saqarTvelos konstitucias.magaliTisaTvis, konstituciis 78-e muxli krZalavda uSiS-roebis, sapolicio da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis nebismiergaerTianebas. magram 1997 wlis kanoniT Tavdacvis SesaxebSinagan saqmeTa saministros Sianagani jarebi samxedro Zalebisnawilad cxaddeboda. amasTan, Sinagani jarebis kanonisTanaxmad, sagangebo situaciebis SemTxvevaSi maT sardalsadgilobrivi policiis moqmedebis koordinacia evaleboda.25

saqarTvelos kanonebis winaaRmdegobriobis naTeli ilust-raciaa saxelmwifo saidumloebis sakiTxic. sakmaod liberalurizogadi administarciuli kodeqsis Tanaxmad, TavdacvissferoSi saidumlo iyo informacia operatiul gegmebze, moqmedoperaciebsa da maT monawileebze. magram saxelmwifo saidum-loebebis nusxa, romelic igive saxelwodebis specialur kanonserTvoda, krZalavda informaciis gamJRavnebas samxedro ZalebisganviTarebasa da organizaciaze, nawilTa Seqmnaze, jarebis daiaraRis raodenobaze, samxedro danayofebSi maT ganawilebaze.26

winaaRmdegobriobaTa CamonaTvali kidev ufro Sors midis.zogierTi kanoni realurad rom amoqmedebuliyo, prezidentsada parlaments Soris uamrav, gadauwyvetel gaugebrobaseqneboda adgili. rigi sxva kanonebisa ki Zalze mcire Sanssdatovebda demokratiuli angariSgebisa da gamWvirvalo-bisaTvis. ase magaliTad, kanoniT saxelmwifo saidumloebisSesaxeb SeuZlebeli gaxdeboda kvalificiuri saparlamentodebatebis Catareba Tavdacvis saministros xarjebis Sesaxeb.Tumca, realurad, aseTi debatebi, marTalia araprofesio-nalurad da SezRuduli informirebis pirobebSi, maincimarTeboda. deputatebi ar flobdnen informacias Tavdacvisbiujetis specifikuri detalebis Sesaxeb, rom aRaraferivTqvaT samxedroebis arasabiujeto Semosavlebsa da xarjebze.simptomaturia, rom Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis komitetisa

25 kanoni Sinagani jarebis Sesaxeb, aprili 30, 199826 saqarTvelos respublika, Tebervali 4, 1997


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da ndobis jgufis Tavjdomarem, romelsac nebismieri saidum-lo informacia unda hqonoda, 2000 wlis martSi ganacxada, rommas ar miuwvdeboda xeli Tavdacvis saministros dafinansebisdetalebze.27

saerTod, am sferoSi kanoni mudmivad irRveoda. poli-tikosebs, Jurnalistebsa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebiswarmomadgenlebs yazarmebis vizitisas problemebi naklebadeqmnebodaT. oficerTa gamokiTxviT, romelTac an ar icodnenkanonis moTxovnebi, an ar adardebdaT maTi simkacre, isinisistematurad ecnobodnen nawilebSi arsebul mdgomareobas.meore mxriv, Tavdacvis saministro ugulvebelyofda Taviskanonier movaleobas ndobis jgufisTvis swori finansuriinformaciis miwodebis Sesaxeb. ase magaliTad, Tavdacvissaministro asxvisebda gamouyenebel qonebas, magram parla-mentarebi verafriT igebdnen amgvarad miRebuli arasabiujetoSemosavlebis odenobas.

problemis saTave korufciasa da saxsrebis aramiznobrivxarjvaSia saZiebeli, rac farTod iyo gavrcelebuli Sevard-naZis mmarTvelobis yvela sferoSi. TviT prezidents prob-lemis masStabebze mxolod zogadi warmodgena hqonda Seqmnili.kontrolis palata, romelsac biujetis xarjvis auditirebaevaleboda, xandaxan amowmebda Tavdacvis saministros daasobiT aTasi dolaris aramiznobrivi gamoyenebis faqtebsasaxelebda. 1999 wels, magaliTad saministrom saxelfaso xarjimxolod 66 procentiT Seasrula, imavdroulad ki samivlineboTanxebi 42 procentiT iyo gadaxarjuli.28 pasuxi aravisTvismouTxoviaT, radgan Tavdacvis maRalCinosnebi acxadebdnen,rom gadaxarjvebi Tu xelfasebis davalianeba xazinis brali

27 saqarTvelos parlamentis Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis komitetismier Catarebuli seminari Temaze: samxedro-samoqalaqo urTierTobebi,marti 21, 200028 saqarTvelos kontrolis palatis angariSi 1999 wlis saxelmwifobiujetis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb (Tbilisi, gamouqveynebeli masalasaqarTvelos parlamentis kvleviTi departamentidan, 200 weli),gv. 44-45

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iyo, romelic saWiro Tanxebs xan dagvianebiT ricxavda, xanacsaerTod ar aZlevda Tavdacvis saministros.

Tavdacvis mougvarebeli xarjTaRricxva finansuri xasia-Tis problemebis mxolod erTi mxare iyo. afxazeTSi gancdilimarcxis Semdegac ki, kriminaluri elferis mqone e.w omisekonomika kvlav funqcionirebda. konfliqtis zonaSi moqmedipartizanuli razmebi da kriminalebi ganagrZobdnen gamoZal-vasa da kontrabandas - xSirad samarTaldamcavi struqturebisxelSewyobiT. 1995 wlis Semdeg samxedroebs naklebad eZleo-daT aseT saqmianobaSi monawileobis Sansi, magram maT fulisSovnis sxva arakanonieri saSualebebi gamonaxes. 2001 wlisseqtembris samTavrobo mosmenisas, antikorufciuli sakoor-dinacio sabWos mdivanma ganacxada, rom yvela “Zalovanistruqtura” seriozulad iyo CarTuli sxvadasxva saxiskorufciasa da patronaJuli sistemebis SeqmnaSi;29 Sesabamisad,SevardnaZec iZulebuli gaxda Sexeboda mTavrobaSi fexmo-kidebuli korufciisa da elitis xelSeuxeblobis sakiTxs.

magram saqme arc amjerad wasula ganacxadis miRma. Tavda-cvis saministros maRali rangis moxeleni ganagrZobdnenarakanonieri garigebebis dadebas armiis mommaragebel komer-ciul firmebTan. nadibaiZis ministrobisas (1994 – 1998)armiisaTvis sruliad misaRebi gaxda momaragebis kontraqtebisgaformeba im organizaciebTan, sadac generlebis naTesavebimuSaobdnen. Tavdacvis sistemis maRalCinosnebi biujetidanmoiTxovdnen Tanxebs im iaraRsa da aRWurvilobaze, romelicisedac maT gankargulebaSi iyo. arc finansTa saministro iyoucodveli. Tavdacvis saministrosaTvis mniSvnelovani Tanxe-bis gadaricxvisas, finansTa saministros TanamSromlebimoelodnen da iRebdnen kidec garkveul, sapasuxo wils.30

daviT TevzaZe Tavdacvis ministris postze 1998 wlisgazafxulze dainiSna. dasavleTis rCevebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

29 saqarTvelos respublika, 6 seqtemberi, 2001 weli30 saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministros Tanamdebobis pirebi. konfidencia-luri interviu avtorTan, 1998-2004


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igi Tavidanve Seecada korufcias SebrZoleboda, magram didwarmatebas ver miaRwia. 1998-2003 wlebis mijnaze korufciulisaqmianoba kvlav rCeboda qveynis problemad. Tavdacvissaministro saWurvlis Sesyidvas rusuli samxedro bazebidanyovelgvari dokumentaciisa da gamWvirvalobis gareSe axer-xebda. aseTi garigebebis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli xdebodafulis dazogva, magram SeuZlebeli iyo am fulis realurixarjvis kontroli. qarTveli oficrebi ramodenimejer iyvnenmxilebulni ukanono iaraRis gayidvaSi.

axalwveulTa saxlSi gaSveba kvlav rCeboda qrTamis aRebissaSualebad. nawilebSi mravlad iyo “mkvdari sulebi”, racmeTaurTaTvis aralegaluri Semosavlebis wyaro (zedmetitansacmeli, sakvebi da a.S.) xdeboda. nikoloz janjRava, 2001wlis gazafxulze daniSuli saxmeleTo jarebis sardali,romelic daniSvnidan ramodenime kviraSi gaaTavisufles,mogvianebiT acxadebda, rom Tavdacvis saministros mierregistrirebuli 20 000 kacis nacvlad, jarSi realuradmxolod 10 000 kaci Tu msaxurobda.31 iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesacoficrebi mcvelebad muSaobdnen Ramis klubebSi. es Tavisgatanis erT-erTi gza iyo, radgan Tveebis ganmavlobaSi isinixelfasebs ver iRebdnen. rogorc TevzaZis erT-erTma yofiliTanamSromeli ixsenebda, nawilebSi jariskacebis gamosakvebadmeTaurebi araregistrirebuli Semosavlebis saerTo sala-roebs qmnidnen.32

saxelmwifo biujetis araswori gankargvis Sedegad, koruf-cia swrafad ikidebda fexs. 2000 w. Tavdacvis saministrosaTvisbiujetidan gamoyofili 42 milioni lari (21 milioni $), rac,TavisTavad, araadeqvaturi iyo, ramodenime TveSi isev Sem-cirda. dasavleTis daxmarebam usafrTxoebis seqtorisreformirebaSi didi Sedegi ar gamoiRo. erTerTi ucxoeleqsperti acxadebda, rom sabiujeto parameterebis mudmivi

31 polkovniki nikoloz janjRava. interviu avtorTan, ivnisi 200132 Tavdacvis saministros oficialuri piri, konfidencialuri interviuavtorTan, Tebervali 2004

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cvlilebiT SeuZlebeli xdeboda samxedro Zalebis misiaTazusti gansazRvra da Tavdacvis dagegmareba.33

korufciasTan brZolaSi TviTon SevardnaZe mxolodritorikiTa da formalizmiT ifargleboda. samoqalaqo dasamxedro funqcionerebs prezidentisadmi loialobis krite-riumiT niSnavdnen da aTavisuflebdnen. saboloo jamSi,korufciaze damyarebuli loialuri qselebi araefeqturi iyo,radgan SeuZlebeli xdeboda am qselebSi yvela oficrisinkorporireba. Tavisi mmarTvelobis bolo periodSi, uecradSevardnaZe samxedroTa ukmayofilebis momswre gaxda. jarSiarsebuli gausaZlisi pirobebis momizezebiT, 2001 w. maisSierovnuli gvardiis erTma batalionma daumorCileblobagamoacxada. mas gadamdgari samxedroebi da kriminalurijgufebic SeuerTdnen. prezidentTan intensiuri mola-parakebebis Semdeg, mTavrobis jarebiT garSemortymulmameamboxeebma daTmoba amjobines. SevardnaZes isini ar dausjia,radgan CaTvala, rom socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebiT isedacgaRizianebuli sazogadoebis fonze, jarTan urTierTobaSisifrTxile unda gamoeCina.

usafrTxoebisa da samxedro politikaSi mravali arsebiTidetali aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis gankargulebebiTganisazRvreboda, rac Zirs uTxrida parlamentis funqcias -Tavisi wvlili Seetana qveynis erovnuli usafrTxoebismodelis SeqmnaSi. biujetSi cvlilebebis Setana mxolodprezidents SeeZlo. parlaments isRa rCeboda, rom daTanxme-boda SeTavazebul cifrebs, an saerTod Caegdo biujetiskanonproeqti. parlamenti prezidents sust winaaRmdegobasuwevda, radgan SevardnaZes saparlamento umravlesobismxardaWeris imedi yovelTvis hqonda. parlamenti kidevac romSewinaaRmdegeboda prezidents, misi kursi mainc ucvlelidarCeboda; aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo Stoebis urTi-erToba CixSi rom momwyvdeuliyo, saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba

33 germaniis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis oficialuri piri, interviu avtorTan,agvisto, 2000


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mTavrobas nebas rTavda wina wlis sabiujetu cifrebiTexelmZRvanela. amiT parlamentis roli Tavdacvis uwyebissabiujeto kontrolis sferoSi, rac demokratiuli sapar-lamento kontrolis mTavari iaraRia, sakmaod SezRudulixdeboda.

parlamentis umweoba gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino 2002 wlisbiujetis miRebis dros gaxda.34 Tavdacvis saministrom scadawarmoedgina biujetis proeqti e.w. programuli formiT;specifikuri struqturuli komponentebis calke gamoyofiT.pirvelad moxda, rom Tavdacvis biujetis proeqti natosstandartebis Sesabamisad, sam nawilad iyo dayofili: piradiSemadgenloba, operatiuli mzadyofna, Sesyidvebi da kapita-luri xarjebi. miuxedavad amisa, proeqti ver cemda pasuxsSemdeg kiTxvebs: ra iyo xarjebis ganawilebis principi, rafinansuri Sedegebi mohyveboda kadrebis dagegmil Semcirebas?parlamentis Tavdacvis komiteti mxars uWerda Tavdacvisbiujetis proeqts, romelsac winwadgmul nabijad Tvlida,Tumca, rogorc male gairkva, Tavdacvis saministrom Tavisibiujetis proeqti finansTa saministrosTan ar SeaTanxma da isegawera 71 mln larze, roca finansTa saministro mxolod 38milionis gamoyofaze iyo Tanaxma. parlamentma TavdapirveladTavi Seikava Semcirebuli cifris miRebaze, Tavdacvis saminis-tromac uari ganacxada Tavidan daeangariSebina warmodgenilimoTxovna.

sabolood, 2002 wlis ianvarSi, parlamentma miiRo saxelm-wifo biujeti Tavdacvis sferos Semcirebuli wiliT, TumcaSemdgomi ganxilvis gareSe. finansTa da Tavdacvis saminis-troebs aRar ganusazRvriaT, Tu rogor unda gadaenawilebinaTnatos standartebis Tanaxmad sabolood damtkicebulibiujeti. yovel SemTxvevaSi, parlamentisaTvis es aRaravisucnobebia. arsebiTad, parlamentma erTxel kidev gauSvaxelidan samxedro Zalebze samoqalaqo kontrolis ganxor-cielebis mTavari meqanizmi.

34 saqarTveloSi fiskaluri weli kalendaruls emTxveva.

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unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavdacvis, usafrTxoebisa da samar-Taldacvis sferoebze saparlamento meTvalyureoba sxvamxrivac sustad gamoiyureboda. konstituciis da parlamentisreglamentis Tanaxmad Tavdacvis, usafrTxoebisa da SinagansaqmeTa ministrebi angariSvaldebuli iyvnen parlamentiswinaSe, magram igive ar iTqmoda sasazRvro Zalebisa dasaxelmwifo dacvis specialuri samsaxuris xelmZRvanelebze.maT prezidenti niSnavda da aTavisuflebda sakanonmdebloorganos Tanxmobis gareSe.

amave dros, parlaments ar SeeZlo undoblobis gamocxadebaprezidentisa da nebismieri ministris winaaRmdeg. maRaliTanamdebobis samoqalaqo piris impiCmenti konstituciisdarRvevis an sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulze dakavebisSemTxvevaSi Teoriulad daSvebuli iyo, magram bralis wayene-bisaTvis uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanxmoba iyo saWiro.

parlaments arc erovnuli usafrTxoebis sabWos kontroliSeeZlo. 1996 wlis Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobiT, sabWo usafrT-xoebis sakiTxebSi prezidentis saTaTbiro organod moiazre-boda. am funqciiT igi parlamentis winaSe angariSvaldebuladar iTvleboda. sinamdvileSi ki sabWo, gansakuTrebiT misiaparati, gavlenian rols TamaSobda samxedro da parasamxedrouwyebebis koordinaciasa da sakadro politikaSi. SevardnaZismmarTvelobis dros Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebiprezidentTan daaxlovebuli pirebis wreSi wydeboda. uwye-baTSoris sistemur kooperacias prezidentis kabineti cvlida.rogorc parlamenti, ise uSualod saministroebi naklebadwyvetdnen raimes usafrTxoebis politikis SemuSavebisa daimplementaciis sferoSi.

ucxoeli eqspertebis rCevebis gaTvaliswinebiT, 2001 wlisSemodgomaze parlamentma Tavdacvis kanonSi cvlileba Seitana.Tavdacvis saministros generalur Stabs sagangebo da saomariviTarebis dros yvela SeiaraRebuli uwyebis koordinirebadaevala. Tumca, cvlilebaSi araferi iyo naTqvami koor-dinirebis procedurebsa da masStabebze. kanoni ar gan-sazRvravda generaluri Stabisa da avtonomiuri SeiaraRebuli


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uwyebebis urTierTobebs mSvidobian periodSi. 2002 w. ianvarSiTavdacvis ministri aSkara ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamdasxvadasxva uwyebebs Soris koordinaciis ararsebobis gamo,aRniSnavda ra, rom koordinacia mxolod sagangebo SemTxvevebSixdeboda, raime winaswari dagegmvisa da urTierTvaldebu-lebebis samarTlebrivi gansazRvris gareSe. rogorc CansSevardnaZe da erovnuli usafrTxoebis sabWo situaciisgamosworebas ar eSurebodnen.35

erovnuli usafrTxoebis strategiis ZiebaSi

samxedro reforma unda efuZnebodes kargad Camoyali-bebul erovnul interesebs da strategias, rac Tavis mxriv,politikis dagegmvis procesis ganviTarebas gulisxmobs.SevardnaZe aSkarad arasodes ewinaaRmdegeboda erovnuliusafrTxoebis koncefciis Seqmnas, magram man ver SeZlo amisganxorcieleba. jer kidev 1996 wels Seiqmna saxelmwifo komisiaSeiqmna, romelsac aseTi koncefcia unda SeemuSavebina. 1997wels parlamentma miiRo rezolucia samxedro doqtrinisdamtkicebis Sesaxeb.

doqtrina Tavdacvis saministroSi momzadda da Tavdacvisada usafrTxoebis saparlamento komitetSi gadamuSavda. magramdoqtrina naklebad warmoadgenda efeqturi samxedro refor-misaTvis saWiro strategiuli azrovnebis nimuSs. misi teqstiubralod baZavda 4 wliT adre miRebuli rusuli analogisstils. doqtrinaSi aRniSnuli iyo yvela saxelmwifoebTanTanamSromlobis aucilebloba, magram araferi arsebiTi ar iyonaTqvami saqarTvelos erovnul interesebsa Tu qveynis winaSemdgom safrTxeebze. doqtrina gakvriT Tu exeboda strate-giuli partniorebis Temas, gverds uvlida rusi samxedroebis

35 erTerTi ucxoeli eqsperti 2000 wlis gazafxulze ambonda “dasanania,rom, rogorc Cans, erovnuli usafrTxoebis sabWo ar aris mzad samxedrostruqturebis konsolidaciisaTvis.” konfidencialuri interviuavtorTan, gazafxuli 2000 w.

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qveyanaSi yofnis sadao sakiTxebs. dokumentSi bundovnad iyonaTqvami mezobeli teritoriebis militarizaciis riskisSesaxeb. es bundovaneba ki kidev ufro matulobda imiT, romaRniSnuli pasaJi rusuli analogidan praqtikulad sityva-sityviT iyo gadmowerili. Sesabamisad, iqmneboda STabeWdileba,TiTqos militarizaciis riskSi saqarTveloc, ruseTis msgav-sad, natos gafarTovebas gulisxmobda. magram am SemTxvevaSisaqarTvelos samxedro doqtrina srul SeusabamobaSi eqceodanatosTan TanamSromlobis programasTan “partnioroba mSvido-bisaTvis”. saubedurod Tu sabednierod, am da sxva sakiTxebsarc dokumenti akonkretebda da, saboloo jamSi, doqtrinamiRebisTanave iqna daviwyebuli. am dokuments metad mcireSansi hqonda saimisod, rom samxedro reformebis orientirigamxdariyo.

1999 wels erovnuli usafrTxoebis sabWom ganacxada, romISAB-is rekomendaciebis ganxorcieleba da erovnuli usafrT-xoebis koncefciis formulireba misTvis prioritets war-moadgenda. 1996–1999 wlebSi koncefciis mravali proeqtiSeiqmna. zogi maTgani saxelmwifo komisiis egidiT iqnaSemuSavebuli; danarCeni parlanetSi da calkeul samTavrobouwyebebSi iqmneboda. erTad aRebulni, es dokumentebi qmniswarmodgenas usafrTxoebis qarTul diskursze. proeqtebisumetesobaSi yuradReba maxvildeboda Semdeg problemebze:saxelmwifos mSenebloba, Sida saxelwifoebrivi separatizmi,gareSe ZalTa Careva qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi, korufcia,socialuri uTanasworoba, regionaluri konfliqtebis riski,saqarTvelos susti samxedro potenciali, ekologiurisafTxeebi. zogierTi proeqti aRniSnavda, rom mosaxleobaSieTnikuri TviTidentifikacia samoqalaqo, saerTo - saxel-wifoebriv gancdaze ufro Zlieri iyo; rom samarTaldamcaviorganoebis avtoriteti umdables niSnulze imyofeboda; romam organoTa warmomadgenlebi pativs ar scemdnen adamianisuflebebs. proeqtebis sagrZnobi nawilisaTvis ucxo ar iyoxazgasma adamianis uflebaTa dacvis aucileblobaze, samxedroZalebze samoqalaqo kontrolis ganmtkicebis saWiroebaze,


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politikuri pluralizmisa da adgilobrivi TviTmarTvelobismniSvnelobasa Tu gayinuli eTno-konfliqtebis mSvidobianigziT gadaWraze.

da mainc, am proeqtTa umetesoba gamoirCeoda ekleq-turobiT, zogadobiT da winaaRmdegobrivi pasaJebiT. zogjeravtorebi Tavs aridebdnen mgrZnobiare sakiTxebs. zogierTproeqtSi adamianis uflebebisa da erTa demokratiul Taname-gobrobaSi integraciis mniSvneloba iyo aqcentirebuli, magramiqve iyo gaJRerebuli globalizaciisa da individualizmissafrTxe. erTerTi dokumenti “ojaxis socialur pasuxis-mgeblobaze” saubrobda. proeqtTa umetesobas usafrTxoebisdiskursSi ganaTlebisa da kulturis sakiTxebic Semohqonda,amave dros ki gakvriT Tu exeboda rusuli samxedro bazebisada rusi samxedroebis mier qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi CarevisTemebs. ara da sazogadoebriv diskusiebSi es ukanasknelisakiTxebi dominirebda.

1999 wlis zafxulSi, mas Semdeg rac erovnuli uSiSroebissabWom ISAB-is rekomendaciebi miiRo, saxelwifo komisiamusafrToebis koncefciis axali, saxeSecvlili versia moamzada.winamorbedi proeqtebisagan igi ramodenime punqtiT gamoirCeoda:ufro mkafiod iyo warmoCenili saqarTvelos strategiuliorientacia: aRiniSneboda, rom qveynis mizani evroatlantikurierTobis ZiriTad institutebSi integrireba iyo. koncefciisaxali versia ganaTlebis sistemisaganac moiTxovda dasavluriorientaciis Sesabamisi normebis damkvidrebas. Tumca verc axaliproeqti gaTavisuflda bundovani da saeWvo ganzogadoebebisagan,rogoric iyo “kulturuli TviTmyofadobis Sesatyvisi socialuriorganizaciisa da politikuri sistemis Seqmnis saWiroeba”.asaxavda ra sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis maqsimalurad farTospeqtrs, amave dros, dokumenti detalurad ver gansazRvravdaqveynis winaSe mgdom konkretul safrTxeebs. wina variantebismsgavsad da evropis qveynebisa Tu SeerTebuli Statebisanalogiuri dokumentebisagan gansxvavebiT, proeqti ar iZleodaerovnuli interesebis, safrTxeebisa da am safrTxeTa ganeitra-lebis gzebis mkafio CamonaTvals.

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TandaTan ufro naTeli xdeboda, rom dasavleTTan Tanam-Sromlobis gaRrmavebisaTvis saqarTvelos xelisuflebas undamieRo erovnuli usafrTxoebis mwyobri koncefcia. ISAB, sxvasaerTaSoriso Tu adgilobrivi eqspertebi regularuladmoiTxovdnen amas, magram SevardnaZis reJimi nela moqmedebda.koncefciis arseboba ara marto usafrTxoebis mwyobripolitikis SemuSavebas aferxebda, aramed samxedro-samoqa-laqo urTierTobebSi demokratiuli principebis damkvidrebasda erovnul usafrTxoebaze pasuxismgebeli uwyebebis koordi-naciasac eRobeboda win. 2000 wlisaTvis Tavdacvis ministriTavzaZe da sasazRvro Zalebis sardali generali valeri CxeiZexazgasmiT aRniSnavdnen, rom strategiuli orientirebisamsaxveli dokumentis ararseboba xels uSlida maTze daqvem-debarebuli uwyebebis normalur funqcionirebas.

bevri lodinis Semdeg ISAB-ma, sagareo saministrosTanTanamSromlobiT, usafrToebis koncefciis sakuTari variantiSeimuSava. dokumentis saTauri iyo “saqarTvelo da msoflio:momavlis xedva da strategia”.36

axali proeqtis avtorebi naTlad acxadebdnen, rom saqarT-velos strategiul miznebs natosTan integracia da evro-kavSirTan TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba warmoadgenda. doku-mentSi moTxovnili iyo qveynis teritoriidan rusuli bazebisgayvana, xolo ruseTis gavlenis qveS myofi damoukidebelsaxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis efeqturobaze eWvi iyo gamo-Tqmuli. erovnuli usafrTxoebis konfepciis axali proeqtipirvelad aqcevda konkretul yuradRebas Tavdacvis seqtorismisiebis gansazRvras. masSi aRiniSneboda, rom saqarTvelosSeiaraRebuli Zalebi ukeT unda iyvnen integrirebulni, raTaSekavebis funqcia itvirTon: maT unda SeswevdeT mtrisSedarebiT SezRuduli Zalebis damarcxebis, sazRvris gakon-trolebis, teroristuli Tavdasxmebis aRkveTis unari.dokumentis Tanaxmad saqarTvelos samxedro Zalebs moeTxo-veboda samoqalaqo xelisuflebis daxmareba kanonierebisa da

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wesrigis aRdgenaSi sagangebo viTarebaTa dros, stiqiisdamangrevel SedegTa likvidacia da saerTaSoriso samSvidobomisiebSi monawileoba.

marTalia, aseTi saxis dokumentSi naklebadaa mosalodneliTavdacvis politikis detalebis ganxilva, magram mainc,koncefciis aRniSnul proeqtsac survilebis CamonaTvaliselferi gadahkravda. miuxedavad imisa, rom ucxoeli eqsper-tebis daxmarebiT Seqmnil dokumentSi sakmarisad ar da veriqneboda artikulirebuli qveynis konkretuli wuxilebimezobel saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobebSi, realistur usa-frTxoebis koncefcias mainc meti moeTxoveboda usafrTxoebisgamowvevaTa definiciis TvalsazrisiT. Tumca, “momavlisxedvisa da stratebiis” ZiriTadi xarvezi misi statusi ufroiyo, vidre Sinaarsi. proeqtis gamoqveynebamde igi SesabamissamTavrobo uwyebebSi ar ganxilula. mis SemuSavebaSi arcsazogadoebas miuRia raime arsebiTi monawileoba. amave dros,dokumenti gamoqveynda oficialuri winasityvaobis gareSe. arcmisi oficialurad miRebis raime angariSgasawevi proceduraSemdgara. dokumentis gamoqveynebis Semdeg ki qveynis lide-rebma igi erTgvarad miiviwyes. oficialuri pirebi acxadebdnen,rom erovnuli usafrTxoebis sabWo ganagrZobda erovnuliusafrTxoebis koncefciis teqstze muSaobas.

2002 wels Tavdacvis saministrom Seqmna sakuTari “TeTriwigni”, Tumca misi daniSuleba SedarebiT mokrZalebuli iyo.igi ISAB-is rekomendaciebis pasuxad daiwera. “TeTri wigni”aRwerda SeiaraRebuli Zalebis organizaciul satruqturas,xazs usvamda samxedro sakiTxebSi samoqalaqo xelisuflebisuzenaesobas da natosTan TanamSromlobis mniSvnelobas. masSigamoxatuli iyo armiis gaZlierebis survili. “TeTri wigni”cdilobda daekonkretebina samxedro Zalebis misiebi, magramqveynis winaSe mdgomi usafrTxoebis gamowvevebis zustisuraTis Seqmnisa da zogadi strategiis artikulirebis gareSe,aseTi mcdeloba xelSesaxeb Sedegs ver moitanda. Tavdacvisada finansTa saministroebs Soris arsebuli davis fonze, “TeTrwigns” verc dafinansebis sakiTxSi Seqonda raime sinaTle. masSi

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arc sxva SeiaraRebul struqturebTan koordinaciaze iyoarsebiTi saubari. Tavdacvis “TeTri wigni” sxva samTavroboinstitutebTan seriozuli konsultaciebis gareSe Seiqmna.dadioda Wori, rom igi Tavdacvis saministros erTi Tu orisaSualo donis TanamSromelis mier daiwera da rom saministroswamyvan Sida struqturebsac ki “TeTri wignis” SeqmnaSiaraviTari qmediTi monawileoba ar miuRiaT.

2003 wlis Sua periodSi erovnuli usafrTxoebis sabWosaparatma erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis sakuTari proeqtiSeimuSava. masSi ISAB-is variantidan ramodenime idea iyonasesxebi, magram mTlianobaSi axali versia gansxvavebuli iyoda Tanac, arc Tu ukeTesobis mimarTulebiT. erovnuli uSiSro-ebis sabWos aparatis versia37 bevr Temas moicavda. amaTganzogierTi naklebad Seefereboda usafrTxoebis Tematikas. asemagaliTad, avtorebi saubrobdnen mrewvelobisa da soflismeurneobis tradiciuli dargebis aRdgenis saWiroebaze. amasTan,teqsti ar akonkretebda samxedro misiebs. proeqtSi xazgasmuliiyo natoSi gawevrianebis ganzraxva, magram sagareo urTi-erTobebis daxasiaTebisas, avtorebi ar iZleodnen qveynis winaSemdgomi gamowvevebis da maTze reagirebis meqanizmebis realurSefasebebs. ruseTTan urTierTobis sakiTxebSi koncefciasaocar aradiplomatiurobas iCenda. garda amisa, koncefciisproeqtSi arsebiTad moviwyebuli iyo adamianTa uflebebisdacvisa da demokratizaciis Temebi. sanacvlod, dokumentSiaRniSnuli iyo, rom saqarTvelos eZleoda SesaZleblobaeSenebina sulieri prioritetebisa da kulturuli identurobisSesaferisi saxelmwifo. amas mosdevda ambiciuri miznebis mTeliCamonaTvali, Tumda, maTi ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebisSefasebis gareSe. ase magaliTad, naTqvami iyo, rom Crdilovaniekonomikis wili erTobliv Sida produqtSi 15-20%-mde undaSemcirebuliyo, magram ar Canda amis miRwevis gza. aseve araferiiyo naTqvami imaze, Tu ra efeqti unda moexdina msgavs processTavdacvis sferos dafinansebaze.

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arsebiTad, axali proeqti ar iZleobda erovnuli usa-frToebis prioritetebis, strategiuli arCevanis, riskisanalizis mkafio da konkretul suraTs. igi ar ansxvavebdaerTmaneTisagan safrTxeebs, riskebsa da gamowvevebs.

es iyo erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis bolo proeqti,romelic SevardnaZis mTavrobam SeimuSava. winamorbedebismsgavsad, arc igi iqca oficialur dokumentad. misi Seqmnisperiodi SevardnaZis reJimis Rrma kriziss daemTxva. Tavdacvisada usafrTxoebis politikaSi perzidenti sxvadasxva moqiSpeZalebs Soris meryeobda, da politikuri koncefciebis nacvladpirovnul gadarCenaze fiqrobda.

mmarTvelobis bolo periodSi SevardnaZe sakmaod ambiva-lenturi gaxda SeerTebuli Statebisa da evrokavSiris mimarT.igi Znelad egueboda demokratiuli opoziciis kritikas,romelic dasavleTSi mzard TanagrZnobas naxulobda. para-lelurad, 2002 wlis miwurulisaTvis SevardnaZis mTavrobasruseTTan urTierTobebis daregulirebis gazrdili mondomebaetyoboda. 2002 wlis dekemberSi, euTos sagareo saqmeTaministrebis lisabonis Sexvedraze saqarTvelos delegacianaklebad momTxovni Canda rusuli bazebis gayvanis sakiTxSi.amasTan dakavSirebiT euTos erTerTi maRali Tanamdebobis piriprivatul saubarSi aRniSnavda, rom araTanamimdevruloba dagamWvirvaleobis nakleboba asustebda saqarTvelos pozicias.38

saqarTvelos sagareo politikis es cvalebadoba droSiemTxveoda qveyanaSi moqmedi dasavleTeli investorebissaqmianobis Sekvecas,39 da qveynis ekonomikis strategiulseqtorebSi rusuli saxelmwifo biznesis momZlavrebas.

SevardnaZis saqarTvelo mankier wreSi imyofeboda:samxedro sferoSi arsebuli uwesrigoba aferxebda strate-giuli xedvis formulirebas; erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncef-ciis ararseboba ki arTulebda samxedro reformis process.

38 OSCE oficialuri piri, konfidencialuri interviu avtorTan, ianvari 200339 magaliTad, amerikurli energo-kompania AES , romelmac daarsa axladprivatizirebuli energokompania e.i.s.-Telasi.

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SevardnaZis reJimis bolo wels Tavdacvis sistemis gardaqmnisprocesi kvlavac ar misdevda ISAB-is rekomendaciebis qargas.armiis ricxovneba Semcirda, magram 20000 kaci jer kideviricxeboda saxemwifo biujetis kmayofaze - 6000-7000-iT metividre rekomendaciiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. uSiSroebissaministros yofili specialuri saSturmo brigada SinagansaqmeTa saministroSi iyo integrirebuli, rac winaaRmdegobaSimodioda ISAB-is rCevebTan Sinagan saqmeTa saministrossamoqalaqo-sapolicio uwyebad gardaqmnis Taobaze. Sesabamisirekomendaciebis miuxedavad, sasazRvro Zalebic samxedrostruqturad rCeboda.

SevardnaZe sami mizezis gamo ver arTmevda Tavs Tavdacvissistemis demokratiuli reformirebis amocanas:

1. rTuli politikuri garemos samarTavad man kontrolisparaleluri xazebis korufciuli qseli Seqmna. erovnuliusafrTxoebis mkafio koncefcia ki xels Seuwyobda gamWvir-valeobas, riTac safrTxe Seeqmneboda aRniSnul qsels.

2. misi mudmivi meryeoba dasavlur da rusul arCevansSoris arTulebda usafrTxoebis starategiis SemuSavebas dasamxedro reformis usafrTxoebis politikasTan koordi-nirebas. erTis mxriv SevardnaZes eSinoda, rom calsaxaddasavluri orientacia ruseTTan dapirispirebas gaamwvavebda.meores mxriv ki igi kvlavac amyarebda imedebs ruseTis daxmare-baze qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis saqmeSi.

3. SevardnaZe zedapirulad Tu iziarebda demokratiulRirebulebebs. es zedapiruloba kargad Canda mis damo-kidebulebaSi korufciisadmi, iseve rogorc marTmadideblurieklesiisaTvis miniWebul fiskalur, ekonomikur da politikurprivilegiebSi. evropiaSi integracia misTvis ufro instru-mentaluri, vidre Sinagani, ideologiuri amocana iyo. 1999 wlismiwuruls igi acxadebda, rom saqme saqarTvelos evropul Turusul orientaciaSi ki ar iyo, aramed imaSi Tu vin rasmogvcemda sanacvlod.40

40 gaz. “evropa”, dekemberi 25-31, 1999


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aseTi donis progmatizmi araefeqturubis uSualo mizezswarmoadgenda. nebismieri saxelmwifo, ragind susti da pataraunda iyos igi, unda mkafio valdebulebebs iRebdes mokav-Sireebisa da keTilismyofelebis winaSe. mxolod maSin undaelodos igi grZelvadian da Tanasworuflebian TanamSrom-lobas. SevardnaZem verc erT mxaresTan ver moaxerxa amgvariurTierTsasargeblo TanamSromlobis awyoba. Sesabamisad, igiver akmayofilebda qveynis moqalaqeTa Zireul moTxov-nilebebs, ris gareSedac Tavdacvisa Tu usafrToebis erovnulisistemac saxalxo mxardaWeras iyo moklebuli.

yovelive amis Sedegad, misive gamozrdilma samxedro dasapolicio wreebma uari ganacxades prezidentis dacvaze,rodesac am ukanasknels xalxi daupirispirda. 2003 wlisnoembris revolucia arademokretiuli da gamrudebulisamxedro-samoqalaqo irTierTobebis logikuri Sedegic iyo.iseve rogorc mTeli xalxi, armia da parasamxedro Zalebic aRarcemda pativs asakovan prezidents. samxedro Zalebis marTvisada kontrolis klientelisturi, korumpirebuli, araefeqturisistema uunaro aRmoCnda kritikul situaciaSi samoqmedod.opoziciis liderebs ki, piriqiT, dasavluri orientaciis mqoneenergiul da aranakleb ukmayofilo oficrebTan molaparakebiskargi SesaZleblobebi exsnebodaT. SevardnaZes rom xalxiswinaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyeneba gadaewyvita, Sedegi Zalianbundovani iqneboda, misi piradi bed-iRbali ki albaT ufrotragikulad warimarTeboda.

samxedro reforma vardebis revoluciis

Semdeg

post SevardnaZiseuli epoqa mxolod axlaxans daiwyo dawinaswar Znelia imis gansja, Tu ramdenad Sors mimavali iqnebaprocesebi Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis sferoSi. Tumca axalimTavrobis rig gancxadebebsa da iniciativebSi pozitiuriZvrebis perspeqtiva SeiniSneba. axal SesaZleblobebs qmnis

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SeerTebuli Statebisa da evrokavSiris daxmarebis axalitalRa.

damaimedebeli pirveli nabijebi Semdegia: prezidentmamixeil saakaSvilma ramdenjerme xazgasmiT aRniSna, romusafrTxoebis sakiTxebi, maT Soris armiis mSenebloba, saxelm-wifo politikis prioritetia. am gancxadebaTa realuroba kimale Tavdacvis dafinansebis gazrdiT dadasturda. garda amisa,axalma mTavrobam daaarsa specialuri fondi, romlis mizansucxouri da kerZo donaciebis akumulireba da maRali rangisTanamdebobis pirTa xelfasebis gazrda warmoadgenda. Sesaba-misad, xelfasebi sagrZnoblad moemataT Tavdacvis saminis-tros xelmZRvanelebsac. mogvianebiT, xelfasebis mateba mTelsoficerTa korpussac Seexo. mTavroba Seudga samxedro teqnikisremontsa da ganaxlebas.

amerikisa da natos sxva qveynebis teqnikuri daxmarebiTganxorcielebulma samxedro reformam axali stimuli SeiZina.2004 wlis dasawyisSi SeerTebuli Statebidan dabrunebis-Tanave, saakaSvilma ganacxada, rom amerikelebi araTu gaagrZe-lebdnen qarTuli armiis jer kidev SevardnaZis dros wamo-wyebul materialur da teqnikur daxmarebas, aramed natosstandartebiT gawvrTnili 5000 kaciani qveiTi brigadisformirebasac Seuwyobdnen xels. amJamindeli gegmebiT,Tavdacvis saministros SeiaraRebul ZalebSi mimdinareobssruli Semadgenlobis 4 qveiTi brigadis xelaxali formireba.Tavdacvis saministros biujetma 2005 wels 300 milion larsgadaaWarba, rac TiTqmis aTjer metia SevardnaZis mmarTve-lobis droindel dafinansebaze.

axali reJimis damyarebis pirvel TveebSi kidev orimniSvnelovani cvlileba moxda. 2004 wlis martSi miRebuli iqnaTavdacvis saministos axali debuleba, romelic Tavdacvisuwyebis natos standartebiT organizebas isaxavda miznad.saministros reorganizaciis konkretul gegmebze, samxedro dasamoqalaqo funqciebis gamijvnis sqemebze qarTvel kole-gebTan erTad pentagonis mier daqiravebuli kerZo firma“kubiki” da britaneTis Tavdacvis saminitros gundi muSaobda.


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am procesis konkretuli magaliTia erovnuli gvardiisreformirebac. misi sabrZolo nawilebi armiis SemadgenobaSiintegrirda. uSualod gvardia ki amJamad sawrTvneli centebisamaT bazaze momzadebuli rezervis batalionebisagan Sedgeba.

Tavdacvis saministros wamyvan Tanamdebobebze saakaSvilmauprecedento raodenobis samoqalaqo piri daniSna. samoqalaqopiri gaxda Tavdacvis ministric. imavdroulad pensiaze iqnagaSvebuli bevri generali, romelic an ewinaarmdegebodareformas an misi gatarebisaTvis saWiro codnas da gamo-cdilebas ar flobda; ufro axalgazrda oficrebi da samo-qalaqo moxeleebi, romlebmac dasavleTis institutebSigaiares wvrTna, sul ufro mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobdnensamxedro reformis gatarebaSi. ufro metic, reformam axlasxva SeiaraRebuli uwyebebic moicva da mTavrobam rigiparaleluli struqturebic gaaerTiana. saqarTevlos sazRvrisdacvis saxelmwifo departamenti Sinagan saqmeTa saministoSeerTda, ramac safuZveli Cauyara mis samarTaldamcavstruqturad Camoyalibebas. Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosSinagani jarebi ki Tavdacvis saministos gadaeca. daiwyo fiqrisazRvris dacvis departamentis sanapiro dacvisa da Tavdacvissaministros sazRvao Zalebis gaerTianebaze.

usafrTxoebis seqtorSi ukanasknel da yvelaze seriozulsiaxles warmoadgenda saqarTvelos mTavrobis struqturasa dasaqmianobis wesSi 2004 wlis dekemberSi ganxorcielebulisakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi. am cvlilebaTa Tanaxmad daiwyoSinagan saqmeTa saministrosa da uSiSroebis saministrosgaerTianeba policiisa da sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebissaministrod. paralelurad, calke gamoiyo da uSualodprezidents daeqvemdebara sagareo dazvervis uwyeba.

navaraudevia, rom amgvari zomebi xels Seuwyobs saqarT-velos TanamSromlobas natosTan da gaaumjobesebs usafrT-xoebisa da Tavdacvis sistemis marTvisa da kontrolismeqanizmebs. integraciisa da jarebis ricxovnobis Semcirebas,saboloo jamSi finansebis dazogvac unda mohyves. seqtorisgamWvirvaleobisa da angariSgebis gasazrdelad, demokratiuli

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samxedro-samoqalaqo urTierTobebis gansavitareblad 2004wlis manZilze mimdinareobda mTavrobis warmomadgenelTa dasamoqalaqo organizaciebis dialogi. navaraudevi iyo sazoga-doebrivi sabWoebis Seqmna calkeul Zalovan uwyebebSi.

samxedro da parasamxedro Zalebis reformis paralelurad,saakaSvilma mkafiod daadastura qveynis natoSi gawevrianebissurvili. misi azriT, es gawevrianebis procesi sul ramodenimewels gastans. manve ganacxada, rom saqarTvelos strategiulmizans evrokavSirSi gawevrianebac warmoadgens. 2004 wlisaprilSi uwyebaTaSorisma specialurma jgufma natosTanindivisualuri partniorobis samoqmedo gegma (IPAP) SemuSava.gegma mowonebuli iqna natos Sesabamisi uwyebebis mier.41 IPAP-is axali, postrevoluciuri versia logikur axsnas uZebnissamxedro sferoSi zemoTxsenebul reformebs da natosstandartebis misaRwevad iTxovs konkretul teqnikurdaxmarebas. imavdroulad, samoqmedo gegma kidev erTxelusvams xazs saqarTvelos evroatlantikur erTobaSi inte-grirebis survils, regionalur TanamSromlobis mniSvnelobas,demokratiisamdi da sabazro ekonomikis principebisadmierTgulebas, eTnikuri konfliqtebis mSvidobiani mogvarebisualternativobas. amrigad, IPAP-ma asaxa erovnuli usafrT-xoebis koncefiis Sesaferisi mTeli rigi sakiTxebi.

amasTan erTad saakaSvilma jvarosnuli omi gamoucxadaorganizebul danaSaulsa da korupcias. brZola am, erovnulimasStabis safrTxeebTan manamde uCveulo energiiT warimarTa.SevardnaZis epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli maRalCinosnebisa daorganizebuli danaSaulis xelmZRvanelTa dausjeloba war-

41 am dokumentis erTerTi avtori, saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebissabWos aparatis TanamSromeli, interviu avtorTan, 2004 wlis aprili.jer kidev SevardnaZis administracias qonda aRebuli amgvari gegmisSemuSavebis valdebuleba, magram maSin es valdebuleba ganuxor-cielebeli darCa. noembris revoluciis win SevardnaZis mTavrobamSeimuSava IPAP-is pirveli versia, magram natos eqspertebma igi metadzedapirulad miiCnies. (saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministroswarmomadgeneli, interviu avtorTan, 2003 wlis dekemberi).


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suls bardeboda. magaliTisaTvis, daapatimres rkinigzissaxelmwifo samsaxuris yofili ufrosi akaki CxaiZe. igive bediewia parlamentis yofil wevr giorgi kenWaZes, romelickriminalur samyarosTan kavSirebiT iyo cnobili. dakavebuliiqna afrasiZeebis krinimaluri nabda, romelic svanTismaRalmTiani sofeli eweridan axorcielebda kriminalursaqmianobas mTeli saqarTelos masStabiT.

da mainc, naadrevia am cvlilebebs Seuqcevad xasiaTzesaubari. amasTan erTad, usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis sferoSikvlav rCeba mniSvnelovani xarvezebi:

samxedro sistemaze samoqalaqo kontroli arasakmarisaddemokratiulia da zedmeti paralelizmiT xasiaTdeba. 2004wlis TebervalSi, axalma mTavrobam, parlamentis TiTqmiserTsulovani TanxmobiT, konstituciaSi cvlileba Seitana.SemoRebuli iqna premier-ministris Tanamdeboda da, garkveulSemTxvevebSi, prezidentis parlamentis daTxovnis uflebamieniWa. zogierTi mosazrebiT, am cvlilebebma Seasustesparlamentis roli, maT Soris, samxedro Zalebze samoqalaqokontrolis sferoSic. SesaZloa es mosazreba gadaWarbebuliciyos, magram faqtia, rom Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis sfe-roebSi politikuri organoebis funqciaTa aRrevidan momdi-nare problematika ar amowurula.

magaliTisaTvis, axla parlaments aqvs ufleba undoblobagamoucxados calkeul ministrs an mTlian kabinets, TumdadaTxovnis riskad. premier-ministris postis SemoReba kiaRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi marTvisa da kontrolis para-lelizmis mizezi xdeba: saministroebs premier-ministri uwevskurirebasa da koordinirebas, magram prezidenti inarCunebsuflebas daiTxovos Tavdacvisa da policiisa da sazoga-doebrivi usafrTxoebis ministrebi premier-ministris Tanx-mobis gareSec. amavdroulad, prezidenti rCeba SeiaraRebuliZalebis uzenaes sardlad da erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWosTavmjdomared. sagangebo SemTxvevebSi prezidenti ministrTakabinetis sxdomebsac Tavmjdomareobs. aseTi paralelizmi TufunqciaTa urTierTgadafarva qmnis “subieqturi” samoqalaqo

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kontrolis risks, romlis Sesaxebac adre iyo saubari.metic, Tavdacvis samistros xelmZRvaneloba ganicdida

uCveulod xSir cvlilebebs. 2005 w. TebervalSi Tavdacvisministrma, romelic Tavad iyo rigiT meoTxe ministri revo-luciis Semdeg, generaluri Stabis yvela direqtoratisxelmZRvanelTa gadadgoma moiTxova. misive moTxovniT gadadgageneraluri Stabis ufrosic. generaluri Stabis axali ufrosad,agreTve meoTxed revoluciis Semdeg, polkovniki levannikolaiSvili dainiSna. am SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebiT ori ramiyo SemaSfoTebeli. jer erTi, aseTi cvlilebebi xelmZRva-nelobis arastabilurobaze mianiSnebda. meorec, ministrismoTxovna, savaraudod, arakanonieri iyo, radgan ministrs araqvs ufleba generaluri Stabis ufross gadadgoma aiZulos.kanonis Tanaxmad, generaluri Stabis ufrosis daniSvna dagaTavisufleba przidentis prerogativaa. arsebiTad, saqarT-velos Tavdacvis politikaSi bolo dromde narCundebodarevoluciuri qaosisa da qvazi-kanonierebis nazavi.

2005 wlis gazafxulze natom individualuri partniorobissamoqmedo gegmis mimdinareobis pirveladi Sefaseba gana-xorciela. procesi ZiriTadad klasificirebulia da, Sesa-bamisad, bevri ram ucnobia am Sefasebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb.mTavroba acxadebs, rom natos eqspertebi gaocebuli arianreformebis warmatebuli tempebiT da SeiaraRebuli Zalebisgazrdili brZolisunarianobiT. Tumca, imavdroulad, rigikonfidencialuri wyaroebis cnobiT, natos eqspertebs bevrikiTxvebi uCndebaT saqarTvelos Tavdacvis sistemaSi dageg-mvisa da sabrZolo aRWurvilobis Sesyidvebis racionalu-robasTan dakavSirebiT.

am viTarebaSi mniSvnelovania erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWosrolis mkafiod gansazRvra. es procesi 2004 wels daiwyo daimedismomcem pirvel nabijad SeiZleba is garemoeba CeiTvalos,rom erovnuli usafrTxoebis sabWos pirvelma post-revo-luciurma mdivanma - vano merabiSvilms, erovnuli usafrT-xoebis koncefciis SemuSavebaSi rCevisaTvis arasamTavroboorganizaciebsa da samoqalaqo eqpertTa sazogadoebas mimar-


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Ta.42 samwuxarod, misi Semcvleli gela beJuaSvili nakleb inte-ress iCens akademiur wreebsa da sazogadoebriv organiza-ciebTan TanamSromlobis mimarT.

manam, sanam samuSao dasrulebul formas miiRebs dasaqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis oficialuri koncefciaeqneba,43 prezidentma, premier-ministrma da marTveli nacio-naluri moZraoba - demokratebis xelmZRvanelebam pasuxi undagasces Semdeg kiTxvebs: rogor da rodis unda mogvardesrusuli bazebis saqarTveloSi yofnis sakiTxi; rogor gegmavssaqarTevlos mTavroba separirebuli, ukontrolo teri-toriebis problemis mogvarebas; rogor apirebs mTavrobaqveynis energetikuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofas; razomebia misaRebi ukiduresi siRaribis, jerac daumarcxebelikorupciisa da organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg; ra undagakeTdes religiuri da eTnikuri Seuwynareblobis prob-lemebis mosagvareblad, romelic kvlavac sakmaodaa gamjdarisaqarTvelos socialur da politikur sistemaSi; ra gziTSeiZleba am yvelafris da usafrTxoebis sxva sakiTxebismogvarebisaTvis saWiro resursebis mozidva; ra konkretulimisiebi ekisreba usafrTxoebis da Tavdacvis uwyebebs?

Tu sabolood ar gairkva ruseT - saqrTvelos urTierTobebiTavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis sferoSi; Tu ar iqna mkafiod

42 erovnuli usafrTxoebis sabWos aparatis warmomadgeneli. interviuavtorTan, aprili, 200443 sanam wigni dasabeWdad mzaddeboda, saqarTvelos xelisuflebamSeimuSava da miiRo didi xnis nanatri erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefcia.samuSaos daCqarebaSi didi wvlili Seitana parlamentis Tavdacvisa dausafrTxoebis komitetma. aRsaniSnavia, rom koncefciis SemuSavebissaboloo etapze, avtorebma uSiSroebis sabWos aparatidan moawyvesproeqtis ganxilvebi arasamTavrobo seqtoris monawileobiT. miuxedavadimisa, rom miRebul dokumentSi kvlav aris sakamaTo adgilebi, romelTaganxilvis saSualeba dasabeWdad gamzadebul wignSi aRaraa, rogorckoncefciis SemuSavebis procesi, ise dokumentis Sinaarsi udavodwingadadgmuli nabijia Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis seqtoris reformi-rebis gzaze. amave dros, miRweuli iqna progresi molaparakebebSi rusulibazebis Taobaze. mTavrobam gadadga axali nabijebi konfliqtebismogvarebis gegmaTa SemuSavebis mimarTulebiTac.

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Camoyalibebuli samxedro Zalebis roli qveynis teritoriulimTlianobis aRdgenis saqmeSi; da Tu swrafi tempiT ar ganxor-cieldeba sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri, samarT-lebriv-politikuri da kulturuli modernizacia, samxedroreforma - Tundac saukeTeso eqspertebis xelmZRvanelobiT -mkvdrad Sobili darCeba. armiaSi, policiasa da usafrTxoebissxva uwyebebSi wlebis manZilze fexmokidebulma korufciam dafavoritizmma serozuli dartyma ganicada. Tumca gasake-Tebeli jerac bevria da reformis procesSi gaCenili nebismieribzari kvlav aaRorZinebs Zvel praqtikas.44

farTomaStabiani agresiis safrTxe saqarTevlos uaxloesmomavalSi arsaidan ar emuqreba. ragind gaRizianebuli ar undaiyvnen rusi politikosebi saqarTvelos prodasavluri arCe-vaniT, farTomaStabiani intervenciis albaTaoba Zalian mcirea.miTumetes, roca maT SeuZliaT saqarTveloze zewolis nair-feri ekonomikuri da politikuri berketebis amoqmedeba.aqedan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelic rom iyos, saqarTvelosaTvismainc ar aqvs azri mravalricxovani tradiciuli armiisformirebas.

sinamdvileSi qveyanas esaWiroeba msubuqi da SedarebiTmcirericxovani profesionaluri samxedro Zala, romelicSeZlebs akontrolos mTiani da zRvis pira sazRvrebi. amavedros, saqarTvelos unda yavdes gasamxedroebuli formirebebiorganizebul kriminalur jgufebTan sabrZolvelad. samxedroZalebis nawili SesaZloa warmatebiT iqnas gamoyenebulisaerTaSoriso samSvidobo misiebSi, risi magaliTebic ukvesaxezea. amgvar operaciebSi monawileoba saqarTvelos aZlevsSanss Tavisi wvlili Seitanos saerTaSoriso stabilurobisa dausafrTxoebis saqmeSi. ufro hipoTeturi, farTomaStabianisafrTxeebisaTvis mosamzadeblad ki upriani iqneboda sare-zervo Zalebis gaZliereba. sarezervo Zalebi, Tavisi mokle-vadiani wrTvnebiT, SeiZleba pozitiur faqtorad iqces

44 saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministros warmomadgenlebi. interviuavtorTan, aprili, 2004.


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saqarTvelos mravaleTnikuri mosaxleobis Tanamedrovesamoqalaqo erad gardaqmnis saqmeSi.

Tu korufcia sabolood iqna aRmofxvrili da moxdamenejmentis sistemis optimizacia, saqarTvelos TavisimokrZalebuli resursebiTac ki SeeZleba 15 000 –20 000profesionali jariskacis Senaxva, rasac rezervistTa kon-tigenti daemateba. Tumca, yovelive es kvlav gvaxsenebssaqarTvelos ZiriTad saSinao problematikas - maT Soris winaxelisuflebisagan naanderZev da jerac dasaregulirebelsamxedro-samoqalaqo urTierTobis problemebs. Tu axalimTavroba gawonasworebulad da mizanmimarTulad imoqmedebssamoqalaqo demokratiuli kontrolis efeqturi meqanizmebisdasamkvidreblad, qveyanas namdvilad eqneba uzrunvelyofiliSedarebiTi, magram gazrdili da adeqvaturi usafrTxoeba.

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saqarTvelo da ruseTi:

rTuli gza urTierTgagebisaken

jaba devdariani

ruseTsa da saqarTvelos urTierTobebis gaumjobesebismorigi SesaZlebloba 2004 wlis ianvarSi miecaT, rodesacaxladarCeulma prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma ruseTsurTierTobebis sufTa furclidan dawyeba SesTavaza. ruse-Tisadmi undobloba mis bevr mezobels axasiaTebs, maT Sorisbaltiispira qveynebs da azerbaijansac. TumcaRa sityvieri Turealuri dapirispirebis doniTa da intensivobiT saqarTvelosada ruseTs Soris urTierToba mainc gamorCeulia. maS raganapirobebs aseT daZabulobas?

rTuli istoriis mqone mezoblebs Soris jansaRi urTi-erTobis Camoyalibebas am qveynebSi sakuTari SesaZleblobebisrwmenis ganmtkiceba sWirdeba. samwuxarod, sabWoTa kavSirisrRvevam sakuTari Tavis rwmena orive axladSeqmnil saxelm-wifos gauqarva. 90–iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi ruseTic dasaqarTvelos TviTSegnebis kriziss ganicdida. saqarTvelosmmarTvelma elitam Zalaufleba ruseTis imperiuli klanWe-bidan gaTavisuflebis droSis qveS moipova. ruseTis imperiaSigaerTianebidan moyolebuli, Tanamedrove qarTuli nacio-naluri azroneba ruseTisagan enobrivi, teritoriuli dareligiuri damoukideblobis ideis garSemo yalibdeboda.sabWoTa kavSiris periodma ruseTis mimarT jer kidev imperiulperiodSi Camoyalibebuli wyena da undobloba kidev ufroganamtkica. qarTuli elita Tavis interesebs sul ufro xSiradganixilavda ruseTis interesebTan SeuTavseblad. ruseTiselitisaTvis, samxreT kavkasiaze kontrolis dakargva mtkiv-

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neuli movlena iyo, xolo ruseTis mimarT radikaluradganwyobili qarTuli nacionalizmi damatebiT gamRizianebelswarmoadgenda.

undoblobis am konteqtSi SeuZlebeli gaxda uSiSroebisumniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebis konstruqciuli ganxilva. saqarT-velo ruseTs safrTxed aRiqvamda, xolo ruseTi eWviTekideboda saqarTvelos swrafvas natosaken da kavSirebisgaRrmavebas ruseTis istoriul metoqe TurqeTTan. liderebsSoris piradma mtrobam ki komunikacia SeuZlebeli gaxada.saqarTvelos susti mmarTvelebi sazogadoebis mxardaWerasantirusuli propagandiT moipovebdnen. arCevnebi ruseTismimarT radikaluri gancxadebebis Sejibrad iqca, moskovsmiewereboda yvela arsebuli da ararsebuli codva. ekonomikurda politikur warumateblobas saqarTvelos mTavroba ruseTsmiawerda, magram ekonomikuri da politikuri sisuste ruseTisyvelaze agresiul elementebs qveynis Sida politikaSi Casare-vad uxsnida gzas.

am viTarebaSi, ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris pragmatuliTanamSromlobisaTvis adgili ar darCa. Tumca dRes orifaqtori mainc aaxloebs or saxelmwifos. pirveli, mmarTvelifenis TandaTanobiTi cvlaa. politikosTa axal Tobas piradiwyenis naklebi safuZveli gaaCnia. rac ufro mniSvnelovania,Seicvala regionuli da saerTaSoriso konteqsti. mezobeli daufro Soreuli saxelmwifoebi, saerTaSoriso organizaciebi,biznesi sul ufro met gavlenas axdens samxreT kavkasiisregionze. navTobisa da sxva energomatareblebis tranzitmaregioni ufro Rirebuli gaxada. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebissul ufro meti monawilea dainteresebuli aq stabilurobisSenarCunebiT. naTelia, rom saerTo problemebis gadawyvetaTanamSromlobis gziTaa SesaZlebeli. saerTaSoriso tero-rizmis safrTxem usafrTxoebis aRqma Secvala. saqarTvelosmoqalaqeebis mier ruseTidan gadmoricxuli Tanxebis raode-nobam da saqarTveloSi ruseTis energetkulma interesebmadaaaxloa ori qveynis mTavrobebi. moskovSic da TbilisSicukanasknel xanebSi cdiloben mcired mainc gaaumjobeson

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urTierToba. TumcaRa, dReisaTvis damaSoriSorebeli mizezebiiseTive Zlieria rogorc damaaxloebeli, rac realur progressxels uSlis.

es Tavi saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris konfliqtismizezebis analiziT iwyeba da dapirispirebis or dones exeba:TviTSegnebis kriziss, romelic orive qveyanaSi 90–iani wlebisdasawyiss daemTxva da usafrTxoebis Ziebas 90–iani wlebis Suaxanebsa da dasasruls. Tavis SuawelSi ormxriv urTierTobebSiaxali pragmatizmis Ziebas SevexebiT. Tavis dasasruls saerTomidgomis gamonaxvis or konkretul magaliTze SevCerdebiT.

TviTSegnebis ZiebaSi

ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris daZabulobis zrda 80–ianiwlebis dasawyiss ukavSirdeba, rodesac sabWoTa kavSirisrRvevis Semdeg orive saxelmwifo Tavis axal, damoukidebelTviTSegnebas ayalibebda. am rTul da mtkivneul procesSiruseTi da saqarTvelo TviTmyofadobis Zireulad gansxva-vebuli formisaken iswrafvodnen. daZabulobam qveynebs Sorispiks miaRwia 1994 wlisaTvis, magram undobloba da masTandakavSirebuli radikaluri (Tumca xSirad araTanmimdevruli)ritorika arasodes ganelebula. Rirebulebebs Soris amgvarikonfliqtebi metad rTuli gadasalaxia, radgan rogorc jefrirubini aRniSnavs, maTi „gadawyveta mxolod maSin SeiZleba TukierTi mxare meores azris Secvlis aucileblobaSi daarwmunebsda ara molaparakebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kompromisebisgziT.”1 amave mizeziT rTuldeba konfliqtis aRwera pragma-tuli politikis enaze, radgan erTi SexedviT politikuradumniSvnelo movlenebi, romlebic „normalur” urTierTobebzegavlenas ver moaxdendnen, magaliTad erTi calkeuli statia,gamonaTqvami Tu telegadacema, dapirispirebuli Rirebu-

1 Jeffrey Z. Rubin. Models of Conflict Management. – Journal of Social Studies, vol. 50,no. 1 (1994), pp. 33–45.

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lebebisa da miznebis konteqstSi gadaWarbebul reaqcias iwvevs.anTropologiaSi miRebuli „koleqtiuri TviTSegnebis”

gansazRvreba am fenomenis aRsawerad gamogvadgeba. „koleq-tiuri TviTSegneba” sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis zogad, gaziare-bul koncefcias gulisxmobs anu „koordinatTa uzogadessistemas romelic warmarTavs socialur qmedebas.”2 saqarT-velosa da ruseTis Tanamedrove „eri–saxelmwifoebis”TviTSegneba mniSvnelovanwilad imperiuli ruseTisa dasabWoTa kavSiris farglebSi ziari istoriis Sedegad Camoya-libda, magram am erebma gansxvavebuli SinaarsiT datvirTesTanacxovrebis es gamocdileba. TviTSegneba, „meoba”, TavisiarsiT eris cxovrebis miTologizebuli moTxrobaa romelicwarmarTavs da gansazRvravs sazogadoebriv cxovrebas. isaisaxeba werilobiT istoriaSi, xelovnebaSi, literaturasa dasazogadoebis cxovrebis wesSi. am mxriv SegviZlia visaubroT„mTavar miTze,” romelic yvelaze zogad doneze gansazRvravssimbolur samyaros, romlis mixedviTac sazogadoeba afasebs,Tu ra uqmnis safrTxes mis arsebobas da ra gziT unda daupi-rispirdes is am safrTxes.3 es mTavari miTi sakmaod mdgradiunda iyos imisaTvis rom saukuneebis manZilze Camoayalibosda SeinarCunos eris „meoba”, misi TviTSegneba, magram amave drosmisi calkeuli nawilebi mudmivad gadasxvaferdeba da esadagebamimdinare realobas. dramatuli istoriuli movlenebi, rogo-ric iyo magaliTad sabWoTa kavSiris daSla, xSirad istoriisgadafasebas da mTavari miTis safuZvlian modificirebasiwvevs.4

Tanamedrove saqarTvelos TviTSegneba ruseTisagan damo-ukideblobis ideis garSemo Camoyalibda. amitomac, ruseTTan

2 Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatisein the Sociology of Knowledge (New York: Anchor Books, 1967), p. 62.3 Berger and Luckmann. The Social Construction of Reality, p. 62; Margaret R. Somersand Gloria D. Gibson. Dark Thoughts about the Self, in Craig Callhoun, ed. SocialTheory and the Politics of Identity (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994), p. 67.4 Somers and Gibson. Dark Thoughts about the Self, p. 67. aseve Manuel Castells. ThePower of Identity (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1997), p. 31.

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mimarTebis Tema mTavaria erovnuli cnobierebisaTvis da masuzarmazari simboluri datvirTva aqvs politikuri cxovre-bisaTvis imisda miuxedavad, Tu ra gzas adgas Tavad ruseTi.5

saqarTvelos istoriis ruseTis imperiasTan mimarTebaSiinterpretireba qmnis „winaaRmdegobis TviTSegnebas”, rogorcmas manuel kastelsi uwodebs. amgvari TviTSegneba erSi maSinyalibdeba, rodesac is Tavsmoxveul ideologias ewinaaRdegeba,xolo suverenuli kontroli sazogadoebriv da politikurinstitutebze dakargulia. am pirobebSi sazogadoeba parale-lur, TavsmoxveulTan dapirispirebul da avtonomur socia-lur sistemas ayalibebs, aSenebs „dapirispirebisa da TviT-gadarCenis sangrebs” romlebiTac koleqtiuri „Cven” eTno–lingvisturi, religiuri an sxva niSniT emijneba dampyrobel„imaT.”6

meTvramete saukuneSi otomanur da sparsul safrTxesTanmebrZoli saqarTvelo politikuri da fizikuri ganadgurebissafrTxis winaSe idga. ver miipyro ra evropis yuradReba,qarTulma elitam dacva ruseTis imperias sTxova. es arCevanigaziarebulma marTlmadideblobamac gansazRvra, rogorcsaqarTvelos TviTSegnebis erT–erTma elementma. aTwle-ulebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos samxedro–politikurielita rusuli jarebis mxardamxar ibrZoda Crdilo kavkasiaSida didi roli Seasrula Tundac imam Samilis legendaruliajanyebis CaxSobaSi. amave dros, rusuli poeziis, xelovnebisada ganaTlebis wyalobiT qarTuli aristokratia evropulkulturasa da Rirebulebebs eziara.

kulturulma kavSirebma saukuneebs gauZlo, magram poli-tikur–samxedro aliansma did xans ver gastana. imperiulimmarTvelobis pirveli wlebidanve gamoikveTa ukmayofilebarogorc ubralo mosaxleobis, ise aristokratiis mxridan, rac

5 Gia Tarkhan-Mouravi. The Georgian–Abkhazian Conflict in a Regional Context, inBruno Coppieters, Ghia Nodia, and Yuri Anchabadze, eds. Georgia and Abkhazia, TheSearch for a Settlement (Cologne: Sonderveröffentlichung des BIOst, 1998), pp. 90–112, http://poli.vub.ac.be.6 Castells. The Power of Identity, p. 8.


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periodul spontanur Tu dagegmil ajanyebebSi gadaizrdebodaxolme. saqarTvelos feodaluri sistema ver Seegua bevradufro xist rusul models. axalgazrda qarTvelma aristo-kratebma ruseTis universitetebSi aiTvises Tavisuflebisa daliberalizmis evropuli idealebi da mamebis Taobis rusuliarCevanis winaaRmdeg gailaSqres. es konfliqti, romelickargad aisaxa im periodis qarTul literaturaSi, SvilTagamarvebiT dasrulda. mecxramete saukunis bolosaTvis amTaobam xelovnebis, literaturisa da Jurnalistikis meSveobiTerovnul TviTSegnebaSi Semoitana ruseTis mxridan „Ralatis”Tema, Txroba imis Sesaxeb rom imperiuli instinqtebiT moqmedmaruseTma isargebla saqarTvelos sisustiT da dacvis magivradgaauqma damoukidebeli qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba.

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis legitimuroba1918 wels am ideebze gazrdili Taobis Zalisxmevas daeyrdno.rodesac sabWoTa ruseTis jarebma 1921 wels daikaves damou-kidebeli saqarTvelo, saqarTvelos nacionalistebis TvalSisabolood ganmtkicda ruseTis saxe – arasaimedo da mzakvarimezobeli, romelic mudmivad Zirs uTxris qarTvel ersa daqarTul saxelmwifos. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli elita daaristokratia 1920–30–ian wlebSi TiTqmis mTlianad ganad-gurda, qarTveli mwerlebisa da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweebisaxali Taoba 1930–ian, 40–ian Tu 70–ian wlebSi swored mecxra-mete saukunis klasikosebis mier Camoyalibebul „qarTvelobis”gansazRvrebas eydnoboda, anu imperiul mCagvrelTan dapiris-pirebas qadagebda. amgvarad, saqarTvelos mTavari miTi„winaaRmdegobis TviTSegnebis” niadagze aRmocenda.7

ruseTis mimarT damokidebuleba sabWoTa periodis mtkiv-neulma gamocdilebam kidev ufro gaauaresa. 1956 wels sabWoTajarebma cecxli gauxsnes TbilisSi nikita xruSCovis desta-linizaciis politikis mowinaaRmdege demonstrantebs,

7 am sakiTxis ufro detaluri analizisisaTvis, ixileT: Irakli Chkonia.Remaking the Identity Master Myth in Georgia: The Intellectual and Social History ofDiscourse of Modern Georgian Nationalism. gamouqveynebeli naSromi.

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romlebic xruSCovis kampaniis qveteqstad „qarTvelobis”winaaRmdeg Setevas aRiqvamdnen. 1989 wlis 9 aprils sabWoTaSinaganma jarebma daSales damoukideblobis deviziT gamar-Tuli demonstracia, ris Sedegadac oci adamiani daiRupa,ZiriTadad axalgazrda qalebi. am movlenam saqarTveloSidamoukideblobis momxreTa rigebi mkveTrad gazarda.

saqarTvelos ruseTisagan ganTavisufleba 80–iani wlebisbolos gaSlili damoukideblobis moZraobis mTavari mizani iyo.moZraobis liderebi xSirad saubrobdnen „srul damou-kideblobaze,” Tumca am terminis konkretuli arsi arasodesganumartavT. erovnuli moZraoba saZulveli imperiisagangaTavisuflebis instinqts eyrdnoboda. ruseTisadmi undob-loba paranoiis zRvarze gadioda: qarTuli presa, magaliTad,Tvlida rom sabWoTa satelevizio arxebis mier Tbilisis amindisprognozis gadmocema imperiuli azrovnebis nawili iyo, xolodamangreveli miwisZvrebi ruseTis saidumlo miwisqveSalaboratoriebidan imarTeboda.

am fonze, saqarTvelos usafrTxoebisadmi realuri safrT-xe arasworad iyo interpretirebuli. iTvleboda, rom ruseTisCarevis gareSe eTnikur umciresobebTan – gansakuTrebiTafxazebTan da osebTan – Seqmnili daZabuloba TavisTavadganimuxteboda.8 ekonomikur sakiTxebsac ar eqceoda yura-dReba. politikosebi da ubralo moqalaqeebi Tvlidnen, rommaTi gadawyveta advilad moxerxdeboda damoukideblobismiRwevis Semdeg. daubrundes qveynis bunebrivi resursebiqarTvel xalxs da qveynis ekonomikuri keTildReoba Tavis-Tavad uzrunvelyofili iqneba, Tvlida bevri.

mixeil gorbaCovis reformebis dawyebis Semdeg qarTve-lebisaTvis damoukidebloba ara mxolod sasurveli, aramedSesaZlebelic Canda. Tuki qarTuli sazogadoeba amas imediTxvdeboda, ruseTis elitisaTvis sabWouri warsulisaTvis

8 am krebulSi Sesul TavSi gia nodia aRniSnavs, rom eTnikuri umciresobebisafrTxed aRiqvamdnen saqarTvelos saxelmwifos eTnikuri niSnismixedviT gansazRvras.


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zurgis Seqceva ufro rTuli aRmoCnda. ruseTis koleqtiuriTviTSegneba mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli imperiuli „diadisaxelmwifosa” da civi omis droindeli „supersaxelmwifos”statusTan. amgvari TviTSegneba ruseTs evropisagan damou-kidebel erTeulad aRivamda, miuxedavad imisa, rom rusulielita tradiciulad iswrafvoda evropuli kulturulisferosaken. sabWoTa periodSi „mTavari miTi” ruseTs dasavle-Tis gamawonasworebel ideologiur da samxedro Zalad ganixi-lavda. boris dubinis azriT sabWoTa TviTaRqmis mTavarinawilebi 1930–iani wlebidan moyolebuli iyo: „misia” (dasav-leTis gavlenis gawonasworeba), „derJava” (diadi, mravali erisgamaerTianebeli saxelmwifos xatebaze damyarebuli „meoba”)da „sazRvari” (fizikuri gamyofi xazi „Cven”–sa da „imaT”Soris).9 es koncefciebi jer kidev ruseTis imperiis drosCaisaxa, magram stalinis mmarTvelobis periodSi „uzenaesimisiis” imperiuli idea gadaejaWva militaristuli, centra-lizebuli saxelmwifos instituts, romelic mudmiv samkvdro–sasicocxlo brZolaSi iyo kapitalistur dasavleTTan.10

gorbaCovi Seecada garideboda dasavleTis gawonasworebisideas da sabWoTa ekonomika da politikuri institutebidasavlurTan SeTavsebadi gaexada. „mTavari miTi” popularulirCeboda ruseTis sazogadoebaSi da masze „zemodan”Setevam verdaimsaxura saxalxo mxardaWera. konservatiuli elitispolitikuri reaqcia 1991 wlis moskovis putCis saxiT gamoixata.sabWoTa politikuri institutebic zedmetad xisti aRmoCndademokratiul Rirebulebebze gadasawyobad. Sedegad, sabWoTakavSiri daiSala. ase rom, misiis Secvlis mcdelobisas ruseTmasakuTari „meobis” ganmsazRvreli, mravali eris gamaerTianebeli,supersaxelmwifos statusiT damSvenebuli derJava dakarga.

ase rom, ruseTis TviTSegnebis krizisi realurad sabWoTakavSiris daSlis Semdeg daiwyo. boris elcinis administraciam

9 Boris Dubin. Counterweight: Symbolism of the West in Contemporary Russia. – Pro etContra, vol. 8, no. 3 (2004), p. 24.10 Dubin. Counterweight, p. 24.

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Tavidan, 1990–93 wlebSi, ganagrZo dasavleTTan integraciispolitika. axali rusuli elita acxadebda, rom sabWoTa kavSirisdaSla ruseTisaTvis „TviTganTavisuflebis” aqts warmo-adgenda. liberali reformatorebi, egor gaidaris meTaurobiT,Tvlidnen, rom damoukidebeli, dasavleTze orientirebuliruseTi wrafad gadaewyoboda sabazro ekonomikaze da miaR-wevda keTildReobas. maTi azriT, Tuki ruseTs CamoSordebodaCamorCenili, dotaciaze myofi sabWoTa respublikebi qveyanaufro swrafad SeZlebda ganviTarebas da ekonomikuri aRmav-lobis xarjze aRidgenda supersaxelmwifos statuss. ekono-mikuri liberalizmis es idea ruseTSi ver gabatonda. priva-tizaciis gaukuRmarTebulma procesma mxolod kargi kavSi-rebis mqone adamianebis viwro wre gaamdidra da mosaxleobareformatorTa ideebis winaaRmdeg ganawyo. ekonomikuriliberalizmis ideologiam ver Secvala sabWoeTis „mTavarimiTi.”

rus avtorebs Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa am waruma-teblobis mizezebis ZiebaSi. zogierTi Tvlis, rom indivi-dualur aqtivobaze damyarebuli ekonomikuri keTildReobisidea ucxoa rusuli, koleqtivisturi sazogadoebisaTvis,romelic sulier Rirebulebebs materialur keTildReobazemaRla ayenebs. sxvebi Tvlian, rom dasavleTTan integrirebisidea zedmetad radikalurad ewinaaRmdegeboda rusulisaxelmwifos tradiciul TviTSegnebas, rac dasavleTisgawonasworebas gulisxmobs. sazogadoebrivi azris 1996 welsCatarebuli gamokiTxvis Tanaxmad, ruseTis gamokiTxulimoqalaqeebis 20% Tvlida rom maTi saxelmwifo sabWoTakavSiris msgavsad unda aewyos, 47% mxars „tradiciul rusul”cxovrebis wess uWerda da mxolod 11%–s surda ruseTisdasavlur yaidaze gadawyoba. amave dros, 1997 wels ruseTisgamokiTxul moqalaqeTa 51% Tvlida, rom dasavleTi „ruseTismetoqea” romelic „sakuTari problemebis ruseTis xarjzemogvarebas cdilobs da zians ayenebs ruseTis interesebs.”11

11 Dubin. Counterweight, p. 27


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rodesac axalma ideologiam fexi ver moikida, ruseTissazogadoeba imperiuli periodis miTebsa da simboloebsmiubrunda. aRmosavleT evropis socialisturi saxelmwi-foebisaTvis am periodSi saerTod damaxasi12aTebeli iyosakuTar fesvebTan mibruneba. Tumca, aRmosavleTi evropisagangansxvavebiT ruseTis wina–sabWouri warsuli kapitlisturi,demokratiuli institutebis mqone eri–saxelmwifo ki ara,mravalerovnuli teritoriuli imperia iyo. Sesabamisad,fesvebisaken mibruneba imperiuli simboloebis (da masTn erTadderJavnikuli ritorikis) aRorZinebas daukavSirda. ruseTisevro–integraciul politikas saboloo wertili 1994 wels,CeCneTis pirveli omis dawyebisas daesva. dasavleTma dakargaruseTis swrafi demokratizaciisa da ekonomikuri libera-lizaciis imedi.

axali saqarTvelossa da axali ruseTis „mTavri miTebi”erTmaneTs Riad upirispirdeboda. saqarTvelosaTvis, sabWoTakavSiris daSla xsna iyo, gaTavisufleba „maTgan” vis wina-aRmdegac qarTvelebi sakuTar TviTSegnebas grZnobiTa daTiTqmis paranoidaluri daJinebiT agebdnen. ruseTis elitisudidesi nawili mZimed ganicida sabWoTa kavSiris kraxs, radganaman saxelmwifo TviTSegnebis safuZvlebi Searyia. saqarTveloruseTis „mTavari miTisaTvis” Tavidan mxolod umniSvneloelementi iyo, magram TviTSegnebis krizisis periodSi ruseTiufro mgrZnobiare gaxda saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis mimarT.

kavkasiis dapyroba da Tbili zRvebisaken gafarToeba,„veluri erebis ganaTleba” rusuli imperiuli misiis ganuyo-feli nawili iyo. am ideis garSemo igeboda rusuli literaturisudidesi warmomadgenlebis, puSkinis, lermontovis, tolstoisnawarmoebebis mniSvnelovani nawili. saqarTvlos xisti daSeurigebeli TviTgamorkveva Riad upirispirdeboda am miTo-logias. saqarTvelo uars ambobda derJavis nawilad yofnaze.metic, is Riad acxadebda, rom Tavis Tavs „sazRvris” ruseTis

12 Dmitri Trenin. Identity and Integration: Russia and the West in the 21st Century. – Proet Contra, vol. 8, no. 3 (2004), p. 11.

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sapirispiro, dasavlur mxareze aRiqvamda. kidev uaresi, zviadgamsaxurdias romantikul–nacionalisturi ritorika samxreTda CrdiloeT kavkasiis erTobas qadagebda da ruseTis imperiuluflebebs ukve TviT ruseTis federaciis SigniT upiris-pirdeboda. rac ar unda ararealisturi yofiliyo am gegmebisganxorcieleba, ruseTSi maT gazviadebuli SiSiT ekidebodnen.13

„pan–kavkasiur” moZraobaze saubari xom ruseTSi yofiliregionuli metoqis, TurqeTis ekonomikuri da politikurigavlenis zrdas ukavSirdeboda.

strategiuli xedvebisa da ideologiuri mrwamsis SeuTav-sebloba ar gamoricxavda TanamSromlobis garkveul donesgamsaxurdiasa da elcinis administraciebs Soris. Tumca,TviTSegnebis ufro Rrma konfliqti gamoricxavda ndobas da,Sesabamisad, realur progress am urTierTobebSi. ruseTTankonfrontacia qarTuli politikis ZiriTad Temad darCa.gamsaxurdias mTavroba ruseTTan brZolas saxelmwifosmSeneblobis nebismier sxva amocanaze maRla ayenebda, racsaziano aRmoCnda qveynis ganviTarebisaTvis. magaliTad,gamsaxurdias mTavrobas metad aSinebda ruseTis uSiSroebissamsaxurisa da komunisturi nomenklaturis zegavlenaqveyanaSi mimdinare procesebze. Sedegad, profesiuli elitisada inteligenciis didi nawili, romlebsac ruseTTan kultu-ruli da profesiuli kavSirebi hqondaT, saxifaTo kolabo-racionistebad iracxebodnen.14 mTavrobis yuradReba konkre-tuli ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebis gadawyvetidankudianebze aseT nadirobaze iyo gadarTuli. amave mizeziT,gamsaxurdias mTavrobas gaemijna gamocdili administraciulikadrebis didi nawili saxelmwifo institutebs SigniT, ramacpolitikurad daniSnul ministrebsa da maT nomenklaturul

1 Liz Fuller. New Geopolitical Alliances on Russia’s Southern Rim. – RFE/RL Newsline,April 16, 1997, http://www.rferl.org/newsline/1997/04/160497.asp.2 zviad gamsaxurdia saqarTveloSi da abulfaz elCibei azerbaijanSicdilobdnen daSorebodnen “wiTel inteligencias”, risi ukuefeqtic“elitebis gaucxoeba” gaxda.


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xelqveiTebs Soris mudmivi daZabuloba moitana. elitebisamgvar gaucxoebas logikurad mohyva gamsaxurdias mTavrobisdamxoba.15

msgavsadve, gamsaxurdia da misi administracia afxazeTsa dasamxreT oseTs mxolod ruseTis marionetebad aRiqvamdnen.Sedegad, am avtonomiebis elitebis moTxovnebs yuradReba areqceoda da ormxrivi kavSirebi maTTan ZiriTadad blokirebuliiyo. aman daZabulobis eskalacia gamoiwvia da politikuriuTanxmoeba SetakebebSi gadaizarda. saqarTvlos xelisuflebamver gaiazra, Tu ratom emuqreboda, afxazeTisa da oseTiselitebisa da sazogadoebis nawilis azriT, saqarTvelosdamoukidebloba maT TviTSegnebas. Sesabamisad, daikarga ufromWidro, ze–eTnikuri, erovnul–saxelmwifoebrivi TviTSegnebisCamoyalibebis pirveli Sansi damoukidebel saqarTveloSi.16

rasakvirvelia, garkveul doneze gamsaxurdiasdroindelanti–rusul ritorikas praqtikuli politikuri ganzomilebacgaaCnda. gare mtris SiSi xelisuflebis konsolidaciisa dasazogadoebrivi TviTSegnebis ganmtkicebis erT–erTi gzaa.Tumca mtris xatis Seqmna ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi qveynisganviTarebis uzrunvelsayofad. amgvarad, damoukideblobispirvel wlebSi saqarTvelos sazogadoeba imaze SeTanxmda TusaiT surda moZraoba, anu miaRwia imas, rasac kia nodia „erovnulproeqts” uwodebs. saqarTvelos surda gaxdariyo evropuliliberaluri demokratiis principebze damyarebuli erovnulisaxelmwifo. samwuxarod, „erovnuli proeqti” mxolod imaswyvetda Tu ra surda sazogadoebas da ara imas Tu rogorapirebda is am miznis miRwevas.17 sxvagvarad rom vTqaT, qarTulielita imdenad aRmoCnda koncentrirebuli „winaaRmdegobisTviTSegnebaze” rom ver SeZlo manuel kastelsis TqmiT

15 sabWoTa elitis saqarTvelos mTavrobisagan gaucxoebis Sedegebzeixile: Jaba Devdariani. Georgia: Rise and Fall of Façade Democracy. – Äåìîêðàòèçàöèÿ,ò. 12, ¹ 1 (çèìà 2003 ã.), ñòð. 87–91.16 ix. gia nodias avtorobiT am krebulSi gamoqveynebuli Tavi.17 ix. gia nodias avtorobiT am krebulSi gamoqveynebuli Tavi.

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„saproeqto TviTSegnebis” Camoyalibeba, anu ver dasaxa„momavali cxovrebis gegma, dafuZnebuli daCagrul TviT-Segnebaze, magram mimarTuli sazogadoebis transforma-ciisaken.”18 saqarTvelos gaaCnda Rirebulebebze damyarebuli,instinqturi swrafva evropuli sivrcisaken, magram massamwuxarod ar gaaCnda demokratiul, sabazro sistemazedamyarebul sazogadoebaSi cxovrebis praqtikuli gamoc-dileba, romelsac SeeZlo konkretuli gegmis xasiaTi mieca„erovnuli proeqtisaTvis.” 1918–1921 wlebis demokratiulirespublikisagan damoukidebel saqarTvelos 1991 welsmemkvidreobad evropisaken swrafva ergo da ara amgvarsazogadoebaSi cxovrebis socialuri, kulturuli da poli-tikuri gamocdileba. damoukidebeli samwliani arseboba meocesaukunis dasawyisSi sakmarisi ar iyo demokratiis moqmediinstitutebis CamoyalibebisaTvis.19

gamsaxurdias Semcvlelma prezidentis postze, eduardSevardnaZem aseve ver SeZlo saqarTvelos ganviTarebispopularuli proeqtis SemuSaveba. isic xSirad iyenebdaruseTis faqtors sakuTari mTavrobis Secdomebisa da araefeq-turobis SesaniRbad.20 gamsaxurdiasagan gansxvavebiT, Sevard-naZe saqarTveloSi pro–rusul politikosad iTvleboda. igixelisuflebaSi 1992 wels ruseTTan urTierTobebis gaum-jobesebis deviziT movida. afxazeTSi mimdinare konfliqtisganmavlobaSi SevardnaZe „ori ruseTis” politikas atarebda.misi TqmiT arsebobda „imperiuli ruseTi” romelsac samxed-roebi warmoadgendnen da „demokratiuli ruseTi” prezidentelcinisa da misi gundis meTaurobiT. 90–iani wlebis bolos,

18 Castells. The Power of Identity, p. 8.19 baltiis saxelmwifoebSi, romlebsac saqarTvelo damoukide-blobisaTvis brZolaSi baZavda, viTareba sxvagvari iyo. 1918–dan 1939wlamde maT srulfasovnad moqmedi saxelmwifoebi Camoayalibes dademokratiuli institutebis mexsiereba SenarCunda. Taoba, romeliccxovrobda damoukideblobis periodSi jer kidev cocxali iyo 90–ianwlebSi.20 Tarkhan-Mouravi. The Georgian–Abkhazian Conflict in a Regional Context, pp. 90–112.


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maSin rodesac misi popularoba dramatulad Semcirda,SevardnaZe sul ufro xSirad abralebda ruseTs sakuTarSecdomebs. sinamdvileSi, saqarTvelos sisustem, mdgradi,sazogadoebrivi mxrdaWeris mqone institutebis Camouya-libeblobam gamoiwvia ekonomikuri katastrofa, iseve rogorcori sisxliani Sida konfliqti romelic qveynis 15%–zekontrolis dakargviT dasrulda.

90–ian wlebSi ruseTis mier kavkasiaSi gatarebuli poli-tikis mizezebis axsna bevrad ufro rTulia. saqarTveloSigavrcelebuli azriT, ruseTi xels uSlida saqarTvlosa daazerbaijanSi erovnuli xelisuflebebis Camoyalibebas,exmareboda ra politikur (da xSirad SeiaraRebul) opoziciasdiplomatiuri da samxedro saSualebebiT. Tumca Zalian rTuliaimis darwmunebiT mtkiceba, rom yofili komunisturi lide-rebis heidar alievisa da eduard SevardnaZis dabruneba baqosada TbilisSi kremlSi daigegma. orive qveyanaSi damoukideb-lobis Semdeg mosuli erovnuli xelisuflebis damxoba imavewarmatebiT SeiZleba aixsnas qveynis Sida problemebiTac.gamsaxurdias winaaRmdeg mebrZoli SeiaraRebuli opoziciaiaraRs sabWoTa armiis arsenalebidan iRebda, ramac bevridarwmuna rom reJimis Secvla ruseTis gegmis nawili iyo. arcisaa gamorixuli rom 1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Sedegadpolitikur mmarTvel rgols mowyvetili rusi saxedroebisakuTari angarebiT moqmedebdnen.

dadasturebulia, rom afxazeTSi rusi samxedroebi awvdid-nen iaraRs, aRWurvilobas da sadazvrvo monacemebs afxazajanyebulebs, zogjer ki pirdapirac exmarebodnen brZolebSi.iyo es kremlis Segnebuli nabiji Tu ruseTSi arsebuli zogadipolitikuri areulobis gverdiTi Sedegi? am kiTxvaze gadam-wyveti pasuxis gacema jer kidev SeuZlebelia. SesaZloa imazemsjeloba, ras SeeZlo gamoewvia rusi samxedroebis moqmedebasaqarTvelos interesebis winaaRmdeg da ratom ar gaakeTaaraferi ruseTis politikurma xelmZRvanelobam maT Sesa-kaveblad. rogorc adreve vTqviT, ruseTis dasavleTisadmisimpatiiT ganwyobil liberalizms wmindad ekonomikuri saxe

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hqonda. privatizacia saerTaSoriso savaluto fondTan damsoflio bankTan TanamSromlobiT ganxorcielda. sagareopolitikaSi ruseTis jarebma datoves aRmosavleT evropa dacnes baltiis saxelmwifoebis damoukidebloba. am nabijebsseriozuli Sida winaaRmdegoba mohyva ruseTis SigniT, TviT-Segnebis krizisi pirobebSi, roca bevri cdilobda saxelm-wifosaTvis derJavnikuli Sinaarsis dabrunebas. jer kidev 1992wels ruseTis sagareo ministrma andrei kozirevma evropisuSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis konferencias e.w. „gamafrT-xilebeli gamosvliT” mimarTa. man gaaxmovana rusi radikalebispopularuli pozicia, rom yofili sabWoTa kavSiri post–imperiulsivrces warmoadgens da masSi ruseTs sakuTari interesebisnebismieri meTodebiT dacvis ufleba unda mieces.21 kozirevmamogvianebiT axsna, rom misi gamosvla mxolod politikuriradikalizmis safrTxis Taobaze saerTaSoriso TanamegobrobisgasafrTxileblad gakeTda, magram ukve 1993 wels ruseTisusafrTxoebisa da sagareopolitikuri doqtrinebi „axlosazRvargareTis” koncefcias Seicavda. es koncefcia sworedkozirevis mier navaraudev politikur xazs waagavda.22

rasakvirvelia, am etapze ruseTs aRar SeeZlo post–sabWoTa sivrceze imperiuli Zalauflebis srulfasovaniaRdgena. „istoriuli rolisadmi” emociuri swrafva sustisaxelmwifoebis sagareo politikaze hegemonuri gavlenismopovebas isaxavda miznad.23 90–iani wlebis SuaxanebisaTvis

21 Roland Dannreuther Russian Perceptions of the Atlantic Alliance: Final Report forthe NATO Fellowship (Brussels and Edinburgh: 1997), p. 11, http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/95-97/dannreut.pdf.22 John J. Maresca. Russia’s ‘Near Abroad’—A Dilemma for the West, in Hans-GeorgEhrhart, Anna Kreikemeyer, and Andrei V. Zagorski, eds. Crisis Management in the CIS:Whither Russia? (Baden Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995), pp. 192–193; Yuri E.Fedorov. Foreign Policy-Making in the Russian Federation and Local Conflicts in the CIS, inEhrhart, Kreikemeyer, and Zagorski. Crisis Management in the CIS, p. 122 è pp. 126–127.23 Rajan Menon. The Security Environment in the South Caucasus and Central Asia, inRajan Menon, Yuri E. Fedorov, and Ghia Nodia, eds. Russia, the Caucasus, and CentralAsia, The 21st Century Security Environment (New York: East West Institute, M.E.Shape Inc., 1999), p. 9.


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gamoikveTa „axlo sazRvargareTis” koncefciis praqtikuliSinaarsi, Tumca misi Teoriuli arsi kvlavac bolomde ganumar-tavi darCa. am koncefciis mixedviT ruseTi axali, post sabWoTasaxelmwifoebis damoukideblobas ki aRiarebda, magram maTmainc warmosaxviTi „derJavis,” rogorc politikul–kultu-ruli sivrcis Semadgenel nawilebad aRiqvamda. „axlo sazRvar-gareTi” ruseTSi sxvadasxva adamianebisaTvis sxvadasxvaSinaarsiT iyo Sevsebuli, Sesabamisad ver gamoikveTa konkre-tuli, Tanmimdevruli politikac. im pirobebSi, rodesacruseTis axal sazRvrebTan axlos swored Zalovani uwyebebisSedarebiT agresiuli warmomadgenlebi iyvnen yvelaze axlos,imarjvebda „axlo sazRvargareTis” maTeuli interpretacia.swored maT hqondaT udidesi gavlena samxreT kavkasiispolitikis SemuSavebaze elcinis mmarTvelobis ganmavlobaSi.

is, rom ruseTis warmomadgenlebad samxreT kavkasiaSisamxedroebi iqcnen SesaZloa daugegmavi, magram savsebiTlogikuri movlena iyo. kavkasiis samxedroebisaTvis mindobaruseTis imperiis droidan moyolebuli politika iyo. praqti-kuli TvalsazrisiT, transkavkasiis samxedro olqi (SemdgomSitranskavkasiaSi ruseTis jarebis jgufad wodebuli) kavkasiaSiruseTis udidesi biurokratiuli intituti iyo, romelicsabWoTa kavSiris daSlas gadaurCa. rus samxedroebs xSiradaxlo urTierToba akavSirebdaT adgilobriv xelisuflebTan.24

ase rom, saqarTveloSi mimdinare konfliqtebisa da somxeT–azerbaijanis dapirispirebis dros rusi samxedroebi mo-laparakebebze rusul saxelmwifos warmoadgendnen da xSiraddapirispirebul mxareebs Soris Suamavlebad gamodiodnen.rusi generlebi aseve xSirad akeTebdnen politikur gancxa-debebs ruseTis saxeliT. ruseTis Tavdacvis ministrma, pavlegraCovma piradad Seuwyo xeli ramodenime SeTanxmebas mxareebsSoris afxazeTisa da mTiani yarabaRis konfliqtebisas, rogorc

24 Dmitri Trenin. Russia’s Security Policies and Interests in the Caucasus Region, in BrunoCoppieters, ed. Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: VUB University Press,1996), p. 98.

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elcinis piradma warmomadgenelma. ase rom samxedroebs rogrocpraqtikuli, ise simboluri wona gaaCndaT kavkasiur saqmeebSi.zogi mkvlevari imasac amtkicebs, rom istoriulad, ruseTSisamxedroebi gansaRvravdnen saxelmwifos raobas da, Sesaba-misad, maSin roca samoqalaqo xelisufleba krizisSia, samxed-roTa roli avtomaturad izrdeba.25 rusuli saxelmwifoebriviTviTSegnebis damcvelad samxedroebs Tavad rusuli sazoga-doebac aRiqvams, romlis SexedulebiTac armia „ZiriTadi,samagaliTo institutia”, romelic disciplinasa da vertikalurierarqias ganasaxierebs.26

ruseTis mier Suamaval institutad samxedroebis daniSvnamsaqarTveloSi metad uaryofiT gamoZaxili ipova, kidev ufroganamtkica ra ruseTis militarisuli zewolis SiSi. viTarebasisic auaresebda, rom rusi samxedroebi inarCunebdnen agre-siul, Seurigebel tons, rac imperiuli da sabWoTa qedmaR-lobis gadmonaSTad aRiqmeboda saqarTveloSi. sabWoTa sistemisrRvevas samxedroebze politikuri kontrolis Sesustebamohyva da ruseTis meTaurebic sakuTari Sexedulebisamebrgankargavdnen SeiaraRebas, maT Soris regionuli konfliq-tebisas. politikuris garda maT, bunebrivia, finansurimotivaciac amoZravebdaT, radgan iaraRiT vaWroba sakmaodsarfiani biznesi aRmoCnda kavkasiaSi.27

90–iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi safrTxe TviT ruseTisteritoriul mTlianobasac daemuqra da, pirvel rigSi, CrdilokavkasiaSi. kremli SidaeTnikuri da respublikaTaSorisidapirispirebis winaSe aRmoCnda CeCneTSi, daRestanSi, ingu-SeTsa da Crdilo oseTSi. eTnikurad rusul regionebSiproblematuri gaxda memarjvene, nacionalisturad ganwyobiliradikalebis, maT Soris kazakebis, gakontroleba, romelTac

25 Alexander Golts. Main Obstacle to Military Reform—Russian Militarism. – Pro etContra, vol. 8, no. 3 (2004), p. 56.26 Dubin. Counterweight, p. 30.27 CeCeni mebrZolebisaTvis iaraRis Crdilokavkasiis samxedro arsena-lebidan miyidvaze saubrobdnen rogorc Jurnalistebi, ise ruseTisoficialuri pirebi.


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seriozuli mxardamWerebi gamouCndaT ruseTis parlamentSi.elcinis reJimi cdilobda balansis moZiebas, da es balansixSirad saqarTvelosaTvis arasasurveli meTodebiT miiRweoda.magaliTad, rusi moxaliseebi – rogorc sepratisti CeCnebi, isederJavniki kazakebi – monawileobdnen afxazeTis konfliqtSisaqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. maTi monawileoba ruseTs safrTxesar uqmnida. piriqiT, amiT moxerxda „orTqlis gamoSveba”Crdilo kavkasiidan da potenciurad damangreveli impulsisruseTis miRma mimarTva.28

am periodSi rus politikur moTamaSeebs kavkasiaSi TiTqmisaravin abalansebda. samxreT oseTsa da afxazeTSi mimdinarekonfliqtebi praqtikulad dasavleTis yuradRebis miRmadarCa. saqarTvelos xelisufleba erideboda radikalurmoqmedebebs. miuxedavad saqarTvelos parlamentis epizodurimkacri gancxadebebisa, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba ofi-cialurad mxolod sustad akritikebda ruseTis monawileobasafxazeTis konfliqtSi da daeTanxma ruseTis mSvidobis-myofel rols. rodesac samxreT oseTsa da afxazeTSi kon-fliqtebis samxedro faza dasrulda, dasavleTma Tavi Seikavaam regionebSi samSvidobo operaciebis warmoebisagan da ruseTissamSvidobo roli ualternativod iqca. aqedan moyolebuli,ruseTi yoveli saSualebiT icavs Tavis samSvidobo mandats dacdilobs ar dauSvas saerTaSoriso institutebis pirdapiri daqmediTi monawileoba konfliqtebis mogvarebaSi, garda imSedarebiT SezRuduli sadamkvirveblo rolisa rac gaeros

28 CeCeni da erqezi daqiravebulebis, agreTvi memarjvene kazakebisafxazeTis konfliqtSi monawileoba „kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa konfe-deraciis” farglebSi xdeboda da farTod dasturdeba. (ix. “Äîêëàäîðãàíèçàöèè “Õüþìàí ðàéòñ óîò÷”: Ãðóçèÿ â 1995 ãîäó”, http://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/Georgia2.htm). angariSSi naTqvamia, rom am monawileobis wyalobiTmoxerxda CeCnur–rusuli Setakebebis acileba 90–iani wlebis dasawyisSi.amave dros, daqiravebulebis konfliqtSi monawileoba popularuli iyorus politikosebsa da radikalurad ganwyobil samxedroebs Soris. maTmamonawileobam Seamcira zewola elcinis xelisuflebaze. damatebiTimiTiTebebi am sakiTxebze ixileT: Tarkhan-Mouravi. Georgians and Abkhazians:The Search for a Peace Settlement, pp. 90–112.

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gaaCnia afxazeTSi da euTos samxreT oseTSi. ruseTi imgvariviTarebis Seqmnas eswrafvoda, rodesac „arcerT saerTaSorisoinstituts, garda dsT–si, ar SeuZlia efeqturi samSvidobooperaciebis warmoeba dsT–s SigniT da nebismieri mcdelobawarumatebelia ruseTis monawileobis gareSe.”29

afxazeTSi damarcxebis Semdeg, qarTuli saxelmwifodaSlis realuri safrTxis winaSe idga. bevri qarTvelis azriT,ruseTma jer gaaRviva, mere ki mxari dauWira separatistulkonfliqtebs afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi. eduard Se-vardnaZem gaaxmovana es versia soxumis dacemis Semdeg,rodesac man ganacxada rom „saqarTvelo ruseTma daaCoqa.”30

saqarTvelos xelisuflebi miiCnevdnen, rom qveyanas ar gaCndasxva arCevani, garda samxreT oseTsa da afxazeTSi rusulisamSvidobo jarebis miRebisa. sinamdvileSi, am jarebis mTavarfunqciad, saqarTvelosgan CamoSorebuli provinciebissazRvrebis dacva, anu maTi damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofaiqca. Tumca, amave periodSi, ruseTis axali didebis ocnebebiCrdilo kavkasiaSi daimsxvra. Zlierebis zrdis nacvlad, ruseTiCeCneTis konfliqtSi Caeflo. metic, samxreT kavkasiaSimimdinare konfliqtebis Sedegad ruseTis samxreT sazRvaridaucveli aRmoCnda migraciuli nakadebis, araprognozirebadiseparatistuli reJimebis da kriminaluri jgufebis winaSe.

usafrTxoebis ZiebaSi

CeCneTis pirveli omis pirobebSi, romelic arapopularuliiyo qveynis SigniT da mis gareT, usafrTxoebis sakiTxebsruseTSi upirvelesi yuradReba eqceoda. am konfliqtma xazigadausva evropaSi swrafi integraciis imedebs da ruseTisa da

29 Emilia Krivchikova. Peacekeeping Operations on the Territory of the Former SovietUnion, in Ehrhart, Kreikemeyer, and Zagorski. Crisis Management in the CIS, p. 162.30 es citata farTodaa cnobili da saqarTvelos televiziiT gakeTda. ismoixsenieba Semdeg wyaroSi: http://www.philipjohnston.com/centraleurope/chron/fsu/1993sep.htm.


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evropis Rirebulebebs Soris arsebuli ufskruli warmoaCina.omma Seasusta ruseTis centraluri mTavroba da gaaZlierarogorc biznes–oligarqebi, ise regionuli liderebi. saqarT-velo am dros kvlavac qaosSi rCeboda. SeiaraRebuli bandebiakontrolebdnen biznessa da politikas. qveynis resursebiiyideboda da iZarcveboda. rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve ubralomoqalaqeebic dRidan dRemde gadarCenisaTvis ibrZodnen.energokrizisma – gazisa da eleqtroenergiis naklebobam –puris deficitic ki warmoqmna. orive qveyanaSi krizisierovnul TviTSegnebas safuZvlianad daemuqra. bunebrivia,maSin rodesac orive saxelmwifo gadarCenisaTvis ibrZoda,usafrTxoebam upirvelesi mniSvneloba SeiZina.

saqarTvelo, usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT, or ZirTadamocanas wyvetda. upirvelesad, saWiro iyo qveynis daSlistendenciis SeCereba. meores mxriv aucilebeli iyo pirveladisagareo safrTxis – ruseTis dabalanseba. pirveli miznismisaRwevad saqarTvelo manamde warmoudgenel daTmobebzewavida ruseTis mimarT: qveyana SeuerTda damoukidebelsaxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobas; prezidentma SevardnaZempolitikuri mxardaWera gamoxata ruseTis CeCnuri kampanisadmi;ruseTis armiis moqmedi oficeri, vardiko nadibaiZe qveynisTavdacvis ministrad dainiSna; ruseTisadmi loialuradganwyobili kadrebi gamoCnda Zalovan saministroebSi. amasTan,Sida stabilurobis dasamyareblad, prezidenti SevardnaZedaupirispirda SeiaraRebul bandebs, rac „mxedrionis”gauqmebiTa da misi lideris jaba ioselianisa da gvardiisyofili meTauris Tengiz kitovanis dapatimrebiT dasrulda.policiisa da, gansakuTrebiT, uSiSroebis saministros gaZlie-rebas mohyva gaxmaurebuli samxedro–policiuri operaciebisseria qveynis regionebSi. zviad gamsaxurdias momxreTamoZraoba Zalismierad CaaxSes dasavleT saqarTveloSi. 1995wels eduard SevardnaZem Seqmna „saqarTvelos moqalaqeTakavSiri”, romelic 1996 wlis arCevnebis Sedegad mmarTvelipartia gaxda. zurab Jvanias meTaurobiT am partiaSi Seqmnilma„axalgazrda reformatorTa” araformalurma jgufma dasav-

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lel partniorebSi gaaRviva qveynis demokratizaciis imedebi.axali erovnuli valuta, lari, mimoqcevaSi Semovida 1996 welsda gacvliTi kursis stabilurobis SenarCuneba moaxerxa. esradikaluri cvlileba iyo 1993 wlis inflaciis samniSnacifrebTan SedarebiT. ramodenimewliani dramatuli vardnisSemdeg, 1996–97 wlebSi erTobrivi Sida produqtis wliuri zrdaorniSna cifrebSi aRiricxa.

sagareo–politikur arenaze, SevardnaZe cdilobda dasavle-Tisagan mieRo usafrTxoebis garantiebi, rac mxolod kaspiisnavTobis mimarT intersis zrdis paralelurad moxerxda. kaspiisauzSi moZiebulma navTobisa da gazis rezervebma dasavleTissaxelmwifoebis didi interesi gamoiwvia. 1998 wlisavis kaspiisregionis navTobsabadoebze ukve aTze meti dasavluri kompaniamuSaobda. mxolod azerbaijanSi maT 28 miliard dolarze metiRirebulebis kontraqtebi moipoves.31 samxreT kavkasia mniSvne-lovani gaxda SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis, ramdenadac misiinfrastruqtura aucilebeli aRmoCnda azerbaijanuli (da,potenciurad, Suaaziuri) navTobisa da gazis transporti-rebisaTvis. aSS monawileobiTa da mxardaWeriT daiwyo nav-Tobsadenis ori – mcire, baqo–sufsisa da didi, baqo–Tbilisi–jeihanis – proeqtis ganxorcieleba. SevardnaZem da mismaazerbaijanelma kolega alievma mxari dauWires „abreSumis gzis”proeqts rac aziasa da evropas Soris satransporto koridorisaRorZinebas isaxavda miznad. afxazeTSi, samxreT oseTSi daCeCneTSi mimdinare konfliqtebma gadaWra saqarTvelos ruseTTandamakavSirebeli satransporto arteriebi. Sedegad, qveynisudides savaWro partniorad TurqeTi iqca.

ruseTi samxreT kavkasias sakuTari Sida da sagareousafrTxoebis problemebis prizmaSi aRiqvamda. mravali rusianalitikosi daeTanxmeboda dimitri trenins, romlis azriTac„transkavkasia ganuyofladaa dakavSirebuli Crdilo kavkasias-

31 Glen E. Howard. NATO and the Caucasus: The Caspian Axis, in Stephen J. Blank, ed.NATO after Enlargement: New Challenges, New Missions, New Forces (Carlisle, PA:Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 1998), p. 157.


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Tan, romelic ruseTis federaciis nawilia.”32 marTlac, samxreTkavkasiis qveynebis damoukideblobam ruseTis usafrTxoebasdamatebiTi problemebi Seuqmna. axali saxelmwifo sazRvari,romelsac sabWoTa kavSirSi mxolod administraciuli statusihqonda, daucveli da gaukontrolebeli aRmoCnda. upirvelesyovlisa, aman ruseTi ltolvilebis nakadis winaSe daayena.

umTavresi mainc is iyo, rom Tuki 1995 wlamde ruseTisgavlenas samxreT kavkasiaSi mxolod CeCneTSi mimdinarekonfliqti da administrirebis zogadi araefeqturoba zRu-davda. 1995 wlis Semdeg, ruseTs regionSi konkurentebigamouCnda dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis saxiT. dasavlelimomomxilvelebi sul ufro xSirad iyenebdnen me–19 saukunis„didi TamaSis” analogias kaspiisa da kavkasiis regionebSimimdinare movlenebis aRsawerad. britanuli „gardianis” 2001wlis nomerSi vkiTxulobT „esaa regioni romelzec TvaliaRmosavleTsac uWiravs da dasavleTsac.”33 rogorc rusi, isedasavleli analitikosebisa da Jurnalistebis msjelobaSigabatonda kavkasiaSi gaCaRebuli strategiuli metoqeobisazri. is gavlenas axdenda politikur momoxilvebsa da poli-tikosebis gadawyvetilebebze. glen hovardi 1998 werda: „civiomis dasasrulTan erTad kavkasia kvlavac msoflio geopo-litikis wina planzea, radgan kaspiis navTobi natos aRmosavleTflangs swrafad ucvlis saxes.”34 rTulia imis dazustebiT Tqma,srulad iziarebda Tu ara am azrs oficialuri bruseli TuvaSingtoni, magram is kargad asaxavs e.w. „realuri politi-kisaTvis” damaxasiaTebel logikas, romlis mixedviTac energo-resursebze kontroli uSualod ukavSirdeba politikurigavlenisaTvis brZolas.

ruseTi, Tavis mxriv, civi omis wesebiT Seecada saerTa-Soriso urTierTobebis gagrZelebas. dasrulda rusuli

32 Trenin. Russia’s Security Policies and Interests in the Caucasus Region, p. 91.33 Richard Norton-Taylor. The New Great Game. – The Guardian, March 5, 2001, http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4146099,00.html.34 Howard. NATO and the Caucasus, p. 152.

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sagareo politikis bavSvobis xana, romelic „civilizebulierebis ojaxSi” re–integrirebisaken iswrafvoda. dasavleTisda, gansakuTrebiT, aSS–s „dabalansebis” politika jer kidevsagareo ministr kozirevis moRvaweobisas aRorZinda. Camoya-libebuli saxe man usafrTxoebis civi omisdroindeli specia-listis, evgeni primakovis sagareo ministris postze 1996 wlisianvarSi daniSvnis Semdeg miiRo. ruseTis axali sagareopolitikis amocanad aSS–s strategiuli gavlenis gafarToebisSekaveba da unipolaruli msoflio wesrigis nacvlad multi-polaruli wesrigis ideis dacva iqca. oficialuri moskovi aSS–s mtris nacvlad „partniorad” ixseniebda. es partnioroba,ruseTis azriT ar gamoricxavda aSS–sTan metoqeobas saerTa-Soriso gavlenis mosapoveblad. sinamdvileSi, erTis mxrivbevri rusi samxedro aSS–s kvlavac mtrad aRiqvamda, meoresmxriv ki TviT aSS ukve aRar cnobda ruseTs Tanaswor metoqed.

amisda miuxedavad, elcinis administracia cdilobda dsT–s samxedro–politikuri aliansis gaZlierebas. moskovi aseveemxroboda usafrTxoebis komponentis gafarToebas evropisuSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciis (euTos) far-glebSi, radgan euToSi ruseTs faqtiurad vetos uflebagaaCnia. iyo natosa da aSS–s moqmedebebis dabalansebismcdeloba balkaneTis konfliqtebSi, primakovis meTaurobiTki ruseTi Seecada Suamavlis roli eTamaSa aSS–sa da e.w.„gariyul reJimebs” (erayi, Crdilo korea, irani) Soris.35 Tumca,iranTan gafarToebulma TanamSromlobam usafrTxoebisa dakaspiis sakiTxebSi aSS–s gaRizianeba gamoiwvia.36

samxreT kavkasia am didi politikuri manevrebis erT–erTi,SedarebiT mcire Semadgeneli nawili iyo, xoli saqarTvelomxolod erTi elementi am globalur SejibrSi. aSS–s 1998 wliserovnuli usafrTxoebis strategia miznad dsT–s ZiriTadi

35 Allen C. Lynch. The Realism of Russia’s Foreign Policy. – Europe–Asia Studies, vol.53, no. 1 (2001), pp. 15–23.36 Patrick G. Moore. Russia to Sell Iran More Arms. – RFE/RL Newsline, March 13, 2001,http://www.rferl.org/newsline/ 2001/03/130301.asp.


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nawilebis dasavlur ekonomikur da politikur struqturebSisrul integracias isaxavda.37 amis sapirispirod, ruseTis 2000wlis sagareo politikis koncefciis Tanaxmad prioritetulia„dsT–s wevri qveynebis or– da mravalmxrivi TanamSromlobiSeTavsebadobis uzrunvelyofa [ruseTis] erovnuli usafrT-xoebis amocanebTan.”38 ruseTi sakuTar gavlenaze SetevadaRiqvamda natos gafarToebas, iseve rogorc am organizaciisprogramas „partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis”, romelic dsT–sqveynebic monawileoben. amgvarad, kremlis TvalsazrisiTsaqarTvelos aqtiuri TanamSroloba natosTan programis„partioroba mSvidobisaTvis” farglebSi, ekonomikuri Tanam-Sromloba TurqeTTan da evrogaerTianebasTan dasavleTismcdelobis nawili iyo mtruli samxedro da ekonomikurialiansebiT alya Semoertya ruseTisaTvis.

1999 wels ruseTis sagareo ministrma igor ivanovmaruseTis politikis aRsawerad civi omisdroindeli ter-minologia gamoiyena. am periodSi ruseTis mcdeloba Se-erTebul StatebTan usafrTxoebis dargSi paritetisaTvismieRwia ukve uimedod gamoiyureboda. ivanovi ruseTis SiSzesaubrobs:

„moskovSi xSirad ismis kiTxva: aris Tu ara kosovo daCeCneTi erTi jaWvis rgolebi, romlis mizanic erTganzomi-lebiani, natoze koncentrirebuli msoflios Seqmnaa? iqnebCeCneTi mxolod safaria natosaTvis msoflio policielisrolis misaniWeblad, strategiuli stabilurobis safuZv-lismieri komponentebis ZirgamosaTxrelad da ganiaraRebisprocesis SesaCereblad? CeCneTTan dakavSirebuli anti–rusuli kampania ruseTis kavkasiidan da Semdeg Sua aziidangasaZeveblad xom ar agorda? es mxolod ramdenime kiTxvaa,

37 William J. Clinton. A National Security Strategy for a New Century (Washington, DC:The White House, October 1998), pp. 37–40.38 Êîíöåïöèÿ ðîññèéñêîé âíåøíåé ïîëèòèêè. Ìèíèñòåðñòâî èíîñòðàííûõ äåë Ðîññèè â îí-ëàéíîâîì ðåæèìå, http://www.ln.mid.ru/ns-osndoc.nsf/0e9272befa34209743256c630042d1aa/fd86620b371b0cf7432569fb004872a7. am dokuments xeli vladimirputinma moawera 2000 wlis 28 ivniss.

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romelic ruseTis sazogadoebas dasavleTis moqmedebis,zogjer ki umoqmedobis, Semxedvares uCndeba.”39

90–iani wlebis dasasrulisaTvis ukve naTeli gaxda, romruseTis mier am wlebSi dasaxuli strategiuli miznebis miRwevaSeuZlebeli iyo. ruseTma xeli ver SeuSala 1999 wels natosgafarToebas. metic, daigegma natos Semdgomi gafarToeba, axlaukve baltiis qveynebis xarjzec. amave wels ruseTis mxridanaSS–s dabalansebis politikam kraxi kosovoSi ganicada. amasTan,eraySi amerikis pirvelma samxedro kampaniam Ziri gamouTxaraam regionSi ruseTis gavlenas. ekonomikuri kolafsisa damudmivi Sidaomebis pirobebSi, dsT ver iqca ssrk–s Sesadarpolitikuri da samxedro aliansad.

saqarTvelosa da samxreT kavkasiaSi ruseTis saqmeebi cotaukeT midioda. aq moxerxda strategiuli upiratesobisSenarCuneba. 1994 wlisaTvis, kremls xelSi ekava „gayinuli”eTnikuri konfliqtebis gasaRebebi da regionSi „rusulimSvidoba” damyarda. dominirebis gasamyareblad, ruseTicdilobda SeezRuda sxva saxelmwifoebis monawileoba mTianiyarabaRis dasaregulirebeli euTos minskis jgufis farg-lebSi.40 afxazeTis konfliqtSi, ruseTi cdilobda euTosa dagaeros samSvidobo monawileoba damkvirvebelTa misiisSezRudul mandats ar gascileboda.41 amisda miuxedavad,dasavleTis monawileoba kavkasiaSi izrdeboda. 1999 wls gaixsnabaqo–sufsas navTobsadeni, saqarTvelo ki Tavis „erovnuliproeqtTan” erTi nabijiT daaxlovd da evropis sabWos wevrigaxda.

kavkasiaSi ruseTis gavlenis Sesustebis yvelaze mniSvne-lovani faqtori CeCneTSi gancdili marcxi iyo. warumateblobam

39 Igor Ivanov. West’s Hypocrisy over Chechnya. – Financial Times, November 16,1999, p. 19.40 Maresca. Russia’s ‘Near Abroad’, p. 194.41 arsebuli monacemebiT, ruseTma Tavisi mxardaWera haitiSi aSSCarevisaTvis aSS–s mier afxazeTSi saerTaSoriso damkvirveblebisganTavsebis winaaRmdeg micemul xmaSi gacvala. (ix. Maresca. Russia’s ‘NearAbroad’, p. 197).


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gamoaaSkarava rusuli samxedro manqanisa da administraciissisuste. Sida krizisis mouxeSavma da sastikma marTvam naTeligaxada rom rusuli saxelmwifos resursebi ar iyo sakmarisisamxreTis arastabiluri respublikebis samarTavad. dasavlelianalitikosebi Tvlidnen, rom ruseTi Seecdeboda jer SidaproblemebisaTvis miexeda da amdenad samxreT kavkasiidan„strategiul ukandaxevas” ganaxorcielebda.42 marTlac, 1999wlis noemberSi, stambolSi, elcinis dasustebuli da mravaliekonomikuri, politikuri da saxedro marcxiT demora-lizebuli administracia dahyva aSS–s zewolas da daTanxmdasaqarTvelodan jarebis gayvanas.43 euTos stambolis Sexved-raze ruseTma valdebuleba aiRo daexura ori samxedro bazasaqarTveloSi da ewarmoebina molaparakebebi darCenili oribazis dasaxurad. amave wels dasrulda rusi mesazRvreebisgayvana saqarTvelodan, da amdenad ruseTma datova yofilisabWoTa sazRvari natosTan – TurqeTTan.

rogorc ukve vTqviT, 1994–99 wlebSi saqarTvelom SeZloqveynis daSlis tendenciis SeCereba da garkveuli ekonomikurizrdac daibeva. SevardnaZem saocar warmatebas miaRwia 90–ianiwlebis dasawyisSi gabatonebuli qaosis aRmofxvraSi. amavexanebSi naTeli gaxda, rom parlamentis mier gatarebul pro–dasavlur politikas saqarTveloSi patron–klientelisturi,korumpirebuli jgufebi aferxebdnen da rom swored amjgufebs gaaCndaT Zalaufleba politikur, uSiSroebisa dapoliciis maRalCinosnebs Soris. ekonomikis aRmavloba ukve1998 wlisaTvis Seferxda. afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTissakiTxebze molaparakebebi CixSi Sevida. metic, aWara kvazi–damoukidebel samTavrod gadaiqca, romlis lideric Riadupirispirdeboda qveynis xelisuflebas. SevardnaZis adminis-

42 Pavel K. Baev. Challenges and Options in the Caucasus and Central Asia (Carlisle, PA:Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, April 22, 1997), p. 17, http://www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi/pdffiles/00111.pdf.43 Stephen J. Blank. U.S. Military Engagement with Transcaucasia and Central Asia(Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, June 2000), p. 6, http://www.milnet.com/pentagon/Russia-2000-assessment-SSI.pdf.

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traciis devizi „stabiluroba upirveles yovlisa” kargavdapopularobas, radgan socialuri da ekonomikuri problemebisul ufro Rrmavdeboda.

prezident SevardnaZis gancxadeba 1999 wels, rom saqarT-velo ramodenime weliwadSi „natos karebze miakakunebs”qarTvel amomrCevelze ufro iyo gaTvlili da realisturpolitikur gegmas naklebad asaxavda.44 amave wels, natosormocdameaTe iubiles farglebSi, saqarTvelom, ukrainam,azerbaijanma da moldovam Seqmnes suamis aliansi, magramdabadebidanve am organizaciis wevrebis SesaZleblobebimokrZalebulad gamoiyureboda grZelvadiani samxedro–politikuri TanamSromlobis TvalsazrisiT. Tumca, Tavadsuamis Seqmna sakmarisi aRmoCnda rusi politikosebis gasaRi-zianeblad, romlebmac es aliansi Tavidanme natos inspi-rirebul anti–rusul organizaciad aRiqves.

saubedurod, prezident SevardnaZis mier ruseTis regio-nuli (TurqeTi) da saerTaSoriso (nato da aSS) Zalebis mierdabalansebis politikas periodulad eTavseboda gaugebaridaTmobebi da morCili damokidebuleba kremlis mimarT. amorsaxovanma politikam SevardnaZis mimarT undobloba ruseTSikidev ufro gaamZafra. igi isedac ndobis deficits ganicdidaruseTSi, sadac dasavleTTan damegobrebuli sabWoTa sagareoministris saqmianoba mravali politikosis, da gansakuTrebiTsamxedros mxridan Ralatad aRiqmeboda.45 daaxloebiT 1995wlidan moyolebuli, prezident SevardnaZes Zalian cudipiradi urTierTobebi Camouyalibda Tavis rus kolegasTan,ramac gamoricxa realuri TanamSromloba qveynebs Soris.

44 World News: Georgia Plans to Seek NATO Membership FT Interview: EduardShevardnadze. – Financial Times, October 25, 1999, http://globalarchive.ft.com/globalarchive/articles.html?id=991025016635&query=shevardnadze#docAnchor991025016635.45 es wlebi sabWoTa kavSirisadmi nostalgiiT gamoirCeoda. sazoga-doebrivi azris gamokiTxvebSi stalini me–4–e adgilze iyo „yvela droisadaeris gamoCenil adamianebs” Soris. sabWoTa moRvaweebidan stalins mxolodmeore adgilze myofma leninma gauswro. ix. Dubin. Counterweight, p. 26.


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90–iani wlebis dasasrulisaTvis, saqarTvelom SeZlo, mZimedanakargebis fasad, Tvisi „erovnuli proeqtis” gadarCena.dasavluri demokratiis aSenebis survili im uzarmazarsazogadoebriv mxardaWeraSi gamoixata rac saqarTvelosevropis sabWoSi gawevrianebas mohyva. amave dros, SevardnaZismTavrobis mimarT ukmayofileba kritikul niSnulamde gai-zarda, risi ZiriTadi mizezic mosaxleobis elementaruliekonomikuri moTxovnilebebis daukmayofilebloba da evro-puli kursidan gadaxvevad aRqmuli korumpirebuli saxelmwifoinstitutebi iyo. saqarTvelos evropul miswrafebasa darealobas Soris arsebulma ufskrulma xeli Seuwyo funda-mentalisturi organizaciebisa da moZraobebis Camoyalibebas,romlebic uaryofdnen evropul erovnul proeqts da mxars„unikalur qarTul” ganviTarebis gzas uWerdnen. am mosazrebisavtorebis azriT, qarTuli Rirebulebebi marTlmadideblobasda TviTmyofadobas emyareba da amdenad winaaRmdegobaSiaevropul RirebulebebTan. rac sainteresoa, ruseTisagangansxvavebiT, saqarTveloSi sabWoTa nostalgiam fexi vermoikida. qarTvelebi warsulisaken dabrunebas miuRebladTvlidnen, radgan mxars uWerdnen damoukideblobas. amavedros ki Sida areulobisa da dramatuli cvlilebebis gadatanisSemdeg acnobierebdnen rom ukan dabruneba ubralod SeuZ-lebelic iyo.

pragmatizmis ZiebaSi

mas Semdeg, rac 2000 wels ruseTis prezidenti vladimirputini gaxda, ruseTma ganagrZo saerTaSoriso rolis gaZlie-rebisaken swrafva, magram Tavisi politikuri, ekonomikuri dasamxedro SesaZleblobebis ukve ufro realistur Sefasebasdaeyrdno. dasavleTis „dabalansebis” idea sabolood SecvalamasTan Tanacxovrebisa da urTierTqmedebis misaRebi formisgamonaxvis survilma, Tumca dasavlur institutebSi integra-ciis gareSe. es cvlileba ar yofila meyseuli. ruseTis axali

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liderebi periodulad cdidnen saerTaSoriso moTminebisdones, gansakuTrebiT ruseTis mezobel regionebSi ganxor-cielebuli politikis meSveobiT. misi uSiSroebis sabWosmdivnobisa da premier–ministrobis periodSi putinis uSualoxelmZRvanelobiT SemuSavebuli sagareo da usafrTxoebisdoqtrinebi ruseTs jer kidev globalur moTamaSed aRiqvamda,romlis mizani „aSS–s gavlenisadmi winaaRmdegoba” iyo.46

TumcaRa, prezidentad gaxdomis Semdeg putinma Searbila esxisti midgoma, rac gansakuTrebiT naTeli 2001 wlis Semdeggaxda. aSS–sTan globalur Sejibrs ruseTma sxvadasxvadasavlel partniorTan msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi gansxva-vebuli midgomis SemuSaveba amjobina. metoqeobis arealad kiruseTis uSualo samezoblo iqca.

elcinis droindeli strategiuli ukandaxevis Semdeg,bevri mimomxilvli Tvlida, rom ruseTis axalgazrda daenergiuli lideri Tavisi qveynis gavlenas ekonomikur danavTobsadenebis proeqtebSi monawileobiT gaaZlierebda.47

maTi prognozi mxolod nawilobriv gamarTlda. putinmasabWouri da imperiuli simboloebis ekleqturi nazavi kidevufro gaamZafra, magram sagareo metoqeebis Ziebas man SidamtrebTan brZola amjobina. man zedmetad gaZlierebuliregionuli liderebi moToka da manamde gavleniani federaciissabWo, parlamentis zeda palata, prezidentis morCil instru-mentad aqcia. xelisuflebis konsolidirebis procesSi manuSiSroebis samsaxuris erTguli kadrebi sakvanZo politikurda administraciul Tanamdebobebze daawinaura. gavlenianifinansuri da politikuri figurebi, anu „oligarqebi” iZule-buli iyvnen an putinis administraciisadmi morCileba aerCiaT,anda daetovebinaT qveyana. oligarqebTan dakavSirebuli kerZomas-media daiTrguna da xSir SemTxvevaSi, kremlis kontrols

46 Ariel Cohen. The Russia Bush Faces. – The Heritage Foundation Online, March 12,2001, http://www.heritage.org/Press/Commentary/ed031201.cfm; Ariel Cohen. Russiaand Eurasia. – Issues 2000 (Washington, D.C.: Heritage Foundation, 2000), p. 703.47 Baev. Challenges and Options in the Caucasus and Central Asia, p. 5.


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qveS aRmoCnda. kremlis yofilma an mimdinare biurokratebmaxelSi Caigdes udidesi energo kompaniebis – gazpromis, iteras(gazpromis Svilobili kompania romelic dsT–Si mis aqtivebsakontrolebs), da gaerTianebuli energosistemebis sakontolopaketi da marTva, riTac mtkice kontroli daaweses finansurnakadebze. sagareo mtris saxesac Sida daniSnuleba gaaCnda –islamur terorizmTan brZolis bairaRiT putinma CeCnurseparatizmTan Seurigebel brZolas saerTaSoriso dasabuTebamouZebna. CeCneTSi ganaxlebulma omma putins ruseTis SigniTudidesi mxardaWera moutana da gadafara omis winaaRmdeggamomsvlelTa xmebi. niu–iorkSi 11 seqtembris teroristuliaqtebis Sedeg Semcirda CeCneTis omis saerTaSoriso kritikac.

Sedegad, putinma saxelmwifo rusi xalxis TviTSegnebi-saTvis bevrad ufro misaRebi gaxada. elcinis susti mTavrobisnacvlad, qveyanas Zlieri, zogjer sastiki magram ZiriTadad„gulisxmieri” xelmwife marTavs; uSiSroebisa da samxedroTaestabliSmenti akontrolebs qveynis marTvas, qveyana kiganagrZobs „CamorCenili” kavkasiis dasamorCileblad brZolas.sagareo moxmarebisaTvis Camoyalibda ruseTis politikisagresiuli elementebis gamarTlebis dasavleTisaTvis gasagebifrazeologia – CeCneTis omSi putinma „islamuri terorizmis”safrTxe gamoiyena Tavis politikis gasamarTleblad.48 saqarT-velos SemTxvevaSi, kremlTan daaxloebuli rusi analitikosebi„arSemdgari saxelmwifos” terminologias daeyrdnen missaqmeebSi Carevis asaxsnelad.49

48 Dmitri Trenin. The Forgotten War: Chechnya and Russia’s Future. Policy Brief no. 28(Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, November 2003), http://www.ceip.org/files/pdf/Policybrief28.pdf.49 rusma mimomxilvelma aleqsei malaSenkom aRniSna, rom moskovmamxedvelobaSic ki ar unda miiRos „Sua aziisa da transkavkasiisdemokratizaciis hipoTeturi SesaZleblobac ki.” misi TqmiT, am regionis„demodernizaciis” SeCereba mxolod ruseTis kulturuli gavlenisgaZlierebiT SeiZleba, romelic istoriulad „[Sua aziisa da kavkasiissaxelmwifoebis] modernizacias uwyobda xels evropul kulturasTanmaTi ziarebis gziT.” ix. Aleksei Malashenko. Post-Soviet States of the South and theInterests of Moscow. – Pro et Contra, vol. 5, no. 3 (2000), p. 43.

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putinis ruseTi ar aris da arc eswrafvis gaxdes evropulisaxelmwifo an gaiziaros sajaro institutebis, samoqalaqouflebebis, kanonis uzenaesobis evropuli gageba. putinicdilobs ruseTi Zlier da marTvad saxelmwifod warmoadginos,romelsac SeuZlia dasavluri wesebis gageba da maT mixedviTmoqmedeba da romelic mzadaa gaiziaros dasavleTTan Tanam-SromlobiT motanili ekonomikuri mogeba. sabWoeTis simbolurglobalur ambiciaze man uari Tqva – miatova sabWoeTis Soreuliavanpostebi – samxedro bazebi kubaze (lurdesi) da vietnamSi(kamrani); rusulma samSvidobo kontingentma 2003 wlisaTvismTlianad datova kosovo da bosnia–hercegovina. urTi-erTobebi Sesustda libiis, siriis da kubis reJimebTan. amasTan,putini miesalma aSS–sTan samxedro TanamSromlobas avRaneTSi.

stiven blanki am politikas „dasavleTTan konfrontaciis...mniSvnelovan dasavlur klubebSi (rogoricaa ,didi rviani’)gawevrianebis survilTan paradoqsul SeTavsebas” uwodebs.50

sinamdvileSi, es paradoqsi mxolod iluziaa. ubralod,dasavleTTan konfrontaciam ruseTis sazRvrebTan axlosgadmoiwia, maT Soris samxreT kavkasiaSi. aqac ki, putinma Tavidanaicila dasavleTTan Sejaxeba da arCia TviT kavkasiis saxelm-wifoebis Sida sisusteebis Tavis sasargeblod gamoyeneba.drodadro ruseTis oficialuri pirebi kidev axseneben „axlosazRvargareTSi” imperiuli gavlenis „uflebas.” Tumca, sulufro xSirad ruseTi sajarod aRiarebs mxardaWeras zogadiprincipebisadmi, rogoricaa magaliTad sazRvrebis urRveoba,magram Semdeg ufro moqnili meTodebiT axdens gavlenassamxreT mezobel qveynebze am principebis sawinaaRmdegod.putinma SeinarCuna da iyenebs 90–ian wlebSi miRweul taqtikurupiratesobas, rac regionSi gayinuli konfliqtebis – saqarT-velos SemTxvevaSi, afxazeTisa da samxreTo oseTis – erT-pirovnul kontrolSi gamoixateba. am kontroliT iqmnebaregionuli wesrigi, romelic zedapirze ki Seesabameba saerTa-Soriso tendenciebsa da standartebs, magram sinamdvileSi

50 Blank. U.S. Military Engagement with Transcaucasia and Central Asia, p. 6.


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post–sabWoTa periodSi Seqmnili viTarebis ruseTis sasargeb-lod gamoynebas gulisxmobs. ruseTis Zveli derJavnikulipolitika, romelic „axlo sazRvareTis” hegemonur kontrolsgulisxmobs Serbilda da dasavlur terminologiaSi gaexva,riTac sabuTdeba ruseTis liderobis aucilebloba mezobeli„arSemdgari saxelmwifoebis” problemebis gadasaWrelad dastabilurobis uzrunvelsayofad.

saqarTvelos sakiTxi ruseTis politikaSi araa gadamwyvetimniSvnlobisa, magram mas sakmaod xSirad ixilaven. nawilobrivimitom, rom naTelia paraleli saqarTvelos problemebsa daruseTis CeCnur problemas Soris. erTi SexedviT, am msgavsebasSeeZlo or qveyanas Soris TanamSromloba ganeviTarebina.prezidenti SevardnaZe xSirad cdiloba rusi kolegebiTanamSromlobisaken waeqezebina, magram warumateblad.saqarTvelos sakiTxSi rus politikosbs ramodenime arCevanihqondaT: 1) daxmarebodnen saqarTvelos gaZlierebaSi; 2)eiZulebinaT saqarTvelos mTavroba damorCileboda ruseTissurvilebs da 3) gaenawilebinaT regionSi stabilurobisSenarCunebis amocana saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da saerTa-Soriso institutebTan. samwuxarod, saqarTvelos xelisuf-lebisa da saxelmwifos sisustem, iseve rogorc SevardnaZispolitikis arasaimedoobam, ruseTi meore variantis upira-tesobaSi daarwmuna.

oficialurma ruseTma saqarTvelos mosTxova misi teri-toriis gamoyeneba CeCneTze Setevebis gansaxorcieleblad daqveyanis im nawilSi rusuli specdaniSnulebis nawilebisganTavseba iTxova, sadac CeCneTidan ltolvilebma ipovesTavSesafari.51 amave periodSi daiwyo ruseTis aviaciis miersaqarTvelos sahaero sivrcis darRvevebi, rac CeCnebTansabrZolvelad da velebis dasanaRmad gamoiyeneboda.52

51 Âàëåðèé Ðîêîòîâ. Åùå îäèí ôàêòîð âëèÿíèÿ. – Íåçàâèñèìàÿ ãàçåòà, 16 ÿíâàðÿ2001 ãîäà, http://ng.ru/cis/2001-01-16/5_factor.html.52 Liz Fuller. Unknown Fighters Again Violate Georgian Air Space. – RFE/RL Newsline,August 23, 1999, http://www.rferl.org/newsline/1999/08/2-TCA/tca-230899.asp.

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2000 wlis noemberSi, ruseTis zewolam piks miaRwia.saqarTvelo dsT-s pirveli qveyana gaxda, romlis mimarTacruseTma savizo reJimi SemoiRo. metic, „gamartivebuli” – TavisiarsiT uvizo – reJimi dawesda saqarTvelos separatistulprovinciebTan.53 amave wlidan moyolebuli ruseTma masiuraddaiwyo afxazeTis da samxreT oseTis mosaxleobisaTvisruseTis moqalaqeobis miniWeba, riTac kidev ufro ganamtkicamaTTan kavSiri.54 2000 wlis zamTarSi ruseTidan gazis miwodebaramodenimejer Sewyda, rac saerTaSoriso mediam energetikulizewolis politikur instrumentad gamoyenebad aRiqva.55 amversias oficialuri saxe mieca 2001 wlis 19 ianvars, rodesacevrogaerTianebis sagareo saqmeTa komisarma ruseTi Riadgaakritika gazis miwodebis politikuri zewolisaTvis gamoye-nebisaTvis.56

saqarTvelo–ruseTs Soris incidentebi am periodSi metadxSirad xdeboda. pavel baevi Tvlis, rom es taqtika SesaZloa„ar ukavSirdeboda ruseTis mxridan saqarTvelos daTrgunvas.”misi azriT gazisa da eleqtroenergiis miwodebis SewyvetaSesaZloa gazpromsa da iteras Soris Sida dapirispirebis SedegiSeiZleboda yofiliyo, ramac sabazro fasebsa da mogebazegaamaxvila maTi yuradReba.57 am incidentebSi ruseTispasuxismgeblobis donis gansazRvra gansakuTrebiT rTulia imperiodSi prezident SevardnaZis mier ganxorcielebuli

53 Àðìåí Õàíáàáÿí. Ââåäåíèå âèçîâîãî ðåæèìà íåèçáåæíî. – Íåçàâèñèìàÿ ãàçåòà, 10íîÿáðÿ 2000 ãîäà, http://ng.ru/cis/2000-11-10/1_vises.html.54 es teritoriuli mTlianobis principis darRvevas niSnavda. oficia-lurad, ruseTi aRniSnavda, rom afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTismcxovrebni moqalaqeobis gareSe darCnen da ruseTma maT moqalaqeobamianiWa, rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris samarTalmemkvidrem. TumcaRapolitikuri qveteqsti cxadia: magaliTad krasnodaris raionSi marTlacmoqalaqeobis gareSe aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi mcxovreb mesxeTelTurqebs uari eTqvaT ruseTis moqalaqeobaze.55 Michael Lelyveld. Western Press Accuses Moscow of Using Energy as a Cudgel. – RFE/RL Newsline, January 1, 2001, http://www.rferl.org/nca/features/2001/01/05012001104106.asp.56 Andrew Jack. Russia Warned over Attitude to Georgia. – Financial Times, January 19, 2001.57 Pavel Baev. Russia Refocuses Its Policies in the Southern Caucasus (Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Caspian Studies Program, 2001), p. 11.


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araTanmimdevruli politikis gamo. SevrdnaZis ZalauflebasmaSin gaZlierebuli opozicia emuqreboda da isic ruseTissafrTxes iyenebda Tavisi mdgomareobis gasamyareblad.SevardnaZis momxreebi mas ruseTisagan erTaderT xsnadwarmoadgendnen, ixsenebdnen ra 90–iani wlebis travmatulgamocdilebas. isini acxadebdnen, rom saqarTvelo ruseTissafrTxis winaSe unda gaerTiandes (SevardnaZis garSemo) da rommxolod prezidents SeuZlia evropisa da aSS–s darwmuneba,raTa maT daicvan saqarTvelo ruseTisagan. sinamdvileSi,saqarTvelos mTavrobis SesaZleblobebi am periodSi sul ufroSeizRuda. 2000 wlis arCevnebi saerTaSoriso damkvirveblebmademokratiis TvalsazrisiT ukangadadgmul nabijad Seafases.xelisuflebisadmi sazogadoebis mxardaWera sarekordoddabal doneze iyo, saprotesto eleqtorati ki siRaribisgafarToebasTan erTad izrdeboda. TviT mmarTvel moqalaqeTakavSirSi gaxSirda konfliqtebi.

yvelafrisda miuxedavad, SevardnaZis taqtikam, rusulisafrTxis gamo Seenarunebina dasavluri mxardaWera, nawi-lobriv mainc gaamarTla. xedavdnen ra saqarTvelos sisustes,dasavleTis qveynebma gaafrTxiles ruseTi, Tavi Seekavebinaavanturebisagan da amiT daicves sakuTari ekonomikuriinteresebi regionSi. prezident jorj buSis administraciamRiad gaakritika „axlo sazRvargareTis” politika. 2001 wlismartSi, aSS saxelmwifo ministrma kolin pauelma daarwmunasaqarTvelos sagareo ministri, rom aSS ganagrZobs saqarT-velos mxardaWeras da sajarod dagmo ruseTis mxridanganxorcielebuli zewola.58 amave dros, saqarTvelom natosStab–binaSi jer pirveli politikuri konsultaciebi gamarTa,2001 wlis ivnisSi ki programis „partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis”farglebSi natos samxedro manevrebs umaspinZla.59

58 Liz Fuller. U.S. Assures Georgia of Support. – RFE/RL Newsline, March 21, 2001, http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/03/210301.asp.59 Liz Fuller. Georgia Consults NATO, EU. – RFE/RL Newsline, April 2, 2001, http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/04/020401.asp.

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pankisi: sasinji qva

pankisis xeobis CeCneTis omTan kavSiris sakiTxi 1999 wlidanmoyolebuli mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravda ruseTTansaqarTvelos urTierTobas. es konfliqti ori qveynis Zireulierovnuli interesebis dapirispirebis kargi magaliTia.miuxedavad imisa, rom pankisis garSemo daZabuloba kinaRamsaxifaTo da Ria eskalaciaSi gadaizarda, saerTaSoriso ZalebisCarevam pragmatuli Sedegi moitana. krizisi 1999 wels daiwyoda 2001 wlisaTvis piks miaRwia. manve ganapiroba saqarTvelospolitikis taqtikuri cvlileba da SesaZloa safuZveli daudoprezident SevardnaZis administraciis damxobas.

rusi samxdroebi CeCneTis sazRvris saqarTvelos monakve-Tis gakontrolebas 1999 wlis bolodan aqtiurad cdilobdnen.1999 wlis agvistoSi, rodesac CeCneTis konfliqti daRestanSigavrcelda, prezidentma elcinma eduard SevardnaZes saqarT-veloSi mdebare rusuli bazebis gamoyeneba sTxova CeCneTisteritoriis dasabombad. SevardnaZem uari ganacxada. meoreCeCnuri kampaniis pirvelive TveebSi, saqarTvelos sazRvari

Central Intelligence Agency map, courtesy of the Central Intelligence Agency,The World Factbook 2005, http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/gg.html.

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Svid aTasamde CeCenma ltolvilma gadmokveTa. isini ruseTisfederaluri jarebis Setevas gaurbonen. saqarTvelom, misisaerTaSoriso valdebulebebis Sesabamisad (1951 wlis gaeroskonvencia ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb da misi 1967 wlisprotokoli) CeCen ltolvilebs masiurad, anu individualuriSemowmebis gareSe, mianiWa ltolvilis statusi. TiTqmisdauyovnebliv, ruseTma masiuri diplomatiuri da mediakampania wamoiwyo, romlis mixedviT saqarTvelos Tavi aTasobiTCeCenma mebrZolma Seafara da „teroristTa” sawvrTnelibanakebi Seqmna, romlebic axali ajanyebulebis mosamzadebladda CeCneTSi gasagzavnad gamoiyeneboda.

Tavdapirvelad, saqarTvelos mTavrobam mtkiced uaryo esbraldebebi da yuradReba ltolvilebis dacvis saerTaSorisovaldebulebaze gaamaxvila. male saqarTveloSi gaxSirdadanaSaulisa da adamianis gatacebebis SemTxvevebi, rac pankissukavSirdeboda. aman ruseTis gancxadebebs meti wona SesZina.sinamdvileSi, saqarTvelos xelsuflebis sisustem pankisiyvela juris damnaSavis, maT Soris yofili CeCeni ajanye-bulebis, TavSesafrad aqcia. oficialuri Tbilisi xeobas jerkidev CeCeni ltolvilebis iq Casvlamde ver akontrolebda.pankisis rTuli eTnikuri Semadgenlobisa da istoriis gamo, aqtradiciuli saTemo samarTali yovelTvis ufro gavrcelebuliiyo vidre oficialuri samarTaldamcavi saqmianoba.60 samar-Taldamcavi struqturebis sisustem ki es raioni damnaSa-veebisaTvis oazisad aqcia.

CeCeni ltolvilebis mosvlam ubralod saerTaSorisomniSvneloba mianiWa pankiss da naTlad gamoavlina ukanonobaromelic aq batonobda. saqarTvelosTvis, pankisi mtkivneulpolitikur dilemad iqca. mTavrobaca da sazogadoebacmiiCnevda, rom SeiaraRebuli eskalacia pankisSi sasikvdiloSeiZleboda gamxdariyo sepratizmiT, ekonomikuri krizisiTa

60 Jaba Devdariani and Blanka Hancilova. Georgia’s Pankisi Gorge: Russian, U.S., andEuropean Connections. CEPS Policy Brief no. 23 (Brussels: Centre for European PolicyStudies, June 2002).

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da politikuri arastabilurobiT isedac dasustebuli qveyni-saTvis. saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis sisuste maTefeqtur gamoyenebas gamorixavda. Sedegad, mTavroba mxolodsimbolurad Seecada pankisis xeobis Caketvas. policiiserTaderTi blok–posti mis SesasvlelSi ara Tu danaSaulisSemakavebel barierad ar iqca, aramed Jurnalisturi gamo-Ziebebisa da Semdgomi oficialuri gamoZiebis Tanaxmad, TviTongaxda narkovaWrobis centri.

ruseTi sul ufro daJinebiT iyenebda politikur dasamxedro zewolas, cdilobda ra saqarTvelo eiZulebinaaqtiuri moqmedeba daewyo pankisSi. es zewola talRiseburadganviTarda da piks 2000 wels, ltolvilebis SemosvlisperiodSi, 2001 wlis dasawyisSi, 2001 wlis Semodgomaze da 2002wlis zafxulSi miaRwia. logika am zewolis miRma martivi iyo:ruseTis Tavdacvis ministris sergei ivanovisa da genStabisufrosis anatoli kvaSninis TqmiT, raki saqarTvelos ar SeeZlopankisSi wesrigis damyareba, „terorizmis budis” ganadgurebaruseTis samxedro Zalebis CareviT unda momxdariyo.61 qarTulisazogadoeba zizRiT moekida zewolis am samxedro Sinaarss.radio „Tavisuflebis” samxedro mimomxilvelis, koba likli-kaZis monacemebiT 1999 wlis Semodgomidan 2002 wlis agvistomderuseTma 25–jer mainc daarRvia saqarTvelos sahaero sivrceda, erTis garda, yvela SemTxvevaSi uaryo darRveva.62 meoresmxriv, prezident SevardnaZis ucnauri gamosvlebi – xan CeCenimebrZolebis pankisSi yofnis uaryofam, xan maTi lideris„normalur, ganaTlebul adamianad” daxasiaTebam, Semdeg kiteroristebis ganadgurebis moTxovnam – daarwmuna misdamiukve skeptikurad ganwyobili qarTuli sazogadoeba, romxelisuflebas marTlac hqonda raRac dasamali pankisSi.

yovelive amis miuxedavad, saqarTveloSi gabatonebulSexedulebas, rom ruseTi pankiss saqarTveloze politikuri

61 Ian Traynor. Russia Angry at U.S. War Plan for Georgia. – The Guardian, February 22,2002, http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story0,3604,654020,00.html.62 koba liklikaze, interviu „rusTavi–2" eTerSi, 2002 wlis 29 agvisto.


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zewolisaTvis usamarTlod iyenebda gaaCnia realuri safuZ-veli. logikas araa moklebuli oficialuri Tbilisis azric, romsaqarTveloSi samxedro Careva ruseTis CeCnur problemas kiar gadawyvetda aramed piriqiT, gaauaresebda. naTelia, rom rusipolitikosebi azviadebdnen pankisis problemis realurmasStabs. TviT ramodenime rusi eqspertis azriTac, pankisiCeCneTSi mimdinare movlenebis Sedegia da ara mizezi.63

yovelive amis miuxedavad, pankisis problemis eskalaciisganmavlobaSi araferi miuTiTebda imaze, rom Tbilisis ZalaSeswevda gadaewyvita pankisis problema.

dauyovnebeli moqmedebis aucilebloba ki dResaviT naTeliniu–iorkze 11 seqtembers ganxorcielebuli Setevis Semdeggaxda, ramac pankiss globaluri ganzomileba mianiWa. ruseTiaSS–ze teroristuli Setevis gamoyenebas Seecada CeCneTSiTavisi moqmedebebis gasamarTleblad da, SesaZloa, saqarT-veloSi intervenciisaTvis. 11 seqtemberze reagirebisaspresidentma vladimir putinma ganacxada, rom misi saxelmwifogaanadgurebs „teroristTa samalavebs” ruseTis saxelmwifosmaxloblad. amiT, mimomxilvelebis SefasebiT, putini narTau-lad sTxovda aSS–s pankisSi Carevis uflebas.

saqarTvelos isedac arapopularul mTavrobas axla ukvesaerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobac mkacrad sTxovda aRmoefxvraqveyanaSi teroristuli safrTxis warmoSobis SesaZlebloba.2001 wlis oqtomberSi, saqarTvelom oficialurad aRiaraCeCeni mebrZolebis yofna pankisSi. mimomxilvelebis cnobiT,es mas Semdeg moxda rac aSS–Si vizitisas SevardnaZes mtkicedurCies terorizmis winaaRmdeg Seurigeblobis politikisgatareba.64

pankisis sakiTxSi mouxeSaobam TiTqmis nulovan donemdedasca SevardnaZis popularoba. 2001 wlis agvistoSi mis

63 radio „Tavisuflebis” mimomxilveli oleg kusovi, radio „exomoskvisaTvis” micemul interviuSi. 2002 wlis 26 agvisto, http://www.echo.msk.ru/guests/5754/.64 Zeyno Baran. Georgia Update, March 4, 2002, p. 3, http://www.csis.org/ruseura/georgia/gaupdate_0203.htm.

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politikas, gamokiTxvebis mixedviT, mxars moqalaqeTa mxolod6% uWerda. damoukidebel televiziaze zewoliT gamowveulisaxalxo saprotesto gamosvlebis fonze, SevardnaZem 2001 wlisoqtomberSi daiTxova mTavroba. moqalaqeTa kavSiri garda-uvali daSlisaken mieqaneboda. am pirobebSi, saqarTvelospolitikuri elita SiSobda rom SevardnaZe radikaluradSecvlida kurss da ruseTTan seriozul daTmobebze wavidoda,maT Soris pankisis sakiTxSic.

amdenad, saqarTvelos mTavrobis sisuste ruseTTanurTierTobebSi gaurkvevlobisa da daZabulobis SenarCunebiserT–erTi mizezi iyo. ruseTis liderebis SexedulebiT,saqarTvelos Tavisuflad SeeZlo CeCeni mebrZolebis SefarebaTundac maTi ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZolisadmi simpatiismizeziT. meores mxriv ruseTs aSfoTebda, rom Tuki movlenebicudad ganviTardeboda, saqarTvelo ubralod ver SeZlebdakrizisis aRmofxvras policiisa da armiis Ronemixdilobis gamo.dasavlel liderebsac cudad eniSnaT SevardnaZis araprog-nozirebadi politikuri naxtomebi da Sinagan saqmeTa, Tavdac-vis da uSiSroebis saministroebis winaaRmdegobrivi gancxa-debebi CeCen mebrZolebTan dakavSirebiT. qarTul mediaSigavrcelda mosazreba, rom saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTasaministro idga CeCeni mebrZolebis pankisidan afxazeTSigadasrolis avanturis ukan, rac 2000 wels ganxorcielda.65 amankidev ufro gaamZafra rogorc ruseTis, ise dasavleTis SiSebi.

yvela mxridan zewolis fonze, saqarTvelos politikurelitaSi mainc ruseTisadmi undoblobam iZala. maTi azriT,dasavleTi (da gansakuTrebiT aSS) saqarTveloSi CeCnurikonfliqtis gadmodinebis SesaCereblad erTaderTi imedi iyo.saqarTvelom ruseT–aSS–s Soris winaaRmdegobaze iTamaSa. jerkidev 1999 wlidan, ruseT–saqarTvelos sazRvris CeCneTis

65 am gancxadebebs, rogorc Cans realuri safuZveli gaaCnda. 2004 wlisivnisSi prezident saakaSvilis mTavrobam gankarguleba gasca gamo-eZiebinaT CeCeni mebrZolebis afxazeTSi, 2000 wels gadasrolis ambavi.amasTan, saxelmwifo ministrma giorgi xaindravam daadastura, rom ammovlenebSi garkveuli roli SevardnaZis administraciam iTamaSa.


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monakveTze euTos damkvirveblebi iyvnen ganTavsebuli. isiniadasturebdnen, rom CeCneTsa da saqarTvelos Soris mebrZolTaaqtiuri mimosvla ar xdeboda, rac dasavleTis yurs malamodecxeboda. saerTaSoriso konteqsti meyseulad, 2002 wlisTebervalSi Seicvala rodesac aSS elCis movaleobis Semsru-lebelma, filip remlerma ganacxada rom pankisSi SesaZloa „al–yaidasTan dakavSirebuli pirebi” imalebodnen. es gancxadebameore dResve aSS gazeTebis pirvel gverdebze moxvda da amasTiTqmis maSinve mohyva aSS–s mxridan saqarTvelosadmi gaweulisamxedro daxmarebis dramatuli zrda. gamocxadda 64 milioniaSS dolaris Rirebulebis wvrTnisa da aRWurvis programa,romelic gaRatakebul qarTul armiaSi anti–teroristuliSesaZleblobebis ganviTarebas isaxavda miznad. am programisfarglebSi saqarTveloSi 200–mde amerikeli samxedro instruq-tori Camovida, xolo programis farglebSi savele wvrTnebiukve 2002 wlis martSi daiwyo.

iurgen Smitis mosazrebiT, programis dawyebis dros TudavakvirdebiT, naTelia rom aSS–s gadawyvetileba ar dayrd-noba al–yaidasTan dakavSirebuli pirebis pankisSi yofnisSesaxeb miRebul raime axal informacias. ufro savaraudoa, romsamxedro daxmarebis programis dauyovnebeli dawyeba auci-lebeli iyo ruseTis mxridan gardauvali eskalaciis, SesaZloaSeiaraRebuli Carevis, Tavidan asacileblad.66 rogorc Cans,aSS–s pankisSi sisastikiT ganTqmuli rusi generlebis Careviski eSinoda, magram saqarTvelos samxedro sisustec arwmunebdarom pankisi kidev didi xani SeiZleboda darCeniliko krimi-naluri, maT Soris teroristuli, elementebis TavSesafrad.

aSS samxedroebis saqarTveloSi gamoCenas ruseTis politi-kuri wreebis aRSfoTeba mohyva. mravali rusi politikosiacxadebda, rom aSS–s mizani samxreT kavkasiidan ruseTisgaZeveba iyo. nezavisimaia gazetas samxedro danarTi ufro Sors

66 Juergen Schmid. Krieg gegen den Terrorismus im Südkaukasus? Die USA entsendenMilitärberater nach Georgien. – SWP Brennpunkte, http://old.swpberlin.org/produkte/bparchiv/zentralasien6druck.htm.

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wavida da Tavis mkiTxvelebs arwmunebda, rom aSS CeCneTSiSeWras gegmavda.67 prezident putinis oficialuri pasuxibevrad ufro gamozomili aRmoCnda. ucnobia, gauziara Tu aravaSingtonma putins Tavisi gegmebi saqarTvelosaTvis daxmare-bis programis dawyebamde. amisda miuxedavad, putinis gancxa-debiT, Tuki aSS Careva ruseTis usafrTxoebas ganamtkicebs,moskovs araferi aqvs misi sawinaaRmdego.

rogorc aRmoCnda, pankisis sakiTxi amiT ar amoiwura. aSSsamxedro daxmareba uSualod pankisSi viTarebaze meyseulgavlenas ar axdenda. ruseTis saqarTveloze zewola ki ufroagresiuli gaxda. yvelaferi politikuri demarSebiT daiwyo.2002 wlis 8 agvistos, ruseTis delegacia ar gamocxadda saqarT-velosTan CarCo–xelSekrulebis mosamzadebeli komisiissxdomaze. oficialuri versiiT, ruseTi „mzad ar iyo” xelSek-rulebis gansaxilvelad. saqarTvelos oficialuri pirebiacxadebdnen, rom SeTanxmebis blokirebis moxsnis safasuradruseTi pankisSi „erToblivi policiuri aqciis” CatarebasmoiTxovda. CarCo–xelSekruleba SevardnaZis sagareo poli-tikis erT–erTi ZiriTadi mizani iyo, rac im periodSi saqarT-velodan ruseTis jarebis gayvanasa da ruseTSi momuSavesaqarTvelos moqalaqeebis dacvas ukavSirdeboda.

amave dros, ruseTis samxedo zewola sul ufro saxifaToxdeboda. 2002 wlis aprilSi, ruseTisa da saqarTvelos Seiara-Rebuli Zalebi Setakebis zRvarze iyvnen afxazeTis kodorisxeobaSi. qarTuli formirebebis mier kontrolirebad teri-toriaze iq moulodnelad rusi medesanteebi gadmosxdnen.68

2002 wlis 29 ivlisidan amave wlis agvistos ganmavlobaSisaqarTvelos sahaero sivrce ruseTis Zalebma xuTjer daarR-vies CeCneTisa da afxazeTis monakveTebze. sam SemTxvevaSirusulma aviaciam cecxli gaxsna. 22 agvistos, samxreT oseTisregionSi ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebis meTaurma, general–

67 Âàäèì Ñîëîâüåâ. Äæè Àé èäóò íà Êàâêàç. – Íåçàâèñèìîå âîåííîå îáîçðåíèå, 30 àâãóñòà2002 ãîäà.68 Civil Georgia, August 8, 2002, http://www.civil.ge.


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maiorma vasili prizemlinma erTpirovnulad daarRvia pasuxis-mgeblobis zonis sazRvrebi da goris raionSi sangrebis gaTxradaiwyo.69 erTi dRis Semdeg, rusulma samxedro TviTmfri-navebma CeCneTis mosazRvre saqarTvelos teritoria dabombes,rasac erTi samoqalaqo piris daRupva da Svidamde adamianisdaWra mohyva.70 saqarTvelosa da euTos damkvirveblebisprotestis miuxedavad, ruseTma uaryo Tavisi monawileoba.Tavdacvis ministrma ganacxada rom dabombva saqarTvelosZalebma moaxdines da incidents „swori mimarTulebiT gadadg-muli nabiji” uwoda CeCeni mebrZolebis Seviwroebis saqmeSi.71

viTareba TiTqos samxedro Sejaxebis zRvramde mivida.am kritikul momentSi moxerxda viTarebis krizisidan ga-

moyvana. pankisSi ukanonobiT SeSfoTebuli aSS–sa da ruseTiserTdrouli zewolis winaSe saqarTvelos mTavroba iZulebuligaxda 2002 wlis 25 agvistos pankisSi anti–kriminaluri operaciadaewyo. Sinagan saqmeTa da uSiSroebis saministros 1000–mdemosamsaxure uSualod xeobaSi Sevida. wvrTnisa da aRWurvisprograma swored am dros gadavida mesame, uSualod savele wvrTnisetapze da amerikul formebSi gamowyobili 1500–mde samxedrosaCvenebeli manevrebiT zurgs umagrebda pankisis operacias.brZolisunariani SeiaraRebuli Zalebis udidesi nawilis erToperaciaze gadasrola sarisko gadawyvetileba iyo. Tumca, anti–kriminaluri operaciis SedarebiT warmatebas SeeZlo saqarTvelospolitikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba – aSS–sTan daaxloebisgagrZeleba da ruseTis SiSebis nawilobrivi gaqarveba.

2002 wlis agvisto–seqtembris operacia aTze meti krimi-nalis dakavebiT dasrulda. rac ufro mniSvnelovania, aRdgapoliciis kontroli pankisis xeobis yvela sofelsa da da-saxlebul punqtSi, gaixsna Sinagani jarebis aTamde sakon-trolo–gamSvebi punqti. moskovis agresiulobam CeCeniltolvilebi da adgilobrivi qistebi saqarTvelos Zalebis

69 Civil Georgia, April 12, 2002, http://www.civil.ge.70 Civil Georgia, August 22, 2002, http://www.civil.ge.71 Civil Georgia, August 23, 2002, http://www.civil.ge.

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operaciisadmi loialurad ganawyo, radgan maTTvis saZulveliruseTis jarebis mier operaciebis pankisSi Catareba abso-luturad miuRebeli da saSiSi iqneboda. uSiSroebis imdroin-delma ministrma, valeri xaburZaniam mogvianebiT, 2003 wlisianvarSi, ganacxada, rom uSiSroebis qarTvelma agentebma„daarwmunes” CeCeni savele meTaurebi mSvidobianad daeto-vebinaT xeoba.72 logikuri Cans, rom CeCen mebrZolebs maTiojaxebisa da naTesavebis usafrTxoeba saqarTveloSi daSemdgomi emigraciis perspeqtiva xeobis datovebad uRirdaT.

pankisis warmatebuli operaciis Sedegad, saqarTvelosmosaxleobam aRidgina sakuTri SeiaraRebuli Zalebis rwmena,nawilobriv aSS–s daxmarebiT. SeiaraRebuli CeCnebis didmanawilma datova xeoba. pro–dasavluri ganwyoba saqarTveloSikidev ufro gaZlierda da warsulSi ruseTisadmi simpaTiiTganwyobili politikurma partiebmac ki ruseTisadmi ufro mkacrpolitikas dauWires mxari. parlamentma damoukidebel saxelm-wifoTa Tanamegobrobidan gasvla da saqarTvelodan ruseTisjarebis gayvana moiTxova. pro–rusuli poziciis dakavebanebismieri partiisaTvis politikur TviTmkvlelobas udrida.

pankisze kontrolis faqtiurad sisxlisRvrisa da adgi-lobrivi mosaxleobis protestis gareSe aRdgena saqarTvelosmTavrobis udides warmatebad iqca. ruseTi aman ar daakma-yofila da yvela im CeCenis dakaveba moiTxova, vinc ruseTis-Tvis potenciur safrTxes warmoadgenda.73 2002 wlis seqtem-berSi putini Seecada miebaZa aSS–s politikisTvis. niu–iorkzeSetevebis wlisTavze man generalur Stabs mosTxova pankiszeprevenciuli sahaero da saxmeleTo dartymebis gegmis momza-deba „teroristebis” gasanadgureblad. putima mosTxovagaeros ecno ruseTis Tavdacvis ufleba teroristuli safrT-

72 Valeri Khaburdzania. Georgia’s Key Security Concerns: Pankisi and Abkhazia. Discussionat the Nixon Center, Washington DC, January 30, 2003, http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=3163.73 Jaba Devdariani. Georgian Security Operation Proceeds in Pankisi Gorge. – EurasiaInsight, September 3, 2002, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav090302a.shtml.


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xis winaSe, gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos 1378 rezoluciisa dagaeros qartiis 51 muxlis Sesabamisad.

am muqaras saqarTveloSic da mis farglebs gareSecyuradRebiT moekidnen, magram rusi mimomxilvelebi daafiqraputinis moqmedebam. zogierTma es ubralod viTarebis arasworiSefasebiT axsna. maTi TqmiT putini moeloda, rom prezidentibuSi niu–iorkze Setevis wlisTavze gaeros terorizmiswinaaRmdeg prevenciuli moqmedebis uflebis aRiarebismoTxovniT mimarTavda. samxedro mimomxilvelma pavelfelgenhauerma aRniSna, rom ruseTi ubralod blefs mimar-Tavda. sxvebi Tvlidnen, rom ruseTi ubralod ukiduresgaRizianebas gamoxatavda saqarTvelos mimarT kaspiis navTob-sadenis mSeneblobis Sesaferxeblad, anda CeCneTSi waruma-teblobisagan yuradRebis gadasatanad.

ruseTis agresiuli gancxadeba kavkasiis regionisadmisaerTaSoriso yuradRebisa da saqarTveloze samxedro darty-mis mimarT dasavleTis SesaZlo reaqciis Semowmebad iqca. aSSadministracia pasuxad anti–teroristul koaliciaSi saqarT-velos monawileobas miesalma. aSS saxelmwifo departamentma,evrokavSirma da euTom SeSfoTeba gamoTqves CeCneTis konf-liqtis saqarTveloze gavrcelebis SesaZleblobis gamo. 2001wels ruseTTan dapirispirebis Semdeg, saqarTvelo darwmunda,rom pankisis problemis mogvareba mas sakuTari ZalebiTSeuZlia. amave dros, aSS–m Tanmimdevrulad daicva saqarT-velos ufleba TviTon gadaewyvita es konkretuli problemada pirdapiri daxmarebac gauwia oficialur Tbiliss samxedroSesaZleblobebis gasaumjobeseblad.74 isic cxadi gaxda, romruseTs ar moecemoda ufleba aSS–s prevenciuli dartymebisdoqtrinis kopireba ganexorcielebina kavkasiaSi.

aSS daxmarebiTa da pankisis problemis mogvarebiT gaTama-mebuli saqarTvelo ruseTTan am konkretul konfliqtSigamarjvebuli gamovida. Tumca aSS–s „ufros Zmad” gamoyenebamruseTis winaaRmdeg kidev ufro ganamtkica undoblobis

74 Statement of the White House Press Secretary, August 24, 2002.

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stereotipebi. ruseTi darwmunda rom saqarTvelo susti,araprognozirebadi mezobelia da amasTan „moRalatec” romelicmzadaa regioni ruseTis mtrebs (gind CeCnebsa da gindacamerikelebs) gauxsnas. saqarTvelosaTvis ruseTi kidev erTxelwarmoCinda rogorc agresiuli Zala hegemonisturi ambiciebiT.bevri qarTveli SeaSfoTa ruseTis radio „exo moskvis”gamokiTxvam 2002 wlis 26 agvistos, romlis mixedviTacgamokiTxulTa 58%–ma ganacxada rom ruseTma bodiSi ar undamoixados saqarTvelos winaSe, maSinac ki Tu man marTlacdabomba saqarTvelos teritoria. gansakuTrebiT SemaSfo-Tebeli isaa, rom „exo moskvis” auditoriad ZiriTadadliberaluri, prodemokratiuli moskovelebi iTvlebian.

pankisis krizisma saqarTvelos mier ruseTis aSS–Ti da-balansebis politikis sisusteebic naTeli gaxada. cxadi gaxda,rom saqarTvelos sisustis pirobebSi, aSS–s daxmarebas mxoloddroebiT SeuZlia ruseTis zewolis Sesusteba. am politikiT vermoxerxdeba or qveyanas Soris urTierTobebis grZelvadiani dayovlismomcveli mowesrigeba. pankisis SemTxevaSi, saerTaSorisoTanamegobrobisa da aSS monawileobam Seakava ruseTi ukiduresadagresiuli samxedro avanturisagan pankisSi. Tumca amave dros,ruseTma ganavrco afxazeTisa da samxreTo oseTis mosax-leobisaTvis moqalaqeobis miniWeba, 2001 wlis zamTarSi kiaRadgina sarkinigzo kavSiri afxazeTTan, riTac axali da rTuliproblemebi Seuqmna saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, romelTagadawyvetac mxolod ruseTTan TanamSromlobiT SeiZleba.

2003 wlis noemberSi SevardnaZis xelisufleba mxolodgayalbebuli arCevnebis gamo ar damxobila. opoziciam upasuxasazogadoebriv moTxovnas enaxa ufro Zlieri da sakuTar TavSidarwmunebuli saqarTvelo. metic, „erovnuli proeqtis”erTguli qarTvelebi Tvlidnen rom usisxlo, pro–demok-ratiuli „vardebis revolucia” politikuri krizisis evro-pulad, civilizebuli gziT gadaWris magaliTi iyo.75 moskovi

75 es SesaZloa sadao gancxadebaa, magram savsebiT gasagebia TbilisSi 1991wlis zamTarSi momxdari sisxliani ajanyebis fonze.


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TiTqos daeTanxma azrs rom ufro Zlieri saqarTvelo maTsaveinteresebSi Sedioda. bevris azriT sagareo ministr igorivanovis roli, romelmac xeli Seuwyo SevardnaZis gadadgomas,swored amas mianiSnebda.76

mixeil saakaSvilma 2004 wlis ianvarSi udidesi upira-tesobiT gaimarjva saprezidento arCevnebSi da dauyovneblivgamoTqva ruseTTan urTierTobis galRobis survili. Tavissainauguracio sityvaSi saakaSvilma ganacxada, rom is „megob-robis xels uwvdis ruseTs” da rom misi politika „arc pro–rusulia da arc pro–amerikuli, aramed pro–qarTulia.”prezidentma saakaSvilma, amave dros, xazi gausva rom misimTavroba mtkiced moiTxovs ori rusuli samxedro bazisdaxurvas baTumsa da axalqalaqSi. amasTan man mianiSna, rommzadaa bazebis sakiTxi calke ganixilos da ara yvela sxvawinaaRmdegobriv problemasTan kavSirSi. „Cven vaRiarebTruseTis interesebs am regionSi,” ganacxada prezidentmasaakaSvilma „magram am interesebis ganxorcieleba bazebzeukeTesi meTodebiT SeiZleba.”77 prezidentma agreTve aRniSnarom kari Riaa rusuli investiciebisavis energetikis seqtorsada saporto infrastruqturaSi, da anti–teroristulicentris gaxsna SesTavaza ruseTs bazebis nacvlad.

pirvel etapze ruseTma saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mimarTmolodinis politika airCia. moskovi skeptikuradaa ganwyobilisaakaSvilis mimarT da ar swams, rom axalgazrda prezidentsSeuZlia saqarTvelos problemebis gadawyveta da mmarT-velobis gajansaReba. SevardnaZis administracia susti daarasaimedi partniori iyo, romelsac Tavisive sisuste aSinebda.roca prezidenti saakaSvili aWaris mmarTvels, aslan abaSiZesdaupirispirda 2004 wlis aprilSi, ruseTma Tavdapirvelad(Tumca sakmaod ugulod) mxari dauWira abaSiZes. Tumca, rogorcki saakaSvilis gamarjveba gardauvali gaxda, ruseTma genStabis

76 Tumca, ivanovi uaryofs, rom man icoda SevardnaZis survilzegadamdgariyo.77 mixeil saakaSvilis sainauguracio sityva, 2004 wlis 25 ianvari.

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maRali rangis generali gagzavna baTumSi, raTa iq dislo-cirebuli, abaSiZisadmi simpaTiiT ganwyobili rusi sam-xedroebi konfliqtSi ar Careuliyvnen. bolos, isev igorivanovi daexmara abaSiZes moskovSi gaqcevaSi, mas Semdeg racaWaris liderma saakaSvilisagan usafrTxoebis garantiebimiiRo. am epizodidan cxadia, rom rodesac saqarTvelominiciativa gamoiCina, ruseTma mas winaaRmdegoba ar gauwia.aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom Tuki saqarTvelo Sei-narCunebs reformebis temps da mis mTavrobas kvlavac eqnebasaxalxo mxardaWera, ruseTi ufro gamozomilad moeqcevasaqarTvelos.

or qveyanas Soris undoblobis gadasalaxad ufro metiasaWiro – ruseTma politika Zireulad unda Secvalos, saqarT-velom ki sakuTari Zalebis rwmena gaimyaros. analitikosebi verTanxmdebian surs da SeuZlia Tu ara prezident putinssaqarTvelosadmi politikis erTpirovnulad Secvla. 2003 wlisdekembris saparlamento arCevnebSi putinis momxreebma qvedapalataze, dumaze, sruli kontroli moipoves, riTac TiTqosxeli gauxsnes putins sagareo politikis TvalsazrisiT. magramnacionalisturad ganwyobili politikosebi – vladimerJirinovskis liberal–demokratebi, komunistebi, partia„rodina” – kvlvac isteriul tons aZleven ruseTis politikasda realurad gansazRvraven sazogadoebriv azrs ruseTSi. ase,rom putinis mxridan politikis cvlileba SesaZloa arc iseadvili amocana iyos, radgan amiT politikuri speqtrisa dasazogadoebis didi nawili gairiyeba.78

mimomxilvelebis azri gansxvavebulia putinis adminis-traciis politikaze saqarTvelos axali xelisuflebis mimar.ariel koeni, eyrdnoba ra maRali rangis amerikel diplomatsmoskovSi, ambobs rom „imperiuli nostalgiis maragi” ruseTSi„ufro Zalismier midgomas” gamoiwvevs” Sua aziisa da kavkasiis

78 Ariel Cohen. U.S. Officials Warily Monitor Russian Policy Debate on Caucasus. –Eurasia Insight, January 9, 2004, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav010904b_pr.shtml.


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mimarT.79 karnegis moskovis centris mkvlevari aleqseimalaSenko Tvlis, rom kremlis „poziciis ori mesamediTanamSromlobis survilzea damyarebuli” xolo „erTi mesa-medi...imperiul damokidebulebas eyrdnoba.”80 sagareo daTavdacvis politikis sabWos xelmZRvaneli sergei karaganoviamtkicebs, rom „ruseTma saqarTvelos funTuSa unda SesTa-vazos. Tuki saWiro gaxdeba, maTraxisaken mibruneba Zneliaraa.”81 sakiTxavi isaa SeuZlia Tu ara ruseTs im „funTuSis”moZieba, romelsac saqarTvelo iTxovs – kerZod afxazeTsa dasamxreT oseTSi saqarTvelos suverenitetis aRdgena.

warsuli liderebis gamocdileba karnaxobs rus poli-tikosebs, rom maTraxi funTuSas sjobia. TanamSromlobazedamyarebuli sagareo urTierTobebis kulturis Seswavlas drosWirdeba. amasTan, ufro pragmatul qarTul–rusul Tanam-Sromlobas mniSvnelovani da rTulad gadasaWreli problemebiuSlis xels – upirveles yovlisa rusi mSvidobismyofelebissaqmianoba afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi da rusuli bazebisgayvana saqarTvelodan.

pankisis, SevardnaZisa da abaSiZis gandevnis gamocdilebamaswavla saqarTvelos axal xelisuflebas, rom ruseTs Tavisivemuqaris Sesasruleblad xSirad realuri resursebi ar yofnis.am gakveTils SeiZleba Secdmoebi mohyves, rac naTlad gamoCnda2004 wlis seqtemberSi, rodesac saakaSvilis administraciaSeecada erTi xelis dartymiT gadaeWra samxreT oseTisproblema separatistul mTavrobaze humanitaruli, poli-tikuri da samxedro zewolis meSveobiT. Sedegad, ruseTidansamxreT oseTisaken moxaliseebisa da samxedro daxmarebisnakadi wamovida, rasac SeiaraRebuli Setkebebi da msxverplimohyva. saqarTvelos xelisuflebam ukan daixia da Tavidan

79 Cohen. U.S. Officials Warily Monitor Russian Policy Debate on Caucasus.80 Igor Torbakov. Russian Policy Makers Struggle to Respond to Political Changes inGeorgia. – Eurasia Insight, January 8, 2004, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav010804_pr.shtml.81 Torbakov. Russian Policy Makers Struggle to Respond to Political Changes in Georgia.

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airida srulmasStabiani konfliqti, gadaerTo ra politikurigamosavlis Ziebaze.

SevardnaZisagan gansxavebiT, prezidenti saakaSvilicdilobs pirveli svla TviTon gaakeTos da Semdgomi arCevaniruseTs miandos. putinis administraciis mxardaWera TviTruseTSi Semcirda. dasavleTic skeptikurad uyurebs iukosisrenacionalizacias da avtoritarizmisaken gadadgmul nabi-jebs. saakaSvili imedovnebs, rom putini Secdomebs dauSvebsda zedmetad agresul upasuxebs saqarTvelos. Tuki misiadministracia dasavluri Rirebulebebisa da politikuristilis mimdevrad darCeba, oficialuri Tbilisi Tvlis romSeuZlia dasavluri mxardaWeris gaZliereba bazebis, afxa-zeTisa da samxreT oseTis sakiTxebSi.

ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi

saqarTveloSi

saqarTvelos axali xelisufleba cdilobs gamoZebnos iseTisakiTxebi, romlebzec SesaZlebelia ruseTTan pragmatulimolaparakeba. is aseve cdilobs gaarkvios, romel mola-parakebebze wamova ruseTi nebayoflobiT da ra mimarTulebiTiqneba aucilebeli saerTaSoriso politikuri zewola. amgvariaxali midgoma yvelaze ufro naTlad gamoCnda ruseTissamxedro bazebze molaparakebebSi.

rusi samxedroebi saqarTveloSi ori ZiriTadi formiT arianganlagebuli: samxedro bazebi, romlebic sabWoTa kavSirisdroidan SemorCa da samSvidobo Zalebi, romlebic afxazeTisada samxreT oseTis konfliqtebis dasrulebis Semdeg ganlagdadapirispirebuli mxareebis dasaSoriSoreblad. saqarTvelodaJinebiT moiTxovda ruseTis bazebis gayvanas misi teri-toriidan, xolo samSvidobo ZalebTan dakavSirebiT misipozicia bevrad ufro araTanmimdevruli iyo.

Tavdapirvelad, rodesac saakaSvili xelisuflebaSimovida, igi Seecada gaenelebina bazebis sakiTxis simZafre. misi


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gancxadebiT, bazebs praqtikulze ufro simboluri datvirTvagaCndaT. TumcaRa, 2004 wlis bolosa da 2005 wlis ganmavlobaSibazebis sakiTxma saqarTvelo–ruseTis urTierTobebSi kvlavpirvel planze gadmoiwia imis niSnad, rom Tbilisis pirvelimcdelobebi nebayoflobiT TanamSromlobaze daeyoliebinaruseTi uSedegod dasrulda.

saqarTvelos teritoriidan ruseTis samxedro bazebisgayvanam gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba euTos 1999 wlis stambo-lis samitis Semdeg SeiZina. am Sexvedraze elcinis mTavrobadaTanxmda ori – vazianisa da gudauTis – bazis gayvanas 2001wlis ivlisamde da aiRo valdebuleba ewarmoebina mola-parakebebi danarCeni ori bazis – baTumsa da axalqalaqSi –gayvanis Sesaxeb. vazianis baza, Tbilisis maxloblad, 2001 wlis1 ivlisisaTvis daixura. 2001 wlis 9 noembers ruseTis sagareosaqmeTa saministrom gudauTis bazis daxurvis Sesaxeb ganac-xada. gudauTis baza, romelic afxazeTSia ganlagebuli,sxvadasxva wyaros mier ixsenieboda afxazeTisa da ruseTisZalebis saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg samoqmedo ZiriTad centrad1992–94 wlebis konfliqtis ganmavlobaSi. bazis daxurvazedasakvirveblad ar dauSves saerTaSoriso eqspertebi da,qarTuli mxaris mtkicebiT, bazis 1100–mde mosamsaxuridan 2001wels is mxolod 300–mde samxedrom datova.82 xolo danarCenebi,iseve rogorc bazis fizikuri infrastruqtura, iq ganlagebulirusi samSvidoboebis gankargulebaSi gadavida.83 anu, bazasubralod saxeli gadaerqva. 2002 wlis ivnisSi euTos samxedroeqspertebi dauSves gudauTis bazaze da maT daadasturesruseTis SeiaraRebisa da personalis gasvla.84 Tumca saqarT-velo bazis mudmiv saerTaSoriso kontrols moiTxovs.

82 saqarTvelos sagareo saministros gancxadeba, 2001 wlis 21 noemberi,http://www.bits.de/NRANEU/docs/ GeorgiaMFA211101.htm.83 Russian–Georgian Contradictions Worsen. – Russian Military Analysis, issue 68 (June2001), http://www.wps.ru/en/products/pp/military/2001/06/15.html.84 Liz Fuller. OSCE Says Russian Withdrawal from Georgian Base Complete. – RFE/RLNews Digest, June 17, 2002, http://www.eurasianet.org/resource/georgia/hypermail/200206/0036.shtml.

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2004 wlis ianvrisaTvis baTumisa da axalqalaqis bazebisgayvanaze mimdinare molaparakebebma win ver waiwia, Sexved-rebis rva raundis miuxedavad. ruseTi gayvanisaTvis 11 welsada, sagareo ministr Tedo jafariZis TqmiT, 500 milion dolarsmoiTxovda.85 bazebi oficialuri Tbilisis SeSfoTebas aramxolo simboluri, aramed savsebiT praqtikuli mizezebiTaciwvevda. simbolurad, bazebi sabWoTa sivrceSi saqarTvelosyofnaze miuTiTebda, praqtikulad ki isini or potenciuladmtkivneul geografiul regionSi – aWaris avtonomiur respub-likasa da somxuri mosaxleobis kompaqturi dasaxlebisraionSia ganlagebuli. axalqalaqis bazaze adgilobrivimosaxleobis didi nawilia dasaqmebuli da isini ewinaaRm-degebian bazis gayvanas ara mxolod samuSaos dakargvis SiSiT,aramed mezobeli TurqeTisadmi somexi mosaxleobis tradi-ciuli undoblobis gamo. qarTvelebisa da saqarTvelosxelisuflebisagan gansxvavebiT, axalqalaqis mosaxleobaSiSiT uyurebs TurqeTisa da Tundac natos gavlenis ga-Zlierebas regionSi. baTumSi ganlagebuli baza ki adgilobrivliders aslan abaSiZes avtoritaruli reJimis ganmtkicebaSidaexmara.

saqarTvelos axali liderebi, maTi winamorbedebis msgavsad,Tvlidnen, rom sanam ruseTi inarCunebs bazebs, mas xelT upyriapotenciurad rTul regionebSi areulobis xelSewyobisSesaZlebloba. 2004 wlis ianvarSi Jurnal „taimisaTvis”micemul interviuSi prezidentma saakaSvilma ganacxada rombazebi „imperiuli ambiciis ganmtkicebas ufro emsaxureba vidreruseTis usafrTxoebas. man aseve Tqva, rom „ruseTs ainteresebssamxreTi sazRvris dacva, maT Soris teroristebisagan. aq Cveniinteresebi erTmaneTs emTxveva.”86 ruseTis interesebissapasuxod, saqarTvelos sagareo ministrma salome zurabi-

85 Giorgi Sepashvili. U.S. Backs Georgia in Hard Talks Concerning Russian MilitaryBases. – Civil Georgia, January 15, 2004, http://www.civil.ge/eng/print.php?id=6023.Äæàïàðèäçå çàÿâèë îá ýòîì â ÿíâàðå 2004 ãîäà.86 Paul Quinn-Judge. 10 Questions for Mikheil Saakashvili. – Time, January 19, 2004, p. 19.


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Svilma moskovs erToblivi anti–teroristuli centris SeqmnaSesTavaza bazebis gayvanis sanacvlod.87

bazebze molaparakeba 2004 wlis ivnisSi ganaxlda, magrammniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ar momxdaa. ruseTis saxedro uwyebaadasturebda, rom principSi bazebis gayvana gadawyvetili iyo,magram xazs usvamda, rom jer aucilebelia bazebis personalisada teqnikis misaRebad ruseTis teritoriaze infrastruq-turis momzadeba. Tavdacvis ministrma sergei ivanovmaganacxada, rom is „ar apirebs samxedroebisa da teqnikis velzedayras,” rogorc es aRmosavleT germaniidan gamoyvanil jarebsmouvida.88 rusi analitikosis pavel felgengaueris azriT espozicias usafuZvlo iyo, radgan baTumisa da axalqalaqisbazebis mosamsaxureTa udidesi nawili saqarTvelos mcxovrebiiyo, ase rom maTi gayvana mxolod oficerTa ramodenime ojaxisada teqnikis gatanas utoldeba, risi gakeTebac ramodenimeTveSia SesaZlebeli.89

TbilisSi Tvlidnen, rom ruseTi bazebis sakiTxs post–sabWoTa sivrceze Tavisi samarTlebrivi gavlenis gasaZlie-reblad iyenebda. ruseTi SesaZloa ar apirebs sabWoTa kavSirisaRorZinebas, magram mas surs sakuTari ekonomikuri da politi-kuri intersebisaTvis xelSemwyobi garemos Seqmna. am TamaSSi,putini mzadaa gverdi auaros elcinis dros aRebuli valdebu-lebebis nawils.90 euTos 2003 wlis dekembris samitze, maastrixt-Si, ruseTma ganacxada rom mas ar auRia saqarTvelosa damoldovidan jarebis gayvanis iuridiuli valdebuloba. aSS–sada evropis zewolis sapasuxod, ruseTis sagareo saqmeTasaministrom ganacxada, rom 1999 wlis dokumenti ambobs, romruseTi mxolod „apirebs” gaiyvanos bazebi Tuki Sesruldebadaukonkretebeli „aucilebeli pirobebi.” euTos portos

87 Russia, Georgia Discussed Joint Anti-Terrorism Center. – Civil Georgia, June 24, 2004,http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=7195.88 Sepashvili. U.S. Backs Georgia in Hard Talks Concerning Russian Military Bases.89 Pavel Felgenhauer. Motives in Georgia are Base. – The Moscow Times, January 13, 2004.90 Trenin. Identity and Integration: Russia and the West in the 21st Century, p. 17

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Sexvedraze, 2002 wlis bolos, aSS cdilobda ruseTis daxmarebamieRo erayis sakiTxSi da amitomac winaaRmdegoba ar gauwaamgvar interpretacias, rodesac is pirvelad gaisma. evrokav-Siri ar iyo dainteresebuli sakiTxiT da arc mas daukavebiaaqtiuri pozicia ruseTis mimarT.91 natos 2004 wlis ivnisissamitis win, ruseTis dumam (parlamentis qveda palatam) moaxdinaevropaSi Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebis xelSekrulebis ratifikacia,xolo sagareo ministrma sergei ivanovma kidev erTxel ganacxada,rom am xelSekrulebasa da saqarTvelosa da moldovidan jarebisgayvanas Soris kavSiri ar arsebobs.92 Tavis mxiv, natos ge-neralurma mdivanma iap de huup sxeferma aRniSna, rom es orisakiTxi erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba. natos axali wevrebi, maT Sorisbaltiis qveynebi, mxolod mas Semdeg apireben CveulebriviSeiaraRebis xelSekrulebasTan SeerTebas, Tu ruseTi 1999 wlisvaldebulebebs Seasrulebs.93 am qveynebis xelSekrulebis gareTdarCena niSnavs, rom maT Tavisuflad SeuZliaT Tavis te-ritoriaze natos Zalebis SeuzRudavi raodenobis ganlageba.

2005 wlisaTvis, saqarTvelos TiTqmis gadaewura ruseTTanurTierTobebis normalizebis imedi. ruseTma ar Seamciraseparatistuli provinciebis mxardaWera, metic, man xeli arSeuSala moxaliseebisa da iaraRis ruseTis teritoriidansamxreT oseTSi gadadinebas 2004 wlis zafxulSi konfliqtiseskalaciisas. moskovi uxeSad Caeria afxazeTis saprezidentoarCevnebSi da Seecada Tavisi proteJe gaeyvana prezidentispostze. 2004 wlis dekemberSi, ruseTis vetos gamo SewydasaqarTvelo–ruseTis sazRvris CeCneTis monakveTis moni-toringi euTos damkvirveblebis mier. ruseTi kvlavac gana-grZobda mtkicebas, rom CeCeni mebrZolebi Tavs pankiss

91 Vladimir Socor. OSCE, R.I.P. – IASPS Policy Briefings: Geostrategic Perspectives onEurasia no. 47 (Washington, DC: Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies,January 1, 2004), p. 5.92 Ãåííàäèé Ñûñîåâ. Ìèíèñòð îòðàáîòàë íà âûñøåì óðîâíå. – Êîììåðñàíòú, 30 èþíÿ2004 ãîäà.93 Press Conference by NATO Secretary-General after the NATO-Russia Council. –NATO News Release, June 28, 2004, http://www.nato.int/docu/speech/2004/s040628i.htm.


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afareben. rusulma kompaniebma saqarTveloSi mimdinareprivatizaciis procesSi ramodenime msxvili kontraqtigaaformes, magram ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gaumjobesebaspolitikuri daTboba ar moutania.

Sedegad, 2005 wlis ianvarSi CaiSala bazebze molapara-kebebis erT–erTi dagegmili raundi.94 mas Semdeg, racTebervalSi ruseTis sagareo ministr sergei lavrovis vizitmacver moitana Sedegi, saqarTvelo viTarebis gamwvavebaze wavida.saqarTvelos parlamentma – sagareo saministros mxardaWeriT– miiRo dadgenileba, romlis ZaliTac mTavrobas daevalarusuli bazebi kanongareSed gamoecxadebina da mieRo zomebimaTi iZulebis wesiT gasayvanad 2006 wlis ianvramde, Tuki vermoxerxdeboda molaparakebebSi progresis miRweva 2005 wlismaisis Sua ricxvebamde.

saqarTvelos sagareo ministrma salome zurabiSvilmarusul saagentoebTan saubarSi saqarTvelos axali, ufromtkice politika Camoayaliba.95 zurabiSvili amtkicebs, romsaqarTvelo mtkiced mihyveba adamianis uflebebisa dasaxelmwifos moqmedebis evropul standartebs da ruseTi-saganac igives moelis.

oficialuri Tbilisis pozicia naTlad gamoCnda – TukiruseTi daTanxmdeba TamaSis saerTaSoriso wesebs da uarsityvis saqarTveloze gansakuTrebuli gavlenis SenarCunebaze,saqarTvelo mzadaa gaiTvaliswinos ruseTis realuri inte-resebi. gansxvavebiT SevardnaZis administraciisagan, saqarT-velo ar apirebs kulisebs miRma garigebas. Tuki ruseTis mxridanzewola gagrZeldeba, saqarTvelo saerTaSoriso samarTlisyvela SesaZleblobas gamoiyenebs da yvela saerTaSorisoforumze moiTxovs ruseTis agresiul saxelmwifod warmo-Cinebas.

94 Russian Foreign Minister Visits Georgia. – Civil Georgia, February 17, 2005, http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=9106.95 Ðîññèÿ ïåðåä âûáîðîì. – Àãåíòñòâî íîâîñòåé “Ðåãíóì”, 25 äåêàáðÿ 2004 ãîäà, http://www.regnum.ru/news/382323.html.

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swored am politikis gamoZaxili iyo saqarTvelos parla-mentis mier 2005 wlis 10 martis dadgenileba, romelmacsaqarTvelos mTavrobas daavala ganexorcielebina ruseTisbazebis blokada da Seewyvita maTi komunaluri momsaxureba,Tuki ruseTi bazebis gayvanis „realistur” gegmas ar daeTanxme-boda.96 am gadawyvetilebiT, saqarTvelo Seecada agreTvegverdi aeara ruseTis mcdelobisaTvis eWvis qveS daeyenebina1999 wels aRebuli valdebulebebi. Tuki parlamentis gadawyve-tileba ganxorcieldeboda, es moxdeboda ara stambolisSeTanxmebis Seusruleblobis sababiT, aramed daeyrdnobodasaqarTvelos suverenul uflebas uari ganacxados ucxoqveynis saxelmwifos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mis miwaze ganTav-sebaze. naTelia, rom bazebis sakiTxi ruseTTan umaRles donezedaayenes aSS da evropelma liderebmac.

saqarTvelos gamkacrebulma poziciam realuri Sedegebimoitana. parlamentis dadgenileba jer kidev ganixileboda,rodesac ruseTis genStabis ufrosma TiTqmis orgzis Seamcirabazebis gayvanisaTvis ruseTis azriT aucilebeli droisintervali – mxolod erTi Tvis win ruseTis delegaciis miermoTxovnili TerTmetidan sam-oTx wlamde. am gancxadebam verSeaCera parlamentis gadawyvetilebis miReba. saparlamentorezoluciis Semdeg, molaparakebebis ori raundi Sedga 2005wlis martsa da aprilSi, romelTa ganmavlobaSic ruseTmaoficialurad daadastura bazebis sam-oTxwlian vadaSi gayvanisSesaZlebloba. am raundebma mainc ver moitana sabolooSeTanxmeba, radgan saqarTvelo moiTxovda, rom ar momxdariyobazebis axali ZalebiT Sevseba gayvanis periodSi.97 pesimisturiprognozebisda miuxedavad, ukanasknel wams, 30 maiss saqarT-velosa da ruseTis sagareo ministrebma xeli moaweresSeTanxmebas, riTac ruseTma darCenili bazebis gayvanisvaldebuleba aiRo 2008 wlis bolomde, anu ZiriTadad daeTanx-

96 Parliament Sets a Deadline for Withdrawal of the Russian Military Bases. – CivilGeorgia, March 10, 2005, http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=9310.97 Civil Georgia, April 18, 2005, http://www.civil.ge.


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ma saqarTvelos moTxovnebs.98 Tavis mxriv, ruseTma saqarT-velos mosTxova ar ganeTavsebina natos jarebi.

bazebis sakiTxis win wamoweva naTlad miuTiTebs, romsaakaSvilis administracia imedgacruebulia ruseTis pozi-ciiT. Tbilisi kargavs moTminebas, radgan nebayoflobiTiTanamSromlobis gzebis Zieba gadaulaxav biurokratiul daideologiur barierebs eCexeba. Sesabamisad, zewolis gzaruseTTan urTierTqmedebis erTaderT SesaZleblobad moCans.putinis administracia, Tavis mxriv, gaRizianebulia amgvarizewoliT da gaaCnia kontrSetevis wamowyebis cduneba. erTa-derTi rac ruseTs akavebs, saerTaSoriso konteqstSi Riadagresiuli moqmedebebis gamarTlebis sirTulea.

daaxloebis SesaZlebloba: ekonomikuri

TanamSromloba

90–ian wlebSi ruseTis ekonomikuri proeqtebi saqarTveloSipolitikosebis SeSfoTebas ori mizezis gamo iwvevda. erTis mxriv,TbilisSi SiSobdnen rom ruseTi ekonomikur gavlenas politikurizewolisaTvis gamoiyenebda. meores mxriv, opoziciuri politikuriZalebi Tvlidnen, rom dasustebuli SevardnaZe Tavisi xe-lisuflebis gadasarCenad ruseTTan farul da rogorc eko-nomikurad, ise politikurad wamgebian garigebebze wavidoda.ruseTsa da dasavleTs Soris dabalansebis politika damokidebuliiyo aSS–s mier mxardaWeril energetikul proeqtze – baqo–Tbilisi–jeihanis navTobsadens saqarTvelos energetikuliusafrTxoeba unda ganemtkicebina, ruseTis energomatareblebzedamokdebulebis Semcirebis gziT. 1992 wlidan moyolebulisaqarTvelos mTavroba ver axerxebda mosaxleobis gziTa daeleqtroenergiiT uzrunvelyofas. Suqis xSiri gaTiSvebi mo-saxleobas mTavrobis winaaRmdeg ganawyobda, gansakuTrebiT mas

98 Ñîâìåñòíàÿ äåêëàðàöèÿ ìèíèñòðîâ èíîñòðàííûõ äåë Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè è Ãðóçèè,30 ìàÿ 2005 ãîäà, http://www.civil.ge/eng/detail.php?id=10009.

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Semdeg, rac cxadi gaxda rom energetikis gasaujobesebladmimarTuli milionobiT dolaris dasavluri daxmareba ganiavdaanda korumpirebuli Cinovnikebis jibeSi aRmoCna.

2003 wels, SevardnaZisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi saparlamentoarCevnebis win, xeli or kontraqts moewera. 11 agvistossaqarTvelos mTavrobam oficialurad ganaxada, rom ruseTis„gaerTianebulma energosistemebma” amerikuli ei–i–esisagangamoisyida Tbilisis energogamanawilebeli qselis 75%, 600megavatis warmadobis ori energobloki, TurqeTTan da somxeT-Tan damakavSirebeli gadamcemi xazebi da ori hidroeleqtro-sadguris marTvis ufleba. es udidesi politikuri mniSvnelobisgarigebac iyo, radgan ei–i–esi saqarTveloSi udides amerikulinvestors warmoadgenda, romelmac 240 milion dolaramde Cadoenergetikis reabilitaciaSi. am xelmoweramde raodenime dRiswin, SevardnaZem rusul „gazpromTan” xeli „strategiuliTanamSrolobis” xelSekrulebas moawera, ris ZaliTac rusulikompania valdebulebas iRebda mravalmilioniani dabandebaganexorcielebina somxeTisa da TurqeTisaken mimavali gaz-sadenebis SekeTebaSi. am gazsadenebiT mTavroba varaudobdaqarTuli ekonomikis gamococxlebas da SedarebiT iafi rusuligazis miwodebis gazrdas uSualod saparlamento arCevnebis win.

prezident buSis administracia eWviT moekida gazpromTandadebul xelSekrulebas. stiven mani, buSis mrCeveli kaspiisauzis energetikul diplomatiaSi, dauyovnebliv ewvia Tbilissda gaafrTxila saqarTvelos mTavroba, rom gazpromTan dadebulSeTanxmebas SeeZlo „saqarTvelos gavlenis mniSvnelovnadSemcireba aRmosavleT–dasavleTis energetikul gzatkecilze.”vaSingtoni SiSobda, rom „gazpromis” proeqti konkurenciasgauwevda anglo–amerikuli „britiS petroleumisa” da nor-vegiuli „statoilis” mier mxardaWeril gazsadens, romelicazerbaijanis Sah–denizis sabados TurqeTTan daakavSirebda.99

99 Jaba Devdariani. Potential Deal with Russian Gas Conglomerate Sparks Controversyin Georgia. – Eurasia Insight, June 6, 2003, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/business/articles/eav060603.shtml.


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prezident SevardnaZis TqmiT, dadebuli xelSekrulebebi,gansakuTrebiT kontraqti ei–i–essa da „gaerTianebul energo-sistemebs” Soris sufTa ekonomikuri gaTvlebiT iyo nakar-naxevi. igi acxadebda, rom Tbilisis energogamanawilebeliqselis gayidva SesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod mas Semdeg, racamerikulma kompaniam ganaaxla qseli da Seqmna [ekonomikuri]SesaZlebloba rusuli kompaniis [saqarTveloSi] Semosasv-lelad.” TumcaRa, rogorc politikuri opozicia, ise stivenmani amtkicebnen, rom kontraqtebi „arasakmarisad gamWvirvale”iyo.100 amdenad, aSS ewinaaRmdegeboda ara saqarTvelos mierrusuli gazisa da eleqtroenergiis Sesyidvas, aramed stra-tegiuli gazsadenebisa da eleqtroqselebis rusuli kontro-lis qveS aRmoCenas, rac SemdgomSi amerikul proeqtebsSeuSlida xels.101 qarTuli opoziciac da buSis administraciacdarwundnen, rom SevardnaZis susti da korumpirebuli mTav-roba kulisebs miRma garigebebze midioda ruseTTan arCevnebzegavlenis mosaxdenad.

saqarTveloSi rusuli energokompaniebis mimarT undob-loba emyareboda rwmenas, rom „gazpromis” Svilobili „itera”warsulSi politikuri gavlenis mosaxdenad uTiSavda gazssaqarTvelos. kremlis mzardi gavlena energetikul kompa-niebze mxolod amZafrebda Tbilisis SiSebs. „gazpromi” kremlisgavlenis qveS myarad imyofeboda da xSirad misi gavlenisiaraRs warmoadgenda TviT ruseTis SigniTac. gaerTianebulienergosistemebis xelmZRvaneli, anatoli Cubaisi „liberaluriimperiis” koncefciis mimdevaria, romlis Tanaxmadac ruseTidsTs „bunebrivi da erTaderTi lideria” da man unda „ganamt-

100 Zeyno Baran. Deals Give Russian Companies Influence over Georgia’s EnergyInfrastructure. – Eurasia Insight, August 18, 2003, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/business/articles/eav081803.shtml.101 erTaderTi dRes arsebuli alternatiuli gazsadeni, romeliciranidan azerbaijanis gavliT gadis, sabWoTa droidan ar gamoiyeneba dakapitalur remonts saWiroebs. amasTan, iranSi mopovebuli gazis fasibevrad aRemateba rusuli gazis fass.

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kicos, ganavrcos da gaaZlieros gavlena msoflios am nawilSi.”102

rusuli imperiuli gavlenis sxva Teoretikosebisagan gansxva-vebiT, Cubaisis azriT ruseTi evraziaSi liberalizaciismebairaxtre unda gamxdariyo. Tumca Tavad is, rom ruseTisbiznesmenebic ki imperiis, Tundac liberaluris, Camoya-libebaze fiqroben saqarTveloSi gaRizianebas iwvevs da amkompaniebisadmi undoblobas kidev ufro aZlierebs.

saqarTvelos axali mTavroba acnobierebs qveynis bazrissaerTaSoriso kompaniebisaTvis gaxsnis aucileblobas. Savibazris udidesi wilis gaTvaliswinebiTac ki, saqarTvelosekonomikuri daRmasvlis tempi ukanaskneli aTwleulisganmavlobaSi katastrofuli iyo. maRali riskebis pirobebSirusuli kompaniebi investiciisa da momsaxurebis TvalsazrisiTalbaT ualternativoa. miuxedavad amisa, ruseTisaTvis gazismiwodebis sferoSi myari monopoliis miniWeba kvlavac saxi-faToa rogor politikuri, ise ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT,radgan amgvari upiratesobis SemTxvevaSi, ruseTs SeeZlebakonkurentebisaTvis bazris Caketva. maSasadame, saqarTvelosmxridan energomatareblebis wyaroebis gamravalferovnebissurvili savsebiT logikuria.

ekonomikis mxiv, saakaSvilis mTavrobam ganacxada rom mas sursgadasaxadebis Semcireba da kapitaldabandebebisaTvis xel-Semwyobi sxva RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba. rusuli kompaniebigansakuTrebulad moiwvies axal sainvesticio proeqtebSimonawileobis misaRebad. mTavrobam aseve gamoTqva survili imobieqtebis privatizeba ganexorcielebina, romlebic manamde„strategiul obieqtebad” iTvleboda da, Sesabamisad, gasayidadar gamohqondaT. maT Sorisaa hidroeleqtrosadgurebi da baTumisada foTis portebis aqciebi. Tbilisma sagangebo konferencia moawyokremlTan daaxloebuli rusi biznesmenebisaTvis, romelTadelegaciasac ruseTis ekonomikis ministri, german grefi

102 Igor Torbakov. Russian Policymakers Air Notion of ‘Liberal Empire’ in Caucasus,Central Asia. – Eurasia Insight, October 27, 2003, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav102703.shtml.


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xelmZRvanelobda. am mcdelobam Sedegi moitana: ruseTis evraz-holdingma moigo saprivatizio garigeba 2005 wlis ianvarSi,romliTac WiaTuris marganecis qarxana SeiZina 132 miliondolarad.103 ianvarSive, ruseTis saxelmwifo vneStorgbankmagaerTianebuli qarTuli bankis aqciebis 51% SeiZina, riTac qarTulbazarze yofniT grZelvadiani daintereseba gamoxata.104

mimomxilvelebma prezident saakaSvilis mier ekonomikisministrad qarTuli warmoSobis cnobili rusi biznesmenis kaxabenduqiZis daniSvna ekonomikuri gaxsnilobis am axali poli-tikis gamoZaxilad aRiqves. benduqiZe liberaluri ekonomikuripolitikis Tanmimdevruli damcvelia da saxelmwifo kompa-niebis sruli privatizaciis momxred gamodis.105 zogierTmadamkvirvebelma benduqiZis daniSvna mxolod ruseTis biznesi-sadmi gaxsnilobis Jestad aRiqva, Tumca savaraudoa, romrusuli biznes praqtikis kargad mcodne benduqiZis erT-erTifunqcia saqarTvelos ekonomikuri interesebis dacvacaarusuli giganti kompaniebis winaSe.

saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi, romlebic droebiT an mudmivadmuSaoben ruseTSi ori qveynis ekonomikuri urTierTobis kideverTi mxarea. saqarTvelos sttistikuri departamentis 2002 wlisoqtombris monacemebiT ruseTSi saqarTvelos 205 aTasi moqalaqemuSaobda. araoficialuri monacemebiT, maTi ricxvi 500 aTasimaincaa da umravlesoba aralegluradaa dasaqmebuli, Sesabamisadyovelgvari socialuri dacvis gareSe da umciresi gasamrjelossafasurad. muSaxelis sezonuri gadineba saqarTvelodanudidesia ruseTis mimarTulebiT, Tumca saqarTvelos mo-qalaqeebi agreTve miemgzavrebian aSS–Si, saberZneTsa dagermaniaSi. fuladi gzavnilebi qveynis gareT momuSaveTaganweliwadSi 480–dan 500 milion dolaramdea Sefasebuli, rac

103 Civil Georgia, January 19, 2005, http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=8833.104 Civil Georgia, January 18, 2005, http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=8830.105 2004 wlis dekemberSi benduqiZe stuqturuli reformebis sakiTxSisaxelmwifo ministri gaxda, Tumca SeinarCuna gavlena ekonomikurpolitikaze.

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saqarTvelos erToblivi Sida produqtis 20%–s Seadgens dasaqarTveloSi ojaxebis Semosavlis didi nawilia.106 Sesabamisad,ruseTTan ekonomikuri kavSirebi friad mniSvnelovania sa-qarTvelosaTvis. qarTveli muSaxelis saqmianobis legalizaciaruseTSi daexmareboda saqarTvelos mTavrobas ukeT daecva maTiinteresebi ruseTSi da ukeT gaekontrolebina finansuri nakadebi.

amgvarad, ekonomikuri sfero ori qveynis TanamSromlobisyvelaze momgebiani dargia, Tumca amisaTvis aucilebeliagadailaxos eWvebi, rom ruseTi ekonomikur kavSirebs politikurimiznebisaTvis gamoiyenebs. es ki advili ar iqneba. saqarTvelosaxali liderebi amtkiceben rom maT Sejibris Tanabari dagamWvirvale SesaZleblobebis Seqmna surT, maSin roca ruseTigansakuTrebul uflebebs iTxovs. putinis administraciaukanasknel xanebSi evraziis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisorganizaciis (evrazesi) ganviTarebiTaa dakavebuli da misfarglebSi Tavisufali vaWrobis zonis Seqmnas apirebs, rac TavisiarsiT, ruseTis gavlenis qveS myofi ekonomikuri sivrcisCamoyalibebas utoldeba. saqarTvelo ar apirebs am sivrceSiSesvlas da, ruseTisagan gansxvavebiT, is ukve msoflio savaWroorganizaciis wevricaa, ris ZaliTac man maqsimaluri ekonomikurixelSewyobis reJimi unda gaavrcelos organizaciis yvela wevrze.es saqarTvelos xelisufleba manevris Tavisuflebas aZlevsruseTTan urTierTobaSi saerTaSoriso savaWro normebisSemoRebis TvalsazrisiT. amasve emsaxureba qarTuli kanon-mdeblobis evrokavSiris standartebTan miaxloeba. saboloojamSi, saqarTvelos swrafva, gaacxovelos savaWro urTierTobebiruseTTan, magram Tavidan aicilos rusuli kompaniebis mo-nopoluri gavlena, damokidebulia imaze Tu ramdenad aqtiuriiqnebian investorebi sxva qveynebidan. es ki saqarTveloSikorufciis aRmofxvras, infrastruqturis ganviTarebas dakanonmdeblobis gaumjobesebas moiTxovs.

106 Labour Migration from Georgia (Tbilisi: International Organization for Migration/Association for Economic Education, 2003). am gamokvlevaSi 630 ojaximonawileobda, romelTa ojaxis wevrebi ruseTSi muSaoben. kvlevasaqarTvelos oTx regionSi ganxorcielda.


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samomavlo perspeqtivebi

ruseT–saqarTvelos urTierTobebs ukve didi xania undob-loba aferxebs, ris gaRvivebaSic orive mxaris wvlilia Setanili.SevardnaZisdroindeli saqarTvelosaTvis ruseTTan urTi-erToba erTgvar mojadoebul wres warmoadgenda: aucilebeliiyo qveynis gaZliereba ruseTis zewolasTan gasamklaveblad daruseTTanave ufro saimedo partniorobis Camosayalibeblad.amave dros, saqarTveloSi bevri Tvlida rom qveynis gaZlierebaSeuZlebelia afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis problemebisgadaWris gareSe, raSic aucilebelia ruseTis monawileoba.

amgvari logika ergvarad gaukuRmarTebulic kia: misimixedviT ruseTia saqarTvelos sisustis mTavari mizezic damisi mTavari mxsnelic. amgvarad, saqarTvelos mTavroba damosaxleoba Tavs aridebdnen sakuTar pasuxismgeblobassakuTarive problemebis gadaWris saqmeSi. amave logikiT,afxazeTi, samxreT oseTi, ruseTis bazebi da ruseTTanekonomikuri TanamSroloba erTi giganturi problemaa, ro-melic erTi dakvriT unda gadaiWras. prezidenti saakaSvili,Cans, mzadaa gaarRvios es mojadoebuli wre da daaxarisxossakiTxebi romelTa gadawyveta saqarTvelos ZalebSi Sedis,sakiTxebi, romlebze kompromisis moZebna SesaZlebelia dasakiTxebi, romlebic araa molaparakebebis sagani.

magaliTisTvis, saakaSvilis administracia amtkicebs, rombaTumisa da axalqalaqis bazebi unda daixuros da am sakiTxzeTbilisi ukandaxevas ar apirebs. bazebis gayvanis Semdeg,SesaZloa ruseTTan molaparakeba erToblivi anti–teroristulicentrebis Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb. molaparakebebi afxazeTsa dasamxreT oseTze gamoyofilia erTmaneTisagan da, amave dros, arganixileba samxedro bazebTan kavSirSi. oficialuri Tbilisiaseve cdilobs regularuli piradi urTierTobebis damyarebasruseTis uSiSroebis sabWosTan, prezidentis administraciasTanda calkeul saministroebTan. sakaSvili imedovnebs, rom am gziTSeiqmneba ndobis kunZulebi rus kolegebTan da etapobrivadmoxerxdeba dagrovili problemebis gadaWra.

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urTierTgagebis safuZvlad oficialuri Tbilisi moiazrebsim gagebas rom kavkasiaSi arsebuli problemebi – separatizmi,arastabiluri mTavrobebi, gaumWvirvale politikuri procesi– safrTxes uqmnis regionis stabilurobas da TanabradsaxifaToa rogorc ruseTis, ise saqarTvelosaTvis.

amgvari midgoma SesaZloa produqtiuli aRmoCndes daSesaZlebloba misces ruseTs gamoiyenos SedarebiTi upira-tesoba kavkasiaSi – mas gaaCnia regionis ukeTesi gageba vidredasavlel partniorebs da SeuZlia am gavlenis gamoyenebasaqarTvelos stabilurobis gansamtkiceblad. Tumca jerje-robiT, saqarTvelo da ruseTi ver Tanxmdebian urTierTqme-debis wesebze. saqarTvelo mcire saxelmwifoa da bunebriviais eZiebs sagareo garantiebs ruseTis Seudareblad didiekonomikuri resursebisa da politikuri gavlenis dasaba-lanseblad. amis gamo, saqarTvelo ruseTTan evropis norma-tiuli sivrcis farglebSi urTierTobas amjobinebs. ruseTi,Tavis mxriv, upiratesobas ormxriv urTierTobebs aniWebs dsT–s farglebSi arsebuli normatiuli reJimis farglebSi, romelicSesamCnevad Camoreba evropul standartebs rogorc adamianisuflebaTa, ise savaWro dargSi. samwuxarod, am sivrcis fargleb-Si saqarTvelo Tavs absoluturad daucvelad grZnobs.

ukanasknel xanebSi ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris daZabu-loba samxedro bazebisa da samxreT oseTis sakiTxebSi sworedam konteqstSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT. samxreT oseTis SemTxve-vaSi, saqarTvelos gancxadebiTis saerTaSoriso normebisfarglebSi moqmedebda. saakaSvilis administraciis mtkicebiT,qveynis valdebulebaa suverenuli kontroli ganaxorcielosmissave sazRvrebze. moskovis xedviT, umjobesia dsT–sfarglebSi Camoyalibebuli arsebuli viTarebis SenarCunebasamxreT oseTSi, rac ruseTis interesebs ukeT pasuxobs.

amdenad, SenarCunebulia mankieri wre: prezidenti saaka-Svili cdilobs Sinaganad gaaZlieros saqarTvelo da, raRacdoneze, ruseTs urCevnia Zlier saqarTvelosTan hqondes saqme.Tumca kremlis dRevandeli damokidebuleba saqarTvelosseparatistul regionebTan xels uSlis saqarTvelos gaZlie-


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rebas, radgan misi sazRvrebi daucvelia kriminalebis winaSe.metic, ruseTis mxardaWeriT gulmicemuli separatistiliderebi ver xedaven saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan mola-parakebebis warmoebis azrs. Sedegad, SenarCunebulia saqarT-velos Semdgomi dasustebis riski, rac, paradoqsulad, masruseTisaTvis arasaimedo partniorad aqcevs.

viTarebas cota ufro farTod rom SevxedoT, ruseTi kargavsgavlenis zogierT berkets. saakaSvili da misi axalgazrdakolegebi ar arian dakavSirebuli yofil sabWoTa politikurqselTan arc ganaTlebiTa da arc gamocdilebiT. prezidentisaakaSvili Tavis amomrCevels emyareba da ar cdilobs mokovismxardaWeriT gaimyaros pozicia. saqarTvelos politikosebisaxali Taobis gavlenis safuZveli qveynis SigniTaa. isini SesaZloaganixilavdnen karieris gagrZelebis SesaZleblobas saqarT-veloSi, anda, vTqvaT bruselSi, magram ara moskovSi. saqarTvelossazogadoeba mieswrafvis dasavleTis ekonomikur, politikurda usafrTxoebis meqanizmebSi gawevrianebisaken, radgan sworedes sfero iTvleba keTildReobis garantiad. 1994 wels prezi-denti SevardnaZe amomrCevlebs parlamentis tribunidanarwmunebda, rom dsT–Si gawevrianeba qveyanas „xorbalsa dakvercxs” moutanda. aTwleulis Semdeg ukve yvelasaTvisnaTelia, rom saqarTvelos bazarze ZiriTadi produqtebi dsT–Si yofna–aryofnis miuxedavad Semova.

aRarc isaa TavisTavad cxadi, rom post–sabWoTa ekono-mikuri daRmasvliTa da korumpirebuli politikuri klasiTimedgacruebuli amomrCevlebi sabWoTa kavSirs nostalgiiTucqeren, anu xmas pro–rusul politikur kurss miscemen.moldovas magaliTi gvarwmunebs, rom miuxedavad komunisturipartiis warmatebisa 2001 wels, qveynis pro–dasavluri kursisar Seicvala.107 moldovas komunistma prezidentma vladimirvoroninma pro–rusuli sagareo ministri gadaayena da axaliministri daniSna, romlis azriTac „evropasTan integracias

107 Dan Wisniewski and Zsolt-Istvan Mato. Moldovan Communists Win Absolute Majority.– RFE/RL Newsline, February 26, 2001, http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/02/260201.asp.

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alternativa ar gaaCnia.”108 man ukanaskneli arCevnebi erTm-niSvnelovnad anti–rusul motivebze warmoebuli kampaniiTmoigo da kursi saqarTvelosa da ukrainasTan pro–evropulialiansis gaZlierebisaken aiRo.

saqarTvelos axali mTavrobis mimarT molodinis politikaruseTis mxridan araa produqtiuli. is mxolod Zveli poli-tikis inerciaa, romlis mixedviTac SevrdnaZe an SecdomasdauSvebda anda gacnobierebulad miscemda saSualebas ruseTsqulebi Caewera aSS–sTan dapirispirebaSi. saqarvelos desta-bilizacia mavnea ruseTis usafrTxoebisaTvis. bevrad ufrosasargeblo iqneboda Tuki ruseTi saqarTvelos axal poli-tikaSi pozitiur rols daibevebda da grZelvadian perspeq-tivaSi undoblobis aRmofxvras Seuwyobda xels.

dasavleTs rac Seexeba, SevardnaZis meryevma politikamaSS–sa da ruseTs Soris saqarTvelos mosaxleobis „nacio-naluri proeqtisda” miuxedavad, Seaferxa qveynis integraciadasavlur institutebSi – natosa da evrokavSirSi. dReisaTvissaqarTvelo winmswrebi tempiT cdilobs realuri mniSvnelobiTdatvirTos arsebuli xelSekrulebebi, rogoricaa natos„partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis” da evrokavSirTan partnio-robisa da TanamSromlobis xelSekruleba. evrokavSirTandaaxloeba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania da am proeqtsruseTis mxridan, savaraudod, natoSi SesvlasTan SedarebiTnaklebi winaaRmdegoba Sexvdeba. erT–erTi damaimedebelinabiji evrokavSiris mxridan samxreT kavkasiaze „evropissamezoblo iniciativis” gavrceleba iyo. Tumca saqarTvelosmxridan ruseTis rTuli gadawyvetilebebisaken iZulebaSesaZloa saxifaToc aRmoCndes – amis dasturad 2004 welssamxreT oseTSi viTarebis eskalaciac gamodgeba.

SeZleben ki saqarTvelosa da ruseTis liderebi axleburiurTierTobebis damyarebas? am kiTxvaze pasuxi didwilad

108 Íàòàëüÿ Ïðèõîäüêî. Êèøèíåâ èçáàâëÿåòñÿ îò ïðîðîññèéñêè íàñòðîåííûõ ìèíèñòðîâ.– Íåçàâèñèìàÿ ãàçåòà, 6 ôåâðàëÿ 2004 ãîäà, http://www.ng.ru/cis/2004-02-06/5_kishinev.html.


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saqarTveloSi reformebis warmatebazea damokidebuli. axalimTavroba ruseTTan urTierTobas ufro taqtikuri Tval-sazrisiT udgeba, vidre strategiuliT da amiT cdilobsSexebis wertilebis moZiebas. strategiuli TvalsazrisiT,saqarTvelos mTavari amocana politikuri sistemis gajansaRebada ekonomikis gaZlierebaa. es saSualebas miscems saqarTvelosufro seriozuli roli iTamaSos post–sabWoTa sivrcispolitikasa da ekonomikaSi.

ruseTSi jer kidev ar dasrulebula axali TviTSegnebismSenebloba. nacionalisturi Zalebis siZliere zRudavsprezident putinis moqnilobas qarTul–rusuli urTi-erTobebis sferoSi. amdenad, saqarTvelos mTavrobam undagahyos is problemebi, romlebzec albaT SesaZlebelia ruseT-Tan ormxrivi kompromisis Zieba da is sakiTxebi sadac masruseTis dasarwmuneblad saerTaSoriso mxardaWeris mobi-lizeba dasWirdena. samxedro bazebisa da SemdegSi, samSvidobooperaciebis modernizebis Secvlis sakiTxebi albaT am ukanas-knel kategoriaSi Seva. vaSingtonis pozicia bazebTan dakav-SirebiT, romelic erTis mxriv mouwodebda ruseTs gaeyvanajarebi da, meores mxriv mas finansur mxardaWeras sTavazobdagayvanis dasaCqareblad, albaT yvelaze realisturi midgomaa.samwuxarod, beslanis 2004 wlis tragediam putinis mTavrobisagresiuloba gazarda. putinma piradad gaaaqtiura kavSirebiafxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis lierebTan da Sexvda kidev maT2005 wlis 5 aprils. zogierTi mimomxilvelis informaciiT, manevrokavSiris sagareo saqmeTa komisari xavier solanac kiSeaxvedra separatist liderebs.109 zogma es Sexvedra ruseTismxridan ufro konstruqciuli poziciis niSnad aRiqva, zogmaki piriqiT. simarTles momavali gamoavlens.

afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi viTarebis gasaumjobesebladsaqarTvelos mTavrobas am mxareebis faqtobriv liderebTan

109 Vladimir Socor. EU Policy in Disarray in Georgia and Moldova. – Eurasia DailyMonitor, April 15, 2005, http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?volume_id=407&issue_id=3301&article_id=236959.

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pirdapiri urTierTobebis gaaqtiureba mouwevs. maTi gverdisavliT moskovTan SeTanxmebis miRwevis mcdeloba araefeqturiCans. amave dros, konkretul sakiTxebSi SesaZloa Tanam-Sromlobac – magaliTisTvis, moskovs surs sarkinigzo mimosvlaaRadginos saqarTvelosTan afxazeTis gavliT da am SesaZleb-lobis gamoyeneba ndobis aRsadgenad savsebiT SesaZlebelia.samSvidobo jarebis sakiTxis mogvareba albaT evrokavSirTanTanamSromlobas gulisxmobs. am organizaciis gamocdilebapoliciuri daxmarebis misiis farglebSi bosniasa da herce-govinaSi zedgamoWrilia afxazeTis galis raionSi dabrunebulidevnilebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad.

daskvnis saxiT, urTierTobebis umZimesi aTwleulisSemdeg, klavac arseobs ruseT–saqarTvelos urTierTobebiskonstuqciuli ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba. amis miRweva kimxolod maSin SeiZleba, Tuki saqarTvelo kargad gaicnobierebsTavis pasuxismgeblobas Sida sisusteebis aRmofxvris saqmeSida warmatebiT ganaxorcielebs reformebs.


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gayinuli gaurkvevloba:

ruseTi da konfliqti afxazeTis

irgvliv

oqsana antonenko

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam gamoiwvia regionul konfliqtebisseria, romelic Zaladobis sawyisi fazis Semdeg politikur Cix-Si aRmoCnda da aTwleulze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi gadauWrelirCeba.ori aseTi konfliqti – afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi –warmoiSva saqarTveloSi, yofil sabWoTa socialistur res-publikaSi misi axal, damoukidebel saxelmwifod arcTu iolitransformaciis dros. konfliqti afxazeTSi 1992-1993 wlebSi,postsabWoTa konfliqtebidan iyo erT-erTi yvelaze sisxliani,aTasobiT msxverpliTa da daaxloebiT 250 000 gadaadgilebuliadamianiT (umravlesoba eTnikuri qarTveli)1. man gaanadgura

Tavi 5

1 cifri 250 000 xSirad gamoiyeneba eqspertebisa da politikosebismier,magram es raodenoba sakamaToa. oficialurad saqarTvelos hyavsregistrirebuli 262 217 Sida gadaadgilebuli piri, saidanac 11 987 samxreToseTis konfliqtis zonidanaa, danarCenebi ki _ afxazeTidan. dam-kvirvebelTa umravlesoba eWvqveS ayenebs am cifrebs. bevrma, vinc TavidansaqarTveloSi Cavida, Semdeg datova igi. 2002 wlis mosaxleobis aRweramaCvena, rom bolo aTwleulSi qveyanam dakarga daaxloebiT milioniadamiani emigrantebis saxiT da SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom maT Soris arianafxazeTidan ltolvilebic. saqarTvelos axalma prezidentma mixeilsaakaSvilma erTnairad gaaoca momxreebic da mowinaaRmdegeebic cota xniswin gakeTebuli gancxadebiT imis Sesaxeb, rom mas surs 1992-1993 wlebisafxazeTis omis Sedegad gadaadgilebuli adamianebis sruli aRricxva. 2004wlis 5 aprils ministrTa kabinetis sxdomaze saakaSvilma Tqva, rom“ltolvilTa dRevandeli ricxvi – 260 000 – Zalian gaberilia”. (”Georgia’sRefugee Recount,” IWPR Report, April 28, 2004). 2004 wlis agvistoSi ltolvilTada integraciis saministrom Sida gadaadgilebuli pirebisaTvis gamouSva216 947 piradobis mowmoba. magram es cifri moicavs mxolod Sidagadaadgilebul pirebs da ara emigrirebulebs.

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Savi zRvis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili sakurorto regionisekonomikuri perspeqtivebi. 1994 wlis 19 maisis SeTanxmebamcecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb mxareebi afxazeTis politikuristatusis gadawyvetamde ver miiyvana; sanacvlod Tbilisiskontrols gareT aRmoCnda afxazeTi, rogorc de faqtosaxelmwifo, Tumca saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobisa daruseTis mier formalurad mainc aRiarebuli, rogorc sa-qarTvelos nawili.

saerTod, postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo mSe-neblobis sawyisi etapi nacionalisturi iyo Tavisi ritorikiTada ideologiiT, ukanono _ Tavisi xerxebiT, magram xSiradgamarTlebuli istoriuli wyeniTa da miTebiT.2 qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis dawyebaSi yvela es faqtori gan-sakuTrebul rols TamaSobda, ramac ekonomikuri da geo-politikuri logikis sawinaaRmdegod, eTnopolitikur kon-fliqtamde miiyvana da or banakad gayo mravalerovani omamdeliafxazeTi. mobilizacia xorcieldeboda eTnikuri kuTvnilebissafuZvelze, amasTan eTnikuri umciresobebis umravlesoba(rusebi, somxebi da berZnebi) ibrZoda afxazebis mxareze.

am konfliqts qarTvelebi Zlieri, gaerTianebuli dasicocxlisunariani qarTuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis gzazeerT-erT ZiriTad dabrkolebad miiCneven. ase iyo zviadgamsaxurdias _ saqarTvelos pirveli prezidentis _ dros.ase iyo misi memkvidris, eduard SevardnaZis drosac, romlisxelmZRvanelobis periodSi moxda omi da mTavrobam ver SeZlosamxedro saSualebebiT afxazeTze kontrolis aRdgena.saqarTvelos dRevandeli prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili Tavisiprezidentobis erT-erT prioritetad qarTuli miwebisgaerTianebas Tvlis. iseve rogorc misi winamorbedebi, pre-zidenti saakaSvili mzad aris, misces afxazeTs farTo avto-nomia, magram ara _ saerTaSoriso suvereniteti. afxa-

2 qarTul-afxazur konfliqtSi istoriuli miTebis rolis analizisSesaxeb. Âèêòîð Øíèðåëüìàí, Âîéíû ïàìÿòè: Ìèôû èäåíòè÷íîñòè è ïîëèòèêà âÇàêàâêàçüå // Ìîñêâà: Àêàäåìêíèãà, 2003, ñ. 259-461.

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zebisaTvis konfliqti erovnuli gadarCenisaTvis brZolissimbolo da erovnuli identurobis SenarCunebis imperativia.sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevasa da qarTuli nacionalizmis zrdaSiafxazuri elita xedavda rogorc sakuTari erisa da saxelm-wifos Seqmnis istoriul Sanss, ise TviTmyofadobis safrTxes.omi qarTuli jaris gamoyvaniT da afxazeTis qarTuli mosax-leobis masobrivi gamodevniT (45 procenti)3 dasrulda.dRemde arc erTma saxelmwifom ar aRiara afxazeTi saerTa-Soriso samarTlis damoukidebel subieqtad. misi mosaxleoba– romlis SemadgenlobaSi, afxazebis garda, axlac SedianqarTvelebi, rusebi, berZnebi da somxebi – ekonomikuradizolirebulia da gadarCenis mizniT ZiriTadad naturalurmeurneobas eyrdnoba. miuxedavad amisa, afxazeTma SeZlo defaqto saxelmwifo institutebis Seqmna, maT Soris parla-mentis, prezidentisa da samxedro Zalebis. 1999 wels, da-moukideblobis referendumis Semdeg, xelisuflebam imismtkiceba daiwyo, rom suverenuli saxelmwifos aSeneba aqvsganzraxuli da misi damoukideblobis aRiareba mxolod droissaqmea.

gamomdinare iqidan, rom qarTuli da afxazuri mxareebispoziciebi diametrul winaaRmdegobaSi rCeba, politikuridaregulireba ki CixSia momwyvdeuli, yuradReba ufro mesamemxaris rolze maxvildeba. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mniSvne-lovania ruseTi. konfliqtis yvela etapze is dominirebul daxSirad winaaRmdegobriv rols TamaSobda. qarTvelebi ruseTskonfliqtis dawyebis provocirebaSi sdeben brals, Semdeg _mis “gayinvaSi”, dabolos, afxazuri separatistuli mis-wrafebebis yvela saSualebiT Ria mxardaWeraSi, formaluri

3 1989 wels, bolo sabWoTa aRweris mixedviT, afxazeTis mosaxleobaSeadgenda 525 000, saidanac 45 procenti, anu 239 000 adamiani eTnikuriqarTveli iyo. rodesac 1993 wlis oqtombrisaTvis damTavrda omi,TiTqmis yvela qarTvels daatovebines afxazeTi. maT Soris aTeula-TasobiT gadasaxlda droebiT sacxovreblad saqarTvelos qalaqebsa dasoflebSi. ix. http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/ACOS-64D87Q?OpenDocument.

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aRiarebis garda. Tbilisi afxazeTSi ganlagebuli samSvidoboZalebis internacionalizacias cdilobs maT rigebSi sxvaqveynebis samxedroebis CarTviT da moiTxovs, ufro mkafiodganisazRvros moskovis, rogorc mediatoris, politikuri roligaeros molaparakebis procesSi.

afxazebsac aqvT pretenziebi ruseTis mimarT konfliqtissawyis etapze saqarTvelos samxedro mxardaWeris gamo; magramaxla isini ruseTs uyureben, rogorc maTi usafrTxoebis mTavargarants. 1999 wlidan afxazeTis parlamentma ramdenimejermimarTa moskovs, raTa afxazeTsa da ruseTs Soris damya-rebuliyo asocirebuli urTierTobebi afxazeTis, rogorc“Tavisufali asocirebuli wevris”, ruseTis federaciisSemadgenlobaSi CarTvis gziT. am statusiT afxazeTi suve-renitets SeinarCunebda. saboloo jamSi, miuxedavad imisa, romsaerTaSoriso sazogadoebrioba daiRala qarTul-afxazurkonfliqtSi ruseTis diplomatiis sul ufro calmxriviZalisxmeviT da TbilisTan misi rTuli urTierTobebiT, maskvlavindeburad miaCnia, rom ruseTis monawileoba politikurprocesSi mtkice mSvidobisa da politikuri daregulirebismisaRwevad saWiroa.

rogoria ruseTis pozicia afxazeTis konfliqtSi? ramdenadprioritetuli adgili ukavia mas ruseTis politikaSi? aqvs Tuara ruseTs strategia qarTul-afxazur konfliqtSi, Tu isubralod reagirebs movlenebze am regionSi? ra donezemanipulirebs afxazeTiT, rogorc marionetiT? ra doziTaaruseTis afxazeTTan TanamSromloba moskovis TbilisTanurTierTobebiT ganpirobebuli? ras warmoadgenen ZiriTadinteresTa jgufebi, romlebic ayalibeben ruseTis politikasda rogor Seicvala maTi gavlena prezident putinis dros?

am TavSi SemoTavazebulia aRniSnul kiTxvebze pasuxebi imZiriTadi faqtorebis analizis gziT, romlebic gansazRvravsruseTis politikas qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis mimarT.gansakuTrebiT yuradReba gamaxvilebulia 2000-2004 wlebze _putinis prezidentobis erT monakveTze. avtors sammxrivimizani aqvs: pirveli, ruseTis politikis evoluciis aRwera;


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meore, politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da ganxor-cielebis sirTuleebis gaSuqeba, ruseTis SigniT sxvadasxvamZlavri gavlenis jgufze aqcentis gakeTeba, imaze _ Turomeli moTamaSeebi ayalibeben ruseTis politikis pirveladmotivebs da romlebi sweven dabla mis efeqturobas. mesamemizani ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom afxazeTSi ruseTis politikaganxilul iqnas konfliqtis daregulirebis procesSi sxvaZlier moTamaSeebTan misi damokidebulebis konteqstSi. es samiganzomileba mowodebulia axsnas, Tu romeli mimarTulebiTSeiZleba ganviTardes ruseTis politika, rodesac igi konf-rontaciaSi Sedis saqarTvelosa da afxazeTSi xelmZRva-nelobis Secvlis ormag gamowvevasTan.

ruseTis CarTva konfliqtSi

1994 wlis maisSi cecxlis Sewyvetaze SeTanxmebidan dadamoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis (dsT) samSvidoboZalebis ganlagebidan aTi wlis Semdeg gamoqveynebul arc erTpublikaciaSi, romelic ki arsebobs ruseTis rolze qarTul-afxazur samxedro konfliqtTan dakavSirebiT, srulyofiladar aris gaanalizebuli ruseTis arqivebi an wamyvan monawileTamogonebebi. Tumca zogierT gamoqveynebul moxsenebaSi naT-qvamia, rom 1992-1994 wlebSi ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi dauSiSroebis samsaxurebi axorcielebdnen pirdapir Tu iribpolitikur da, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, samxedro daxmarebasrogorc qarTul, ise afxazur mxareze.4 zogierTi qarTuliwyaro ufro Sors midis da amtkicebs, rom ruseTis specialurma

4 ruseTis konfliqtSi CarTvaze analizis Sesaxeb. Ñòàíèñëàâ Ëàêîáà, Àáõàçèÿäå ôàêòî èëè Ãðóçèÿ äå þðå? (Ñàïïîðî, ßïîíèÿ: Öåíòð ñëàâÿíñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé,Óíèâåðñèòåò Õîêêàéäî, 2001 ã.), http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/publictn/lakova/lakova-contents.html ; Alexei Zverev, “Ethnic Conflicts in the Caucasus,” in Bruno Coppietersed., Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: VUB Press, 1996), pp. 51–60, http://poli.vub.ac.be./publi/ContBorders/eng/; Ñâåòëàíà ×åðâîííàÿ, Àáõàçèÿ 1992: Ïîñò-êîììóíèñòè÷åñêàÿ Âàíäåÿ (Ìîñêâà: Ìîñãîðïå÷àòü, 1992 ã.).

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samsaxurebma dagegmes yvela separatistuli konfliqtikavkasiaSi, maT Soris qarTul-afxazuric da Semdeg maTiprovocireba moaxdines qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis Seqmnisperspeqtivis aRmofxvris mizniT.5 Tavis mxriv, afxazikomentatorebi ar azviadeben ruseTis CarTvas da aqcentigadaaqvT moxaliseebis rolze, akritikeben ruseTis mieryofili sabWoTa samxedro teqnikis qarTul erovnul gvar-diaze gadacemas 1992 wlis 14 agvistos afxazeTze misi pirveliTavdasxmis win. rogorc wesi, rusuli wyaroebi gverds uvlianomis msvlelobis dawvrilebiT gadmocemas, samagierodsabWoTa kavSiris ngrevis dros ruseTis politikur xel-mZRvanelobaSi arsebul uwesrigobas xazs usvamen, bralssdeben adgilobriv samxedro meTaurebs am omSi maTi fi-nansurad motivirebuli rolis gamo.6 saboloo jamSi, rTuliamsjeloba imis Sesaxeb, iyo Tu ara ruseTis monawileobaafxazeTSi 1992-1993 wlebSi kremlis Segnebuli politikisstrategiis nawili, magram sakamaTo ar aris is, rom SemdgomqarTul-afxazuri konfliqti gaxda da dRemde rCeba misipolitikis mniSvnelovan instrumentad.

ruseTis roli 1992-1993 wlebis omSi rogorc realurad, isepopularul miTebSi saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris normaluriurTierTobebis ZiriTadi barieri gaxda. ruseTis, rogorcafxazeTSi omis wagebis aSkara mizezad aRqmam qarTvelipolitikosebisa da moqalaqeebis mTeli Taoba Camoayaliba.afxazi eqsperti iuri anCabaZe wers: “saqarTveloSi jer kidevdominirebs azri, rom yvela politikuri Soki, romlebicrespublikam bolo wlebSi gadaitana, afxazeTSi konfliqtis

5 ix. magaliTad, Gia Tarkhan-Mouravi, “The Georgian–Abkhazian Conflict in aRegional Context,” in Bruno Coppieters, Ghia Nodia, and Yuri Anchabadze eds., Georgiansand Abkhazians: The Search for a Peace Settlement, (Köln: Bundesinstitut fürOstwissenschaftliche und Internationale Studien, 1998), pp. 90–112, agreTve http://poli.vub.ac.be/ ; an naxeT Svetlana Chervonnaya, Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia,Abkhazia and the Russian Shadow (Glastonbury: Gothic Image Publications, 1994).6 ix. Dmitrii Danilov, “Russia’s Role,” Accord, issue 7 (September 1999), pp. 42–49,http://www.c-r.org/accord/geor-ab/accord7/index.shtml.


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CaTvliT, inspirirebuli iyo mesame Zalis mier”. mesame ZalaSiyovelTvis igulisxmeba ruseTi.7

dResac ki qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis istoria uwin-deburad daRs asvams imas, Tu rogor gansazRvravs ruseTi Tavisinteresebsa da strategias da afxazebisa da qarTvelebis mierrogor aris misi roli aRqmuli. amasTan dakavSirebiT Tanamedrovepolitikaze istoriis gavlenis ramdenime aspeqts gamovyofT:

pirveli, konfliqti imdenad sastiki iyo da Tavad ruseTze,gansakuTrebiT ki mis CrdiloeT kavkasiis regionze, iseTizemoqmedeba moaxdina, rom 1994 wels, omis Sewyvetis SeTan-xmebaze xelmoweris Semdeg, misi politika, upirveles yovlisa,fokusirebuli iyo konfliqtis ganaxlebis raime perspeqtivisprevenciaze. udavoa, rom axali omis SiSiT ruseTi orive mxarezemkacri zewolisagan Tavs ikavebda, uSualod ki konfliqtisSemdgom periodSi, rodesac ufro SeiZleboda meti politikuriprogresisaTvis mieRwia.

meore, konfliqtis orive mxares ruseTis CarTvam ZirigamouTxara qarTvelebisa da nawilobriv afxazebis ndobasruseTis, rogorc miukerZoebeli da sando mediatoris, mimarT.ruseTi iyo da aris aRqmuli, rogorc konfliqtis monawile.ufro metic, ruseTis daxmarebam orive mxaris mimarT ufrogaaZliera saqarTvelosa da afxazeTSi gavrcelebuli azri, romkonfliqti an moskovis mier daigegma, an ganxorcielda ruseTisinteresebSi.es gansakuTrebiT naTlad Cans saqarTveloSi,sadac ruseTis CarTva aRiqmeba “afxazeTis dakargvis” mTavarmizezad. eduard SevardnaZe amtkicebda kidec, rom konf-liqtis dros ruseTis mier afxazeTis mxardaWera mTeliaTwleulis manZilze qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebis gafu-Webis mTavar mizezad gadaiqca. afxazebi, romlebic iZulebulniarian daeyrdnon rusebis daxmarebas, aseve iCenen ruseTispatronaJisadmi undoblobas (samxreT osebisagan gansxvavebiT),

7 Yuri Anchabadze, “Georgia and Abkhazia: The Hard Road to Agreement,” in Coppieters,Nodia, and Anchabadze, eds., Georgians and Abkhazians, pp. 80–89, also onhttp://poli.vub.ac.be/.

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ruseTTan mxolod asocirebul urTierTobebs eZeben da arasrul integracias da masze subordinacias.

mesame, afxazeTis konfliqtSi CrdiloeT kavkasiidanmoxaliseebis, rusi samxedroebisa da politikosebis mona-wileobam, ufro metad, vidre sxva postsabWoTa sivrcisseparatistulma konfliqtebma, igi Sida rusuli politikis immniSvnelovan problemad gadaaqcia, romelic dRemde gadauW-relad rCeba. metic, 1991-1992 wlebSi da ufro gvian, TviTafxazeTis konfliqtis dros, afxazur da CeCnur elitas SoriskavSirebis gamo ruseTis politika qarTul-afxazuri konf-liqtis mimarT xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi CeCneTSi ruseTismier gatarebuli politikis Zlieri gavlenis qveS imyofeboda.

am faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aucilebelia afxazeTTandakavSirebiT ruseTis oficialuri politikis evoluciisanalizi da misi saxeliT moqmedi sxvadasxva jgufis qmedebebismokle mimoxilva. ruseTis monawileobis Rrma ganxilvakonfliqtis pirveli dReebidan imis gamoa mizanSewonili, rom1991-1993 wlebSi moskovs ar hqonda Tanmimdevruli politikamTlianad kavkasiisa da, kerZod, qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtismimarT.8 misi politika yalibdeboda bevri jgufis mier,romlebic ufro gvian, post-konfliqtur periodSi, mniSvne-lovani politikuri aqtorebi gaxdnen.

dasawyisSi ruseTma gamoiCina loialoba konfliqtSimonawile orive mxaris mimarT. rusuli politikuri elitisnawili gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos momxre iyo, nawili ki mxarsuWerda de faqto damoukidebel, promoskovur afxazeTs.konfliqtis dros es loialoba ucvleli ar rCeboda; sabrZo-lo moqmedebebis ganaxlebisas yvelani afxazebs emxrobodnen.

Tavdapirvelad erTiani saqarTvelos mxardamWerTa jgufSiSediodnen ruseTis mTavrobis is warmomadgenlebi, vinc piradikontaqtebi daamyara eduard SevardnaZesTan, misi sabWoTa

8 rusul politikaze kavkasiaSi ix. Dmitri Trenin, “Russia’s Security Interests andPolicies in the Caucasus Region,” in Coppieters ed., Contested Borders in the Caucasus,pp. 91–102, http://poli.vub.ac.be/.


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kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministrad yofnis dros da isinic vincewinaaRmdegeboda afxazur separatistul miswrafebas imisSiSiT, rom igi TviT ruseTis teritoriuli erTianobis safrTxesgamoiwvevda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. am jgufSi SediodnenruseTis prezidenti boris elcini da sagareo saqmeTa ministriandrei kozirevi, aseve sagareo saqmeTa saministros sxvamaRalCinosnebic. zogierTi afxazuri wyaro imasac amtkicebs,rom afxazeTis winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb Sevard-naZis gegmis politikuri mxardaWera uzrunvelyo elcinma.9

afxazeTSi konfliqtis dawyebis Semdeg 1992 wlis agvistoSiruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saministrom werili gaugzavnasaqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros, romelSic gamo-Tqmuli iyo Tanadgoma saqarTvelosadmi “terorizmis wina-aRmdeg brZolis” saqmeSi. es nabiji nakarnaxevi iyo ruseTismzardi problemebiT CeCneTSi.

rac Seexeba ruseTis samxedro istebliSments, mas afxazeTiskonfliqtis mimarT araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba hqonda.moskovSi Tavdacvis saministros Cinosnebma Tavdapirveladmxari dauWires saqarTvelos moqmedebebs, maSin, rodesacsamxedroebi, romlebic samsaxurs afxazeTSi gadiodnen,konfliqtis TiTqmis dasawyisidan afxazebisken gadaixarnen, anpasiurad iyvnen _ SeinarCunes neitraliteti; mogvianebiT kimaTac afxazuri Zalebis aqtiuri daxmareba daiwyes.

1992 wlis maisidan 1993 wlis maisamde ruseTis Tavdacvisministri pavel graCovi saqarTvelos Tavdacvis ministrisa daerovnuli gvardiis mTavarsardlis, general Tengiz kitovanisaxlo megobrad rCeboda. 1992 wlis agvistoSi, omis dawyebis win,graCovi exmareboda saqarTvelos amierkavkasiis samxedroolqSi arsebuli sabWoTa mowyobilobebisa da mZime SeiaraRebisqarTul SeiaraRebul Zalebze gadacemaSi, ramac udavo

9 stanislav lakoba amtkicebs, rom 1992 wlis 24 ivnisis dagomisis samitzesaqarTvelos saxelmwifo sabWos meTaurma eduard SevardnaZem xelimoawera “SeTanxmebas qarTul-osuri konfliqtis daregulirebisprincipebze” da miiRo prezident elcinis mxardaWera afxazeTiswinaaRmdeg saqarTvelos samxedro moqmedebis Taobaze. ix. lakoba, gv. 10.

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samxedro upiratesoba moutana maT. qarTulma sajarisonawilebma miiRes tankebi, saartilerio sistemebi, Sveul-mfrenebi da msubuqi SeiaraReba.10 1992 wlis 14 agvistosqarTuli jari 2 000-dan 5 000-mde jariskacis SemadgenlobiTSevida afxazeTSi da daikava soxumi; damatebiT 1 000-kacianirazmi dadga gagraSi da gadaketa afxazeTis sazRvari ruseTTan.Tavidan graCovma scada, Seekavebina ruseTis samxedro savelemeTaurebi, rom afxazebs ar daxmarebodnen. zogierTi afxazuriwyaro miuTiTebs kidevac imaze, rom rusebma qarTvelebsfaruli daxmareba aRmouCines, Tumca aseTi gancxadebebisgadamowmeba SeuZlebelia.11

sabrZolo moqmedebebis pirveli etapidan, konfliqtTandakavSirebiT moskovis poziciis jer kidev Secvlamde,CrdiloeT kavkasiis moxaliseebisagan afxazurma mxaremmniSvnelovani mxardaWera miiRo, maT Soris afxazebTaneTnikurad axlos mdgomi iseTi jgufebisagan, rogorebic arianadiRelebi da Cerqezebi. am mizniT 1992 wlis seqtembris bolos1 000-mde moxalise CrdiloeT kavkasiidan Cavida soxumSi12.kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa konfederaciam (mogvianebiT kavkasiisxalxTa konfederacia), romelic CrdiloeT kavkasiis res-publikebis suverenitetisaTvis ibrZoda, afxazeTSi sabrZol-velad aTasobiT moxalisis mobilizaciis saqmeSi mTavari roliiTamaSa. regionuli elita, romelic Tavidan ewinaaRmdegebodaaseT mobilizacias, iZulebuli gaxda Serigeboda, rom argariyuliyo im politikuri procesisagan, romelSic 1991-1993wlebSi eTnikuri aRorZineba da mobilizacia dominirebda.

10 1993 wlis martSi, konfliqtis dros, rusma samxedroebma saqarTvelosgadasces samocdaoTxi samxedro nawili Tavisi mowyobilobiT. ix.zverevi, gv. 53.11 afxazuri wyaroebis mixedviT, Tavdapirvelad afxazeTze TavdasxmaSimonawileobas iRebdnen rusuli nawilebi. magaliTad, qalaq gagraSiganlagebis dros qarTuli jarebi iyenebdnen rusul gemebs. ix. lakoba,gv. 35.12 Pavel Baev, Jan Koehler, Christoph Zürcher, Internal Violence in the Caucasus: StudyPrepared for The World Bank Development Economic Research Group (DECRG)(Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2002).


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qarTveli da rusi analitikosebi amtkiceben, rom afxazur-qarTulkonfliqtSi monawileobisaTvis ruseTis specsamsaxurebisa dasamxedroebis nawili krebda da avarjiSebda CrdiloeT kavkasiismebrZolebs, Samil basaevis CaTvliT.13 mogvianebiT basaeviafxazeTis Tavdacvis ministris moadgiled dainiSna.

ruseTis samxedroebmac arsebiTi mxardaWera gauwiesafxazur mxares. ZiriTadad es keTdeboda regionul an amier-kavkasiis samxedro olqis samxedro meTaurebis doneze.arsebobs mosazrebebi, Tumca _ mtkicebulebebis gareSe, romaseTi brZaneba moskovidan modioda. afxazeTSi myofi adgi-lobrivi qvedanayofebi mebrZolebs daxmarebis sxvadasxvaformas sTavazobdnen, personalis, SeiaraRebis, informaciisda sxva momsaxurebis CaTvliT; magram sakiTxi, Tu vin mfar-velobda aseT qmedebas, sakamaTo rCeba. aleqsei zverevismixedviT, graCovma akrZala konfliqtis romelime mxaresdadgoma.14 sxvebi amtkiceben, rom im dros savele samxedromeTaurebi damoukideblad, brZanebebis gareSe moqmedebdnenda xSirad finansuri mogebiT an konfliqtis dros Camo-yalibebuli piradi simpaTiebiT iyvnen motivirebulni.15

general aleqsandre lebedis mixedviT, bevri brZanebagaicemoda telefonis zarebiT, maRal politikur donezepasuxismgeblobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT.16

1992 wlis seqtembrisTvis, rodesac aSkara gaxda, romblickrigis qarTuli gegmebi Cavarda da konfliqti gaWianu-

13 1994 wlis Semdeg Samil basaevi gaxda ruseTis jaris winaaRmdeg erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili mebrZoli CeCneTSi. polkovnik stanislav lunevismixedviT, “1992-1992 wlebSi, afxazeTis omis dros, basaevma gaiaraspecialuri momzadeba da “CeCneTis batalionis” meTauri gaxda”. ColonelStanislav Lunev, “Chechen Terrorists in Dagestan—Made in Russia,” August 26, 1999,http://www.newsmax.com.14 Zverev, p. 53.15 evgeni primakovi wers Tavis mogonebebSi: “me vici, rom ruseTisxelmZRvaneloba, upirveles yovlisa _ prezidenti, arasdros aZlevdasanqcias ruseTis samxedro Carevaze – pirdapir an arapirdapir –konfliqtis romelime mxaris mimarT.16 Àëåêñàíäð Ãîëüö, «Àðìèÿ Ðîññèè: 11 Ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ ëåò» (Ìîñêâà: Çàõàðîâ, 2004), ñ. 151.

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rebul, sastik omSi gadaizarda, ruseTis politikac Seicvalada afxazurma jarma ruseTis samxedro daxmareba ufro didiodenobiT miiRo.17 aseTi cvlileba SeiZleba aixsnas im faqtiT,rom dinamikurad ganviTarebad konfliqtSi moskovelmapolitikurma Zalebma dakarges kontroli situaciaze, maSin,rodesac afxazeTSi myofi ruseTis samxedro Zalebi da moxa-liseebi gadaiqcnen ZiriTad moTamaSeebad da TavianTi qmede-bebiT gansazRvravdnen ruseTis politikas. afxazeTis mebrZo-lebi iaraRs gudauTaSi ganlagebuli ruseTis 643-e sazenito-saraketo polkidan da momaragebis nawilidan iRebdnen. omamderuseTis am nawilebis SeiaraReba Sedgeboda aTasi avtomatis,18 tyviamfrqvevis, naxevari milioni vaznisa da ramdenimejavSanmanqanisagan.18 ucnobi rCeba, Tu ramdeni gaiyida aqedanan gadaeca afxazur mxares. ufro metic, arsebobs azrTa sxvaobaimis Taobaze, gudauTaSi dislocirebuli rusuli nawilebirodis asrulebdnen pirdapir ruseTis Tavdacvis saministrosbrZanebebs da rodis moqmedebdnen damoukideblad.19

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, daxmareba mniSvnelovani iyo.zverevis Tanaxmad, is faqti, rom konfliqtis zonaSi gamoiyenes100 000 naRmi, maSin, rodesac omamde afxazeTSi naRmebissawyobebi ar yofila, miuTiTebs ruseTis daxmarebis masSta-bebze. mixeil demianovma saqarTvelos televiziisaTvismicemul interviuSi ganacxada, rom iaraRi afxazur mxaresufasod gadaecemoda.20 afxazi istorikosi stanislav lakoba,

17 Lakoba, p. 21.18 Evgeny Kozhokin, “Georgia–Abkhazia” in Jeremy R. Azrael and Emil A. Payin eds.,U.S. and Russian Policymaking with Respect to the Use of Force (Santa Monica, CA:Rand Corporation, 1996), citirebulia robert silis mier wignSi Russo–ChechenConflict 1800–2000: A Deadly Embrace (London: Frank Cass, 2001), p. 192.19saerTaSoriso organizaciaze xiuman raits uotCi Tavis moxsenebaSi“omi Tu mSvidoba? adamianis uflebebi da ruseTis Careva “axlosazRvargareTSi” akeTebs Semdeg Sefasebas: “rTulia imis gansazRvra, Tura doneze gaicemoda nebarTvebi Tu brZanebebi... aSkara ki is aris, romruseTis mTavrobam ar gamoiZia, araferi rom ar iTqvas sisxlis samarTlisdevnaze, kriminaluri faqtebia, romlebic gulisxmobda maRali donisTanamonawileobas”. ixileT: http://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/russia/.


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Tavis mxriv, amtkicebs, rom afxazebma ki ar miiRes, aramed iyidesruseTis samxedroebisagan naRmebis didi nawili, msubuqi iaraRida mZime SeiaraRebac. 1993 wlis TebervalSi ruseTis samxedroTviTmfrinavebma dabombes qarTuli poziciebi. 1993 wlis 19 martsqarTulma Zalebma Camoagdes aviagamanadgurebeli “su-27”,romelsac marTavda ruseTis piloti. es epizodi daadasturesgaeros samxedro damkvirveblebma da mogvianebiT aRiara ruseTismxaremac. misi mtkicebiT, am frenis mizani ruseTis strategiuliobieqtebis dacva iyo.21 1993 wlis martSi gazeTma “izvestiam”pirvelad daadastura, rom afxazeTma ruseTis samxedromrCevlebisagan aqtiuri daxmareba miiRo da afxazebisaTvisgadacemuli SeiaraRebis CamonaTvali gamoaqveyna.22

rogorc zemoT iyo naTqvami, afxazur Zalebs sakmaod didisamxedro daxmareba gauwia kavkasiis xalxTa konfederaciis mierorganizebulma, Crdilo kavkasiidan Casulma aTasobiT moxalisemda daqiravebulma. CrdiloeT kavkasiis moxaliseebis monawileoba,romlebic, afxazuri wyaroebis mixedviT, Seadgendnen mTeliafxazuri Zalebis daaxloebiT 10 procents, ufro mniSvnelovanida gadamwyveti iyo afxazuri mxarisaTvis, vidre ruseTissamxedro_teqnikuri daxmareba.23 swored amitom miiRes maT,Stabis ufrosis, Tavdacvis ministris moadgilisa da samxedro-sazRvao Stabis ufrosis sakvanZo Tanamdebobebi afxazur ZalebSi.

qarTul-afxazur konfliqtSi ruseTis samxedro mona-wileobis xasiaTis miuxedavad, ar arsebobs iseTi mtkicebulebebi,romelTa safuZvelzec SeiZleba iTqvas, rom konfliqti dagegmada ganaxorciela moskovma. aseTi gancxadebebi ki xSirad gaismis

20 “omi Tu mSvidoba?”, gv. 5.21 Êðàñíàÿ Çâåçäà, 23 ìàðòà 1993 ã., ñ. 1.22 «Àáõàçñêèå âîéñêà øòóðìóþò Ñóõóìè: Øåâàðäíàäçå îáâèíÿåò Ðîññèþ â àãðåññèè»,Èçâåñòèÿ, 17 ìàðòà 1993 ã., citirebulia Seely-s mixedviT, gv. 193. siaSi Sedioda72 tanki, ruseTis sadesanto batalioni, 20 javSanmanqana, “gradis”saraketo danadgarebi, “uraganis” saraketo danadgarebi da 12 saar-tilerio erTeuli ruseTis oficrebTan erTad, romlebic iyvnen 10-kaciani qvedanayofebis meTaurebi.23 Lakoba, p. 19.

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qarTuli politikuri elitis warmomadgenlebis mxridan. ardaamisa, gadauWreli rCeba sakiTxi, moaxdina Tu ara gadamwyvetigavlena ruseTis monawileobam konfliqtis dinamikaze.24 saqar-Tvelos damarcxebis aseTi rusocentristuli interpretaciisSemdeg yuradRebas ar aqceven afxazeTis mosaxleobis upre-cedento mobilizacias, romelic SiSobda erovnuli gadarCenisTaobaze da amis gamo brZolis ufro Zlieri motivacia gaaCnda,vidre qarTveli meomrebis umravlesobas. gazviadebuliaafxazebis gamarjvebisaTvis saWiro gare mxardaWeris donec, TugaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom miuxedavad omamde ruseTisregionuli sardlobisgan miRebuli daxmarebisa, qarTuli Zalebiaraorganizebuli, udisciplino da gauwvrTneli iyvnen. amasTan,isini, vinc konfliqtSi brals sdeben ruseTs, midrekili arian,uaryon adgilobrivi afxazuri Zalebis arseboba, maTi interesebida motivaciebi. 1996 wels gia nodia werda, rom afxazebs“uyurebdnen ara, rogorc sakuTari uflebebisaTvis mebrZolebs,aramed, rogorc “maTTan”, rusebTan mimxrobilebs “Cven”,qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg”.25 iuri anCabaZe SeniSnavs, rom “qarTulimxaris daJinebuli Zalisxmeva, gamoiyvanos ruseTi erTaderTdamnaSaved, omSi maTi damarcxebis gamarTlebis survils niRbavsda qarTvelebis mier im sakuTari rolisa da Secdomebis adek-vaturi Sefasebis SesaZleblobas amcirebs, romelmac saqme 1992-1993 wlebis tragikuli movlenebis eskalaciamde miiyvana”.26

24 Tumca, zogierTi qarTuli wyaro amtkicebs, rom SesaZlebelia ruseTismonawileoba gadamwyvetic yofiliyo. avtorTan saubrisas jabadevdariani citirebda qarTul mtkicebulebebs imis Sesaxeb, romafxazurma Zalebma ganaaxles Seteva soxumze soWis SeTanxmebis Semdeg,iyenebdnen ra mZime artilerias, romelic, wesiT, gamoyvanili undayofiliyo cecxlis xazidan da misi saketebi “zatvorebi” SesanaxadCabareboda ruseTis sardlobis meTvalyureobis qveS. Tu vivaraudebT,rom soxumis Sturmis win rusma meTaurebma daabrunes artileria, maSinmaT SeeZloT gadamwyveti gavlena moxdenaT omis erT-erT sabedisweroepizodze.25 Ghia Nodia, “Political Turmoil in Georgia and the Ethnic Policies of ZviadGamsakhurdia,” in Coppieters, ed., Contested Borders in the Caucasus, p. 84.26 Anchabadze, pp. 86-87.


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samxedro konfliqtis dasasruli da Sida

debatebi ruseTSi

konfliqtSi ruseTis mTavar politikur warmatebadSeiZleba CaiTvalos 1993 wlis 27 ivliss qarTuli da afxazurimxareebis mier q. soWSi xelmowerili SeTanxmeba, romeliccecxlis Sewyvetas da afxazeTis demilitarizacias gulis-xmobda. soWis SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad, qarTulma mxarem daiwyoTavisi Zalebis gamoyvana da Sida gadaadgilebuli pirebisnawili saxlebSi daabruna. konfliqtis orive mxaris ganiara-Rebis mizniT ruseTis Tavdacvis ministrma graCovma afxazeTSiori rusuli samxedro brigadis ganlagebis winadadeba wamoa-yena, magram saqarTvelom uari Tqva am windadebaze da, rogorcevgeni primakovma aRniSna, mogvianebiT inana aseTi gada-wyvetilebis miReba.27 qarTveli eqsperti paata zaqareiSviliki, romelic eswreboda ruseTis warmomadgenlis sergei SoigusmediatorobiT Catarebul molaparakebebs soWSi, biWvinTasa dagudauTaSi, amtkicebs, rom ruseTis mxare yovelTvis aSkaradproafxazur poziciaze idga da qarTul mxareze Zlier zewolasaxdenda.28 Soigu iTxovda soxumsa da sxva did qalaqebSi ruseTissamxedro xelisuflebis (komendaturebis) ganlagebas, magramsaqarTvelos warmomadgenelma Jiuli Sartavam uari ganacxadaam winadadebaze.29

1993 wlis 27 seqtembers afxazeTis Zalebma soxumi qarTulijarisagan “gaaTavisufles”. ramdenime saaTiT adre, vidre

27 Primakov, p. 417.28 Soigus kavSirebi afxazeTis oficialur pirebTan grZeldebodakonfliqtis Semdegac. man nodar xaSba, romelic warmoadgenda afxazurmxares soWis molaparakebebSi daniSna maRal Tanamdebobaze Tavissagangebo situaciebis saministroSi, sadac xaSba msaxurobda 2004 wlamde.Semdeg igi gaagzavnes ukan, afxazeTSi ruseTis interesebis warmosadgenad2004 wlis sakamaTo arCevnebis dros afxazeTis droebiTi premier-ministris rangSi.29paata zaqareiSvili. “iyo Tu ara iaraRi fqvilis tomrebSi?” _“rezonansi”, 9 oqtomberi, 2004 w.

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afxazebi qalaqze kontrols daawesebdnen, soxumidan TavadSevardnaZis evakuacia gaxda saWiro. saqarTvelos prezidentmamoskovs protesti ganucxada afxazuri Zalebis mier soWisSeTanxmebis darRvevis gamo, magram pasuxi ver miiRo. faqtob-rivad, soxumis movlenebi daemTxva did politikur krizissmoskovSi – winaaRmdegobas prezident elcinsa da uzenaessabWos Soris, rodesac mTavrobam Zala gamoiyena ruseTis “TeTrsaxlSi” darCenili opoziciurad ganwyobili parlamentarebisnawilis winaaRmdeg.

Sedegad, soxumisaTvis bolo brZolis dros qarTvelebisruseTisadmi mimarTva daxmarebis Taobaze upasuxod darCa.erTaderTi pasuxi moskovidan 20 seqtembers movida, rocamoskovma afxazeTis winaaRmdeg ekonomikuri sanqciebi SemoiRo.

qarTuli wyaroebi amtkiceben, rom ruseTis jarebi afxa-zebTan erTad aqtiurad monawileobdnen soxumis ieriSze.zogierTebi ki darwmunebuli arian, rom rusulma nawilebmasoxumze ieriSi afxazur jarebze win miitanes. afxazurimonacemebis mixedviT ki, ruseTis daxmareba mxolod imiTSemoifargla, rom graCovma uari ganacxada afxazebis SetevisSesaCereblad ruseTis jaris gamoyenebaze.30 lakoba Tvlis, romam SemTxvevaSi saomari moqmedebebi daiwyeboda ruseTsa daafxazeTs Soris (CrdiloeT kavkasiis moxaliseebis mona-wileobiT) da naklebad savaraudoa, maT moskovis CareviTac kiukan daexiaT.31 qarTuli samxedro Zalebisa da samoqalaqopirebis gaqcevis Semdeg, 30 seqtembrisaTvis, afxazuri ZalebiafxazeTisa da saqarTvelos regionis _samegrelos gamyofmdinare enguramde Cavidnen.

saqarTvelo damarcxebiT Sokirebuli iyo da imedovnebda,rom moskovisa da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisadmi mimarTviTSecvlida omis Sedegebs. moskovis mxridan mravalTvianizewolis Sedegad, 1993 wlis 9 oqtombers, saqarTvelo, bolosda bolos, SeuerTda damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tana-

30 Zverev, p. 54.31 Lakoba, p. 31.


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megobrobas (dsT-s), xedavda ra masSi ruseTis daxmarebiTafxazeTSi status_kvos aRdgenis SesaZleblobas. magrammoskovi daexmara SevardnaZes saqarTvelos samoqalaqo omSimxolod zviad gamsaxurdias da ara _ afxazeTis winaaRmdeg.CeCneTidan saqarTveloSi gamsaxurdias dabrunebis Semdegzviadistebma TandaTanobiT daikaves dasavleT saqarTvelosmniSvnelovani nawili, imuqrebodnen ra Tbilisze SeteviT dagamsaxurdias saxelmwifos meTauris postze dabrunebiT. dsT-is oqtombris SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, ruseTis Zalebma daamyareskontroli centralur magistralebze da SevardnaZis mom-xreebs ajanyebis CaxSobaSi gadamwyveti daxmareba gauwies.TviTon gamsaxurdia dasavleT saqarTveloSi 1993 wlis 31dekembers gaurkvevel viTarebaSi daiRupa.

amave dros afxazeTis problemis gadaWris saqmeSi aranairiprogresi ar iyo. 1993 wlis oqtomber-noemberSi moskovi zewolasaxdenda afxazeTsa da saqarTveloze, raTa isini konfliqtisganaxlebisagan gadaerwmunebina. Jenevasa da moskovSi Sexve-drebis Semdeg politikuri dialogi CixSi moeqca. 1994 wlis 4aprils moskovSi garkveuli garRveva moxda. orive mxarem _rogorc afxazeTis, iseve saqarTvelos warmomadgenlebmaruseTisa da evropis usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobiskonferenciis (euTk) oficialuri pirebis da agreTve gaerosgeneraluri mdivnis warmomadgenlebis TandaswrebiT, bolos dabolos, xeli moawera deklaracias qarTul-afxazuri konf-liqtis politikuri daregulirebis Sesaxeb. agreTve gaformdaSeTanxmeba ltolvilebisa da Sida gadaadgilebuli pirebisnebayoflobiTi dabrunebis Taobaze, imaTi gamoklebiT, vincsamxedro danaSaulobebSi iyo Careuli.32

sanam rusi mediatorebi moskovis SeTanxmebaze muSaobdnen,prezidenti elcini da misi samxedroebi cdilobdnen ruseTisstrategiuli interesebis ganxorcielebas uSualod Sevard-

32 orive dokumenti gamoqveynebulia naSromSi: Jonathan Cohen, ed.,“A Question of Sovereignty: The Georgia–Abkhazia Peace Process,” Accord, issue 7(September 1999), pp. 66–69, http://www.c-r.org/accord/geor-ab/accord7/index.shtml.

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naZis mTavrobasTan, romelic mniSvnelovnad Sesustebuli iyoafxazeTSi damarcxebis gamo. 1994 wlis 3 Tebervals elciniCavida TbilisSi da xeli moawera xelSekrulebas saqarT-velosTan megobrobis, keTilmezobluri urTierTobebisa daTanamSromlobis Sesaxeb. Tavdacvis ministrma pavel graCovmada saqarTvelos premier-ministrma oTar facaciam ki xelimoaweres oqms, romelic ruseTs 25 wlis vadiT saqarTveloSisami samxedro bazis Seqmnis uflebas aZlevda.33 maTi ganlagebagaTvaliswinebli iyo vazianSi, axalqalaqsa da baTumSi,gudauTisa da soxumis ganyofilebebTan erTad. samagierod,moskovi daTanxmda saqarTvelos gaewia samxedro-teqnikuridaxmareba da daadastura rom ruseTi mxars uWerda saqarT-velos teritoriul erTianobas.

1994 wlis 17 Tebervals saxelmwifo dumis dsT-is saqmeTada sazRvargareT mcxovreb TanamemamuleebTan kavSirebiskomitetma am or SeTanxmebasTan dakavSirebiT Caatara specia-luri mosmena, sadac elcini gaakritika imis gamo, rom xelimoawera SeTanxmebas jer kidev mimdinare konfliqtis erTmxaresTan. mosmenaze gairkva, Tu ratom iyvnen ukmayofilonikanonmdeblebi. isini ewinaaRmdegebodnen imas, rom ruseTmasaqarTvelos teritoriuli erTianoba aRiara afxazeTisa dasamxreT oseTis statusis raime garantiebis gareSe da amtki-cebdnen, rom aseTma calmxrivma midgomam SeiZleba saqme iqamdemiiyvanos, rom afxazeTi da samxreT oseTi dakargaven ndobasruseTis mimarT da Searyeven mis, rogorc Suamavlis, rols, rackonfliqtis orive mxarisaTvis misaRebia.

deputatebi gansakuTrebiT aRaSfoTa SeTanxmebis me-3muxlma, romelic gulisxmobda ruseTis daxmarebas saqarT-velos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis SeqmnaSi, maT Soris _ teqnikisada SeiaraRebis miwodebaSi. saxelmwifo dumis dsT-is saqmeTakomitetis 1994 wlis 3 Tebervlis (xelSekrulebis xelmowerisdRe) specialur gancxadebaSi naTqvamia, rom am muxlma“SeiZleba saxifaTo destabilizacia gamoiwvios kavkasiasa da

33 Zverev, p. 9.


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TviT ruseTSi”. iqve aRniSnulia, rom saqarTvelosTvis iaraRisgadacema SeiZleba iyos miCneuli, rogorc ruseTis mxridansaqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier Zalis gamoyenebis waxalisebaafxazeTsa da samxreT oseTze kontrolis aRdgenis mizniT.kanonmdeblebma agreTve sadavo gaxades Tavdacvis saministrosmtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom ruseTis samxedro daxmareba damomzadeba gaaZlierebs ruseTis samxedro gavlenas saqarT-veloSi. dabolos, maT gamoTqves SiSi, rom saqarTvelo sust dadacalkevebul mdgomareobaSi imis garantias ver uzrun-velyofs, rom ruseTis SeiaraReba da teqnika ar Cavardebamesame Zalis xelSi da magaliTad mTiani yarabaxi moiyvanes.

maTi Semodaveba amiT ar amowurula. ruseTis nakisrvaldebulebaSi _ daxuros Tavisi sazRvrebi, raTa samxedromoqmedebebis ganaxlebis SemTxvevaSi ar dauSvas CrdiloeTkavkasiidan moxaliseebis SeRweva afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi,isini afxazeTis mimarT saqarTvelos mier Zalis gamoyenebiswaxalisebas xedavdnen. maT gaakritikes afxazur konfliqtSigaeros mzardi roli, radgan dsT-is funqciis SesustebaSeniSnes. gamoiTqva SiSi saqarTveloSi ruseTis samxedrobazebis Sesaxeb graCovisa da facacias mier xelmowerili oqmisgarSemo, agreTve saqarTvelos mier arakontrolirebadteritoriaze _ afxazeTSi ruseTis bazebis funqcionirebisuzrunvelyofis unaris gamo.

afxazeTis mimarT politikasTan dakavSirebiT 1994 wlisTebervalSi gakeTebuli dumis gancxadebebi warmoadgendagardatexis wertils ruseTis Sida politikur debatebSi. 1994wlamde saqarTvelosa da afxazeTSi ruseTis mTavrobas SeeZloTavisi politikis gatareba politikuri opoziciis gareSe,miuxedavad CrdiloeT kavkasiis regionuli elitis pro-testebisa, romlis gavlena umniSvnelo iyo. amitom afxazeTisomis dros dominirebdnen ZiriTadad proqarTuli politikurielita moskovSi, maT Soris TviT elcini da ganxeTqilebaSi myofisamxedroebi, romlebic rogorc saqarTvelos, ise afxazeTsacexmarebodnen. 1994 wlis Semdeg mTavroba aRmoCnda afxazuriinteresebis damcveli saxelmwifo dumis zewolis qveS. 90-ian

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wlebSi duma inarCunebda am rols, imisda mixedviT, Tu rogorkargavda qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis mimarT interessmTavroba. maSasadame, parlamenti iyo mTavari Zala, romelicayalibebda sazogadoebriv da ruseTis elitis azrs konfliqtisSesaxeb. Sedegad, sazogadoebrivi azri ixreboda afxazeTTanaxlo urTierTobebis sasargeblod da “aramegobruli” saqarT-velos sawinaaRmdegod.

dumis opoziciasTan Sejaxebisas elcinma gadawyvitaafxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi konfliqtebis daregulirebamdemegobrobis, keTilmezobluri urTierTobebisa da Tanam-Sromlobis Sesaxeb xelSekruleba saratifikaciod ar gadaeca.Sesabamisad, es xelSekruleba arc yofila ratificirebulisaxelmwifo dumis mier. es rom 1994 wels momxdariyo, masSeeZlo rusul-qarTuli urTierTobebis xasiaTi da afxazeTSimovlenaTa dasasruli Seecvala.

samarTlebrivi CarCoebis ararsebobisas ruseTis mTavrobamainc Seudga saqarTvelos teritoriaze samxedro bazebisSeqmnas, rac xuTi wlis Semdeg rusul-qarTuli urTierTobebisdaZabulobis mTavar wyarod iqca. gaurkveveli rCeba, SeasrulaTu ara moskovma saqarTvelos winaSe valdebulebebi samxedrodaxmarebasTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca samxedro teqnikis miwo-debas adgili hqonda, qarTveli oficrebis mcire nawilismomzadebasTan erTad. dumis rekomendaciebis miuxedavad,ruseTis mTavroba daTanxmda gaeros Suamavlis rolze dakonfliqtis zonaSi gaeros damkvirvebelTa misiis ganlagebaze;magram moskovi Seecada gaeros Seviwroebas, mis ukana planzedayenebas (marginalizacia) da Tbilissa da soxums Soris mTavarmediatorad yofnas. amis gansaxorcieleblad is dsT-ismandatis qveS ruseTis samSvidoboebis yofnas da soxumTangansakuTrebul urTierTobebs eyrdnoboda. es urTierTobebi,formaluri embargos miuxedavad, ganviTarda, radgan ruseTisgavleniani jgufebi situaciaSi _ “arc omi da arc mSvidoba”_nayofier niadags xedavdnen afxazeTSi TavianTi ekonomikuriinteresebisa da politikuri ambiciebis realizaciisaTvis.


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ruseTis samSvidoboebi da gaero

1994 wlis 14 maiss saqarTvelom da afxazeTma xeli moaweresSeTanxmebas cecxlis Sewyvetisa da mowinaaRmdege mxareebisgamijvnis Sesaxeb.34 SeTanxmeba gaeros egidiTa da ruseTisfederaciis xelSewyobiT daido. mis Sesrulebaze dakvir-vebisaTvis igi iTvaliswinebda dsT-is Zalebis ganlagebas.35 1994wlis 9 ivniss prezidentma elcinma xeli moawera brZanebulebasqarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis zonaSi dsT-is samSvidobooperaciebSi ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis monawileobis Sesaxeb.21 ivniss ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebi (erTaderTi samSvidoboZalebi, romlebic axorcieleben dsT-is mandats konfliqtiszonaSi) ganlagdnen usafrTxoebis “Crdilo” (kodoris xeobisqveda nawili) da “samxreT” (mdinare engurze) zonebSi.

amave dros saqarTveloSi gaeros damkvirvebelTa (sgdm),romelic 1993 wlis agvistodan imyofeboda konfliqtis zonaSicecxlis droebiTi Sewyvetis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis Sesru-lebis kontrolis mizniT, davalebuli hqonda moskovisSeTanxmebis Sesrulebaze dakvirveba da dsT-is samSvidoboZalebze monitoringi. 1994-2004 wlebSi am Zalebis Semad-genlobaSi Sedioda 30 aTasze meti samxedro mosamsaxure.maTgan movaleobis Sesrulebis dros daiRupa 97 da daiWra 251.dRes dsT-is samSvidobo Zalebis ruseTis kontingenti Seadgens1700 samxedro mosamsaxures. 2004 wels saqarTvelos gaerosdamkvirvebelTa misiis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda 114 samxedrodamkvirvebeli 23 qveynidan.36

34 Cohen, ed., pp. 69–70.35 1994 wlidan, dsT-is mandatiT, mxolod ruseTis Zalebi warmoadgendnenam samSvidobo Zalis nawils.36 ix. http://www.unomig.org; 2003 wlis oqtombrisaTvis saqarTvelos gaerosdamkvirvebelTa misiis operaciebis saerTo Rirebuleba Seadgenda 1,5miliard aSS dolars. Report of the Secretary-General toSecurity Council, 17/10/03,S/2003/1019, p. 7. 2003 wlisaTvis dsT-is samSvidobo operaciebisRirebuleba Seadgenda 490 milion aSS dolars. ix. The Military Balance,2003–2004 (London: The International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2003).

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dsT-is samSvidobo Zalebis zonebi sigrZeSi 85 da siganeSi24 kilometria da cecxlis Sewyvetis xazis orive mxarezeagaSlili. masSi Sedis 22 sadamkvirveblo da 4 sakontroloposti. garda amisa, ruseTis samSvidoboebi gaeros damkvir-veblebTan erTad regularulad patrulireben kodoris xeobisqveda nawilSi, haeridan akvirdebian kodoris xeobis zedanawils da akontroleben demilitarizebul zonaSi mZimeSeiaraRebis nebismier gadaadgilebas. ruseTis samSvidoboZalebis mandati, romelic, qarTuli mxaris mudmivi kritikismiuxedavad, 1994 wlidan ar Secvlila, iTvaliswinebs cecxlisSewyvetis realizacias da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis ganax-lebis aRkveTas. marTalia, samSvidoboebis nawili ganlagebuliagalis raionSi, magram maT iq politikuri operaciebis Catarebispirdapiri mandati ar gaaCniaT.

1994 wlis zafxulSi ruseTis oficialuri pirebi Seecadnen,afxazuri mxare daeTanxmebinaT afxazeTSi, ZiriTadad ki galisraionSi, Sida gadaadgilebuli pirebis didi jgufebis dabru-nebaze. samSvidoboebi mzad iyvnen, maTTvis usafrTxoebisgarantia miecaT, magram afxazuri mxare amtkicebda, rom es maTmandatSi ar Sedioda da daJinebiT moiTxovda ltolvilTaetapobriv dabrunebas. afxazeTis xelisufleba imuqreboda,rom winaaRmdegobas gauwevda ruseTis samSvidoboebs, Tukiisini xels Seuwyobdnen qarTvelTa didi jgufebis dabrunebas.1994 wlis 14 seqtembers afxazuri Zalebi usafrTxoebis zonaSiSevidnen da ruseTis samSvidoboebi aiZules ukan daexiaT.37

maSin, rodesac afxazebi Tvlidnen, rom sakiTxi maT sasicocxlointeresebs exeboda, msgavsi incidentebi moskovis mierafxazeTis politikaze gavlenis moxdenis SesaZleblobisSezRudulobis demonstrirebas axdenda. uTanxmoeba ltol-vilebis dabrunebis vadebsa da masStabebze moskovsa da soxumsSoris daZabulobas iwvevda. cxadia, rom moskovs ZalisgamoyenebiT damuqreba SeeZlo, magram es calsaxad konfliqtisganaxlebasa da cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb 1993 wlis seqtembris

37 Lakoba, p. 37.


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SeTanxmebasTan dakavSirebiT ruseTis mTavrobis udavoprioritetis darRvevas moaswavebda.

amdenad, dsT-is samSvidobo Zalebis ganlagebis SemdegsaqarTvelos mTavroba mivida daskvnamde, rom ruseTis xelis-ufleba ar apirebda afxazur mxareze iseT zewolas, romelicaiZulebda Sida gadaadgilebuli pirebis Sesaxeb aprilis SeTan-xmebebis dacvas. piriqiT – ruseTis samSvidoboebis rolma swrafitransformacia ganicada: qarTuli da afxazuri mosaxleobisTandaTanobiTi reintegraciis nacvlad, maT Soris gaTiSulobaufro gaRrmavda.38 es gaxda mTavari mizezi imisa, rom saqarTvelomudmivad eZebda mSvidobis SenarCunebisaTvis Zalisxmevisinternacionalizaciis gzebs, Tumca es cdebi warumatebeliaRmoCnda. afxazeTSi ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebis ganlagebidanramdenime Tvis Semdeg prezident elcinis kurTxeviT rusmasamxedroebma CeCneTSi joxar dudaevis winaaRmdeg samxedromoqmedebebi daiwyes da ruseTi moulodnelad gaWianurebulsisxlian konfliqtSi Caabes, risTvisac is moumzadebeli aRmoCnda.omma CeCneTSi rus politikosebs sul ufro gaurTula mezobeliqveynebis separatistuli reJimebis mxardaWera. am pirveli CeCnuriomis movlenebma daaaxlova saqarTvelosa da ruseTis erovnuliinteresebi. axsovda ra omSi afxazuri jaris mxareze CeCenTaaqtiuri monawileoba, prezidentma SevardnaZem mxari dauWiraruseTis samxedro kampanias CeCneTis separatizmis winaaRmdeg.moskovi, Tavis mxriv, daeTanxma qarTvelebis moTxovnas, daewe-sebina afxazeTis ufro masStaburi blokada mas Semdeg, rac 1993wlis dekemberSi SemoRebuli Tavdapirveli blokada moixsnamdinare fsous sasazRvro saguSagoze SezRuduli gasasvlelisgaxsnis gamo.

1994 wlis dekemberSi ruseTma kvlav daketa Tavisi sazRvarimdinare fsouze, afxazeTis mosaxleobis erTaderTi saxmeleTokavSiri gare samyarosTan. saxmeleTo da sazRvao blokadasTanerTad ruseTma afxazeTs satelefono kavSiric Seuwyvita da uari

38 Dov Lynch, “Managing Separatist States: A Eurasian Case Study,” EU-ISS OccasionalPapers, no. 32, (November 2001), p. 17.

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Tqva afxazur enaze gaformebuli sabWoTa pasportebis cnobaze.39

mogvianebiT man mxari dauWira dsT-is qveynebis meTaurebis mier1996 wlis 31 ianvars miRebul gadawyvetilebas afxazeTiswinaaRmdeg ekonomikuri embargos SemoRebisa da iaraRismiwodebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb.40 afxazeTis izolaciis es politika1999 wlamde gagrZelda. 1999 wels ki moskovma gaxsna sazRvari daamiT vaWroba da sazRvris gadakveTa gaadvila. sanqciebispolitikam afxazeTis mTavrobas daTmobebisaken ar ubiZga.blokadam ver aiZula soxumi TbilisTan ufro mWidro kontaqtebimoeZia da ver Secvala misi pozicia politikuri statusis Sesaxeb;metic, man afxazeTis poziciis gamkacrebas Seuwyo xeli.

konfliqtis dasawyisidan afxazursa da qarTul xelmZRva-nelobas Soris politikuri dialogis xelSewyobis mizniTruseTi yovel Rones xmarobda da dResac ganagrZobs Zalis-xmevas. procesi, romelsac gaero xelmZRvanelobs, am dialogismTavari RerZi gaxda. ruseTis mxardaWeriTa da gaeros gene-raluri mdivnis specialuri warmomadgenlis TavmjdomareobiT1997 wels Seiqmna sakoordinacio sabWo. evropis uSiSroebisada TanamSromlobis organizacia (euTo) da gaeros generalurimdivnis megobarTa jgufi (romlis SemadgenlobaSi SediansafrangeTi, germania, SeerTebuli Statebi, gaerTianebuli samefoda ruseTi) CarTulebi iyvnen rogorc damkvirveblebi. sakoor-dinacio sabWom Seqmna sami samuSao jgufi: usafrTxoebasa dasamxedro moqmedebebis ganuaxleblobis, Sida gadaadgilebulipirebis dabrunebisa da ekonomikur da socialur sakiTxebze. ardaamisa, 1997–1999 wlebSi ruseTma moawyo ramdenime Sexvedraprezident SevardnaZisa da afxazeTis prezident vladislav

39 Lakoba, p. 38.40 imis gamo, rom ar arsebobs damoukidebeli Sefaseba, rTulia imis Tqma,sruldeboda Tu ara es sanqciebi. calkeuli monacemebis mixedviT,sanqciebis reJimis CaSlas xels uwyobda vaWroba ruseT-saqarTvelossazRvarze, rogorc zRviT (TurqeTisa da ruseTis gemebis daxmarebiT),gansakuTrebiT – TviT saqarTvelosTan sasazRvro vaWrobiT, romelSicmonawileobas iRebdnen Tavdacvis afxazuri razmebic da zugdidisraionidan egreT wodebuli qarTveli partizanebic ki.


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arZinbas Soris, aseve Sexvedrebi orive mxridan maRalCinosaniwarmomadgenlebis monawileobiT. moskovi fiqrobda, rom msgavsipirdapiri molaparakebebi xels Seuwyobda Cixidan gamosvlas. ammizniT Tbiliss federalur modelze daTanxmebas sTavazobda daafxazeTisaTvis asimetriul federaciaSi gansakuTrebulistatusis SeTavazebas iTxovda. amave dros moskovi aSkaradagrZnobinebda soxums, rom mas damoukidebel saxelmwifod anruseTis federaciis wevrad gaxdomis raime perspeqtiva arhqonda. magram progresis miRwevamde, sul male, procesi axalmakrizisma Sewyvita.

1998 wlis maisSi galis raionSi, sadac bevri qarTvelidabrunda da sadac mdinare enguris gaswvriv rusi samSvi-doboebi mxareebs Soris gamyof xazs patrulirebdnen, brZo-lebma ifeTqa. es brZolebi provocirebuli iyo qarTveligasamxedroebuli formirebebis mier, romlebmac cecxlisSewyvetis xazi gadakveTes da aseve afxazuri Zalebis mier,romlebmac usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT qarTvelebiswinaaRmdeg operacia wamoiwyes. evgeni primakovi Tavis memua-rebSi amtkicebs, rom SevardnaZe aqciis mzadebis Sesaxebinformirebuli ar iyo, Tumca am kampaniebSi monawile gasamxed-roebuli dajgufebebi “TeTri legioni” da “tyis Zmebi”daxmarebas qarTuli saxelmwifo struqturebisgan iRebdnen.41

asobiT adamiani iqna mokluli, 20 000-ze meti qarTveli,romlebic cota xnis win TavianT saxlebs daubrundnen, kvlavgadaadgilebuli gaxda, 1500 saxlze meti ki, romelTa didinawili gaeros programis mixedviT iqna aRdgenili, daangries.ruseTis samSvidoboebma ver uzrunvelyves qarTuli mosax-leobis saTanado dacva, magram usafrTxoebis zonaSi orivemxridan mZime SeiaraRebis Semoyvanas xeli SeuSales. ruseTisam nabijma xeli Seuwyo Zaladobis lokalizebas da cecxlisSewyvetis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis reJimTan dabrunebas.42

41 Ïðèìàêîâ. Ãîäû â áîëüøîé ïîëèòèêå, ñ. 414. im dros primakovi iyo ruseTissagareo saqmeTa ministri.42 Ïðèìàêîâ. Ãîäû â áîëüøîé ïîëèòèêå, ñ. 413.

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afxazeTSi Zaladobis gamoyenebaze ruseTis reaqcia ariTvaliswinebda iZulebiT zomebs. ruseTis politikurmaxelmZRvanelobam, Tvlida ra mTavar amocanad konfliqtisganuaxleblobas, yovelgvari riskis Tavidan asacileblad,Tavis samSvidoboebs Carevis ufleba ar misca. ufro metic,ruseTis TavSekaveba da samSvidobo mandatis policiurze ansxva formaze Secvlis survilis uqonloba primakovma imiTaxsna, rom aseTi mandati gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos mier undayofiliyo damtkicebuli. dsT-s ki amis gakeTeba ar SeeZlo. igiambobs, rom mandatis msgavsi Secvla albaT ruseTis samSvi-doboebis ufro met msxverpls gamoiwvevda (1998 wlis movle-nebis dros ruseTis jarebma dakarges 60 adamiani).43 primakoviaSkarad migvaniSnebs, rom mandatis nebismieri Secvla ruseTisxelmZRvanelobisa da sazogadoebrivi azrisaTvis poli-tikurad miuRebeli iqneboda.

1998 wlis galis raionis movlenebis Semdeg rusi samSvi-doboebis mier qarTuli mosaxleobis dacvis survilis arqoniTaRSfoTebulma saqarTvelos mTavrobam dsT-is samSvidoboZalebis mandatis gafarToebis moTxovnebi ganaaxla Sidagadaadgilebuli pirebis usafrTxo dabrunebis mizniT da aramxolod galis raionSi. saqarTvelom agreTve ganacxada, rom,Tu ruseTi uars ityvis mandatis gafarToebaze, maSin misijarebi mravalerovani samSvidobo ZalebiT unda Seicvalos.ukrainam mzadyofna gamoTqva monawileobis miRebaze, magrammxolod gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos mandatiT da garedandafinansebis pirobiT.44 ruseTis winaaRmdegobis gaTva-liswinebiT, gaerom da euTom gadawyvites ar ganixilonkonfliqtis zonaSi alternatiuli samSvidobo Zalebis gagzav-nis SesaZlebloba. 2003 wlis 16 ivliss saqarTvelos parlamentmadaavala mTavrobas, mimarTos uSiSroebis sabWos, rom afxazeTiswinaaRmdeg gaeros wesdebis me-7 muxlis gamoyenebis neba

43 ix. Dmitry Danilov. Role of Russia in Cohen, ed., p. 55.44 “The Georgian Ambassador Suggests Internationalizing the Abkhazia PeacekeepingOperation,” Interfax Military News Bulletin, July 15, 2003, http://www.interfax.com.


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darTos.45 saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobas esmoda, rom gaeroamas ar daamtkicebda, es davaleba arSeasrula.

samxreT kavkasiaSi ruseTis Tavdajerebulma politikam,misma TanamSromlobam afxazeTTan, gansakuTrebiT adgilobrivielitis doneze da afxazeTSi Sida gadaadgilebuli pirebisdabrunebis survilis arqonam, TbilisSi sul ufro didiimedgacrueba gamoiwvia. metic, SevardnaZem moskovi daada-naSaula orjer misi sicocxlis xelyofis organizebaSi.46 Tavismxriv, 1998 wlis ivlisSi galis seqtorSi xuTi rusi samSvidobosnaRmze afeTqebas ruseTis sastiki reaqcia mohyva. qarTvelmapolitikosebma ki es SemTxveva imisaTvis gamoiyenes, romsamSvidoboebi ori TviT adre galis raionSi qarTveli moqala-qeebis daRupvisas gamoCenil gulgrilobaSi daedanaSau-lebinaT. saqarTvelom gamoacxada Tavisi ganzraxva dsT-iskoleqtiuri usafrTxoebis xelSekrulebidan gamosvlisTaobaze da wamoayena ruseTis samxedro bazebis daxurvismoTxovna. farTo saerTaSoriso mxardaWeriT, 1999 welsTbilisma moskovisagan bazebis daxurvis valdebulebas miaRwia,rogorc evropaSi Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis SesaxebxelSekrulebis modifikaciis winaswar pirobas, ris miRwevasacruseTi natos gafarToebis Semdeg dabejiTebiT cdilobda.oqtomberSi stambulSi, euTos samitze, ruseT-saqarTveloserTobliv gancxadebas bazebis daxurvis Sesaxeb xeli moaweres.

saqarTvelos sul ufro mWidro kavSirebi SeerTebulStatebTan da natosTan, moskovSi aRqmuli iyo rogorc ruseTisgagdebis cda samxreT kavkasiidan – ruseTis gavlenis tra-diciuli sferodan. Sedegad, ruseTis presis komentarebi daruseTis parlamentis gancxadebebi saqarTvelos mimarT sulufro mtruli xdeboda.

45 “Georgian Parliament Wants UN to Use Force in Abkhazia,” Interfax Military NewsBulletin, July 16, 2003, www.interfax.com.46 See http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574966/Shevardnadze_Eduard_A.html.

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elcinis memkvidreoba:

interesTa jgufebis metoqeoba

1996 wels elcini misi xelaxali arCevisa da CeCneTSipirveli omis damTavrebis Semdeg didxans avadmyofobda daumoqmedod iyo. igi yuradRebas ar aqcevda afxazeTis konf-liqts. sainteresoa, rom Tavis memuarebSi, romlebic moicavs1997-2000 wlebs, bevrs laparakobs dsT-ze, magram afxazeTs araxsenebs.47 rogorc Cans, ruseTis politika mimarTuli iyostatus-kvos “gayinvaze”_”arc omi da arc mSvidoba” formulisSesabamisad. moskovi isev mxars uWerda saqarTvelos teri-toriul mTlianobas, ganagrZobda ra aqtiur urTierTobasafxazeTis araRiarebul xelisuflebasTan.

1997-1999 wlebSi moskovis politika qarTul-afxazurkonfliqtSi gamoirCeoda ukiduresi SeuTanxmeblobiT.politikuri kompetenciebi delegirebuli iyo sxvadasxvainteresTa jgufebze da TiToeul maTgans sakuTari xazihqonda. formalurad sagareo saqmeTa saministro xelmZRva-nelobda politikur process, magram 1998 wels boris bere-zovskim, gavlenianma oligarqma, romelic mogvianebiT ruseTisuSiSroebis sabWos xelmZRvaneli da dsT-is mdivani gaxda, ikisraSuamavlis roli. swored berezovskim moawyo SevardnaZisa daarZinbas Sexvedra TbilisSi 1997 wlis agvistoSi. misi strategiagulisxmobda ruseTisaTvis xelsayrel ekonomikur politikas,romelic erTdroulad “xels Seuwyobda konfliqtis mxareebsSoris ndobis aRdgenas”. erezovskim maT afxazeTis gavliTnavTobsadenis gayvana, vaWrobis interesebidan gamomdinare,rkinigzis moZraobis aRdgena da mdinare fsouze sasazRvro-gamSvebi punqtis gaxsna SesTavaza. afxazi liderebi amiT

47 ar exeba 1998 wlis galis movlenebsac ki, romlebmac omi TiTqmisganaxlebamde miiyvana. ix. Áîðèñ Åëüöèí. Ïðåçèäåíòñêèé ìàðàôîí // Ìîñêâà:èçäàòåëüñòâî ÀÑÒ, 2000. elcini afxazeTs mxolod erTxel axsenebs, isicafxazeTis tragediis SevardnaZiseul aRqmasTan aris dakavSirebuli. igiwers: “SevardnaZe yovelTvis atarebs sakuTar TavSi afxazuri tragediistkivils”. gv. 190.


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dainteresdnen, magram qarTulma mxarem uari Tqva ekonomikursakiTxebze ewarmoebinaT molaparakebebi, Tu isini Sidagadaadgilebuli pirebis dabrunebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebasTan ariqneboda dakavSirebuli. ruseTis alternatiuli winadadebaSida gadaadgilebuli pirebis dabrunebis meqanizmis Semu-Savebis Taobaze Tbilisma ar miiRo. Sedegad, arc erTi eko-nomikuri proeqti ar ganxorcielebula.

maSasadame, politikuri procesiT rusulma saqmianma lobim verixeira, ZiriTadad imitom, rom nebismier msxvil proeqts orivemxaris Tanxmoba sWirdeba. da mainc, rusuli regionuli elitaafxazeTSi sul ufro SesamCnev rols TamaSobda, gansakuTrebiTekonomikis sferoSi. maT miekuTvnebodnen moskovis meri iuriluJkovi, TaTreTis respublikis liderebi, regionuli CinosnebiCrdiloeT kavkasiidan da sxva nacionaluri ambiciebis mqonemoRvaweebi. ignorirebas ukeTebdnen ra ekonomikuri sanqciebisreJims, romelmac 1998 wlisaTvis ukve mniSvnelovanwilad zianimiayena sasazRvro vaWrobas, isini aqtiurad amyarebdnen kavSirebsafxazeTTan. magaliTad, afxazeTma xeli moawera SeTanxmebebsadiReis, yabardo-balyareTis, TaTreTis respublikebTan,krasnodaris olqTan, rostovis olqTan da CrdiloeT oseT-alaniisrespublikasTan. Tumca es SeTanxmebebi ar gulisxmobda afxazurisaxelmwifoebriobis formalur politikur an samarTlebriv aRia-rebas, miuxedavad amisa, isini afxazeTs dsT-is blokadis gverdisavlasa da izolaciidan gamosvlaSi daexmarnen. afxazeTispartniorebi iyvnen regionebi da respublikebi realuri eko-nomikuri interesebiT afxazeTSi da maTi xelmZRvanelobispolitikam sazogadoebis farTo mxardaWera moipova.

regionuli mTavrobebis garda, embargos winaaRmdeg mniSvne-lovan rols is politikuri elita TamaSobda, romelsac afxazeTSiZlieri kavSirebi hqonda. dsT-is saqmeTa da dumis Tanamema-muleebTan kavSirebis komitetis 1997 wlis yovelwliuri angariSirusuli Temebis kongresis afxazeTis ganyofilebasTan (ruseTisgavlenian politikur organizaciasTan) sxvadasxva SeTanxmebisSesaxeb, rasac xels awerda dumis mier dafinansebuli Tana-memamuleTa sabWos mdivani l. n. smirnovi, farTo informacias

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Seicavs. SeTanxmebebi exeboda afxazeTidan ruseTSi mineralurisasuqebis, citrusebisa da soflis meurneobis sxva produqciiseqsports. moxsenebaSi agreTve aris miTiTeba ruseTis mTavrobisspecialur brZanebulebaze ( 1397) afxazeTidan ruseTis fede-raciaSi citrusebis transportirebis nebarTvis Sesaxeb.miuxedavad imisa, rom es kavSirebi SezRuduli iyo da mcire gavlenamoaxdina afxazeTis mosaxleobis cxovrebaze, romelic eko-nomikuri blokadis pirobebSi gadarCenas cdilobda, maTproafxazuri politikuri lobis gaZliereba SeZles ruseTismTavrobasa da kerZo dainteresebul jgufebs Soris, romlebicukanono, magram sarfian vaWrobas eweodnen gavlenian afxazurjgufebTan TanamSromlobiT. es aSkarad Canda saxelmwifo dumisdsT-is saqmeTa komitetis Tavmjdomaris mier ruseTis sagareosaqmeTa saministroSi gagzavnili werilidan, romelSic ismouwodebda mTavrobas, mxari daeWira afxazeTis mosaxleo-bisTvis, maT Soris _ ruseTis moqalaqeebisaTvis, vaWrobasa daruseT-afxazeTis sazRvarze gadaadgilebis SezRudvebis Serbi-lebis meSveobiT. amave dros es werili afxazeTis xelisuflebasubiZgebda ruseTis moqalaqeebisaTvis afxazeTSi uZravi qonebisSeZenisa da ekonomikaSi kapitaldabandebebis xelSemwyobipirobebis Seqmnisaken.

maSasadame, mezobeli rusuli regionebis garda, ruseTisdumac cdilobda SeenarCunebina minimaluri TanamSromlobaafxazeTTan, maSin, rodesac oficialuri moskovi CeCneTis omSipirveli damarcxebis Semdeg kavkasiis mimarT nakleb interessiCenda. 1996-1999 wlebSi aseTi politikuri rolis TamaSisSesaZlebloba saxelmwifo dumas mTavrobisa da TviT prezi-dentis sisustis gamo hqonda. duma im adgilad rCeboda, sadacqarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis Sesaxeb ZiriTadi politikuridebatebi tardeboda. 1997 wlis 8 aprils dsT-is saqmeTa dasazRvargareT mcxovreb TanamemamuleebTan kavSirebis komi-tetma Caatara amierkavkasiis regionSi ruseTis politikisadmimiZRvnili daxuruli mosmena, romelsac sakvanZo saminis-troebis warmomadgenlebi eswrebodnen, maT Soris sagareosaqmeTa, Tavdacvisa da ekonomikis uwyebebidan. am TaTbiris


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Sedegebidan TvalnaTliv Canda, Tu ra dilemis winaSe aRmoCndaruseTi. komitetis gancxadeba xazs usvamda ruseTis erovnuliuSiSroebisa da ekonomikis interesebisaTvis mocemuliregionis mniSvnelobas da aRiarebda, rom afxazeTSi samxreToseTsa da mTian yarabaxSi konfliqtebis daregulirebis gareSemSvidoba SeuZlebelia da ruseTis grZelvadiani interesebisrealizeba ar moxdeba. maSasadame, ruseTma qarTul-afxazurikonfliqtis gadawyvetis saqmeSi mTavari roli unda iTamaSos.magram gancxadebaSi konstatirebuli iyo, rom amis miRwevarTulia, rodesac orive mxare sul ufro xSirad brals sdebsruseTs situaciis CixSi moqcevis gamo da aqtiurad eZebs sxvagare moTamaSeebis, maT Soris natos mxardaWeras.

Tavis gancxadebaSi dumis komitetma moiTxova, rom ruseTismTavrobas gamoeCina ufro meti Zalisxmeva molaparakebebismimarT da gaafrTxila, rom, Tu axlo momavalSi ruseTi veraRmofxvris kriziss, maSin dazaraldeba konfliqtis mxareebsSoris misi, rogorc mTavari Suamavlis, roli. gancxadebaSiaisaxa dilema, romelic dResac aqtualuri rCeba. Tu ruseTixels Seuwyobs konfliqtis daregulirebas, maSin is dakargavsgeopolitikur monopolias afxazeTSi, magram, Tu ar iqnebamiRweuli progresi da ruseTi CaiTvleba sust saxelmwifod,romelic cdilobs SeinarCunos status-kvo, bolos da bolos,ufro energiuli moTamaSeebi, romlebic mzad arian SeavsonSeqmnili vakuumi, mas CrdilSi daayeneben.

rogor unda imoqmedos ruseTma? dumis komiteti acxadebs, romrusma mediatorebma molaparakebebi unda warmarTon orive mxarisTanasworobis safuZvelze, gadadon ra afxazeTis politikuristatusis rTuli problema da yuradReba gaamaxvilon, upirvelesyovlisa, ekonomikuri kavSirebis ganaxlebaze. afxazeTsa da ruseTsSoris sasazRvro vaWrobis SezRudva unda moixsnas im SemTxvevaSi,Tu afxazeTis xelisufleba xels Seuwyobs ltolvilebis dabrunebas.amave gancxadebiT rusi samSvidoboebis (dsT-is samSvidobo Zalebi)mxridan ltolvilebis mimarT nebismieri garantiebi unda ukavSir-debodes sarkinigzo mimosvlis ganaxlebasa da saqarTvelosa daafxazeTs Soris sasazRvro SezRudvebis Serbilebas. 90-iani wlebis

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bolodan 2003 wlis martSi soWis SeTanxmebamde es principebi ruseTispolitikis safuZveli gaxda. maSasadame, elcinis xelisuflebaSimeore vadiT yofnis dros saxelmwifo duma iyo is mamoZravebeli Zala,romelic gavlenas axdenda sazogadoebriv azrze da im winadadebebsSeimuSavebda, romlebic am mSfoTvare regionSi mTavrobis politikasedo safuZvlad.

putinis politika: omi CeCneTSi da

afxazeTTan TanamSromlobis ganaxleba

1999 wlis 9 agvistos elcinma putini ruseTis premier-ministrad daniSna. putinma dauyovnebliv daikava mkacripozicia CeCneTis mimarT. 2000 wlis agvistoSi, moskovsa davolgodonskSi sacxovrebeli saxlebis afeTqebebis seriisa daagreTve mezobel daRestnis respublikaSi CeCeni mebrZolebisSeiaraRebuli SeWris Semdeg, ruseTma CeCneTSi meore omi daiwyo.

pirveli omisagan gansxvavebiT, romelmac ruseTisa dasaqarTvelos poziciebi erTmaneTTan daaaxlova afxazeTisseparatizmTan damokidebulebiT, meore omma maT ormxrivurTierTobebSi arsebuli krizisi gaaRrmava. mizezi iyo is, romsaqarTvelos mTavroba, savaraudod, moskovis mimarT farTodgavrcelebuli mtrobiT xelmZRvanelobda, ara mxolodewinaaRmdegeboda ruseTis samxedro Zalis gamoyenebasCeCneTSi, aramed, moskovis azriT, Segnebulad aZlevdaTavSesafars CeCen mebrZolebs. aman erTbaSad Secvala ruseTispolitika afxazeTis mimarT.

1999 wlis seqtember-dekemberSi aTasobiT ltolvilma,CeCneTSi mZime brZolebis gamo datova TavianTi saxlebi da mTisbilikebiT gadavida saqarTveloSi, pankisis xeobaSi – qistebiT(CeCnebTan monaTesave eTnikuri jgufi) dasaxlebul regionSi.moskovi amtkicebda, rom, bavSvebisa da qalebis garda, sazRvarimebrZolebmac gadakveTes da maT pankisis xeobaSi savarjiSobazebi Seqmnes. SiSobda ra, rom CeCneTis konfliqti gavr-celdeboda mis teritoriaze, saqarTvelom uari ganacxada


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moskovis moTxovnaze, ufleba mieca ruseTis jarisaTvis amregionSi CeCneTis jaris winaaRmdeg samxedro operaciebiganexorcielebina. ufro metic, saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobamuari Tqva im cameti CeCnis eqstradiciaze, romelTac ruseTi2002 wlis oqtombris bolos iTxovda. sapasuxod, ruseTmasaqarTvelos sahaero sivrce mravaljer daarRvia.48 2002 wlisseqtemberSi ki putini daemuqra saqarTveloSi myof CeCnebzeprevenciuli sahaero dartymis SesaZlo miyenebiT, rasacTavdacvis uflebiT amarTlebda.49

ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebis gauaresebam afxazeTSiruseTis politikuri orientaciis Secvla gamoiwvia. mraval-wliani SezRuduli kavSirebis Semdeg putinma afxazeTTanurTierTobebi ganaaxla. moskovma saprezidento arCevnebisa dareferendumis Catarebas usityvod dauWira mxari, rasac 1999wlis oqtomberSi afxazeTis damoukideblobis gamocxadebamohyva. am nabijma Tbilissa da soxums Soris federalurimodelis Taobaze politikur molaparakebebs kari miuxura.miuxedavad imisa, rom moskovma Riad ver aRiara 1999 wlisreferendumis Sedegebi da oficialurad saqarTvelos teri-toriuli mTlianobis mxardaWeras ganagrZobda, soxumTanoficialuri urTierTobebi ufro gaafarTova.

1999 wels ruseTma gaxsna sazRvari afxazeTTan da amiT mismier adre SemoRebuli blokada moxsna. 2000 wlis dekemberSi,gamoTqva ra wuxili CeCeni mebrZolebis mier sazRvris gada-kveTis gamo, ruseTma qarTveli moqalaqeebisaTvis SemoiRosavizo reJimi, magram Segnebulad dauSva gamonaklisi afxa-zeTisa da samxreT oseTis mcxovreblebisaTvis.saqarTvelomes aqciebi qarTuli teritoriis faqtobriv aneqsiad aRiqva.50

48 miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTis Tavdacvis saministro am faqtebsuaryofda, isini dadasturda euTos damkvirvebelTa mier. OSCE PressRelease, August 2, 2002, http://www.osce.org/news/show_news.php?id=2636.49 OSCE Press Release, September 13, 2002, http://www.osce.org/news/show_news.php?id=2724.50 CSCE Hearing, September 24, 2002, http://www.csce.gov/witness.cfm?briefing_id=232&testimony_id=326.

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rusul-qarTuli urTierTobebis kidev ufro daiZaba, rodesacsaqarTvelos uSiSroebis Zalebi kodoris xeobis afxazur nawilSiSeiWrnen. 2001 wlis seqtemberSi CeCeni mebrZolebi, ruslangelaevis meTaurobiT, romelic manamde karga xans imyofebodapankisis xeobaSi, saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosmonawileobiT gadaisroles kodoris xeobaSi, saqarTvelo-afxazeTis sazRvarze. gelaevs afxazeTis gavliT CeCneTSi Sesvlahqonda ganzraxuli, Tumca es ori regioni erTmaneTs ar emijnebada, maSasadame, SemovliTi gza afxazeTis gavliT, rogorc Cans,winaswar dagegmili iyo da ara SemTxveviTi marSruti. SesaZ-lebelia, rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebas ganzraxuli hqondaafxazeTSi situaciis destabilizacia. gelaevma (rigi cnobebismixedviT – qarTuli gasamxedroebuli formirebebis mxardaWeriT)ramdenime Tavdasxma ganaxorciela kodorSi. am incidentebmamkveTrad daZaba urTierToba saqarTvelosa da afxazeTs Sorisda axali omis dawyebis muqara gaisma. ruseTma mxari dauWiraafxazebis moTxovnas kodoris xeobidan qarTuli jaris gayvanisTaobaze (gaeros damkvirveblebma daadastures, rom kodorisxeobaSi 350 qarTveli samxedro iyo ganlagebuli). garda amisa,SiSobda ra gelaevis jgufis ruseTis teritoriaze SeRwevis gamo,ruseTi afxazeTs am Tavdasxmebis mogeriebaSi daexmara. ruseTisTviTmfrinavma “su-25”-ma daarRvia saqarTvelos sahaero sivrceda is adgilebi dabomba, sadac gelaevis razmTan brZolebimimdinareobda. kodorSi ruseTma ganalaga kidec mcirericxovanijari (igi 2002 wlis aprilSi gaiyvana). krizisi gagrZelda ramdenimeTve – 2002 wlis Tebervlamde, rodesac qarTulma jarma datovakodori. amis Semdeg qveda kodorSi ganaxlda rusi samSvi-doboebisa da gaeros samxedro damkvirveblebis erToblivipatrulireba.

movlenebma pankissa da kodorSi sakvanZo roli iTamaSeskonfliqtis mimarT ruseTis politikis CamoyalibebaSi. putinisprezidentobis pirvel wlebSi ruseTis politikis prioritetebSisaqarTvelosTan da afxazeTTan urTierTobebi bevrad ufromniSvnelovani gaxda. im dros, rodesac saqarTvelosTan ur-TierTobebi krizisidan krizisamde viTardeboda da arcTu


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iSviaTad Ria konfliqtis zRvramde midioda, afxazeTTan moskoviaqtiuri urTierTTanamSromlobis politikas atarebda. afxazeTismxardaWera CeCneTis meore omSi ruseTis mier gamocxadebuli“gamarjvebis” Semdeg kidev ufro gaZlierda, Tumca samxedrokampaniam sayovelTao politikur gadawyvetilebamde ver miiyvanada ruseTisagan CeCneTis warmatebuli gamoyofis perspeqtivaSemcirda. Sedegad, ruseTs ukve aRar aSinebda is, rom mis mier sxvaadgilebSi separatistuli reJimebisadmi mxardaWeras TviTruseTSi eqosaviT gamoexmaurebodnen. 2003 wlis dekemberSiqarTul-afxazul konfliqtSi ruseTis politikaze putinmagaakeTa Semdegi gancxadeba:

cota xnis win ruseTis saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlia-nobis SenarCuneba erT-erT yvelaze mTavar, mwvave da priori-tetul amocanas warmoadgenda, magram axla es problemaZiriTadad gadaWrilia. Tu am principebiT mivudgebiT, arSegviZlia uari vuTxraT Cvens mezoblebs teritoriulimTlianobis SenarCunebis uflebaze. teritoriuli konfliq-tebis gadawyvetiT dainteresebuli mxareebi unda SeTanxmdnen,ruseTi ki am SeTanxmebebis garantad gamova. Cven yuradRebiTvadevnebT Tvals situaciebs separatistul respublikebSi,mxars vuWerT saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas da iseTgadawyvetilebebs miviRebT, rom am teritoriaze mcxovrebiadamianebis interesebi ar dazaraldes.51

putinis gancxadebaSi aRniSnulia miznebis sami jgufi,romlebic dRemde aqtualuria: pirveli, afxazeTis mimarTsakuTari usafrTxoebis interesebidan gamomdinare, moskovi,upirveles yovlisa, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Tavis politikasafuZnebs. Sesabamisad, mTavar amocanad afxazeTSi konfliqtisganuaxlebloba rCeba. amis Suqze, afxazeTTan ekonomikurikavSirebis aRdgena da mosaxleobis cxovrebis Semsubuqebaganixileba, rogorc regionSi stabilurobis garanti. meore,oficialurad ruseTi ganagrZobs saqarTvelos teritoriuli

51 RosBusinessConsulting Information Agency, December 18, 2003, http://top.rbc.ru/arc.shtml?2003/12/18.

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mTlianobis mxardaWeras im pirobiT, rom qarTul-afxazurdialogSi moskovi mTavari Suamavlis rols ikisrebs daSeTanxmebis miRwevis SemTxvevaSi ruseTi misi garanti iqneba.mesame, ruseTi ar xedavs winaaRmdegobas mis mier saqarTvelosteritoriuli mTlianobis ideis mxardaWerasa da afxazeTis defaqto xelisuflebasTan ganviTarebad ekonomikur da poli-tikur urTierTobas Soris.

ruseTis politikis strategiul dasabuTebaSi, politikurida ekonomikuri motivebis garda, umniSvnelovanes rolsgeopolitikuri mosazrebebi TamaSobs. putinis prezidentobisdros samxreT kavkasiaSi mzardi amerikuli da mogvianebiT –evropuli daswrebis gamo SeSfoTeba mkveTrad gaizarda.miuxedavad imisa, rom TviTon Tavs ikavebda afxazeTis mimarTufro farTo geopolitikur mosazrebebTan ruseTis politikisdakavSirebisgan, ruseTis politikuri elita, maT Sorisparlamentarebi da Tavdacvisa da uSiSroebis uwyebebisTanamdebobis pirebi, xSirad ganixilavdnen afxazeTs Ta-visebur buferul zonad ruseTsa da dasavleTze sul ufroRiad orientirebul saqarTvelos Soris.52 metic, qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebis gauaresebis fonze, afxazeTi dasamxreTi oseTi aRqmuli iyvnen rogorc potenciuri mokav-Sireebi; raionebi, sadac ruseTs evropis an SeerTebuliStatebis mxridan konkurenciasTan Sejaxeba ar uwevs.

52 ruseTis saxelmwifo dumis uSiSroebis komitetis mrCeveli g. k. yol-baia werda: “geopolitikuri realoba iseTia, rom saqarTvelo, romelicsargeblobs saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mxardaWeriT, axorcielebsTanmimdevrul antirusul politikas... am rTul garemoebebSi ruseTsara aqvs didi SesaZlebloba, gavlena moaxdinos situaciaze saqarT-veloSi, amitom afxazeTze qarTuli kontrolis ararsebobasakmaodxelsayrelia... afxazeTi ukve TamaSobs buferuli zonis rols, romelicruseTs mtruli saqarTvelosagan acalkevebs. es kodoris xeobaSiqarTul-CeCnuri gasamxedroebuli formirebis ganadgurebam aCvena.afxazeTis am rolis gaZliereba ruseTis interesebSia”. ix. “ÁåçîïàñíîñòüÐîññèè: àáõàçñêèé ðóáåæ” â: G.N. Osipov, ed. Reforming Russia: Realities and Prospects,http://www.duma.gov.ru/search/kmpage/80200016/arc3/public/92.html.


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dasavleTis samxedro daxmareba

saqarTveloSi aSS-is samxedro instruqtorebis gamoCenisSemdeg ruseTis geopolitikuri sifrTxile gaizarda. reagi-rebda ra qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebis gauaresebaze da sulufro metad SiSobda, rom “al-qaida” pankisis xeobaSi axalTavSesafars ipovida, SeerTebulma Statebma qarTuli jari-saTvis pirdapiri samxedro daxmareba ikisra. amerikeli sam-xedro instruqtorebis ganlagebam saqarTveloSi saqarTvelosSeiaraRebuli Zalebis wvrTnisa da aRWurvis programis mixedviT(GTEP), romlis mizani iyo 2 aTasze meti qarTveli samxedromosamsaxuris momzadeba, risTvisac gamoiyo 64 milioni aSSdolari, ruseTis sxvadasxva nacionalisturi Zalebisa dasagareo politikuri eqspertebis – “realpolitik” mrisxane reaqciagamoiwvia.53 GTEP aRqmuli iyo rogorc pirdapiri safrTxeruseTisaTvis _ kavkasiaSi ruseTis gavlenis Semcirebissimbolo; zogierTebma ki masSi CeCneTSi dasavleTis inter-venciisaTvisgadadgmuli pirveli nabijebic SeniSnes.

putins, romelic cota xnis win centralur aziaSi aSS-issamxedro bazebis ganlagebas daeTanxma, xelaxla mouwia amreaqciis Serbileba. is iseTi moufiqrebeli pasuxis Tavidanacilebisaken miiswrafoda, romelic 11 seqtembris SemdegCamoyalibebul ruseTisa da SeerTebuli Statebis antite-roristul koalicias daemuqreboda. yazaxeTSi vizitis drosputinma gaakeTa gancxadeba, romelSic naTqvami iyo, rom “GTEPtragedia ar aris da arc SeiZleba, rom iyos... ratom ar SeiZlebaamerikuli Zalebi centralur aziaSi iyvnen, saqarTveloSi ki –ara?” da daamata: “nebismier saxelmwifos, kerZod ki, saqarT-velos, ufleba aqvs imoqmedos sakuTari usafrTxoebis dacvismizniT. ruseTi aRiarebs am uflebas”.54

53 im dros ruseTis “realpolitik”-is momxreebi sxva ideologiur skolebsWarbobdnen da saxelmwifos mier kontrolirebad masobrivi informaciissaSualebebsa da presaze ganusazRvreli uflebebiT sargeblobdnen.54 “Putin: U.S. Deployment ‘No Tragedy,’” CNN News, March 1, 2002, http://www.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/03/01/georgia.putin/.

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GTEP-ze ruseTis reaqciaSi aSkarad igrZnoboda geopo-litikuri SeSfoTeba, Tumca kanonzomierma SekiTxvebmacwamoiwies am programis potenciuri zegavlenis TaobazesaqarTvelosa da mis separatistul regionebs Soris samxedrobalansze. aSS-isa da saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobis pirdapiridadasturebis miuxedavad, ar arsebobda imis garantia, romafxazeTSi CixSi Sesuli politikuri procesis pirobebSi,saqarTvelos gazrdili Tavdajerebuloba da samxedro Zlie-reba Zalismieri gadawyvetilebis axal mcdelobebad ar ga-daiqceoda. 2002 wlis martSi afxazeTis prezidentma vladislavarZinbam mowodebiT mimarTa SeerTebul Statebsa da dasavleTisqveynebs, aRiaron, rom saqarTvelosaTvis samxedro daxmarebisgawevas SeuZlia gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebis mqone konfliqtiseskalaciis gamowveva. 2003 wlis 11 aprils ruseTis saxelmwifodumam daamtkica (351 xmis umravlesobiT da 1 winaaRmdeg) re-zolucia, romelic gmobda aSS-sa da saqarTvelos SorisSeiaraRebuli Zalebis statusis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas da gamoTqvawuxili imaze, rom aSS-is xelmZRvanelobiT momzadebulisamxedro nawilebi SeiZleba gamoiyenon afxazeTis winaaRmdegsamxedro operaciebSi.

kremli mainc ganagrZobda imis xazgasmas, rom saqarTvelosTvisamerikis samxedro daxmareba ruseTis urTierTobebs vaSingtonTanar gaafuWebda. buSis administracia uars ki ambobda GTEP SeCerebismoskovis nebismier moTxovnaze, Tumca acxadebda imasac, romamerikam winaswar acnoba ruseTs am programis Sesaxeb da samxreTkavkasiis problema 2002 wlis maisSi moskovSi Semdgar samitzeprezidentebis _ buSisa da putinis dRis wesrigSi iyo CarTuli. amsamitze orive prezidentma tradiciulad daadastura saqarT-velos teritoriuli mTlianobisadmi mxardaWera da qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis daregulirebaSi TanamSromlobis gagrZe-lebisaTvis mzadyofna gamoxata. gasakviri ar aris, rom samxreTkavkasiaSi stabilurobiT saerTo daintereseba konfliqtis mimarTerTian midgomad ar gadaiqca. cxadia, rom arc SeerTebulmaStatebma da arc ruseTma maT ormxriv urTierTobebSi qarTul-afxazuri konfliqti kritikulad ar CaTvales.


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kamaTi samSvidobo Zalebis Sesaxeb

pankisisa da kodoris movlenebis Semdeg qarTul-rusulurTierTobebSi mzardma daZabulobam ruseTis samSvidobomandatis gafarToebis Taobaze axali uTanxmoebebi gamoiwvia. 2002wlis oqtomberSi saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo rezoluciaruseTis samSvidobo Zalebis gayvanis Sesaxeb. sul male, gaerosada generaluri mdivnis “megobarTa jgufTan” konsultaciebisSemdeg, saqarTveloSi mixvdnen, rom realurad Tu imsjelebdnen,ar iyo mosalodneli rusi samSvidoboebis Canacvleba sa-erTaSoriso ZalebiT, gansakuTrebiT 11 seqtembris Semdeg,rodesac ucxoeTis jarebis simcire aSkarad igrZnoboda.55

SevardnaZe ganuwyvetliv Cioda, rom arsebuli samSvidobooperacia xels ar uwyobda konfliqtis mogvarebas, magramdasavleTis mTavrobebma da saerTaSoriso institutebma 1994wlis Semdeg arsebuli dsT-is samSvidobo operaciis statusiscalmxrivi Secvlis mcdeloba erTsulovnad gadaaTqmevines.56

ufro metic, gaerom ganacxada kidevac, rom dsT-is samSvidoboebisgayvanas misi sakuTari damkvirveblebis gayvana mohyveba.57

maSasadame, dsT-is samSvidobo Zalebis mandatis yovelinaxevarwliani gagrZeleba axla ukve seriozulad arTulebda

55 2002 wlis ianvarSi saqarTvelos radiosadmi micemul interviuSiSevardnaZem ganacxada, rom 11 seqtembris teroristuli TavdasxmebisSemdeg yvela im qveyanam, romlebic monawileobas iRebdnen afxazurikonfliqtis daregulirebaSi, maT Soris SeerTebulma Statebma, ruseTma,germaniam, safrangeTma da gaerTianebulma samefom gaumarTlebladCaTvales raime moTxovnebi rusi samSvidobo Zalebis afxazeTidangayvanis Taobaze. ix. http://www.sakartvelo.info.56 2003 wlis 3 Tebervals prezidenti eduard SevardnaZe iZulebuli iyoeRiarebina, rom “rusi samSvidoboebi ver umklavdebian TavianTmovaleobebs da, samwuxarod, gaeros uSiSroebis sabWo ar aqcevs am faqtssaTanado yuradRebas.” ix. http://www.una.org.ge.57 30 ianvris gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciaSi, romelmac gaagrZelakonfliqtis zonaSi gaeros damkvirvebelTa mandati, naTqvamia, romgadawyvetileba mandatis Secvlis Taobaze unda iyos gadasinjuli, Tu dsT-is samSvidoboebis mandatis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba ar iqneba miRebuli2003 wlis 15 Tebervlamde. ix. “Abkhazia Situation Fragile,” http://una.org.ge.

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qarTul-rusul urTierTobebs. ruseTi acxadebda, rom misisamSvidobo Zalebi samarTlebriv vakuumSi moeqcnen. 2001 da2002 wlebis dekemberSi, rodesac mandatis vada iwureboda,qarTul mxares kvirebi da Tveebic ki dasWirda imisaTvis, rommisi gagrZelebis Tanxmoba mieca. maSin, rodesac qarTulimxare mandatis SecvlisaTvis ibrZoda, afxazurs misiSenarCuneba mtkiced hqonda gadawyvetili da imuqreboda,rom mis gareSe miRebul nebismier gadawyvetilebaze uarsityoda. dsT-is samSvidoboebis yofna afxazeTis faqtobrivisaxelmwifoebriobis stabilurobis mniSvnelovani faqtoriiyo. dsT-is samSvidobo Zalebis mandati arsebiT zewolas araxdenda afxazur mxareze qarTveli Sida gadaadgilebulipirebis farTomasStabian dabrunebaze daTanxmebaSi, rasacrespublikis SigniT rogorc demografiuli, ise politikuriwonasworobis Secvla SeeZlo. yvela am mizezis gamo afxa-zeTis xelisufalni xazs usvamdnen, rom status-kvos SecvlamZime Sedegebs gamoiwvevda da amtkicebdnen, samSvidoboZalebis gayvana konfliqts ganaxlebis gardauvalobamdemiiyvanda.58

ruseTi Riad arasdros ewinaaRmdegeboda saerTaSorisosazogadoebisadmi saqarTvelos mowodebebs dsT-is samSvidoboZalebTan dakavSirebiT, magram arc arasdros acxadebda, rommzad aris seriozulad ganixilos sakuTari samSvidoboebis

58 2001 wlis dekemberSi afxazeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri sergei SambaiTxovda mandatis gagrZelebas, usvamda ra xazs, rom afxazuri mxareformatis Secvlisa da mSvidobis SenarCunebis operaciis inter-nacionalizaciis winaaRmdeg gamodis. ix. “Àáõàçèÿ ïðîñèò ïðîäëèòü ìàíäàòðîññèéñêèõ ìèðîòâîðöåâ”, http://www.gazeta.ru. 2002 wlis dekemberSi afxazeTisTavdacvis saministrom gaafrTxila, rom, Tu ruseTis samSvidoboebiiZulebuli gaxdebian datovon afxazeTi, maSin afxazuri Zalebi mdinareengurisaken waiweven (gari kubalbas, afxazeTis Tavdacvis ministrismoadgilis gancxadeba). 2003 wlis dekemberSi afxazeTis premier-ministrma raul xajimbam ganacxada, rom ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebsalternativa ara aqvs da rom isini unda darCnen konfliqtis zonaSisaqarTvelosa da afxazeTs Soris urTierTobebis srul normalizaciamde.ix. http://www.kavkaz.memo.ru/newstext/news/id/619609.


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gayvanis sakiTxi an maT internacionalizaciaze daTanxmdes.59

aseTi nabiji ruseTis geopolitikur ambiciebs Seasustebda daimis SiSs gaaZlierebda, rom aman SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos natosgamoCenas regionSi (Tumca nato arasdros gamoxatavda dsT-issamSvidobo Zalebis CanacvlebisTvis mzadyofnas). ufro metic,ruseTi fiqrobda, rom misi samSvidobo Zalebis yofna qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis zonaSi sakuTar usafrTxoebasacemsaxureboda.60 da bolos, is rusi analitikosebic ki, romlebicmzad iyvnen regionSi mSvidobis SenarCunebis alternatiulivariantebi ganexilaT (magaliTad, aleqsandre nikitini,politikuri da saerTaSoriso kvlevebis centris xelm-ZRvaneli), amtkicebdnen, rom axlo momavalSi ruseTi realuraddarCeba konfliqtis zonaSi mSvidobis SenarCunebis erTaderTwyarod. namdvilad, gaeros egidiT calkeuli samSvidoboZalebis Camoyalibebis survili gaeros wevrebma ar gamoxatesda aranairi perspeqtiva ar iyo, rom euTo an – rac kidev ufrodaujerebelia – esa Tu is specialurad Seqmnili regionulorganizacia (rogoricaa ÃÓÓÀÌ) ruseTis Zalebis mier gata-rebuli operaciis alternativis wamoyenebas SeZlebda.61

59 Tumca 2003 wlis ivlisSi ruseTis elCma saqarTveloSi, vladimerCxikviSvilma Tavis erT-erT interviuSi ganacxada, rom “ruseTi mzadaris gamoiyvanos Tavisi Zalebi nebismieri mxaris pirvelive moTxov-nisTanave da aseTi gamoyvanis gegma ukve mzad aris”. ix. “Àáõàçñêèé òóïèê”.– Âðåìÿ íîâîñòåé, 27 èþëÿ 2003 ãîäà.60 2004 wlis ivnisSi saxelmwifo dumis Tavdacvis komitetis Tavmjdomarismoadgile genadi gudkovma ganacxada, rom “afxazeTSi 97 rusi samxedromosamsaxuris daRupvis fasad 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi SenarCunebuliamSvidoba. is, rom aq [konfliqtis zonaSi] mefobs mSvidoba - es ruseTisada rusuli samSvidobo kontingentis wyalobiTaa. es aris amave drosmSvidoba ruseTSic, radgan axali omi afxazeTSi niSnavs situaciisgamwvavebas TviT ruseTSi”. http://www.kavkaz.memo.ru/newstext/news/id/677572.html.61 ix. “Âòÿãèâàíèå Ðîññèè â âîåííîå ðåøåíèå àáõàçñêîé ïðîáëåìû îñòàåòñÿ íàèáîëååâåðîÿòíûì”, http://www.abkhezati.ru/pages/3/315.html.

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afxazeTis mimarT ruseTis politikis axali

organizaciuli formebi

vladimer putinis prezidentobis pirveli vadis periodSiruseTis politika mTlianad dsT-is, kerZod ki, afxazeTismimarT, ufro Tanmimdevruli gaxda, vidre elcinis dros.ruseTSi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis centralizaciisaRdgenasTan erTad afxazeTis politikasTan mimarTebaSi dumisgavlena sagrZnoblad Semcirda. sagareo saqmeTa saministrosgazrdil rolTan erTad pasuxismgebloba isev samxedrouwyebasa da uSiSroebis samsaxurebs daekisra.

ruseTis politikurma da samxedro xelmZRvanelobampasuxismgebloba gainawiles ruseTis usafrTxoebaze qar-Tul-afxazuri konfliqtis SesaZlo gavlenis gamo, gan-sakuTrebiT CrdiloeT kavkasiasa da CeCneTTan dakavSirebiT.radganac putinis mmarTvelobisas, gansakuTrebiT ki misiprezidentobis meore vadaSi, rusul-qarTul urTierTobebSiusafrTxoebis problemebi dominirebda, Tavdacvis mi-nistrma sergei ivanovma ufro xSirad daiwyo saqarTvelosmimarT ruseTis politikis Camoyalibeba. pankisisa dakodoris krizisebis dros saqarTveloze zewolisas putinmarus samxedroebs sruli mxardaWera gamoucxada. rogorczemoT aRiniSna, is pankisSi CeCeni mebrZolebis mimarTsamxedro Zalis prevenciuli gamoyenebiTac imuqreboda.

da mainc, rus samxedroebs ukve aRar hqondaT afxazeTSimoqmedebis iseTi Tavisufleba, rogoric elcinis epoqaSi,afxazeTis omis dros da uSualod mis Semdeg. xandaxan isiniiZulebuli iyvnen iseTi gadawyvetilebebi SeesrulebinaT,romlebsac aSkarad ar eTanxmdebodnen; magaliTad, es exeboda2001 wlis ivlisSi euTos stambulis SeTanxmebebis mixedviTgudauTis samxedro bazidan (afxazeTi) jarisa da SeiaraRebisgayvanas. analogiurad, samxedroebi iZulebulni iyvnen sa-qarTvelosTan amerikis samxedro TanamSromlobaze TavianTireaqcia SeerbilebinaT. magaliTad, 2003 wlis 11 ivliss, masSemdeg, rac saqarTvelos mTavrobam SeerTebuli Statebis


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“avaqsis” tipis TviTmfrinavebs sakuTar sahaero sivrceSifrenis ufleba misca. aman ki ruseTSi mkveTri kritikagamoiwvia. ruseTis Tavdacvis saministrom saWirod CaTvalaim braldebebis uaryofa, rom is sapasuxo zomis saxiTafxazeTSi sazenito-saraketo kompleqsis “C-300”-is gan-lagebas apirebda.62

amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom rusi samxedroebi damo-ukideblad veRar moqmedeben, isini mainc gavlenian ZaladrCebian. am raionSi dsT-is samSvidobo ZalebSi da gudauTissamxedro bazis dacvaze 1700-ze meti rusi jariskaci da oficerimsaxurobs. bevrma samxedro meTaurma iq qoneba SeiZina damWidro piradi urTierTobebi daamyara adgilobriv xelis-uflebasTan. 2004 wlis ivnisSi baikalis mxaris samxedro olqismeTauris yofili moadgile generali anatoli zaicevi afxa-zeTis Tavdacvis ministris moadgiled dainiSna. arsebuliinformaciiT, rusi samxedroebi monawileobas iReben afxa-zeTis Zalebis samxedro momzadebaSic.

ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros roli konfliqtSiputinis prezidentobis dros gaizarda. garda imisa, rom is dsT-is politikaze aqtiur gavlenas axdens, putinis strategiulisagareo-politikuri gadawyvetilebebis realobaSi gatarebismTavari sayrdenicaa. mocemuli situacia mkveTr kontrastSiaelcinis periodTan, rodesac sagareo saqmeTa saministrogavlenisaTvis sxva moTamaSeebs, maT Soris ekonomikur elitasda Tavdacvis saministros ebrZoda. es gansakuTrebiT cxadadigrZnoboda ruseTis politikasTan dakavSirebiT dsT-isqveynebSi. maSin sagareo saqmeTa saministro qarTul-afxazurkonfliqtSi ufro neitraluri iyo, vidre Tavdacvis saministroan ekonomikuri elita, vinaidan mis TanamSromlebs msgavsiuwyebrivi da piradi interesebi afxazeTSi ar gaaCndaT.

2002 wlis aprilSi prezidentma putinma sagareo saqmeTaministris maSindeli moadgile valeri loSCinini qarTul-

62 “Russia Not Planning to Deploy Air Defence Missile Systems in Abkhazia - DefenceMinistry,” Interfax Military Information Bulletin, July 15, 2003, http://www.interfax.com.

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afxazur konfliqtSi prezidentis specialur warmomadgenladdaniSna. sagareo saqmeTa saministro prezidentTan erTadrusuli iniciativebis dagegmvasa da ganxorcielebasTan erTadiseTi saerTaSoriso institutebis moqmedebebis koordinaciaSiTamaSobda sakvanZo rols, rogorebicaa gaero, euTo da“megobarTa jgufi”. am axalma saorganizacio formam ufrozustad SeTanxmebuli politikis ganxorcielebis saSualebamisca, ris gamoc ufro ioli gaxda oficialuri politikisgamoyofa ama Tu im pirebis iniciativebisagan, romlebicsakuTar kerZo interesebs icavdnen. sagareo saqmeTa saminis-tros arc erTi warmomadgeneli ar eswreboda 1992-1993 wlebisomSi afxazebis gamarjvebis me-10 wlisTavis zeims, Tumca rusigubernatorebisa da dumis deputatebis nawilma am dRe-saswaulSi monawileoba miiRo.

SesamCnevia axali tendenciac, romelic rusul politikasaxal ferebs aZlevs. Tumca amaze garkveviT laparaki naadrevia,magram ise Cans, rom prezidenti putini interess iCensruseTis natosTan TanamSromlobisa da agreTve sxva sa-erTaSoriso RonisZiebebSi, magaliTad, samxedro-sazRvaoTanamSromlobis Savi zRvis jgufSi (BLACKSEAFOR) mo-nawileobis mimarT, es ki qmnis STabeWdilebas, rusi sam-xedroebis poziciebis TandaTanobiT Secvlaze. ufro metic,qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis zonidan gaeros damkvir-veblebi, romelTa umetesobac natos qveynebis samxedromosamsaxureebi arian, ityobinebian, rom gaeros samxedrodamkvirveblebsa da dsT-is samSvidobo Zalebs Soris Ta-namSromloba TandaTanobiT wesrigdeba.

bodenis iniciativa

xelisuflebaSi putinis yofnis pirvel wlebSi afxazeTismimarT rusuli politikis gazrdili TanmimdevrobiTobismiuxedavad, konfliqtis mxareTa Soris politikuri dialogisaRdgenaSi mxolod umniSvnelo progress miaRwies. piriqiT,


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2001 wlis kodoris krizisma praqtikulad SeaCera gaerosegidiT wamowyebuli qarTul-afxazuri politikuri dialogida ndobis ganmtkicebaze gamiznuli RonisZiebebis rea-lizacia. ramdenime Tvis Semdeg, 2002 wlis ivlisSi, gaerosgeneraluri mdivnis specialurma warmomadgenelma diterbodenma gansaxilvelad gamoaqveyna moxseneba saTauriT“Tbilissa da soxums Soris kompetenciebis gamijvnis ZiriTadiprincipebi” (xSirad “bodenis dokumentad” moxseniebuli). misiZiriTadi argumenti mdgomareobs imaSi, rom afxazeTma undamiiRos yvelaze farTo avtonomia da saqarTvelos Semad-genlobaSi “damoukidebel subieqtad” aRiarebac ki, magramsaqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis SenarCunebis pi-robiT.63 afxazeTis xelisuflebam ki uari ganacxada raimedokumentis safuZvelze molaparakebebis warmoebaze, ro-melSic maTi damoukideblobis gza ar aris SemoTavazebuli.ruseTma ar gamoiCina enTuziazmi bodenis dokumentis mimarTda is mxolod gaerosa da “megobarTa jgufis” dasavleliwevrebis daJinebuli diplomatiuri Zaldatanebis gamo miiRo.64

aseTi pozicia SeiZleba aixsnas im siZneleebiT, romlebsacruseTi dokumentis afxazuri mxarisaTvis SeTavazebis droswaawydeboda.

formalurad dauWira ra mxari dokuments, moskovmaganacxada, rom ramdenimejer scada afxazuri mxaris darwmu-neba imaSi, rom es iniciativa saqarTvelos mTavrobasTanmolaparakebebis safuZvlad gaexada. am mcdelobebSi afxazeTisTanamdebobis pirebTan maRal doneze Sexvedrebic iyo

63 bodenis dokumentis rusulenovani versia gamoqveynebuli iyomSvidobis, demokratiisa da ganviTarebis kavkasiiis institutis saitze:http://www.cipdd.org. am dokumentSi SemoTavazebuli federaciuli modelisanalizi ix. Bruno Coppieters, “The Georgian–Abkhaz Conflict,” in Bruno Coppieterset al., Europeanization and Conflict Resolution: Case Studies from the European Periphery(Ghent: Academia Press, 2004), pp. 203–208; agreTve gamoqveynebuliaeleqtronul JurnalSi Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe,http://www.ecmi.de/jemie/.64 Coppieters, “The Georgian–Abkhaz Conflict,” pp. 203–208

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CarTuli.65 dasavleTis diplomatebi da saqarTvelos liderebiamtkicebdnen, rom moskovi didad ar cdilobda afxazurmxareze zewolis moxdenas. amis pasuxad ruseTis sagareosaqmeTa saministros Tanamdebobis pirebma moskovis SesaZ-leblobebis SezRudulobas gausves xazi. bodenis dokumentismiReba nebismieri afxazi politikosisaTvis politikuriTviTmkvleloba iqneboda. maSasadame, bodenis iniciativa,romelic mowodebuli iyo molaparakebebis stimulirebisaTvis,sabolood dabrkolebad gadaiqca da ara politikuri gadaw-yvetilebisaken winsvlis saSualebad.66 rTulia ruseTis rolisgansazRvra bodenis dokumentis CavardnaSi: Tu is namdviladzewolas axdenda afxazur mxareze, maSin es marcxi imas niSnavs,rom ruseTis gavlena afxazur mxareze gazviadebuli iyo

65 2002 wlis 25 maiss ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri igor ivanovimoskovSi Sexvda afxazeTis de faqto premier-ministr anri jergenias dasagareo saqmeTa ministr sergei Sambas, raTa afxazuri mxare da-regulirebis procesSi winsvlis aucileblobaSi daerwmunebina. ix. SeeReport of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abkhazia, Georgia, July 10, 2002,http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/reports/2002/sgrep02.htm. ivnisSi ruseTis prezidentisspecialuri warmomadgeneli qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis dare-gulirebis saqmeSi _ valeri loSCinini soxumSi afxazeTis de faqtomTavrobis warmomadgenlebTan Sexvedraze gaemgzavra. 2002 wlisoqtomberSi ruseTis mxarem SesTavaza gaeros warmomadgenlebTanafxazeTis premier-ministris anri jergenias Sexvedris mowyoba, romlisdros afxazur mxares gaacnobdnen sadiskusio dokumentis arss damniSvnelobas. Sexvedra dainiSna 5 oqtombers, magram Semdeg gauqmda imisgamo, rom batonma jergeniam uaryo dokumenti da masSi diter bodenisSemcvlelis, gaeros generaluri mdivnis specialuri warmomadgenlishaidi taliavinis monawileobis winaaRmdeg gamovida. ix. Report of theSecretary-General on the Situation in Abkhazia, Georgia October 14, 2002, http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/reports/2002/sgrep02.htm. 2002 wlis 14 oqtombers ruseTismxare xelaxla Seecada afxazur mxaresTan “megobarTa jgufisa” da gaerosgeneraluri mdivnis specialuri warmomadgenlis moskovSi Sexvedramoewyo kompetenciebis gamijvnis Sesaxeb sadiskusio dokumentisfuZemdeblur principebze azrTa gacvlis mizniT. gaeros Sexvedra isevafxazuri mxaris uaris Tqmis gamo gauqmda.66 Jonathan Cohen, “Overview of the South Caucasus,” presentation to the conference“The South Caucasus—A Challenge for Europe?” Heinrich Boell Foundation, Berlin,May 8–9, 2003.


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saqarTvelosa da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mier. amave dros,Tu is dokumentis win wawevas arcTu ise Zalian cdilobda, esimas niSnavs, rom putinis mTavroba dainteresebuli iyokonfliqtis mxolod iseTi mogvarebiT, romelSic sakvanZo rolsTavad iTamaSebda. SesaZlebelia agreTve isic, rom ruseTipolitikuri daregulirebis swrafi winsvliT ar iyo dainte-resebuli, konfliqtis SesaZlo ganaxlebis SiSisa da CrdiloeTkavkasiaSi destabilizaciis an samxreT kavkasiaSi gavlenisdakargvis gamo. sanam gaeros egidiT politikuri procesiSeferxda bodenis dokumentis ganxilvaze afxazuri mxarisuaris Tqmis gamo, ruseTma Tavisi urTierToba afxazeTTangaaaqtiura. 2002 wlis aprilSi, ruseTis parlamentis miermoqalaqeobis Sesaxeb axali kanonis damtkicebis Semdeg, ruseTisxelisuflebam krasnodaris mxareSi ruseTis moqalaqeobismsurveli afxazebis gancxadebebis miReba daiwyo, rasacafxazeTis xelisuflebam mxari dauWira. 2002 wlis bolosafxazeTSi mcxovrebma 50 aTasze metma adamianma ruseTispasportebi an Zvel sabWoTa pasportebSi ruseTis Stampebi(SemdgomSi es pasportebi oficialuri rusuliT gamocvales)miiRo. 2002 wlis 25 dekembers ruseTma soWsa da soxums Sorisrkinigzis mimosvlis gaxsnis gegmebis Sesaxeb ganacxada. sa-qarTvelos protestis sapasuxod moskovma aRniSna, rom es gzakerZo seqtoris nawilia da saxelmwifos masTan kavSiri ara aqvs.

2003 wlis 28 ianvars kievSi, dsT-is samitze, putinma SesTavazaSevardnaZes afxazeTis gavliT soWsa da Tbiliss Soris rkinigzismimosvlis aRdgena. SevardnaZe am winadadebis ganxilvas mxolodim pirobiT daTanxmda, Tu mas daemateboda qarTveli Sidagadaadgilebuli pirebis dabruneba afxazeTSi, metadre ki _galis raionSi.67 am garemoebaSi saqarTvelos xelisuflebamdiplomatiuri molaparakebebis ganaxleba ruseTTan dasavleTisdaxmarebis gareSe gadawyvita. am axal ormxriv CarCoSi afxazeTi,rogorc Tanasworuflebiani partniori, ar Caabes. is ruseTis

67 Report of the Secretary-General on the Situation in Abkhazia, Georgia, April 9, 2003,http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/reports/2002/sgrep02.htm.

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mxardaWeras unda dayrdnoboda da, rodesac misi warmomad-genlebis daswreba uxerxuli xdeboda, moskovi maT ar iwvevda. esaxali CarCo 2003 wlis 6-7 marts soWSi ruseTisa da saqarTvelosprezidentebis Sexvedraze iqna formulirebuli. SexvedraSimonawileobisTvis mowveuli iyo afxazeTis premier-ministrigenadi gagulia. saqarTvelo da ruseTi saqarTvelosa daafxazeTis samsaxurSi myofi mdinare enguris hidroeleq-trosadguris modernizaciis Catarebaze SeTanxmdnen, aseve _energetikul proeqtebze (maT Soris enguris hidroeleq-trosadguris aRdgenaze), ltolvilebisa da Sida gadaadgilebulipirebis dabrunebaze, agreTve soWsa da Tbiliss Soris sarkinigzomimosvlis aRdgenaze. adre miRebuli gadawyvetilebebisrealizaciisaTvis Seiqmna sami samuSao jgufi.68 formaluradsamuSao jgufebi ormxrivi unda yofiliyo, rac ruseTis miersaqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenas xazs usvamda.afxazuri mxare mainc CarTes ormxriv komisiaSi. gaeros warmo-madgenlebic miiwvies zogierT SexvedraSi, rogorc damkvir-veblebi da ara Tanasworuflebiani partniorebi.

soWis samitze qarTuli mxare daTanxmda rTuli da poli-tikurad mouqneli proceduris Secvlas, romelic yovel orweliwadSi samSvidobo mandatis ganaxlebas iTvaliswinebda,samSvidoboebis mandatis uvado gagrZelebis SeTanxmebiT an immomentamde, sanam konfliqtis erT-erTi mxare ukan ar gaiwvevdaTavis Tanxmobas; magram mandatis dasrulebis proceduragaurkveveli rCeba. mas Semdeg ki, rodesac konfliqtis erT-erTi mxare amas moiTxovs, saboloo gadawyvetileba undamoiwonos dsT-is sabWom.

soWis Sexvedra warmatebuli iyo rusuli diplomatiisaTvis.is afxazeTsa da saqarTvelos Soris politikuri dialogisaRdgenas daexmara, ganamtkica moskovis, rogorc mTavariSuamavlis, roli, Seqmna baza ruseTis ekonomikuri interesebisrealizaciisaTvis rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise afxazeTSi da

68 Report of the Secretary-General on the Situation in Abkhazia, Georgia, April 9, 2003,http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/reports/2002/sgrep02.htm.


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afxazeTTan ruseTis urTierTobis axali politika legitimurigaxada. daskvniT preskonferenciaze putinma gaimeora, romruseTis politika “saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobisSenarCunebasa da mravalerovani afxazeTis interesebiskanonieri uflebebis uzrunvelyofas” efuZneba.69 aseveaRniSna, rom “urTierTxelsayreli saqmiani iniciativebisa daproeqtebis realizacia amcirebs konfrontacias, muSaobsmTlianad regionis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze, emsaxureba iqmcxovrebi adamianebis interesebs”.

ufro rTulia imis mtkiceba, rom soWis Sexvedram qarTuldiplomatias warmateba moutana. prezidenti SevardnaZeruseTis samSvidobo Zalebis mandatis uvado gagrZelebasusafrTxoebis garantiebis gareSe daTanxmda, magram gada-adgilebuli pirebis dabrunebis dasturi ver miiRo.

afxazuri mxarisaTvis wina molaparakebis formatTan Se-darebiT, romelSic is Tanaswor rols TamaSobda, soWis procesiukan gadadgmuli nabiji iyo. soWis CarCoebma ruseTi miukerZoebelSuamavlad ki ar aqcia, aramed molaparakebebis im mxared, romelicrogorc sakuTar, ise afxazuri mxaris interesebsac warmoadgenda,gansakuTrebiT ekonomikur proeqtebSi. amave dros afxazeTma Sidagadaadgilebuli pirebis dabrunebis nebismier gadawyvetilebazevetos ufleba SeinarCuna.

miuxedavad imisa, rom gaeros generaluri mdivani ofi-cialurad miesalmeboda soWis SeTanxmebebs, bevrma damkvir-vebelma da oficialurma pirma am SeTanxmebebSi, “megobarTajgufis” xelmZRvanelobiT, Jenevis procesis saqmianobisSeryeva dainaxa.70 namdvilad, soWis ormxrivi samuSao jgufebi,

69 prezidenti vladimer putini, preskonferencia soWSi Sexvedris Semdeg,2003 wlis 7 marti.70 Tavis moxsenebaSi uSiSroebis sabWos saxelze afxazeTSi situaciisSesaxeb gaeros generaluri mdivnis specialurma warmomadgenelmaganacxada, rom “megobarTa jgufis” axalma winadadebebma, agreTveormxrivma SeTanxmebebma prezident putinsa da prezident SevardnaZesSoris samSvidobo procesis reaqtivaciis cdebs axali impulsi misca”.ix. Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abkhazia, Georgia, April 9, 2003.

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romlebic JenevaSi soWis Sexvedramde erTi kviriT adre Seiqmna,dublirebdnen gaeros sam komisias (usafrTxoebis prob-lemebze, Sida gadaadgilebul pirebsa da ekonomikur sakiT-xebze). wlebis ganmavlobaSi gaero da ruseTi erTmaneTsmetoqeobas uwevdnen molaparakebis procesSi liderobisaTvisda soWis Sexvedram ganamtkica ruseTis, rogorc meTauris,roli.

soWis SeTanxmebebis xelmoweris Semdeg dasavleTisdiplomatebma da saqarTvelos mTavrobam seriozuli cdawamoiwyes, ruseTis xelmZRvanelobiTa da gaeros egidiT soWisprocesis, Jenevis procesTan dasakavSireblad. afxazuri mxareSeecada soWis Sexvedris gamoyenebas sakoordinacio sabWosfarglebSi usafrTxoebaze SeCerebuli dialogis ganaxlebislobirebisaTvis.71 formalur doneze ruseTi uxalisod akav-Sirebda soWis process Jenevis procesTan da aseve uxalisodekideboda axali formatiT “megobarTa jgufis” soWis anmomaval SexvedrebSi CarTvas. ruseTi daTanxmda gaerosCarTvaze da Sida gadaadgilebuli pirebis dabrunebaze samuSaojgufebSi monawileobis misaRebad saqarTveloSi gaerossamxedro damkvirvebelTa misiisa da gaeros ltolvilTaumaRlesi komisariatis sammarTvelos warmomadgenlebi miiwvia.

maSin, rodesac ruseTma ikisra wamyvani roli ekonomikuriiniciativebis realizaciasa da Sida gadaadgilebuli pirebisproblemis gadaWraSi, gaerosa da “megobarTa jgufs” undamoegvarebina usafrTxoebisa da politikuri procesis ganax-lebis sakiTxebi, ganesazRvra maT Soris yvelaze rTuli –afxazeTis politikuri statusi. afxazuri mxare uwindeburad

71 afxazeTis de faqto premier-ministrma raul xajimbam SeniSna, romsoWis Sexvedram “dadebiTi gavlena moaxdina qarTul-afxazurikonfliqtis daregulirebis saerTo atmosferoze da xeli SeuwyoTbilissa da soxums Soris daZabulobis Senelebas. am pirobebSi gaCndaqarTul-afxazuri sakoordinacio sabWos Sexvedris ganaxlebisSesaZlebloba”. ix. http//www.mid.ru , sadac SesaZlebelia informaciismopoveba qarTul-afxazur konfliqtSi konsultaciebis Sesaxeb, 2003wlis 7 maisi.


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uars ambobda molaparakebis procesis safuZvlad bodenisdokumentis miRebaze, magram soWis Sexvedras qarTul-afxazuri dialogis nawilobrivi ganaxleba mainc mohyva. 2003wlis martidan 12 Tvis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva formatiTramdenime Sexvedra Sedga.72 saqarTvelosa da afxazeTiswarmomadgenlebis ori Sexvedra galSi, gaeros specialuriwarmomadgenlis haidi taliavinis TavmjdomareobiT, Catarda.pirveli 2003 wlis oqtomberSi Sedga, uSualod “vardebisrevoluciis” win, meore ki – 2004 wlis ianvarSi. afxazeTissagareo saqmeTa ministr sergei Sambas sityvebiT, oqtombrisSexvedris Semdeg situacia galis raionSi gaumjobesda da 2004wlis ianvarSi, saakaSvilis prezidentad arCevis Semdeg,gauaresda.73 gaeros generaluri mdivnis moxsenebebi ki amSefasebas ar adasturebs. maTSi miTiTebulia, rom usafrT-xoebis problemebs adgili hqonda oqtomberSi, noembersa dadekemberSi. mdgomareoba mxolod zafxulSi gaumjobesda.74

saqarTvelos mTavrobam amas imiT Seuwyo xeli, rom 2004 wlisTebervalSi zugdidSi msxvili antikriminaluri operaciaCaatara da enguris meore mxaresa da kodorSi moqmed ukanonopartizanul dajgufebebs mxari ar dauWira.

sul male ruseTis didi molodini Seicvala imedgacruebiT,romelic rusma eqspertebma ganmartes, rogorc “saqarTveloscdebi gadaxedos an Tundac ziani miayenos soWis SeTanxmebebis

72 15 ivliss, gaTiSulobis xangrZlivi periodis Semdeg, gaerosgeneraluri mdivnis specialuri warmomadgenlis TavmjdomareobiT,soxumSi erToblivi qarTul-afxazuri Sexvedra Sedga. masze ganixilesusafrTxoebis garantiebi, romlebic konfliqtis ganuaxleblobasuzrunvelyofda. usafrTxoebis garantiebi mniSvnelovani iyoekonomikuri proeqtebis realizaciisa da Sida gadaadgilebuli pirebisdabrunebisaTvis. 2003 wlis 21-22 ivliss JenevaSi specialuri SexvedraSedga qarTuli da afxazuri mxareebis, “megobarTa jgufisa” da gaerosgeneraluri mdivnis specialuri warmomadgenlis monawileobiT.73 «Ïðåäâàðèòåëüíûå èòîãè ãðóçèíî-àáõàçñêîé âñòðå÷è ïî âîïðîñàì áåçîïàñíîñòè», http://www.kavkaz.memo.ru/news/id/625957.html.74 Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abkhazia, Georgia, July 14, 2004,http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/sgrep04.html.

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realizacias”.75 Tavis mxriv, saqarTvelom brali wauyena ruseTsSida gadaadgilebuli pirebis sakiTxSi progresis uqonlobisgamo, amtkicebda ra, rom ruseTis warmomadgenlebma verdaarwmunes afxazeTis xelisufleba ltolvilebis dabrunebisqarTuli mxaris moTxovnis miRebis Sesaxeb. afxazebi daJinebiTmoiTxovdnen mxareebisgan galSi dabrunebulebis dare-gistrirebas. miT umetes, rom saqarTvelom afxazeTTandamakavSirebeli rkinigzis proeqtis irgvliv axali eWvebigamoTqva. Tavis mxriv, afxazebi adanaSaulebdnen Tbilissenguris hidroeleqtrosadguris aRdgenis dayovnebis gamo.

prezidenti SevardnaZe amtkicebda, rom soWSi isiniprezident putinTan erTad ganixilavdnen galis raionSierToblivi qarTul-afxazuri administraciis Seqmnis sakiTxs,magram, rusuli wyaroebis mixedviT, konkretuli gada-wyvetileba ar miuRiaT. Sexvedris Semdegac saqarTvelosxelisufleba mtkiced moiTxovda saerTaSoriso dakvirvebisqveS “droebiTi gardamavali xelisuflebebis” dafuZnebas jer_ galis, Semdgom afxazeTis sxva raionebSi da ewinaaRmde-geboda rogorc galSi, ise afxazeTis sxva raionebSi Sidagadaadgilebuli pirebis dabrunebamde Tbilisi-soxumi- soWismarSrutiT sarkinigzo mimosvlis gaxsnis ganxilvas. kamaTisdros naTeli gaxda, rom soWSi miRebuli valdebulebebis arsisSesaxeb SeTanxmebebi, rogorc gaeros generaluri mdivnisspecialuri warmomadgeneli imedovnebda, politikur dialogsbiZgs ar miscemda, magram xelsayrel instrumentad gada-iqceoda ruseTsa da afxazeTs Soris samomavlo ekonomikurikavSirebis gasamarTleblad, romlebic, savaraudod, saqarT-velos TanxmobiT ganxorcieldeboda.

saqarTveloSi prezidenti SevardnaZe soWis SeTanxmebebisxelmoweris gamo gaakritikes. “vardebis revoluciis” Semdegaxali qarTuli xelisufleba Sors dadga am procesisagan da

75 Ñì. Alexander Chepurin, “How to Strengthen Stability and Security in the Caucasus,”Journal of Social and Political Studies, http://www.ca-c.org/online/2004/journal_eng/cac-02/07.cheeng.shtml.


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mianiSna, rom ar apirebs maTSi Cadebul ormxriv standartzedaTanxmebas. magram 2004 wels soWis samitis CarCoebSi muSaobasmainc agrZelebda ramdenime samuSao jgufi, upirvelesyovlisa, samuSao jgufi ltolvilebisa da Sida gadaadgi-lebuli pirebis Sesaxeb gaeros generaluri mdivnis specialuriwarmomadgenlis, gaeros ltolvilTa saqmeebis umaRlesikomisariatisa da dsT-is samSvidobo Zalebis mTavari sardlismonawileobiT. ekonomikis sferoSi ruseTma calmxrivad daiwyobevri proeqtis ganxorcieleba, romelTa legitimizacias issoWis procesis meSveobiT Seecada, maT Soris soWsa da soxumsSoris sarkinigzo mimosvlis gaxsniTa da sasazRvro vaWrobisgafarToebiT.

ekonomikuri interesebi:

vaWroba da izolacia

ruseTis sazRvrispira wvrili vaWroba, romelic mdinarefsouze gamSvebi punqtis meSveobiT xorcieldeboda, soxumisbazrebs saqonliT amaragebda da afxaz “moZrav vaWrebs”SemosavliT uzrunvelyofda. es afxazeTSi mcxovrebi aTasobiTadamianisaTvis gadarCenis erTaderTi saSualeba iyo. dovlinCis mixedviT, afxazeTis de faqto respublika Sav zRvazeda ruseTis sazRvarTan momgebiani ekonomikuri adgil-mdebareobis wyalobiT arsebobs.76

TiTqmis mTeli 90-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi afxazeTiruseTisaTvis gansakuTrebul ekonomikur interess ar war-moadgenda. 1996 wels dsT-is qveynebis meTaurebis mierafxazeTis mimarT SemoRebuli sanqciebi arc ise Seexo ruseTisekonomikur interesebs. 90-ian wlebSi ekonomikuri urTi-erTobebi SeinarCunes mxolod kerZo pirebma, maT Soris _moqmedma an gadamdgarma oficrebma da ruseTis mezobeliregionebis im regionulma Cinovnikebma, romlebmac afxazeTSi

76 Lynch, p. 17.

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qoneba SeiZines. aRniSnuli pirebidan zogierTebi, upirvelesyovlisa, citrusebiTa da soflis meurneobis sxva produqciiTwvril sasazRvro vaWrobas eweodnen. ruseTis zogierTmasawarmom da saxelmwifo dawesebulebam, romlebsac omamde“sauwyebo” kurortebi hqondaT afxazeTSi (Tavdacvis sami-nistro, atomuri energiis saministro), omis Semdeg afxazurixelisuflebisagan isini ijariT aiRes, raTa TavianTi mosam-saxureebisaTvis iafi sagzurebi miecaT. rogorc zemoT iyoaRniSnuli, ruseTis ramdenime samxreT regionma turizmisa(isini agreTve ijariT iRebdnen kurortebs) da vaWrobis(Tambaqo, Rvino, citrusebi, Txili da a. S.) sferoebSi afxa-zeTTan ekonomikur TanamSromlobaze xelSekrulebebi dado.isini afxazeTSi xetyis damzadebisa da mSeneblobis mcireproeqtebsac axorcielebdnen. magaliTad, rostovis olqmadado xelSekruleba afxazeTis gemTSemkeTebeli sawarmoebisgamoyenebis Sesaxeb. dabolos, (rusuli, afxazuri da qarTuli),kriminaluri dajgufebebi afxazeTis gavliT farTomasStabiankontrabandas eweodnen. zogierTi kvlevis mixedviT, afxazeTigadaiqca ukanono vaWrobis, iaraRisa da narkotikebis gadatanismniSvnelovan marSrutad, Tumca kontrabandis namdvilimoculoba ucnobia. albaT is ar aRemateboda samxreT oseTis,azerbaijanisa da daRestnis gavliT ukanono tvirTebisnakadebs.77

afxazeTi Seecada, ekonomikuri sargeblobis perspeqtivagamoeyenebina iseTi rusi politikosebis mxardaWeris mosa-poveblad, rogorebic arian moskovis meri luJkovi, samxreTolqebis rigi gubernatorebi da saxelmwifo dumis patriotuliZalebi, Tumca es moRvaweebi isedac iCendnen aseT mid-rekilebas. magram, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, maTi gavlenaafxazeTis mimarT mkveTrad Semcirda mas Semdeg, rac pre-zidentma putinma arsebiTad SezRuda oligarqebis, guber-

77 Alexander Kukhianidze, Organized Crime and Smuggling through Abkhazia and itsImpact on Georgian-Abkhazian Conflict Resolution (Tbilisi: Transnational Crime andCorruption Center, American University, Georgia Office, 2003).


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natorebisa da parlamentis Zalaufleba da maTi gavlenaruseTis politikaze. miuxedavad amisa, ruseTis ekonomikurilobi agrZelebda mniSvnelovani rolis TamaSs 2004 wels,afxazeTis saprezidento arCevnebis dros.

saqarTvelos mTavroba cdilobda, gamoeyenebina eko-nomikuri interesebi, rogorc afxazeTis mimarT moskovispolitikaze gavlenis saSualeba, magram amas SesamCneviwarmatebebi ar mohyolia. “vardebis revoluciis” SemdegsaakaSvilis mTavrobam ruseTs oficialurad SesTavazaafxazeTis gavliT navTobsadenis gayvanis sakiTxis ganxilva(berezovski am winadadebas ayenebda adre, misi uSiSroebissabWos mdivnad yofnis dros). Tavis mxriv, afxazebi CaeWidnenruseTis dainteresebas sarkinigzo mimosvlis aRdgenaze,gzebis mSeneblobis daCqarebas rusi muSaxelis mizidvispirobiT. saakaSvili negatiuri zewolis moxdenasac Seecada,daemuqra ra im qonebis konfiskaciiT, romelic afxazeTSisaqarTvelos xelisuflebis nebarTvis gareSe ruseTis moqa-laqeebma SeiZines. swored ase moiqca aWaraSi aslan abaSiZisreJimis dacemis Semdeg saqarTvelos mTavroba ruseTissakuTrebis mimarT. magram saqarTvelos mxridan arc eko-nomikurma dainteresebam da arc zewolam ruseTis poziciazeSesamCnevi gavlena ver moaxdina.

bolo wlebSi ruseTi araerTxel acxadebda, rom ekonomikurisanqciebi afxazeTis mimarT kontrproduqtiulia da afxazebSimxolod sakuTari Tavis, rogorc alyaSemortymuli cixe-simagrispatimrebad aRqmas aRviZebs, sakuTar Zalebze dayrdnobisswrafvas da “maTTvis Tavsmoxveul” molaparakebebze wina-aRmdegobis gawevis survils aZlierebs.78 sanqciebma ver aiZulaafxazeTis xelisufleba, Seerbilebina damoukideblobis moT-xovna da regionSi stabiluroba da usafrTxoeba ver gaaZliera.piriqiT, aman afxazeTis ekonomikuri gaRatakeba, izolacia dakriminaluri viTareba gaamZafra.

78 aseTi azris mimdevaria zogierTi gare damkvirvebelic. ix. Cohen,“Overview of the South Caucasus.”

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SevardnaZis dros saqarTvelo uars ambobda afxazeTzedadebuli sanqciebis moxsnis ganxilvaze, maT Soris sarkinigzomimosvlis gaxsnaze, Tu ar iqneboda miRweuli progresi iseTpolitikur sakiTxze, rogoricaa Sida gadaadgilebuli pirebisdabruneba. SevardnaZem 2003 wlis ivlisSi putinisadmigagzavnil Ria werilSi gaakritika moskovi 1996 wlis dsT-ismovaleobebis ignorirebis gamo. isini “nebismier calmxrivpolitikur da ekonomikur kontaqtebs afxazeTis de faqtoxelisuflebasTan qarTuli mxaris Tanxmobis gareSe krZa-lavda”.79 “vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg moskovs meti imedihqonda, rom Tbilisi sanqciebTan dakavSirebiT poziciebsSecvlida. 2004 wlis ianvarSi “rossiiskaia gazeta”-sTvismicemul interviuSi qarTul-afxazur konfliqtSi ruseTisprezidentis specialurma warmomadgenelma valeri loSCininmaaRniSna, rom ekonomikuri sanqciebis moxsna “Seqmnida konf-liqtis daregulirebis xelsayrel pirobebs”. man xazi gausvasaakaSvilis gancxadebas imis Sesaxeb, rom Tbilisi ar miiswra-fvis afxazeTis izolaciisaken80 da movlenaTa msgavsi ganvi-Tareba imeds iZleva, rom saqarTvelos axali mTavroba mzadaagadaxedos sakiTxs sanqciebis Sesaxeb. loSCininis Tanaxmad,afxazeTTan saxelmwifo, ekonomikuri da sxva kavSirebisakrZalvis moxsnis sakiTxze urTierTgagebas soWSi 2003 wlismartSi miaRwies, magram, misi azriT, SemdgomSi saqarTvelosmTavrobam ukan daixia.81

udavoa, rom afxazeTis winaaRmdeg 1996 wlis sanqciebimxolod qaRaldze arsebobs. 1990-iani wlebis bolos ruseTismTavroba gadaadgilebis, turizmisa da vaWrobis sferoSiSezRudvebis Sesustebas loialurad uyurebda. 2000-2003

79 http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2003/07/mil-030721-rfel-121604.htm.80 “Russia Wants to Lift Sanctions on Abkhazia,” http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=6138.81 interviu “rossiiskaia gazeta”-dan, 2005 wlis 29 ianvari, http://www.rg.ru/2004/01/29/loshinin.html. raime SeTanxmeba TbilisSi axal mTavrobasTanmiRweuli ar yofila.


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wlebSi ruseTis mTavari wvlili afxazeTis ekonomikaSi iyo aravaWroba, aramed im rusi turistebis raodenoba, romlebicafxazeTis kurortebze ruseTis xelisuflebis mxridanSezRudvis gareSe Cadiodnen. 2003 wlis zafxulSi maTmaricxvma 300 aTass miaRwia.82 prezidenti saakaSvili mkveTradaprotestebda ruseTsa da afxazeTs Soris aseTi ekonomikurikavSirebis ganmtkicebas. 2004 wlis agvistoSi man rusi tu-ristebi gaafrTxila, rom afxazeTSi gamgzavrebisagan TaviSeekavebinaT da ruseTis gemebs, romlebsac soWidan soxumSituristebi gadahyavda, cecxlis gaxsniT daemuqra.83 am muqaramqarTul-afxazur urTierTobebSi sakmaod mwvave krizisisprovocireba gamoiwvia, ramac didi gavlena moaxdina ruseTissazogadoebisa da misi politikuri elitis mier prezidentsaakaSvilis aRqmaze. radgan ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa sami-nistrom Tavisi moqalaqeebis (marTalia, ar wamoscdeniaT, romafxazeTis mosaxleobis umravlesoba aseve ruseTis moqalaqea)dacva ikisra, rusi turistebis nakadi ar wydeboda mTelizafxulis ganmavlobaSi.

zafxulis am incidentebis Semdeg prezidentma saakaSvilmamtkice pozicia daikava sanqciebis moxsnis sakiTxze. 2004 wlisseqtemberSi dsT-is samitze, astanaSi, man isev daadasturaafxazeTis mimarT dsT-is gadawyvetilebebis Sesrulebisaucilebloba, maT Soris 1996 wels miRebuli gadawyvetilebis– separatistul respublikasTan raime ekonomikuri an po-litikuri urTierTobebis mxardaWeraze uaris Tqma. astanaSi,pres-konferenciaze, prezidentma saakaSvilma prezidentputinisagan moiTxova imis garantiebi, rom ruseTi am gada-

82 2003 wels afxazeTs 300 aTasi turisti ewvia da, miuxedavad imisa, romes ricxvi omamdel 3 milionze bevrad ufro dabalia, fulis umetesiwili brundeba ruseTSi (TiTqmis yvela sastumro aris rusebissakuTrebaSi), es mainc qmnis sezonur samuSao adgilebs. ix. vropulikomisiis moxseneba “Humanitarian Aid for the Most Vulnerable People of Georgia,”http://europa.eu.int/comm/echo/pdf_files/ decisions/2004/dec_georgia_01000_en.pdf.83 “Georgian President Promises to Sink Russian Ships,” The Russia Journal, August 4,2004, http://www.russiajournal.com/news/cnews-article.shtml?nd=44913.

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wyvetilebebs daicavs, mniSvnelovanwilad imitomac, romsarkinigzo mimosvla soWsa da soxums Soris dsT-is samitamdezustad erTi kviriT adre gaixsna.84

savaWro sanqciebis miuxedavad, 2004 wlis dasawyisSiafxazeTis sagareo vaWrobis brunvaSi ZiriTadad ruseTidanimportis wilma 75 procenti Seadgina.85 magram ruseTi ar arisafxazeTis erTaderTi savaWro partniori. TurqeTis gemebiregularulad Sedian afxazeTis portebSi. dRes TurqeTiafxazuri xetyis importiorTa Soris pirvel adgilze dgas,Tumca ruseTi afxazeTis soflis meurneobis produqciismTavar bazrad rCeba. zogierTi SefasebebiT, afxazeTs yvelazedid Semosavals eqsportidan xetyiTa da jarTiT vaWrobaaZlevs. mxolod xetye biujetis 80 procents Seadgens.86 90-ianiwlebis bolos ruseTma vaWrobaSi dominirebuli poziciebisdakargva daiwyo.

prezident putinis dros afxazeTis ekonomikuri mniSvne-loba ZiriTadad imitom gaizarda, rom dsT-is mTel regionSiekonomikuri interesebi aRmoCda ruseTis strategiis centrSi.am TvalsazrisiT afxazeTSi ruseTis ekonomikuri interesebiase gamoiyureba: pirveli, afxazeTis gavliT ruseTis saqonlissarkinigzo tranzitis aRdgenis imedi somxeTSi, iranSi,TurqeTsa da TviT saqarTveloSi; meore, afxazeTis gavliTsaeqsporto navTobsadenis mSeneblobis SesaZleblobebisSeswavla baqo-jeihani-Tbilisis navTobsadenTan SeerTebismizniT, bosforis srutis gverdis avliT; mesame, engurishidroeleqtrosadguris aRdgena da iq warmoebuli Warbieleqtroenergiis eqsporti ruseTSi, romlis samxreTi re-gionebi amJamad mxolod nawilobriv maragdeba am eleq-troenergiiT; meoTxe, soxumis portis gamoyeneba Savi zRviT

84 Giorgi Sepashvili, “CIS Summit Reveals Rift in Russo–Georgian Relations,” http://www.civil.ge/eng/print.php?id=7852.85 “Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé òàìîæåííûé êîìèòåò Ðåñïóáëèêè Àáõàçèÿ ïîäâåë èòîãè ñâîåéðàáîòû çà ïåðâîå ïîëóãîäèå”, 15 èþëÿ 2004 ãîäà, http://www.kavkaz.memo.ru/newstext/news/id/684112.html.86 Kukhianidze, p. 5.


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gadazidvebisaTvis (sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg Sav zRvazeruseTs darCa mxolod erTi msxvili porti – novorosiiski);dabolos, rusuli kapitaldabandebebisaTvis Savi zRvissakurorto zonis gafarToeba. rac Seexeba am bolo punqts,afxazeTis xelisuflebas iq jer ar Cautarebia farTo-masStabiani privatizacia da, amdenad, ucxoelebi legaluradver SeiZenen sakuTrebas. afxazeTSi ruseTis warmoebebisumetesobas kurortebi ijariT aqvT aRebuli, magram essaSualebas ar aZlevT infrastruqturaSi msxvili kapi-taldabandebebi moizidon.

afxazeTis dauregulirebeli politikuri statusi dagaurkvevloba qonebriv uflebebTan dakavSirebiT ruseTisekonomikuri interesebis realizaciisTvis ZiriTad dabrko-lebas warmoadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom moskovs Teoriuladproeqtebis arcTu ise mcire ricxvis ganviTarebaze afxazeTisan saqarTvelos xelisuflebasTan SeTanxmebebis miRwevaSeuZlia, maTi umravlesobis ganxorcieleba saqarTvelosa daafxazeTis monawileobis gareSe SeuZlebelia.

grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi mainc saWiroa afxazeTis gavliTsarkinigzo mimosvlis gaxsnis Sesaxeb sakiTxis gadawyveta.rkinigza ukiduresad mniSvnelovania ruseTis eqsportisRirebulebis Semcirebisa da somxeTSi, romelic dRemdeazerbaijanul-Turquli blokadis gamo izolirebulia, misiekonomikuri interesebis SenarCunebisaTvis. rkinigzas agre-Tve SeuZlia somxeTSi ganlagebuli ruseTis jaris momaragebisRirebulebis Semcireba. garda amisa, rusuli kompaniebidainteresebulebi arian saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis rkinigzisprivatizaciiT.87 afxazebis mier gzis aRdgenis saqmeSi rusulisarkinigzo samxedro nawilebis daxmarebis gamoyenebisSesaZleblobis ganxilvam qarTul mxares, romelsac konf-liqtis zonaSi damatebiTi rusuli jarebis yofna ar surs,

87 interviu vladimir iakuninTan, Sps “rossiiskie Jeleznie dorogi”-svice-prezidentTan. ix.: ÎÀÎ “ÐÆÄ” õî÷åò ïðèâàòèçèðîâàòü æåëåçíûå äîðîãèÃðóçèè, 16 èþíÿ 2004 ãîäà, http://www.kavkaz.memo.ru/newstext/news/id/675512.html.

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sazrunavi gauCina.88 somxeTis mTavrobam proeqtis dasafi-nanseblad mzadyofna gamoxata da qarTvelebisaTvis misupiratesobaze miuTiTa. somxeTis transportis ministrmaandranik manukianma aRniSna, rom ruseTSi qarTuli tvirTebisamJamindeli sarkinigzo marSruti azerbaijanis teritoriazegadis, rac afxazeTis marSrutTan SedarebiT 700 kilometriTmetia. dumis deputat aleqsandre gustovis SefasebiT, gzis ammonakveTis blokirebis gamo saqarTvelo yovelwliuradTiTqmis 300 milion amerikul dolars kargavs.89

msgavsma ekonomikurma argumentebma Tbilisi proeqtismxardaWeraSi ver daarwmuna. qarTveli Sida gadaadgilebulipirebis dabrunebasTan dakavSirebul ruseTTan molaparakebisdros saqarTvelo rkinigzis am monakveTs, rogorc mniSvnelovankozirs, ise ganixilavs. Tavdapirvelad, 2004 wlis TebervalSi,saakaSvilis moskovSi vizitis dros, Seiqmna STabeWdileba, romsaqarTvelos mTavroba SeiZleba daTanxmeboda sarkinigzomimosvlis aRdgenas, ganixilavda ra amas rogorc nabijsndobisaken da ara rogorc daregulirebis winapirobas. magramramdenime kviris Semdeg saqarTvelos prezidenti daubrundaTavis sawyis pozicias. mogvianebiT qarTuli mxare kidevacSeecada daekavSirebina sarkinigzo proeqtis perspeqtivaafxazeTis statusis gansazRvris saerTo progresTan.

2004 wlis Sua periodSi ruseTis enTuziazmi sarkinigzoproeqtTan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovanwilad Senelda.90 msgavsmdgomareobaSi iyo afxazuri mxarec, 2004 wlis zafxulSisaqarTvelosa da samxreT oseTs Soris axali samxedro konf-

88 Àáõàçèÿ ïðåäëîæèëà ðîññèéñêèì âîéñêàì âîññòàíîâèòü æåëåçíóþ äîðîãó. –Èíòåðôàêñ, 22 äåêàáðÿ 2003 ãîäà.89 “Ãðóçèÿ íå ñ÷èòàåò öåëåñîîáðàçíûì ïåðåäà÷ó àáõàçñêîãî ó÷àñòêà Çàêàâêàçñêîé æåëåçíîéäîðîãè â êîíöåññèþ Àðìåíèè”, 29 ìàÿ 2004, http://www.kavkaz.memo.ru/newstext/news/id/669692.html.90cnobili rusi eqsperti sergei karaganovi wers: “saqarTvelomfaqtobrivad uaryo afxazeTis, saqarTvelosa da somxeTis gavliTsarkinigzo mimosvlis aRdgenis idea, romliTac misi erTiani ekonomikurisivrcis aRdgena daiwyeboda”. ix. Ñåðãåé Êàðàãàíîâ. Ïðîùàíèå ñ Ãðóçèåé? –Ðîññèéñêàÿ ãàçåòà, 20 àâãóñòà 2004 ãîäà.


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rontaciiT warmoSobili daZabulobis eskalaciis gamo. 2004wlis 10 seqtembers ruseTma da afxazeTma sarkinigzo mimosvlasoWsa da soxums Soris mainc ganaaxles. gzis es monakveTiekonomikuri kavSirebisa da turizmis ganviTarebaSi sakvanZorols TamaSobs da, saboloo jamSi, ruseTisa da afxazeTisintegraciis gaZlierebis instruments warmoadgens. pre-zidentma saakaSvilma da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis zo-gierTma wevrma es nabiji gaakritikes da, rogorc ruseTis miersaqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobaze valdebulebebisdarRveva, ise Seafases. magram humanitaruli TvalsazrisiT,rkinigza sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa aTwleulze metxansizolaciaSi myofi afxazeTis mosaxleobisaTvis. saqarTvelosmier amierkavkasiis rkinigzis gafarToebul variantze se-riozul molaparakebebze uaris Tqma afxazeTis mimarT misihumanitaruli ganzraxvis demonstrirebis SesaZleblobisxelidan gaSvebas niSnavda. mokled, saqarTvelom ver gamoiyenasarkinigzo proeqti konfliqtis gadaWris instrumentad.

afxazeTTan ruseTis ekonomikuri kavSirebi soxumisTvisrogorc waxalisebis, ise zewolis saSualebac iyo. zewolisdemonstrireba gansakuTrebiT aSkara gaxda 2004 wlis bolos,afxazeTSi rTuli saprezidento arCevnebis dros. pirvelarCevnebSi gamarjvebuli sergei baRafSisaTvis misi uf-lebamosilebebis SemzRudavi ruseTis mier SemoTavazebulikompromisebis miRebaze iZulebis mizniT, moskovma afxazivaWrebisaTvis sazRvris gadaketviTa da satransportokomunikaciebis SewyvetiT ekonomikuri zewolis moxdenadaiwyo. iuxedavad amisa, 2005 wlis ianvarSi, meore arCevnebisSemdeg, baRafSma moskovSi CasvliT ruseTTan ekonomikissferoSi kidev ufro mWidro TanamSromlobis ganzraxvadaadastura. man mouwoda rusuli investiciebis gazrdisaken,turizmis ganviTarebisa da afxazur-rusuli ekonomikurikanonmdeblobis ufro mWidro koordinaciisaken. misi ini-ciativebi aCvenebs, rom ruseTi, gadadgmuli nabijebis miu-xedavad, axlo momavalSi afxazeTis mTavar ekonomikurpartniorad darCeba.

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da mainc, ruseTsa da afxazeTs Soris ekonomikuri kavSirebiSezRuduli iqneba.politikuri da ekonomikuri garantiebisuqonloba ruseTis investorebisaTvis imas niSnavs, rom saeWvoaafxazeTma iseTi rusuli investiciebis mozidva SeZlos, rogoricsaqarTvelom, romelmac 2004 wlis bolosaTvis saprivatizaciotenderebi gamoacxada. ramdenadac saqarTveloSi msxvili rusulibiznesi farTovdeba, ekonomikuri interesebis balansi rusulelitaSi SesaZloa Seicvalos. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri mdgo-mareoba Tu gaumjobesdeba, ruseTis bizneswreebis garkveulnawils afxazeTis ekonomikisadmi interesi SesaZloa Seumcirdes.magram im ekonomikur jgufebs, romlebic afxazeTTan msxvilikapitaldabandebebiT ukve dakavSirebuli arian (regionul elitada wvrili movaWreebi, saqonlis gansazRvrul saxeobaze spe-cializebulebi), uwindeburad kremlis politikaze zegavlenismoxdenis SesaZlebloba aqvT, rac arCevnebSi ruseTis maRaldoneze Carevam daamtkica.

Sejamebisas SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, miuxedavad rusuliekonomikuri interesebis potenciuri mniSvnelobisa afxa-zeTSi, saeWvoa maTi realizeba, Tu saqarTvelosa da afxazeTsSoris arsebuli konfliqti ar daregulirda. ruseTis inte-resebi soWis raionsa da alag-alag CrdiloeT kavkasiaSiSezRuduli da umaRles doneze personificirebuli rCeba.rogorc aseTi, dResdReobiT moskovis qarTul-afxazurkonfliqtTan midgomis formirebaSi isini gadamwyvet rols arTamaSoben. Tumca momavalSi SesaZloa, afxazeTma, miuxedavadmisi statusisa, mniSvnelovani adgili daikavos ruseTis ufrofarTo ekonomikur angariSebSi. afxazebisaTvis ruseTisakvanZo ekonomikur partniorad da misi ekonomikuri gadar-Cenis garantad rCeba.

afxazeTi ruseTis saSinao politikaSi

ekonomikuri politikisgan gansxvavebiT, ruseTis poli-tikis formirebaSi afxazeTTan da mTlianad qarTul-afxazur


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konfliqtTan mimartebiT sul mcire, 6 faqtori TamaSobs aSkararols.pirveli, ruseTis nacionalisturma da politikurmaZalebma wamowies “afxazeTis dacvis” lozungi, rogorc erT-erTiTavianTi politikuri prioritetebidan. bolo aTwleulisganmavlobaSi ruseTis saxelmwifo dumis warmomadgenlebixmamaRla mxolod afxazeTze laparakobdnen. vladimer Jiri-novskis liberalur-demokratiuli partia, bolo dros ki partia“rodinac” aqtiurad uWerdnen mxars afxazeTis damouki-deblobas da sxvebze xSirad Cadiodnen am regionSi. 2004 wlisagvistoSi, maSin, rodesac prezidenti saakaSvili ZalisgamoyenebiT imuqreboda, raTa daebrkolebina turistebisafxazeTSi gamgzavreba, Jirinovski soxumSi miiWra da Tqva, romafxazeTi saqarTvelos nawili arasodes iqneba.partia “rodinas”liderma da dumis saerTaSoriso saqmeebis komitetis Tavmj-domare dimitri rogozinma aqtiurad dauWira mxari afxazeTismosaxleobis ruseTis moqalaqeebad registracias, aseve ruseTispensiebiT maTi uzrunvelyofis kampanias da ganacxada, rom misifraqcia afxazeTis sruli saerTaSoriso aRiarebis momxrea.91

2004 wlis maisSi ki saxelmwifo dumis komunisturma fraqciamprezident putins mouwoda, “afxazeTSi mcxovrebi ruseTismoqalaqeebisaTvis aSkara da araorazrovani Tanadgomis,usafrTxoebis mtkice garantiebis” demonstrireba moexdina.

aseve ruseTis politikurma partiebma afxazeTis sakiTxigamoiyenes, rogorc TavianTi saarCevno kampaniebis gamaer-Tianebeli lozungi, metadre imis gaTvaliswinebiT, romafxazeTis bevrma mcxovrebma ruseTis moqalaqeoba miiRo.magaliTad, 2003 wlis dumis arCevnebze ruseTis saxalxopartiam Tavis partiul siaSi Seiyvana ruseTis moqalaqe,afxazeTis saxalxo partiis lideri, romelmac xmebis 21procenti daagrova, Tumca qveynis sxva regionebSi par-lamentSi gasasvlelad aucilebeli 5-procentiani barieri vergadalaxa.

91 “Äìèòðèé Ðîãîçèí: ôðàêöèÿ ‘Ðîäèíà’ áóäåò ñîäåéñòâîâàòü ìåæäóíàðîäíîìó ïðèçíàíèþÀáõàçèè”, http://www.kavkaz.memo.ru/newstext/news/id/674872.html.

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xSirad calkeuli rusi parlamentarebis gancxadebebiqarTuli elitisa da sazogadoebriobis mrisxane reaqcias iwvevs.saxelmwifo dumis mier miRebuli oficialuri gancxadebebi,rogorc wesi, radikalur winadadebebs ar Seicavs. magaliTad,saqarTveloSi amerikuli samxedro daswrebis sapasuxod 2002 wlismartSi deputatebis erTma nawilma afxazeTis suverenitetisaRiarebis winadadeba Semoitana, magram am ideam xmaTa umrav-lesoba ver daagrova. 2004 wlis maisSi dumis saerTaSorisosaqmeebis komitetis Tavmjdomare konstantine kosaCevmadaadastura, rom ruseTi saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobasuWers mxars da mas afxazeTTan da samxreT oseTTan mSvidobianimeTodebis gamoyenebiT konfliqtis daregulirebisaken mouwoda.

meore, ruseTis Sida politikaSi anarekli pova afxazeTismxridan gameorebulma mowodebebma ruseTis SemadgenlobaSiasocirebuli statusis micemis Sesaxeb. saerTaSoriso aRiarebiserTob bundovani perspeqtivisa da saqarTvelos mTavrobis“nebismieri saSualebebiT” kvlav gaerTianebis daJinebulimoTxovnebis pirobebSi afxazeTis elita damoukideblobisSenarCunebis ZiriTad garantias ruseTis proteqtoratismiRebaSi xedavs.92 xSirad komentatorebi rusul-afxazururTierTobebs SeerTebul Statebsa da taivans Soris arsebulurTierTobebs adareben. aseTi asociacia ar niSnavs, romafxazeTs (samxreT oseTisagan gansxvavebiT) ruseTis fede-raciaSi, rogorc Semadgenel nawils, ise unda Sesvla. afxazuriversiis asociacia, rogorc sagareo saqmeTa yofilma ministrmaigor axbam ganmarta, mxolod “mWidro TanamSromlobas gulis-xmobs Tavdacvis politikis sferoSi, sasazRvro sakiTxSi,sabaJo kavSirsa da valutaSi”.93

92 afxazeTis vice-prezidentma valeri arSbam ganacxada: ”Cven gvinda, romkvlav, rogorc es 1810 wels iyo, ruseTis proteqtoratis qveSaRmovCndeT, raTa man afxazeTis xalxebis eTnikuri uflebebisSenarCuneba SeZlos da omi ar dauSvas”. ix. Èíòåðôàêñ, 15 èþíÿ 2004 ãîäà,http://www.interfax.com.93 “Þðèé Ëóæêîâ ïðèáûë â Àáõàçèþ”, 5 àâãóñòà 2004 ãîäà, ÐîñÁèçíåñ_Êîíñàëòèíã,http://top.rbc.ru/index.shtml?/news/daythemes/2004/08/05/ 05151418_bod.shtml.


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saxelmwifo dumis vice-spikerma vladimer JirinovskimgamoTqva azri ruseTisa da belorusiis kavSirSi afxazeTisSesvlis Taobaze, romelic Teoriulad iqneba konfederacia,sadac yoveli qveyana suverenitets SeinarCunebs, magrambolomde cxadi ar aris, rom aseTi kavSiri odesme realobagaxdeba. yvela SemTxvevaSi, prezidenti putini afxazeTisaTvisasocirebuli statusis miniWebas im safrTxis gamoc ar da-Tanxmdeba, rom msgavsi moTxovnebi iseTi de faqto saxelm-wifoebisganac wamova, rogorebicaa samxreT oseTi da dnes-trispireTi. metic, aseTi damokidebuleba ruseTis federaciissubieqtebisaTvis _ “gansakuTrebuli” statusis likvidireba_ gaarTulebs mis politikas centrsa da regions SorisurTierTobis harmonizaciis saqmeSi. 2005 wlis 11 martssaxelmwifo dumam uaryo fraqcia “rodinas” mier Semotaniliis rezolucia, romelSic separatistul regionebs dsT-isasocirebul wevrobas sTavazobdnen. winadadeba ar gasula,magram man xmebis mniSvnelovani nawili miiRo da es maSin,rodesac msgavsi rezolucia pirvelad iqna kenWisyrazedayenebuli.

mesame gza, romliTac afxazeTis problemebi ruseTis SidapolitikaSi aRwevs, moqalaqeobis sakiTxTanaa dakavSirebuli.ruseTis kanonis Sesabamisad, 1991-2001 wlebSi sabWoTapasportis nebismieri mflobeli ruseTis moqalaqeobasavtomaturad iRebda. 2001 wlis oqtomberSi miRebulma axalmakanonma, miuxedavad komunisturi partiis deputatebis mZafriSekamaTebisa, romlebic araRiarebuli respublikebis, pirvelrigSi ki, afxazeTis mcxovreblebisaTvis moqalaqeobis sayo-velTao micemas uWerdnen mxars, es procesi mniSvnelovnadgaarTula. putinma uari Tqva da xazi gausva imas, rom ruseTssxvis konfliqtebSi Careva ganzraxuli ara aqvs da arc iseTnabijebs gadadgams, rac mezobeli qveynis suverenitetsdarRvevs.94

94 “Çàêîí î ãðàæäàíñòâå: óæåñòî÷åíèå ïðàâèë íà ôîíå âîéíû â Àáõàçèè”, 18 îêòÿáðÿ2001 ãîäà, http://www.kavkaz.memo.ru/news/id/424551.html.

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rodesac axalma kanonma moqalaqeobis miRebis msurveli imafxazebis aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia, romlebmac uari ganacxadesqarTuli pasportebis miRebaze da sazRvargareT gasvla arSeeZloT, ruseTi maT keTilmosurned gamoexmaura da moqalaqeobamisca.95 am kampanias afxazeTis rusuli Temebis kongresi da afxazikazakebis sazogadoeba xelmZRvanelobdnen. es ukanaskneliSekruli iyo krasnodaris mxaris kazakebis organizaciasTan. 2004wlis agvistosTvis, afxazeTis vice-prezident valeri arSbassityvebiT, afxazeTSi mcxovrebi 320 aTasi adamianidan 170 aTasiruseTis moqalaqe gaxda, 70 aTasi ki am statuss elodeba. rogoricunda iyos zusti cifri, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom mosaxleobisabsoluturi umravlesoba ukve ruseTis moqalaqea.96

afxazeTis mcxovrebTaTvis moqalaqeobis micemiT dawye-bulma facifucma ara mxolod saqarTvelos aRSfoTeba, aramedruseTis damkvirveblebis kritikac gamoiwvia. 2004 wlisagvistoSi, maSin, rodesac saqarTvelos axal mTavrobasa dasamxreT oseTs Soris daZabulobam saqarTvelos konfliqtebisproblema ruseTis yoveldRiuri gazeTebis pirvel gverdebzekvlav gamoitana, evropis institutis direqtoris moadgile

valentin feodorovma moskovi saqarTvelos mimarT gata-rebuli iseTi politikis gamo gaakritika, rogorsac is sakuTar

95 afxazma politikosebma gaeros mouwodes, am xalxs gaeros droebiTisamgzavro sabuTebi misces (magaliTad, kosovosa da CrdiloeT TimorSigacemuli sabuTebis msgavsad). afxazeTis parlamentis wevris ciza gumbassityvebiT, romelmac am winadadebiT ÑÏÃÑÎÎÍ-s mimarTa, aseTi sabuTebisgacemiT Tavidan aicilebdnen ruseTis moqalaqeobis miRebis msurvelTamasobriv gancxadebebs. ix. “ÎÎÍ ìîæåò âûäàòü ãðàæäàíàì Àáõàçèè âðåìåííûåäîêóìåíòû”, 16 ÿíâàðÿ 2004 ãîäà, http://www.kavkaz.memo.ru/newstext/news/id/625275.html. magram gaerom ver SeZlo am Txovnas keTilganwyobiTSexvedroda. kosovosa da CrdiloeT Timoris formaluri statusiafxazurisagan erTob gansxvavdeba. cxadia, rom ruseTis moqalaqeobisbevri pretendenti aseve praqtikuli ekonomikuri mosazrebebidangamomdinareobda: maSin maT dauwesdebaT ruseTis pensia, romelicgacilebiT metia imaze, rasac saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi da afxazeTismcxovreblebi iReben.96 C.J. Chivers. The Threat of Civil War is Turning the Abkhaz into Russians. – New YorkTimes, August 15, 2004 (http://www.sakartvelo.ru, â ðóññêîì ïåðåâîäå).


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moqalaqeebTan mimarTebaSi ar moiTmenda. “rogor moiqceodaruseTi, _ kiTxulobda is, _ Tu kurilis kunZulebis(teritoria, romelzec ruseTis suverenitetis cnobazetokio uars acxadebs) mosaxleobis umravlesobas iaponiapasportebs miscemda?”.97 magram saqarTvelos axali pre-zidenti TiTqos mzad iyo moqalaqeobis sakiTxis simwvaveSeemcirebina. cnobilia, rom rig SemTxvevaSi man ormagimoqalaqeoba dauSva, es ki Seqmnili Cixidan gamosvlissaSualebas iZleoda.

meoTxe problema, romelic Sida politikis Seferadebasaxdens, esaa rusi politikosebis, eqspertebisa da masobriviinformaciis saSualebebis warmomadgenlebis mier afxazeTissakiTxis geopolitikur WrilSi miwodeba. is, rom ruseTikavkasiaze gavlenas kargavs da mis nacvlad SeerTebuliStatebi da nato Sevlen da rom ruseTis kavkasiidan gamo-Zevebis procesSi umniSvnelovanes rols saqarTvelo TamaSobs_ praqtikulad, ruseTis politikuri elitis sayovelTaomrwamsi gaxda. geopolitikuri xedva amaRlebs im araRia-rebuli respublikebis mniSvnelobas, romlebic, afxazeTisCaTvliT, TavianTi strategiuli miznebis realizaciisasmxolod ruseTze agrZeleben dayrdnobas. vladimer Jiri-novski gamonaklisi ar gaxlavT, roca ambobs: “CvenTvisafxazeTi imiT aris saintereso, rom mas CvenTan yofna unda”da amatebs: “rac ufro Cqara Seva saqarTvelo natoSi, miT ufroCqara iqneba afxazeTi ruseTSi”.98 nacionaluri strategiisinstitutis prezidenti stanislav belkovski araRiarebulsaxelmwifoebs im sayrdenebs uwodebs, romelTa gareSecruseTi ukve didi xnis win iqneboda kavkasiidan gandevnili.99

xSirad ufro zomieri damkvirveblebic ki afxazeTs ruseTsada prodasavlurad ganwyobil saqarTvelos Soris arsebul

97"Âìåñòî ðåøåíèÿ ïðîáëåì Ãðóçèè Ðîññèÿ äîëæíà íå äîïóñòèòü ñîáñòâåííîãî ðàñïàäà”,11 àâãóñòà 2004 ãîäà, http://www.sakartvelo.info.98 “×åì áûñòðåå Ãðóçèÿ áóäåò â ÍÀÒÎ, òåì áûñòðåå Àáõàçèÿ – â Ðîññèè”, http://www.sakartvelo.info/result_ar.php?key=58420.99 Radio Russia, “Are We Going to See War in Georgia?”, August 12, 2004.

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“buferul saxelmwifod” ganixilaven.100 afxazeTis oficialuripirebi, romlebmac moskovis elitis “susti wertilebi” ician,imisaTvis, rom ruseTis mxridan daTmobebs miaRwion, arcTuiSviaTad geopolitikur argumentebsac iyeneben.

moskovSi im eqspertebis SezRuduli wrec arsebobs,romlebic yuradRebiT adevneben Tvals saqarTvelos ambebs,afxazeTTan mimarTebaSi ki moskovis politikas akritikeben.101

kavkasiis sakiTxebSi eqspertTa umravlesoba mainc mkafiodgamoxatul antiqarTul poziciebze dgas da iseTi poli-tikosebis msgavsad, rogorebic arian dimitri rogozini dakonstantine zatulini, mtkice nacionalistebs warmoadgenenda moskovs yvelgan Tanamemamuleebis interesebis dacviskenmouwodeben.

ruseTis Sida politikasTan afxazeTis kidev erTi Sexebiswertili regionul politikur elitas ukavSirdeba. TavianTipolitikuri statusis asamaRleblad bevri adgilobrivi lideri

100 Êàðàãàíîâ. Ïðîùàíèå ñ Ãðóçèåé? karaganovi wers: “ruseTs dasWirdebabuferuli saxelmwifoebi. Tuki saqarTvelo dRevandeli politikiTganagrZobs cxovrebas, TviTngrevisTvis iqneba ganwiruli. amave drosafxazeTis mzardi demokratiuli Zalebi uaryofen ideas imis Sesaxeb,rom maT dasavlur Rirebulebebze uari unda Tqvan, raTa ruseTidaxmarebaze daiTanxmon”.101 2004 wlis zafxulSi, moskovsa da Tbiliss Soris daZabuli urTi-erTobebis momentSi, vladislav inozemcevma (postindustriulisazogadoebis gamokvlevebis centri) ruseTi imaSi daadanaSaula, rom issaqarTvelos Sida konfliqtSi erT mxares exmareba da SecdomadCauTvala afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi gatarebuli “marTvadiarastabilurobis” politika. aRniSna, rom ruseTma piriqiT, Tbilissa daseparatistul regionebs Soris federaciuli molaparakebis garantiaunda uzrunvelyos. ix. Âëàäèñëàâ Èíîçåìöåâ. Ñààêàøâèëè ñëåäóåò çàêëþ÷èòüôåäåðàòèâíûé äîãîâîð ñ ìÿòåæíûìè ëèäåðàìè – ïðè ãàðàíòèÿõ ñî ñòîðîíû Ðîññèè. –Íåçàâèñèìàÿ ãàçåòà, 16 àâãóñòà 2004 ãîäà. meore kritikosi boris volxonskiruseTis elitas nacionalisturi koziris gaTamaSebisaTvis gmobs, rackontrabandisTvis Sav xvrelebs qmnis. ambobs, rom igi farulad exmarebadaqiravebulebs da saqarTvelosTan damokidebulebaSi patriotullozungebs wamoswevs, yvela am qmedebiT ki ruseTs saerTaSorisoizolaciisken ubiZgebs. ix. Áîðèñ Âîëõîíñêèé. Öåíà âîïðîñà: òîíàëüíîñòü çàÿâëåíèé,ðàçäàþùèõñÿ â Ìîñêâå, âûçûâàåò íåäîóìåíèå. Êîììåðñàíòú, 20 àâãóñòà 2004 ãîäà.


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afxazeTTan mWidro kavSirebs amyarebs. es qmedebebi ZiriTadadganekuTvneba 90-iani wlebis Sua periods, rodesac, rogorcukve iTqva, zogierTma regionma afxazeTTan TanamSromlobisada vaWrobis xelSekrulebebi dado. mas Semdeg, rac prezidentmaputinma regionul gubernatorebis uflebamosilebebi Sez-Ruda, maT “sakuTari” sagareo politikis gatarebis SesaZ-leblobebi CamoerTvaT. amitomaa, rom maTi mcire nawiliuwindeburad sajarod laparakobs afxazeTis mxardaWeraze. maTSoris, vinc, amas emxroba, arian krasnodaris mxaris gubernatorialeqsandre tkaCovi da moskovis meri iuri luJkovi.

luJkovis iniciativiT, moskovi uwindeburad Tanxebsabandebs (Tumca _ mcireodens) afxazeTSi. is aseve mniSv-nelovanwilad simbolur humanitarul daxmarebasac uwevs.krasnodaris mxare ki, romelic afxazeTs esazRvreba, inten-siur ekonomikur da politikur kavSirebs inarCunebs, maT SoristranssasazRvro vaWrobisa da eleqtroenergiis miwodebissaxiT. krasnodaris mTavroba ganzrax politikur Jestebsac kiakeTebda. amis magaliTia 2004 wlis 24 maiss soxumSi orga-nizebuli aRlumi, romelSic 500 kazaki monawileobda.

afxazebi aseve megobrul urTierTobas inarCuneben Crdi-loeT kavkasiis rig eTnikurad axlo xalxebTan, gansakuTrebiTki adiRelebTan. 1996 wels adiReis respublikam da afxazeTmaxeli moaweres SeTanxmebas TanamSromlobaze.102 ruseTisxelisufleba ar akeTebs msgavsi politikuri kavSirebiswaxalisebas afxazebsa da adiRelebs Soris an afxazur dias-porasTan TurqeTsa da axlo aRmosavleTis sxva nawilebSi,radgan miaCnia, rom diasporebTan kontaqti CrdiloeT kavkasias“importirebuli” islamizaciis safrTxiT emuqreba. maSin,rodesac afxazuri mxare ufro mWidro kavSirebs eZebsruseTTan, ruseTis mTavroba sagonebelSia Cavardnili imisgamo, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiis eTnikuri respublikebisnacionalur-teritoriuli avtonomia ar gaZlierdes da amiT

102 Ïðåçèäåíò Àäûãåè è ìýð Ìîñêâû îòïðàâèëèñü â Àáõàçèþ. – Regnum, 5 àâãóñòà 2004ãîäà, http://www.regnum.ru/forprint/303693.html.

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safrTxis qveS ar daayenos am respublikebis rusuli mosax-leoba. Cndeba sxvadasxva winadadeba, maT Soris ruseTisfederaciuli sistemis eTnoteritoriuli dayofis gada-sinjvis Sesaxeb. am mimarTulebiT moZraoba gardauvaliaRmoCndeba afxazeTTan dakavSirebiT ruseTis politikisganviTarebaSi.

dabolos, mTliani suraTis nawils ruseTis sazogadoebriviazris ganxeTqileba warmoadgens. 2004 wlis ivlisSi samxreToseTSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis gamo, ramac gamoiwvia rusul-qarTuli urTierTobebis daZabva, ruseTis moqalaqeebis 47procenti Tvlida, rom ruseTi unda Caerios, Tu saqarTveloZalas gamoiyenebs afxazeTSi mcxovrebi ruseTis moqalaqeebiswinaaRmdeg, 38 procents ki miaCnda, rom ruseTma es ar undagaakeTos, 14 procenti darwmunebuli iyo, rom afxazeTisaqarTvelos nawili unda iyos, 32 procenti fiqrobda, rom isruseTs unda miuerTdes, 29 procenti _ rom unda iyosdamoukidebeli. samxreT oseTisaTvis es cifrebi SeadgensSesabamisad 12, 34 da 30 procents.103

2002 wlis agvistoSi ruseTis moqalaqeebis mxolod 26procenti ganewyo saqarTvelosadmi dadebiTad, 28 _ neit-ralurad da 39 _ uaryofiTad. “vardebis revoluciis” Semdeges maCveneblebi droebiT gaumjobesda da mkveTrad Seicvala.2004 wlis ianvarSi 41 procentma pozitiuri damokidebulebagamoxata, 42 procentma _ neitraluri da mxolod 10 procentma_ negatiuri. 2004 wlis ivlisisaTvis, samxreT oseTis movle-nebis Semdeg, es cifrebi 2002 wlis dones daubrunda: 29procentma pozitiuri Sefaseba misca, 40 procentma _ nei-traluri, 22 procentma ki _ negatiuri.104

2004 wlis Tebervlidan ivlisis CaTvliT ruseTis immoqalaqeebis ricxvi, romlebsac miaCndaT, rom saqarTvelosaxali xelmZRvanelobis dros rusul-qarTuli urTierTobebi

103 Ðîññèÿíå î êîíôëèêòàõ ìåæäó Ãðóçèåé, Þæíîé Îñåòèåé è Àáõàçèåé. –Ëåâàäà_Öåíòð, 30 èþëÿ 2004 ãîäà, http://www.levada.ru/press/2004073004.html.104 Âîêðóã àáõàçñêîãî êîíôëèêòà. – Áàçà Äàííûõ Ôîì, 10 àâãóñòà 2002 ãîäà, http://bd.fom.ru/report/map/gg021707.


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gaumjobesdeboda, 30-dan 13 procentamde Semcirda. im xalxisricxvi, vinc Tvlida, rom prezidenti saakaSvili saqarTveloSisituaciis mniSvnelovnad Secvlas ver moaxerxebda, 1-dan 32procentamde gaizarda.105

es 6 magaliTi Sida politikis zemoqmedebisa ruseTispolitikaze saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis konfliqtTan damo-kidebulebaSi mniSvnelovania, magram ara calsaxa. ruseTis SidapolitikaSi afxazeTi ufro arsebiT rols TamaSobs, vidreyofili sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriis nebismieri sxva “ara-Riarebuli respublika”. xSirad ruseTis politika afxazeTTanmimarTebaSi ruseTis Sida politikis prioritetebTan mkveTrwinaaRmdegobaSi modis. 2000-2003 wlebSi afxazeTSi ruseTiskavSirebis gamyarebasTan erTad prezidenti putini im ZalebisCaxSobasac cdilobda, romlebic am politikis ZiriTadigamtareblebi iyvnen. man qveynis SigniT nacionaluri Zalebiszegavlenis SemcirebisaTvis nabiji gadadga, Seecada, regionulliderebis damoukidebeli qmedebebisTvis bolo moeRo daruseTis politikuri istebliSmentis tradiciuli geopoli-tikuri paranoia dasavleTTan pragmatuli damokidebulebissasargeblod gadawyvita. aseve xeli SeuSala CrdiloeT kav-kasiaSi eTnikur mobilizacias, Zalovnebis _ Sinagan saqmeTa,Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis saministroebis warmomadgenlebis_ eTnikur respublikebSi uflebamosil TanamdebobebzedaniSvnas, imavdroulad dsT-is qveynebSi ruseTis moqalaqeebismtkiced “dacvis” mowodebebis uaryofas.

saprezidento arCevnebi afxazeTSi:

rusuli gavlenis zRvari

ruseTis politikis SezRudvebi da winaaRmdegobebi afxa-zeTSi mkafiod gamoCnda 2004 wlis 3 oqtombers da 2005 wlis 12

105 Âñåðîññèéñêèé öåíòð èçó÷åíèÿ îáùåñòâåííîãî ìíåíèÿ (ÂÖÈÎÌ), ïðåññ-âûïóñê¹ 105, “Ðîññèÿíå î Ãðóçèè è ñèòóàöèè â Þæíîé Îñåòèè”.

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ianvars or etapad Catarebul sakamaTo saprezidento arCev-nebis msvlelobisas. am TariRebs Soris gaTamaSebuli krizisisdros ruseTi gamodioda, rogorc mTavari gareSe Zala,

romelic afxazeTSi ZalTa Sida ganawilebaze zegavlenasaxdenda. ruseTis aqtiuri Careva Tavidan situaciis des-tabilizacias uwyobda xels, magram bolos saxifaTod oradgayofil afxazur sazogadoebaSi Serigebis procesis dawyebiTprezidentobis or ZiriTad kandidats politikuri kompromisismiRwevaSi daexmara. arCevnebSi rusulma politikam imisdemonstrireba gaakeTa, Tu ramdenad Sorsgamiznulia ruseTisqmedebebi afxazeTSi Tavisi interesebis SesanarCuneblad.amave dros regionSi efeqturi politikis gatarebisas manTavisi SesaZleblobebis realuri SezRuduloba gamoavlina.

afxazeTSi Catarebuli saprezidento arCevnebi arc saqarT-velom da arc saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobam, maT Sorisgaerom da euTom, kanonierad ar cnes.106 ruseTma, rogorcsamSvidobo procesis Suamavalma, gaeros 1255 rezoluciisdebulebis dacvis pasuxismgebloba, romelic msgavs arCevnebsaralegitimurs uwodebs, Tavis Tavze aiRo, riTac metismetaddidi interesi dado sasworze. rusi politikosebi xazsusvamdnen ara mxolod am arCevnebis mniSvnelobas, aramedaqtiurad cdilobdnen, zemoqmedeba moexdinaT mis dasas-rulze. arCevnebi marTlac mniSvnelovani iyo, imitom romafxazeTis omis Semdgomi pirveli prezidentis vladislavarZinbas Zalauflebis gadacemis problema wydeboda axalliderze, romelsac uaxloesi 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi unda

106 gaeros pozicia Camoyalibebuli iyo gaeros generaluri mdivnis 2004wlis 18 oqtombris moxsenebaSi. 1255 rezoluciaSi (1999w.) uSiSiSroebissabWom afxazeTSi e. w. arCevnebis Catareba miuReblad da ukanonod miiCniamosaxleobis umetesi nawilis dauswreblobisa da teritoriis dau-regulirebeli politikuri statusis gamo. saqarTveloSi gaerosdamkvirvebelTa misiam mxari dauWira am pozicias. 2004 wlis 14 oqtombrissaqarTvelos Sesaxeb evroparlamentis (P6_TA(2004)0023) rezoluciam“afxazeTSi saprezidento arCevnebi, rogorc ukanono”, uaryo da komisiasada sabWos gaeros xelmZRvanelobiT qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtismolaparakebaTa procesis intensifikaciis mxardaWerisaken mouwoda”.


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exelmZRvanela afxazeTSi cvlilebebisTvis da gamoexatasaqarTvelosTan, ruseTTan da gare samyarosTan Tavisidamokidebuleba.

prezidenti arZinba saqarTvelosTan misi ukompromisodamokidebulebisa (1992-1993 ww. omSi misi piradi monawileobisgavleniT Camoyalibebuli) da moskovTan didi xnis urTi-erTobis, aseve evgeni primakovTan adrindeli kavSirebis gamomoskovisaTvis xelsayreli lideri iyo. arZinba wlebis ganmav-lobaSi avadmyofobam mwyobridan gamoiyvana, aman ki koruf-ciisaTvis kari gaaRo TviT afxazeTSi da kulisebs miRmamanevrebisaTvis rogorc ruseTis politikosebis, ise misibizneselitisaTvis.

naTeli gaxda, rom arZinbas memkvidres saeWvo iyo aseTivekavSirebi hqonoda moskovSi, amitomac is SeiZleboda gauT-valiswinebeli gamxdariyo. rogorc ruseTis, ise saqarT-velosTvisac. ai, ratom iyo ruseTis politikuri elitasimtkiciT aRsavse, xelisuflebaSi moskovTan aSkarad loia-luri memkvidris mosvla uzrunveleyo, romelic ar imoq-medebda ruseTis ekonomikuri interesebis winaaRmdeg (rogorckanonierad, ise ukanonod an sulac kriminalizebul struq-turebTan SekvriT). rusma politikurma mrCevlebma mainc verSeZles imis gageba, rom arZinbam da misma garemocvam, miuxe-davad qveynis aSenebaSi Setanili wvlilisa, didi xania, racafxazeTis gaRatakebuli mosaxleobis mxardaWera dakarges.xalxi arCevnebisagan afxazeTis SigniT kardinalur cvlilebebsmoeloda, korufciasTan, kriminalTan, klanebTan, klanurstruqturebTan brZolis CaTvliT. arZinbas saqmis SenarCunebisgegmas praqtikulad warmatebis Sansi ar hqonda, arCevnebi romarsebiTi manipulaciebis gareSe Catarebuliyo.

ruseTis strategia, Zalaufleba gadaeca axal promos-kovuri liderisTvis, gamWriaxobiT ar gamoirCeoda. faq-tobrivad man eleqtoralur procesSi, yvela mis stadiaze,uprecedento sagareo Carevis saxe miiRo. es politika SeiZlebaSevadaroT sakuTriv ruseTSi gubernatorebis arCevnebs,romelTa Sedegi xSirad moskovSi miRebul gadawyvetilebebze

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iyo damokidebuli da arCevnebis meSveobiT ubralod “ratifi-cirdeboda”. msgavs strategias afxazeTSic mimarTes, magramamas moulodneli Sedegebi mohyva. prezidentobis kandidatmasergei baRafSma ganmarta: “amjerad afxazeTSi pirveladCatarda namdvilad alternatiuli arCevnebi. afxaz xalxsTviTon undoda Tavisi respublikis bedis gadawyveta. amom-rCevlebi arZinbas xelisuflebis uxeSi zewolis, informaciuliblokadisa da ruseTis presaSi Savi piaris winaaRmdeg ga-movidnen.”107

jer kidev oficialuri saarCevno kampaniis dawyebamdecruseTis politikosebi ar malavdnen imas, rom mxars uWerdnenraul xajimbas, romelsac arZinbas dros premier-ministrisTanamdeboba ekava. mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi uSiSroebisorganoebSi namuSevari arZinbas axlo megobari da TanamebrZolixajimba, cnebas _ “afxazi putini” yvelaze metad Seesabameboda.igi iTvleboda im politikosad, romelic moskovze damo-kidebuli iqneboda. manpremierministrobisas mWidro kontaq-tebi daamyara moskovTan da varaudobdnen, rom arZinbas mierruseTTan damyarebul ekonomikur da politikur kavSirebsSeinarCunebda. xajimbasa da arZinbas Soris siaxlove imasniSnavda, rom pirvels arasakmarisi mxardaWera eqnebodaafxazeTis mosaxleobaSi. sazogadoebisaTvis arCevnebi ruseT-Tan an saqarTvelosTan damokidebulis politikaze re-ferendumi ki ar iyo (kandidatebma moskovze dayrdnobiTafxazeTis damoukideblobas dauWires mxari), aramed arZinbasmemkvidreobisaTvis Tavisi damokidebulebis gamoTqmis Sansi.magram moskovma an ver SeZlo amis gageba, an am faqts ignorirebaganzrax gaukeTa. metic, moskovelma politikurma mrCevlebmajerovnad ver Seafases afxazeTis sazogadoebis (aseve galisraionSi dabrunebuli, qarTveli Sida gadaadgilebuli pirebis)mobilizacia alternatiuli kandidatis irgvliv. aseTi alter-

107citata prezidentobis kandidat sergei baRafSis “nezavisimaia gazeta”-sTvis micemuli interviudan. ix. Ñàìîïðîâîçãëàøåííûé ôàëüñòàðò. –Íåçàâèñèìàÿ ãàçåòà, 5 îêòÿáðÿ 2004 ãîäà.


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nativa gaxda regionuli eleqtrokompaniis _ “Cernomo-renergos” xelmZRvaneli sergei baRafSi.

baRafSi ar mouwodebda mTavrobas ruseTTan mWidro kavSi-rebis arsebiTi Secvlisken, arc saqarTvelosTan xelaxalSeerTebaze sakiTxis gadasinjvas sTavazobda; magram farTosaxalxo mxardaWeris gamo is aRqmuli iqna, rogorc gacilebiTufro damoukidebeli lideri, romelsac afxazi xalxis inte-resebis dacva ara mxolod saqarTvelos, aramed ruseTis winaSecSeeZlo. aseve, am arCevnebze baRafSi gaerTianda aleqsandreanqvabTan _ mtkice politikosTan, romelic moskovisa daruseTis interesebisaTvis seriozul saSiSroebas warmoadgenda,imdenad, ramdenadac cnobili iyo, rogorc korufciasa dadamnaSaveobasTan ukompromiso mebrZoli. ruseTis politikurmaelitam baRafSisa da anqvabis kavSirSi saSiSroeba dainaxa daxajimbas gamarjvebis uzrunvelyofa gadawyvita.

arCevnebis win soWSi prezidenti putini piradad Sexvdaxajimbas. Sexvedraze, romelic erTob tlanqad, rogorc meoremsoflio omis veteranebTan Sexvedra, ise dafiqsirda, pirda-piri mxardaWeris Sesaxeb sityvebi ar gaJRerebula, RonisZiebissimbolur mniSvnelobaSi ki eWvi aravis Separvia. xajimbasadmimxardaWera mxolod maRali oficialuri doniT ar Semofarglula.moskovma Tavisi ekonomikuri Zliereba da afxazeTisaTvis garesamyarosken erTaderTi fanjris roli gamoiyena _ Tavisikandidatis arCevis SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebas praqtikulisargebloba SesTavaza. man ara mxolod soWi_soxumis rkinigzazeaRadgina moZraoba, aramed 23 seqtembridan am qalaqebs Sorisregularuli saavtobuso mimosvla ganaaxla. ruseTis mTavrobamganacxada, rom afxazeTTan sarkinigzo da saavtobuso kavSirisganaxlebiT arc erTi saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba ar daurRvevia,magram saqarTvelos warmomadgenelma gaeroSi, revaz adamiamuSiSroebis sabWoSi gaagzavna oficialuri werili, sadacsarkinigzo mimosvlis aRdgenas “saqarTvelos suverenitetisada saerTaSoriso samarTlis darRveva” uwoda. ”putinis “dar-Rveulma valdebulebam”, Sida gadaadgilebul pirTa dabru-nebasTan erTad ekonomikuri proeqtebis sinqronizeba momx-

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dariyo, _ Tqva adamiam, _ gaeros egidiT mimdinare samSvidoboprocesebs zarali miayena”.108

xajimbas kandidaturas ruseTSi tradiciulad proafxa-zuri gavlenis jgufebma dauWires mxari, maT Soris nacio-nalistma politikosebma, biznesis warmomadgenlebma, Crdi-loeT kavkasiis sazogadoebrivma organizaciebma da ruseTissamxreTis zogierTma regionulma politikosma. arCevnebamderamdenime dRiT adre “moskoveli aqtivistebis” jgufma _vladimer Jirinovskim, generaluri prokuroris moadgilevladimer kolesnikovma, ruseTis saxelmwifo dumis vice-spikerma artur cilingarovma, aseve ruseTis popularulmamomRerlebma da msaxiobebma soxumi moinaxules da xajimbassasargeblod gamarTul masobriv mitingebze aqtiuri agitaciiTgamovidnen. Tuki moskovisaTvis sasurveli kandidati ariqneboda arCeuli, maTi gancxadebebi afxazeTTan ekonomikurikavSirebis gawyvetis pirdapir muqaras Seicavda.109

sajaro zewolam mosalodnelis sawinaaRmdego efeqtimoaxdina. xajimbas poziciebis gamagrebis nacvlad, mis metoqes,romelic arZinbas reJimis negatiur memkvidreobasTan dakav-Sirebuli ar iyo da ufro damoukidebel politikosad miiC-neoda, xmebis mniSvnelovani ricxvi Semata. Sedegad, 3 oqtom-bers Catarebul arCevnebSi amomrCevelTa 50 procentze metma(bevri maTgani eTnikuri qarTveli galis raionidan) baRafSsmisca xma.110 xajimbam uari ganacxada arCevnebis Sedegebis

108 “Georgian Ambassador’s Letter to the UN Security Council over Abkhazia”, http://www.civil.ge/eng/detail.php?id=8202. ruseTis pozicia “Îðãàíèçîâàíî äâèæåíèå ýëåêòðîïîåçäîâ èçÑî÷è” – SeiZleba moiZebnos misamarTze: http://www.kavkazweb.net/news/news.cgi?action=view&nid=01&yy=2004&mm=9&dd= 13&message_id=1095100970154196zbrjYiB7KCpmZ.109 “Ñàìîïðîâîçãëàøåííûé ôàëüñòàðò”110 11 oqtombers afxazeTis cesko-m gamoacxada, rom xmebis 50,08 pro-centis dagrovebiT baRafSma gaimarjva. 28 oqtombers afxazeTis uzenaesmasasamarTlom arCevnebis Sedegebi daamtkica, magram meore dRes xajimbasmomxreebis zewolis gamo iZulebuli gaxda gadawyvetileba Seecvala. 12noembers baRafSis momxreebma SturmiT aiRes samTavrobo Senobebi da 15noembramde dakavebuli hqondaT.


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aRiarebaze. amas mohyva arastabilurobis xangrZlivi periodidrodadro Zaladobriv moqmedebebSi gadazrdis saSiSroebiT.im pirobebSi, roca yvela msxvilma saerTaSoriso organizaciamda sazRvargareTis qveynebma arCevnebi ukanonod aRiares,ruseTi kvlav Suamavlis rolSi gamovida. is mainc sakuTarimiznebisaTvis iRvwoda, cdilobda baRafSis gamarjvebisdelegitimizacias da axali arCevnebis organizebas, romelSicSeiZleboda xajimbas gamarjvebisaTvis mieRwia. ruseTis maRaliTanamdebobis pirebma orive kandidati moskovSi miiwvies daaxali arCevnebis Catareba daJinebiT mosTxoves, razecbaRafSma da misma momxreebma uari ganacxades; amtkicebdnen,rom arCevnebSi gamarjveba moipoves da es gamarjveba afxazeTisparlamentma, centralurma saarCevno komisiam da uzenaesmasasamarTlom aRiares. isini dekembris dasawyisSi apirebdnenbaRafSis inauguraciis Catarebas. maSin moskovma soxumSimiavlina afxazeTis mkvidri nodar xaSba, romelic ruseTissagangebo situaciebis saministroSi sergei SoigusTan mu-Saobda. arZinbam is premier-ministrad daniSna da mis winaSeeleqtoraluri Cixis gadalaxvis amocana daayena. xaSbasdaniSvnam, romelic respublikis farglebs gareT didi xnisganmavlobaSi cxovrobda da afxazeTSi saxalxo mxardaWeriTar sargeblobda, afxazeTis elitaSi axali antirusuli pro-testi gamoiwvia.

ruseTma ekonomikur zemoqmedebasac mimarTa. Tavda-pirvelad krasnodaris mxaris gubernatori aleqsandre tkaCovigamovida gancxadebiT, sadac mouwodebda, rom afxazeTsa daruseTs Soris sazRvari CaeketaT “sasazRvro zolSi ruseTisnacionaluri usafrTxoebis pirdapiri saSiSroebis gamo,” misiregionis CaTvliT.111 tkaCovma xazi gausva imas, rom sazRvrisdaketva pirdapir aisaxeba afxazur ekonomikaze, “turistuliindustriis SeCerebis gamowveviT da sazRvarTan soflismeurneobis produqtebiT vaWrobis Seferxebis Sedegad

111 krasnodaris mxaris gubernatoris gancxadebam adgilobrivi opoziciasagonebelSi Caagdo. _ Regnum.ru, 2004 wlis 24 noemberi.

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afxazeTis aTasobiT moqalaqe Semosavlis gareSe darCeba”.112

tkaCovis gadawyvetilebam baRafSis momxreebSi aRSfoTeba daSiSi gamoiwvia. 19 noembers, rodesac sazRvris gadakveTisSezRudvebi realurad SemoiRes, xalxs Tavzari daeca. gavr-celda xmebi imis Sesaxebac, rom ruseTi afxazeTSi jarisgamogzavnas apirebda, magram es, cxadia, usafuZvlo Worigamodga.

mis nacvlad putinma ori maRalCinosani Zalovani _ ruseTisgeneraluri prokuroris moadgile vladimer kolesnikovi,romelic adre afxazeTSi cxovrobda da iq kargad iyo cnobilida Sinagan saqmeTa saministros pirveli moadgile aleqsandreCekalini _ xajimbasa da baRafSs Soris Suamavlis saxiTgagzavna. orive maTganTan pirveli Sexvedris Semdeg kom-promisze wasvlis miniSnebac ki ar warmoSobila. amjerad amasruseTis premier-ministr genadi bukaevisagan sazRvrisdaketvis muqara mohyva.113 swored bukaevi daemuqra afxazebs:“Tu baRafSi Tavis arakonstituciur qmedebebs ganagrZobs (sxvasityvebiT, inauguracias Caatarebs), ruseTsa da afxazeTsSoris sazRvari Caiketeba”.114 ruseTis mTavrobam aseve droebiTSeaCera afxazeTsa da soWs Soris sarkinigzo mimosvla. yvelaes zoma destabilizaciis potenciuri safrTxisagan “ruseTismoqalaqeebis dacviT” iyo gamarTlebuli.115 sainteresoa imisaRniSvna, rom am gadawyvetilebam sruli ignorireba gaukeTaafxazeTSi mcxovrebi ruseTis moqalaqeebis interesebs,romelTa dacvasac ruseTis mTavroba araerTgzis kisrulobda.

112 ”krasnodaris mxaris gubernatoris gancxadebam adgilobrivi opoziciasagonebelSi Caagdo”.113 anatoli gudenko. afxazeTs gadasaxadebis specialistebma mohkidesxeli. – Íåçàâèñèìàÿ ãàçåòà, 2004 wlis 24 noemberi.114 Russia Blockades Abkhazia. – Alternatives, December 1, 2004, http://www.alternatives.ca/article1568.html.115 saxelmwifo dumaSi mTavrobis warmomadgenlis andrei logunovisgancxadeba. Semdeg man aRniSna: “ruseTs ar surs, rom afxazeTSi, sadacpolitikuri krizisi SesaZloa sisxlian konfliqtSi gadaizardos, misimoqalaqeebi iyvnen”. ix. “Ãðóçèÿ âûñòóïàåò ïðîòèâ âìåøàòåëüñòâà Ðîññèè âäåëàÀáõàçèè”, 3 äåêàáðÿ 2004 ãîäà, http://www.kavkaz.memo.ru/newstext/news/id/736646.html


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4-5 dekembers, baRafSis mier dagegmil inauguraciamde,molaparakebebis bolo raundi Catarda.116 amjerad kompromissmiaRwies. SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebda imas, rom axali arCevnebi13 ianvramde Catardeboda, baRafSi prezidentobaze iyridakenWs, xajimba ki _ vice- prezidentobaze. am kompromismabaRafSisa da xajimbas momxreebad mkveTrad gayofili afxa-zeTis sazogadoeba SeaZrwuna. magram is daZabulobis moxsnasada 12 ianvars mSvidobiani kenWisyris Catarebis uzrun-velyofaSi daexmara. baRafSma 90%-ze meti xmiT damajerebeligamarjveba moipova.117

baRafSma realuri Zalaufleba miiRo, xajimbam ki mniSv-nelovan xarisxad _ simboluri Tanamdeboba. miuxedavadadrindeli imedebisa, baRafSma uaryo cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, romusafrTxoebisa da sagareo politikis yvela sakiTxs kurirebasxajimba gauwevda. Tqva, rom yvela strategiul gadawyvetilebasprezidenti miiRebda, vice-prezidenti ki mxolod operatiulsakiTxebze gascemda pasuxs. metic, rodesac baRafSma, moskovisSedavebismiuxedavad, nodar xaSba gadaayena da premier-mi-nistrad aleqsandre anqvabi daniSna, amiT Tavisi Zalauflebiskonsolidacia moaxdina. kavSiri baRafSsa da arZinbas klaniswarmomadgenel xajimbas Soris, SesaZloa, winaaRmdegobaTa wyaromomavalSic gaxdes, radgan es ori adamiani interesebis sxvadasxvajgufs warmoadgens da saeWvoa namdvili mokavSireoba SeZlon.maT Soris Semdgomma daZabulobam afxazeTi SeiZleba ara-stabilurobis gagrZelebamde miiyvanos da Sida reformebisganxorcielebis, Tavisi de faqto institutebis gaZlierebisa da

116 am molaparakebebSi monawileobdnen baRafSi, xajimba, xaSba asevekolesnikovi da ruseTis saxelmwifo dumis spikeris moadgile sergeibaburini. mxareebi “afxazeTis respublikaSi nacionaluri erTobismiRwevis zomebze” SeTanxmdnen. mas xeli moawera arZinbam, rogorcprezidentma.117 centraluri saarCevno komisiis Tavmjdomaris baTal tabaRuasmoxsenebiT mTavar da damatebiT siebSi Seiyvanes 129 298 amomrCeveli,kenWis yraSi monawileoba 75 691 adamianma miiRo, anu 90,1 procentmabaRafSs misca xma. 3 467 adamianma, anu 4,5 procentma ki _ prezidentobisalternatiul kandidat iakub lakobas.

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saqarTvelosTan konfliqtis daregulirebis saSualeba ar misces.am periodSi ruseTis moqmedebebidan Semdegi daskvnebis

gakeTeba SeiZleba. rogorc bevri rusi politikosi ganmartavda,saarCevno procesSi ruseTis aqtiuri Careva

samma faqtorma ganapiroba: pirveli, afxazeTSi aras-tabiluroba an Zaladoba SesaZlo iyo ruseTis CrdiloeTkavkasiis regionebSi gadasuliyo; meore, afxazeTis mcxovrebTaumetesoba oficialurad ruseTis moqalaqe iyo; mesame,ruseTis moqalaqeebsa da kompaniebs am regionSi arsebiTiekonomikuri interesebi gaaCndaT. zemoT CamoTvlili faqto-rebi SeiZleba arCevnebis Sedegebisadmi ruseTis interesiserTgvari gamarTleba iyos, metadre kerZo pirebsa da mewar-meebs Soris. saarCevno procesSi ruseTis mTavrobis aqtiuriCareva gaeros egidiT mimdinare qarTul-afxazur samSvidoboprocesSi misi, rogorc Suamavlis, erT-erTi mTavari rolis gamoSeuTavsebelia. im periodis movlenebma cxadad aCvena, romruseTis politikis mamoZravebel Sida impulsebsa da imsaerTaSoriso valdebulebebs Soris, romlebic man Tavis TavzeaiRo, winaaRmdegoba arsebobs. da mainc, ruseTis mier afxa-zeTis arCevnebis dros wamowyebulma moqmedebebma mniSvne-lovani gavlena ver moaxdina saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mierqarTul-afxazur samSvidobo procesSi misi erT-erT ZiriTadSuamaval pirad aRqmaze, albaT ufro im mizeziTac, rom ruseTiafxazur mxareze erTaderTi zemoqmedebis realuri berketebisSenarCunebas ganagrZobs.

magram ruseTis gavlena garkveul farglebs ar scildeba daamaSia afxazuri arCevnebis meore aSkara Sedegi. saarCevno procesSiruseTis Careva situaciis stabilizaciis CarCoebidan gamovida dagadaiqca daJinebul mcdelobad, pirdapir ganesazRvra arCevnebisSedegebi. miuxedavad ruseTsa da afxazeTis sazogadoebas Sorismravalwliani mWidro urTierTobebisa, moskovma xelisuflebaSixajimbas moyvana mainc ver SeZlo.

ruseTis gavlenis farglebi ar SeiZleba mxolod geo-politikiT aixsnas. 2004 wlis noember-dekemberSi ukrainaSiCatarebuli arCevnebisagan gansxvavebiT, ruseTi erTaderTi


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gareSe piri iyo, romelic afxazeTSi arCevnebis sabolooSedegebze zemoqmedebas cdilobda.

ar SeiZleba es farglebi resursebis ukmarisobiT aixsnas.maTi mizezi ufro imaT arakompetenturobaSi imaleba, vincruseTis strategias SeimuSavebda da cxovrebaSi atarebda. amxalxs afxazi eris gageba, maTi da maTive miswrafebebispativiscema aSkarad aklda. Tumca Zneli kia afxazeTissaprezidento arCevnebSi ruseTis politikis arqiteqtoriszusti dasaxeleba. ruseTis gazeTebi amtkiceben rom xajimbasmxardaWeris strategia prezidentis administraciis saerTa-Soriso politikis ganyofilebaSi SeimuSaves.118 maT Soris, visacmogvianebiT “zaralis aRmofxvrisaken” mouwodes, nacio-nalisti politikosebisa da Zalovnebisagan Semdgari pirebisis Cveulebrivi kombinacia iyo, romlebic ruseTis afxazeTTandamokidebulebas gansazRvraven.

rogorc aseTi, Suamavlobas axorcielebdnen sergei babu-rini, cnobili imiT, rom dumaSi didxans TanmimdevrobiT icavdaafxazebis interesebs da Zalovnebi _ vladimer kolesnkovida aleqsandre Cekalini. krasnodaris gubernatorma tkaCovma,romelic sazRvris daketviT imuqreboda, aseve mniSvnelovaniroli iTamaSa. Tumca prezidenti putini maTi saqmisgandistancirebas Seecada, imis mtkicebiT, rom isini damo-ukideblad moqmedebdnen. cxadi gaxda, rom maT ruseTisinteresebis im damcvelebad aRiqvamdnen, vic qveynis gavlenisSenarCunebasa da gamyarebas cdilobda.

moskovSi politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas erT-gvari SiSi gaCnda, Sesabamisad, ver moxerxda maTi koordinireba.

118 Íåçàâèñèìàÿ ãàçåòà iuwyeboda, rom afxazeTSi arCevnebTan dakavSirebiTruseTis politikaze prezidentis administraciaSi saerTaSorisopolitikis ganyofileba iyo pasuxismgebeli. am ganyofilebis dsT-isqveynebTan urTierTobebis qvedanayofis xelmZRvanelma aleqseisitninma didi dro gaatara afxazeTSi. aseve ityobineboda, rom ruseTisZalovnebi ruseTis politikaze seriozul gavlenas axdendnen. ÀíàòîëèéÃîðäèåíêî è Íàòàëèÿ Ìåëüíèêî_âà. Ñàìîïðîâîçãëàøåííûé ôàëüñòàðò. – Íåçàâèñèìàÿãàçåòà, 5 îêòÿáðÿ 2004 ãîäà.

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sagareo saqmeTa saministro winaaRmdegobriv gancxadebebsakeTebda, jer amtkicebda, rom ruseTi afxazeTSi Tavisinteresebs daicavda, Semdeg ki mTavrobis muqara sanqciebisgamoyenebis Sesaxeb aRkveTa.119

sagareo saqmeTa saministro, romelic sajarod uWerdamxars saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas da soxumisgacxarebuli krizisis dros Jenevis SexvedrebSi monawileobda,Zalovnebma kvlav gverdze gadaswies. gaeros egidiT mimdinaresamSvidobo procesis CarCoebSi ruseTis mier aRebuli saerTa-Soriso valdebulebebis ignorirebiT Zalovnebs afxazeTSimkacri xazis gatareba surdaT. miuxedavad amisa, ar SeiZlebapozitiurad ar vaRiaroT is, rom arCevnebis Sedegebis gamouTanxmoeba msxvilmasStabian ZaladobaSi ar gadaizarda daruseTis metad arastabilur CrdiloeT kavkasiis regionebSiar gavrcelda. amasTan, ruseTis monawileoba samxedro zewolisgareSe iyo ganxorcielebuli. im mokle periods Tu ar CavTvliT,rodesac sazRvari daketili iyo, Tumca ruseTsa da afxazeTsSoris ekonomikuri urTierTobebi ar Sewyvetila.

dabolos, saarCevno procesSi ruseTis Careva afxazeTismosaxleobisa da politikuri elitis farTo kritikis saganigaxda. orive mixvda, rom ruseTTan nebismieri arsebiTiintegracia politikuri Tavisuflebis, aseve sasurveliliderebis arCevis uflebis, samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa daTavisufali presis ganviTarebis Semcirebis niSani iqneba. TumcaafxazeTis sazogadoebis didi nawili jer kidev ar arisdemokratiuli faseulobebis matarebeli; afxazeTis, rogorc“araRiarebuli” qveynis, mZime cxovrebam mas erTobis grZnobagaumZafra. amiT gansxvavdeba afxazeTi mezobeli ruseTis bevrisxva regionisagan, romlebic uwindeburad federalur centrze

119 sagareo saqmeTa saministros warmomadgenelma aleqsandre iakovenkomganacxada, rom ruseTi Tavis interesebs daicavs afxazeTSi (Íåçàâèñèìàÿãàçåòà, 2 äåêàáðÿ 2004 ãîäà). sagareo saqmeTa saministros informaciulidepartamentis ufrosis moadgile mixeil troianskim daadastura, romafxazeTTan sazRvris daketvis sakiTxi sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi arganxilula (Íåçàâèñèìàÿ ãàçåòà, 2 äåêàáðÿ 2004 ãîäà).


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arian damokidebuli da mzad arian ekonomikuri subsidiebissanacvlod TavianTi politikuri avtonomiis SezRudvasdaTanxmdnen. baRafSi, romelmac Sida kanonmdeblobis harmo-nizaciiT ruseTTan ekonomikur kavSirebze mzadyofna ga-acxada, roca saqme politikur kavSirebs exeba, TavSekavebulixdeba.120 amave dros arCevnebis Semdeg ruseTis pasportebTanerTad Sida, afxazuri pasportebis gacemiT afxazeTis po-litikuri damoukideblobis simboloebis gamyareba daiwyo.121

jerjerobiT ki putinis Sida politikaSi mzardi avto-ritaruli tendenciebi afxazeTis SigniT mimdinare procesebssul ufro emijneba.arCevnebma aCvena, rom afxazeTis samo-qalaqo sazogadoeba korumpirebuli liderebis winaaRmdeg,ranair patriotul droSebsac ar unda afrialebdnen isini,saprotesto gamosvlebisaTvis mzadaa. Tu es tendenciebigagrZelda, SesaZloa ruseTTan daaxloeba aRqmul iqnas,rogorc afxazebis nacionaluri miswrafebebis TandaTandasamareba.

magram es mainc ar niSnavs imas, rom afxazur-rusulurTierTobebs didi cvlilebebi elis. afxazeTis saerTaSorisoaRiarebisa da qarTul-afxazur urTierTobebSi uaxloes droSiarsebiTi gaumjobesebis uperspeqtivobisa, ruseTi afxa-zeTisaTvis kvlav politikuri da ekonomikuri mxardaWerismTavar wyarod rCeba.

ukrainis “narinjisferi revoluciisgan” gansxvavebiT, sadacsaerTaSoriso sazogadoeba im demokratiul Zalebs uWerdamxars, arCevnebis falsifikaciis winaaRmdeg protests romacxadebdnen, afxazeTSi saerTaSoriso monawileobis arqona

120 Íåçàâèñèìàÿ ãàçåòà-sTvis micemul interviuSi sergei baRafSma ganacxada:“afxazeTis xalxi Camoyalibda imaSi, rom Cven damoukidebeli saxelmwifogvaqvs. amitom ruseTTan daaxloebas jer mxolod ekonomikiT daviwyebT”.Íåçàâèñèìàÿ ãàçåòà, 21 ÿíâàðÿ 2005 ãîäà, http://www.ng.ru/printed/courier/2005!01!24/9_georgia.html.121 baRafSis sityvebiT, afxazeTi Sida pasportebis gacemis dawyebas 2005wlis marti-aprilisaTvis gegmavda. ix. “Âåñíîé ýòîãî ãîäà â Àáõàçèè íà÷íåòñÿââåäåíèå âíóòðåííèõ ïàñïîðòîâ”,http://www.kavkaz.memo.ru/newstext/news/id/760564.html.

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rogorc Signidan, ise garedan arCevnebiT Ria manipulirebisSesaZleblobas iZleva. metic, saqarTvelos axali xelm-ZRvanelobis konstruqciuli strategiis uqonloba afxazeTissaerTaSoriso izolaciasTan dakavSirebiT, afxazuri elitisim fenebisaTvis, romlebic ruseTis mxridan zewolis gamoukmayofiloni iyvnen, manevrirebis viwro ares tovebs.

kremlis qmedebebma ruseTis politikur elitSi mwvavedebatebi warmoSva. regionuli problemebis eqspertebma(sergei aruTinovi, aleqsei malaSenko da ala iazkova), libe-ralurma politikosebma (irina xakamada da valeri goregliadi)da tradiciulad prokremlurma analitikosebma (sergeimakarovi da stanislav belkovski) afxazeTis arCevnebSimoskovis taqtika mwvaved gaakritikes.122 am kritikis miu-xedavad, 2004 wlis Semodgomaze, ukrainis saprezidentoarCevnebis dros, ruseTis liderebma im Secdomebidan kvlavbevri gaimeores.

ruseTis politikuri kontrolidan afxazeTis gamosvlamxolod im SemTxvevaSi moxdeba, Tu saqarTvelo afxazisazogadoebisaTvis imis demonstrirebas SeZlebs, rom isafxazeTis nacionalur gadarCenas ukve safrTxes ar uqmnis.prezidentma saakaSvilma da saqarTvelos mTavrobam esjerjerobiT ver gaakeTes, Tumca afxazeTis arCevnebis drosmoskovSi daSvebuli Secdomebi TbilisSi zedmiwevniT fiq-sirdeboda. rogorc bevri qarTveli komentatori aRniSnavda,ruseTis kontroli afxazeTze _ rac aqamde bevrs sworimiaCnda, metwilad miTi aRmoCnda. problema isaa, rom qarTvelmaliderebma jer ver miagnes ruseTis sisusteebidan saqarT-velosTvis sargeblobis miRebis xerxs _ sxva sityvebiT romvTqvaT, gaixsnas gza soxumTan axali, konstruqciuli dia-logisTvis.123

122 am misamarTis Sesabamisad: http://grani.ru/Politics/World/Europe/Georgia/p.81031.html; http://www.ng.ru/printed/cis/2004!12!07/_abkhazia.html; aseve http://www.ng.ru/politics/ 2004!10!18/2_abhazia. html.123 paata zaqareiSvili, “axali Svidi dRe”, 8-14 oqtomberi, 2004 w.


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nabiji win: status-kvo-dan gamosvla?

saqarTvelosa da afxazeTs Soris SeiaraRebuli konfliqtisSemdeg damyarebul status-kvos SenarCunebas “gayinuligaurkvevlobis” aT welze meti xnis rusuli strategia daexmara.am rolma SeaZlebina ruseTs ara mxolod SeenarCunebinaregionSi yofna da gavlena, aramed xeli Seewyo afxazeTisfaqtobrivi saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkicebisTvis. TumcaruseTis politikam praqtikulad konfliqti ver daaregulira,magram ubralo afxazebs daculobis grZnoba Seuqmna daekonomikurad gadarCenis saSualeba misca. aseve Tavidan aicilaSesaZlo destabilizacia CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi.

amave dros ruseTis politika qarTuli suverenitetisganviTarebis arsebiTi dabrkoleba gaxda. saqarTvelo wlebisganmavlobaSi iZulebuli iyo, Tavis saSinao saqmeebSi ruseTisCarevas Serigeboda da droebiT adgilnacvali pirebis dax-marebis tvirTi etarebina. politikur molaparakebebSi prog-resis ararsebobis miuxedavad, saqarTveloSi, afxazeTsa daruseTSi didi cvlilebebi moxda. prezidenti saakaSviliCixidan gamosavlis povnis mtkice imediTaa aRsavse. aseveafxazeTi ufro gawaful strategias atarebs, ruseTze naklebdamokidebuli xdeba da Tavisi nacionaluri miznebisaTvisiRvwis.

ruseTis politikam saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi mZimegamocda ukve gaiara 2004 wlis gazafxulsa da zafxulSi, aWarisada samxreT oseTis movlenebis dros. ufro mniSvnelovania is,rom ruseTis qmedebebma 2004 wlis Semodgomaze, afxazuriarCevnebis dros, gamoaaSkarava misi Zalauflebis SezRu-duloba da marjved koordinirebuli politikis gatarebisuunaroba. Sedegad, ruseTma afxazuri elitis ndoba dakarga,romelic axla ufro uxalisod midis moskovTan politikurdaaxloebaze. ruseTis gavlena afxazeTze ekonomikur xasiaTsatarebs da ase darCeba manam, sanam saqarTvelo da saerTaSorisosazogadoebrioba ar gadawyveten uari Tqvan afxazeTisizolaciis mcdelobaze da ar SeimuSaveben axal strategias,

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romliTac am regionisTvis ufro farTo ekonomikur SesaZ-leblobebs gaxsnian im imediT, rom aseTi saxiT Serigebiskenmimavali politikuri dialogisTvis ufro myari saZirkveliCaiyreba. marTlac, Semobrunebis msgavsi niSnebi SeiZlebaafxazeTis ekonomikis aRdgenaSi evrosabWos mzard wvlilSidainaxo da qarTuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebis xmebSicsaqarTvelos mTavrobis mxridan ndobis calmxrivi zomebismowodeba gaismis. ruseTi uwindeburad mxolod samSvidoboprocesis sakiTxebze reagirebs, ZiriTadad moqmedi pirebisrTuli nakrebis gamo da xSirad sawinaaRmdegoa Sexedulebebimis strategiul interesebze. arsebuli tendenciis Senar-Cunebis SemTxvevaSi ruseTi SesaZloa ufro metad marginalurigaxdes, Tu saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba kavkasiis “gayinulikonfliqtebis” daregulirebaSi ufro aqtiuri rolis TamaSsgadawyvets.


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saqarTvelos usafrTxoeba da

dasavleTis roli

damien eli da giorgi gogia

dasavleTi miesalma mixeil saakaSvilis, rogorc refor-mebze orientirebuli demokratis, prezidentad arCevas 2004wlis ianvarSi im imediT, rom miuxedavad uamravi politikurisirTulisa, is SeZlebda Tavisi qveynis warmarTvas stabi-lurobis, usafrTxoebisa da ganviTarebis gziT. ramdenime TvisSemdeg misma Zaladobrivma aqciam samxreT oseTSi cxadyo, romdasavleTis imedebi ramdenadme gadaWarbebuli iyo. saakaSvilisrevoluciuri warmateba ar niSnavda, rom is aucilebladSeZlebda imave warmatebiT qveynis institutebis refor-mirebas. axal elitas memkvidreobiT ergo susti saxelmwifo,sadac korufcias Rrmad hqonda fesvebi gadgmuli. dasavleTmasaTanadod ver Seafasa es problemebi. misi interesebi regionSididi xnis manZilze Zalian viwrod iyo gansazRvruli. yoveliveaman gamoiwvia situaciis araswori da gaurkveveli Sefaseba,rogorc gareSe subieqtebs Soris, ise – saqarTvelos xelis-uflebis SigniT.

pirveli gaugebroba Seexeboda dasavleTis interesisintensivobas. miuxedavad saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiisgeopolitikuri mniSvnelobisa, arc erTia SeerTebuli Sta-tebisa da evrokavSirisTvis pirvelxarisxovani interesissagani.1 dasavleTis politika regionSi status-kvos Senar-

Tavi 6

1 Fiona Hill, “A Not-So-Grand Strategy: United States Policy in the Caucasus and CentralAsia since 1991,” http://www.brook.edu/dybdocroot/views/articles/fhill/2001politique.htm.This paper is the English version of a contribution to Politique étrangère, no. 1 (February2001), pp. 95–108.

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Cunebisa da axali konfliqtebis acilebisken iyo mimarTuli.Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom maT bolomde verc mSvidobisSenarCuneba da verc amierkavkasiisTvis usafrTxoebis erTianiCarCos Seqmna SeZles.2

saqarTvelos urTierTobebi aSS-sa da evrokavSirTan,aseve, emyareboda sxva araswor intepretaciebs. sabWoTakavSiris daSlis Semdeg rogorc dasavleTi, iseve sa-qarTvelo, cdilobda saerTo enis gamonaxvas urTier-Tinteresis gamosaxatavad. iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaahumanitaruli da finansuri daxmareba, maT, nawilobriv,miaRwies warmatebas. Tumca, sxva mniSvnelovan sferoebSikomunikacia da urTierT-gagebis xarisxi dabali iyo. amtendenciis axsna ramdenime faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiTSeiZleba.

pirveli, qarTuli elita moklevadiani sargebliT iyodainteresebuli, rodesac dasavleTi, gansakuTrebiT ki,evrokavSiri, cdilobda grZelvadiani, mdgradi programebisganxorcielebas. SevardnaZis prezidentobisas, politikuri dasamTavrobo stabilurobis nakleboba korumpirebul saxel-mwifo moxeleebs umokles xanSi maqsimaluri sargeblisZiebisken ubiZgebda. usafrTxoebis problemebi da Zaladoba,agreTve, CeCneTis konfliqtTan dakavSirebiT ruseTispolitikuri zewola, zrdida politikur destabilizacias daaqezebda viwro, TviTgamorCenisken mimarTul qmedebebs.Sedegad, dasavleTi aRmoCnda iseT rTul situaciaSi, rodesacZneli iyo grZelvadiani gadawyvetilebebis lobireba, TuqarTuli saxelmwifo moxeleebi moklevadian piradul sarge-bels ver moipovebdnen.

2 evrokavSirisa da aSS-s politika xandaxan gansxvavebulicaa saqarT-veloSi. magaliTad, 1999 wels evrokavSiri mkacrad ewinaaRmdegebodaaSS-isa da msoflio bankis gegmebs strategiulad mniSvnelovani foTisportis privatizaciis Sesaxeb. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom, rogorc wesi,evropa da amerika cdilobda amierkavkasiaSi politikis koordinaciasada pasuxismgeblobis tvirTis gadanawilebas, ormxrivi da mravalmxrivipolitikis kombinaciis gziT.

saqarTvelos usafrTxoeba da dasavleTis roli

358

meore, verc SeerTebuli Statebi da verc dasavleT evropaver daeyrdnoboda saqarTvelosTan axlo urTierTobis isto-riul gamocdilebas. zogierTi dasavluri saxelmwifo moklexniT iyo dainteresebuli saqarTveloTi 1921 wlis sabWoTaaneqsiamde.3 am saerTo istoriuli gamocdilebis naklebobisgamo dasavleTi da saqarTvelo, mimdinare politikis gansa-zRvrisas, ver iyeneben warsul gamocdilebas. amas Tan erTvisdasavlur qveynebsa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi gada-wyvetilebis miRebis rTuli meqanizmebi. es, gansakuTrebiT,evrokavSirs Seexeba. qarTvelebi, romlebic sabWoTa centra-lizebul politikas arian Cveulni, da naklebad icnobenevropuli integraciis xangrZliv process, imedgacruebiTaRiqvamen, Tu rogor miiReba (an ar miiReba) gadawyvetilebebievrokavSirSi.

mesame, kanonis uzenaesoba sakmaod sustadaa saqarTveloSiganviTarebuli. tradiciebi da araformaluri urTierTobebi,gacilebiT, ufro mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs, vidre kanoniTgaTvaliswinebuli procedurebi. amas garkveuli problemebimohyveba saerTaSoriso daxmarebisa da sxva dasavlel par-tniorebTan TanamSromlobis proeqtebis yoveldRiur ganxor-cielebaSi. saakaSvilis mTavroba cdilobs am problemismogvarebas, magram am praqtikis swrafad aRmofxvra advili ariqneba. dasavleTSi ganaTlebamiRebuli axalgazrda liderebis,romelTac ukeT uwyian kanonis uzenaesobis pativiscemisprincipebi, mosvlas xelisuflebaSi, SesaZloa, mohyves, ammxriv, situaciis gamosworeba. Tumca, unda aRiSnos, rom xSirades axali elita dasavlur da adgilobriv auditorias gansxva-vebulad esaubreba. magaliTad, saakaSvili, gacilebiT, ufronacionalistur da populistur ritorikas iyenebs, roca is

3 S. Neil MacFarlane, “Caucasus and Central Asia: Towards a Non-Strategy,” Geneva Centerfor Security Policy Occasional Paper Series no. 37 (Geneva: Geneva Center for SecurityPolicy, 2002), http://www.gcsp.ch/e/publications/Occ-papers/2002/37-MacFarlane.pdf;Musa Gasimli, “The Role of the United States in the South Caucasus 1917–1918,” CaspianCrossroadsMagazine, vol. 6, no. 3 (2003), http://www.usazerbaijancouncil.org/caspiancrossroads/current.html#4.


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adgilobriv auditorias mimarTavs, vidre, roca is saer-TaSoriso msmenels esaubreba.4

saqarTvelosa da dasavleTs Soris arsebuli meoTxegaurkvevloba ukavSirdeba orive mxaris mier gadaWarbebulmolodinebs. esaubrebian ra TavianT kavkasiel kolegebsamierkavkasiis strategiul geopolitikur mniSvnelobaze,dasavleTi politikuri da samxedro daxmarebis ararea-listuri molodinebis warmoSobas uwyobs xels. samxreT oseTsada afxazeTSi samxedro marcxis gancdis Semdeg qarTvelebi didimedebs amyareben dasavleTis mier Sida usafrTxoebisproblemebis mogvarebaze, risi gadawyvetac Tavad ver SeZles.aSkaraa, rom saqarTvelo mougvarebeli Sida konfliqtebiTa daukontrolo teritoriebiT ver iqneba mzad Crdilo-atlan-tikur aliansSi gasawevrianeblad. magram, miuxedavad imisa, romTbilisma 2002 wels Seitana natoSi gawevrianebis oficialurimoTxovna, arc am organizaciis mier xdeba mkafiod gansazRvra,Tu ra grZelvadiani perspeqtivebi SeiZleba hqondes sa-qarTvelos. Tumca, 2004 wlis Semodgomaze individualuripartniorobis samoqmedo gegmis (IPAP) miReba, erTgvarad,imedismomcemia.

rac Seexeba evrokavSirs, mas wevroba, ra Tqma unda, arSeuTavazebia da rom ara 2003 wlis noembris movlenebi,saqarTvelo “axal samezoblo politikaSic” ver moxvdeboda.5

Tumca, wevrobis perspeqtiva ZiriTadi berketia, romelicbriusels gaaCnia saqarTveloSi institucionaluri re-

4 magaliTad, afxazeTis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, prezidenti saakaSvilisaerTaSoriso sazogadoebis winaSe inglisurad gamosvlisas calsaxadkonfliqtis mSvidobian gadaWras uWers mxars. saqarTveloSi qarTuliauditoriisadmi mimarTvisas ki is ufro agresiulia am sakiTxTandakavSirebiT, rac xSirad kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs mSvidobianimeTodebis ualternativobas.5 evrokavSiris es politikuri CarCo 2003 wels iqna SemuSavebuli damoicavda gazrdili evrokavSiris yvela geografiulad mosazRvreqveyanas (garda TurqeTisa da balkaneTis im saxelmwifoebisa, romlebicevrokavSiris wevrobis kandidatebi arian da, Sesabamisad, evrokavSirispolitikis arsebul CarCoSi xvdebian).


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formebis stimulirebisaTvis. axali samezoblo iniciativisfarglebSi evrokavSiri ufro mWidro TanamSromlobis pers-peqtivebs sTavazobs im qveynebs, romlebic evrokavSirismiznebis Sesabamis politikas ganaxorcieleben. Tumca, saeWvoa,aris Tu ara sakmarisi aseTi zogadi perspeqtivebi qarTulipolitikuri elitisTvis arapopularuli reformebis gansa-xorcieleblad.

amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma energoproeqtebis mxar-daWeriT saqarTveloSi didi imedebis warmoSobas Seuwyo xeli,magram ar arsebobs garantia, rom mxolod navTobisa da gazisproeqtebi iqneba sakmarisi saqarTvelos keTildReobisTvis.es proeqtebi, TavisTavad, ver SeZlebs sxva ucxouri inves-ticiebis mozidvas, sanam ar moxdeba sxva mniSvnelovanipirobebis dakmayofileba, rogoricaa samarTlebrivi daekonomikuri reformebi, an Sida teritoriuli konfliqtebismogvareba. vaSingtoni gansakuTrebulad usvams xazs saqarT-velos mniSvnelobas regionSi da (sityvierad mainc) gamodis misdasacavad, roca rusTidan momavali zewola autaneli xdeba.Tumca, amasTan erTad, aSS saqarTvelos ruseTTan urTi-erTobisas ufro drekadi politikisken mouwodebs. amerikulixedviT, saqarTvelo mudmivad iqneba damokidebuli ruseTzemraval sferoSi da mas sxva gza ar aqvs, Tu ara Zlier mezobelTankonstruqciuli TanamSromloba. mokled, saqarTvelos xeli-suflebas, rogorc Cans, sjera, rom dasavleTis ZiriTadimizania saqarTvelos evro-atlantikur sivrceSi gawevrianebisxelSewyoba, maSin, roca dasavleTis prioritetia saqarTvelosmier Sidapolitikuri problemebis mogvareba da ruseTTan dasxva mezobel saxelmwifoebTan TanamSromlobiT qveynis Sidada regionaluri stabilurobis miRweva.

1990-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi dasavleTis usafrTxoebispolitika saqarTveloSi sami ZiriTadi miznis miRwevas emsa-xureboda: energogadazidvebis usafrTxoeba, Sidakonf-liqtebis mogvarebiT regionaluri stabilurobisa da inte-graciis miRweva da qarTuli saxelmwifos gaZliereba. esusafrTxoebis amocanebi mWidro urTierTkvSirSia. yvela am


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sakiTxis ganxilva xdeba mravalmxrivi da ormxrivi forumebisCarCoebSi, sadac saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis problemebismosagvareblad konkretuli winadadebebi ganixileba, rogorcenergo damoukideblobisa da regionaluri integraciis, ise –saxelmwifo reformebis sakiTxebSic.6 winamdebare TavSi CvenSevecdebiT, ganvixiloT yvela am miznis mniSvneloba saqarT-velos mimarT dasavleTis usafrTxoebis politikis kon-teqstSi.

saqarTvelos dasavleli partniorebi

saqarTvelos ZiriTad “dasavlel partniorebad” SeiZlebaevrokavSiri da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi CaiTvalos.Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom vercerTma maTganma ver SeZlosaqarTvelos mimarT Tanmimdevruli da yovlismomcvelipolitikis SemuSaveba. politika aris sxvadasxva subieqtis,institutisa da saxelmwifos muSaobis Sedegi. amiT aixsneba isfaqti, rom zogierTi maTi gadawyvetileba saqarTveloSiaRiqmeba, rogorc gaurkveveli da SeuTanxmebeli.7

evrokavSiris sagareo politika damokidebulia e.w. insti-tucionalur samkuTxeds – sabWos, komisiasa da parlaments –

6 Stephen J. Blank, U.S. Military Engagement with Transcaucasia and CentralAsia (Carlisle,PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2000), http://www.carlisle.army.mil/pdffiles/PubID=113/7 Jan Zielonka, “Transatlantic Relations: Beyond the CFSP,” in Hall Gardner and RadoslavaStefanova, eds., Russia and China: The Risks of Uncoordinated Transatlantic Strategies(Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2001), pp. 65–80. amierkavkasiaSi dasavleTispolitikaze ixileT, S. Neil MacFarlane, Western Engagement in the Caucasus andCentral Asia (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1999), xolodasavleTis politikis Sesaxeb afxazeTis konfliqtTan mimarTebaSiixileT, Bruno Coppieters, “Western Security Policies and the Georgian–AbkhazConflict,” in Bruno Coppieters, David Darchiashvili, Natella Akaba, eds., Federal Practice:Exploring Alternatives for Georgia and Abkhazia (Brussels: VUB Press, 2000), pp. 21–58. (am statiis rusuli Targmani daibeWda, rogorc: Áðóíî Êîïïèòåðñ. ÏîëèòèêàÇàïàäà â îáëàñòè áåçîïàñíîñòè è ãðóçèíî-àáõàçñêèé êîíôëèêò // Áðóíî Êîïïèòåðñ, ÄàâèäÄàð÷èàøâèëè, Íàòåëëà Àêàáà (ðåä.). Ïðàêòèêà ôåäåðàëèçìà. Ïîèñêè àëüòåðíàòèâ äëÿÃðóçèè è Àáõàçèè. Ì.: Âåñü Ìèð, 1999. C. 18-71, òàêæå ïî àäðåñó: http://poli.vub.ac.be.)


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Soris Sida urTierTobebze. evropuli sabWos roli gani-sazRvreba wevr-saxelmwifoebs Soris politikuri TanamSrom-lobiT, roca isini cdiloben erTiani sagareo politikisSemuSavebas. zogierTi wevri saxelmwifo cdilobs Tavi aaridosamierkavkasiis problemebSi Rrma Carevas.8 evro komisia,romelic xSirad ufro erTiani politikis momxrea, ver gadis imfarglebs gareT, romelsac sabWo awesebs. Tumca, amas xeli arSeuSlia misTvis xandaxan gabeduli sagareo iniciativebiTgamosvlaSi.9 rac Seexeba evropis parlaments, marTalia, isxandaxan sxvadasxva lobis gavlenis qveS eqceva xolme (maga-liTad, somxuri lobi), is, ZiriTadad, mainc amierkavkasiaSievrokavSiris ufro aqtiuri rolis momxrea da cdilobs sabWosam gzisken biZgebas, miuxedavad imisa, rom evropul sazo-gadoebas ar aqvs didi interesi evropis am periferiuliregionis mimarT. evropelTa umravlesobis warmodgeniT,amierkavkasia Soreul mTebs miRma mimaluli teritoriaa, xologadataniTi mniSvnelobiT, problemebis mTebs miRma mde-bareobs.10 jer-jerobiT, evrokavSiri sakmaod susti moTamaSeaamierkavkasiaSi, uTmobs ra pirvelobas calkeul wevr-saxelm-

8 evropelebi amierkavkasias sxvadasxva TvalTaxedviT Sescqerian. erTniyuradRebas amaxvileben rusul da sabWoTa memkvidreobaze, meoreni –eTno-lingvistur faqtorebze; zogi kavkasias evropis nawilad miiCnevs,sxvebi upiratesobas mis farTo kaspiis zRvis auzSi CarTvas aniWeben. ammidgomaTa ufro detaluri analizi ixileT, Damien Helly, “The Role of theEU in the Security of the South Caucasus: A Compromised Specificity?” Connections,vol. 1, no. 3 (July2002), pp. 67–76, http://pfpconsortium.org/parser.cgi?file=/infopages/pubs_en.htm.9 evropis komisiis, rogorc saerTaSoriso aqtorisa da misi sagareopolitikis kompetenciebis Sesaxeb (sxva kvlevebs Soris), ixileT, CharlotteBretherton and John Vogler, The European Union as a Global Actor (London: Routledge,1999).10 manam, sanam TurqeTis gawevrianeba gadauwyveteli rCeba, amierkavkasiaar iqneba prioritetuli sakiTxi evrokavSirisaTvis. magram, mas Semdeg,rac TurqeTi evrokavSiris wevri qveyana gaxdeba, is amierkavkasiasTanpirdapir sazRvars SeiZens. ixileT, Christopher Hill, “The GeopoliticalImplications of Enlargement,” EUI Working Paper no. 30 (Florence: European UniversityInstitute, 2000).


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wifoebs, rogoricaa, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi da germania.11

aSS-Si, politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas, saxelm-wifo departaments, Tavisi mravalricxovani sammarTve-loebiTurT, TeTr saxls, erovnuli usafrTxoebis sabWosa daTavdacvis saministros – yvelas Tavisi xedva gaaCnia amier-kavkasiasTan mimarTebaSi, maSin roca, kongresi navTobisa Tuerovnuli lobis zegavleniT, xSirad kidev sxva gadawyve-tilebebis miRebas cdilobs. sxvadaxva prezidentis adminis-traciebi amerikaSi gansxvavebul prioritetebs SeimuSavebda.12

1990-iani wlebis bolomde aSS-is politika gansakuTrebuladgaurkveveli iyo, rac institucionalur gaurkvevlobas dagadawyvetilebis miRebis procesis SeuTanxmeblobas ukavSir-deboda. mxolod bil klintonis meore saprezidento vadisbolos moxda “kaspiis politikis” SemuSaveba. garda amisa, 2001wlis 11 seqtembris teroristuli aqtebis Semdeg sagrZnobladSeicvala aSS-is sagareo politikis prioritetebi. saqarTvelodRes “didi axlo aRmosavleTis” nawilad moiazreba – poten-ciuri teroristuli safrTxis mTavari regioni. saqarTvelosroli, rogorc centraluri aziis karibWisa, zedmiwevniTgaizarda avRaneTisa da erayis saomari kampaniebis Sedegad.separatistuli regionebi saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebuliSeSfoTebis sagani gaxda, vinaidan evropelebic da amerikelebicaq teroristebis potenciur TavSesafars xedaven. am te-roristuli safrTxis gadaWra saqarTvelos erTiani saxelm-wifo reformis farglebSi unda momxdariyo.

11 Dov Lynch, ed., The South Caucasus: A Challenge for the EU, Chaillot Papers no. 65(Paris: Institute for Security Studies, European Union, December 2003), http://www.iss-eu.org/public/content/chaile.html. germania da patara wevri saxelwifoebi ufroaqtiurad uWeren mxars evrokavSiris erTian politikas, vidre –didibritaneTi da safrangeTi (is ruseTTan da aSS-sTan erTad e.w. minskisjgufis wevria, romelsac mTiani yarabaxis konfliqtSi Suamavlis roliakisria).12 Hill, “A Not-So-Grand Strategy.” agreTve ixileT, Simon Serfaty, “Les Etats-Unis,l’Europe et la France,” Revue française de géoéconomie, no. 7 (1998), pp. 125–143; andMichael Brenner, “La diplomatie américaine et la sécurité en Europe,” Le Trimestre duMonde, vol. 30 (1995), pp. 57–69.


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energousafrTxoeba

klintonis administraciidan moyolebuli, vaSingtonismidgoma kaspiis zRvis navTobisa da gazis transportirebisganviTarebisadmi ufro metad geopolitikur gaTvlebsemyareboda — vidre wminda komerciuls.13 1990-iani wlebismeore naxevarSi SeerTebulma Statebma, erovnuli uSiSroebissabWos iniciativiT, azerbaijani-saqarTvelo-TurqeTisnavTobsadens, sxva marSrutebTan SedarebiT, ori ZiriTadimizezis gamo mianiWa upiratesoba: pirveli, ruseTis teritoriisgverdis avla, raTa moskovis zegavlena Semcirebuliyo missamxreTel mezoblebze da meore, vaSingtonis gadawyvetileba– xeli SeeSala iranisTvis, kaspiis energoresursebis tran-zitiT sargeblobaSi.14 am ori mizezis garda, aSS-is oficialuripirebi moqmedebdnen im gaTvliT, rom baqo-Tbilisi-jeihani(bTj) xels Seuwyobda regionSi situaciis stabilizacias,konfliqtebis Semcirebis da ara stimulirebis xarjze.milsadenis es proeqti, agreTve, erTgvari kompensacia iyoTurqeTisaTvis aSS-isgan, 1991 wlis sparseTis yureSi saomarimoqmedebebis mxardaWerisTvis da am omis Sedegad garkveulifinansuri danaklisisTvis.15 garda amisa, klintonis admi-

13 emi jefis SeniSvniT, klintonis “kaspiis politika” 1994 wlidanarsebobda, magram misi mniSvneloba gaZlierda 1998 wels regionSi spec.warmomadgenlis daniSvniT. ixileT, Amy Jaffe, “U.S. Policy towards the Caspian:Can the Wish-list be Realized?” in Gennady Chufrin, ed., The Security of the Caspian SeaRegion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 136–150.14 Hill, “A Not-So-Grand Strategy.” hilis ganmartebiT, “1996 wlis agvistoSiiranisa da libiis winaaRmdeg sanqciebis gadawyvetilebis miRebiT,romelic awesebda jarimebs iranis navTobisa da gazis industriis msxviliinvestorebisTvis, aSS mkafiod gadavida sparseTis yureSi da sxvaregionebSi, kaspiis CaTvliT, iranis izoliaciis politikaze. Sedegad,1995-96 wlebSi [erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos] analitikosebi gaxdnen aSS-is politikis arqiteqtorebi, romelic iTvaliswinebda ramdenimemilsadenis mSeneblobas kaspiis navTobpoduqtebis eqsportisaTvis, rackavkasiasa da centralur azias daakavSirebda globalur bazarTan dairanTan kavSiri minimumamde iqneboda dayvanili.”15 Hill, “A Not-So-Grand Strategy.”


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nistracia am wamowyebas SeerTebul StatebSi energore-sursebis miwodebis diversifikaciis saWiroebiT asabuTebda,miuxedavad imisa, rom kaspiis navTobi msoflio maragis 5%-zenaklebs Seadgens.

baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis proeqtis ganxor-cieleba rTulad mimdinareobda. bevri msxvili navTobkompaniaTavidan ewinaaRmdegeboda kavkasiur milsadens, miaCndaT ra, romnavTobsadeni ekonomiurad yvelaze momgebiani iranis an ruseTisteritoriis gavliT iqneboda.16 “eqson mobili” (ExxonMobile),mowinave amerikuli kompania azerbaijansa da yazaxeTSi,sabolood mainc ar SeuerTda proeqts. TviT “BP”-ic ki, romelicdRes bTj-is wamyvani Zalaa, didxans ewinaaRmdegeboda amproeqts, magram sabolood dasTanxmda, SeerTebuli StatebismniSvnelovani zewolis Sedegad. 2000 welsac ki, BP-i Siraqisvelidan momavali baqo-sufsa milsadenis gamtarunarianobisgaormagebas aniWebda upiratesobas, vidre bTj-is gayvanas.17

es proeqti arc evrokavSiris bevri qveynisTvis iyooptimaluri. rac Seexeba axal wevrebs, ufro logikuriiqneboda kaspiis navTobis pirdapir Savi zRviT – rumineTis,bulgareTis, an saberZneTis gavliT – importi samxreT evro-paSi, vidre TurqeTisa da xmelTaSua zRvis saSualebiT. magramevrokavSiris erTiani navTobpolitikis ararsebobis gamobriuselma ver SeZlo gadawyvetilebis miRebaze Sesabamisizemoqmedebis moxdena. vinaidan evrokavSiris zogierTi wevriqveyana (rogoricaa, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi da italia),TavianT nacionalur navTobkompaniebTan erTad (Sesabamisad,“BP”, “TotalFinaElf”-i da “ENI”), sargebels xedavda baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis proeqtisa da sxva kaspiuri inves-ticiebidan, maT naklebi interesi hqondaT erTiani energo-geopolitikis SesamuSaveblad.18 aseTi politikis arseboba maT

16 Jaffe, “U.S. Policy towards the Caspian.”17 Jaffe, “U.S. Policy towards the Caspian.”18 saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobismqone evrokavSiris sxva qveynebis interesebi, rogoricaa germania dasaberZneTi, naklebad moeqcnen navTobinteresebis gavlenis qveS.


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evropel konkurentebs regionSi axali SesaZleblobebissaSualebas miscemda. “BP”-s Tavdapirveli TavSekavebismiuxedavad, evropuli saxelmwifoebidan, sabolood, didibritaneTi iyo bTj-is navTobsadenis erT-erTi yvelaze didimxardamWeri, proeqtis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli britanuliarasamTavrobo organizaciebis saprotesto kampaniis miu-xedavad.

azerbaijanis, saqarTvelosa da TurqeTis xelmZRvanelobaaqtiurad uWerda mxars bTj-is navTobsadens, maSin, rocaumravlesoba saerTaSoriso saqmiani wreebisa proeqts komer-ciulad aramomgebianad miiCnevda. azerbaijanis prezidentiheidar alievi da navTobkonsorciumi “azerbaijanis saerTa-Soriso operaciuli korporacia” daexmara proeqts, CarTo ramis ganxorcielebaSi aSS-is navTob-biznesis mniSvnelovaniwarmomadgenlebi amerikul-azerbaijanuli samrewvelo pala-tidan. TurqeTis prezidenti suleiman demireli amtkicebda,rom bTj dadebiTad imoqmedebda TurqeTSi ekologiursituaciaze, vinaidan is saSiSad gadatvirTul bosforissrutes auvlida gverds. xolo saqarTvelos prezidentieduard SevardnaZe irwmuneboda, rom bTj saqarTvelosdaexmareboda regionSi energetikuli xidis rolis Ses-rulebaSi.

aSS-isa da evrokavSiris saxemlwifoebrivi interesebiamierkavkasiaSi ukavSirdeba komerciul interesebs msxvilinavTobkompaniebisa, romlebic qmnian ZiriTad kaspiis energokonsorciumebs. kaspiis auzSi, TavianTi investiciebis usafrT-xoebis garantiebis uzrunvelsayofad, am kompaniebma gamonaxesTanamzraxvelebi aSS-is geopolitikur-strategiuli TeoriismimdevrebSi, romlebic mxars uWeren amerikis mzard rolsruseTis mezobel qveynebSi.19

aSS-is yofili maRalCinosnebi, rogorebic arian: zbignevbJezinski, brent skoukrofti, jon sununu, jeims beikeri dariCard Ceini (rodesac is “holiberton”-s xelmZRvanelobda),

19 Jaffe, “U.S. Policy towards the Caspian.”


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sxvadasxva dros estumrnen baqosa da kaspiis regions dalobirebdnen navTobkompaniebis interesebs.20

vinaidan ruseTi (arausafuZvlod) baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanisproeqtSi xedavda mcdelobebs misi zegavlenis Semcirebisada azerbaijanisa da saqarTvelos energo bazrebidan misigaZevebisa, is mainc ar molba proeqtis ideisadmi masSemdegac ki, roca ruseTis navTobkompania lukoili prin-cipulad dasTanxmda proeqtSi monawileobas. Tumca, undaaRiniSnos, rom lukoilis monawileoba gagrZelda mxolod2002 wlamde, roca igi, dRemde ucnobi mizezebis gamo,proeqtidan gavida.

bTj-is proeqtma mkacri kritika gamoiwvia sxvadasxvadasavluri Tu qarTuli arasamTavrobo organizaciis mxri-danac, romelnic misi SesaZlo ekologiuri SedegebiT arianSeSfoTebulni.21 proeqtis damgegmavebi TviT saqarTveloSicki, Seejaxnen Ria protests, romelic ukavSirdeboda mil-sadenis, rogorc Tavidan igegmeboda, borjomis nakrZalSigavlas da mineralur wyalze zegavlenis savaraudo Sedegebs.anti-bTj-is kampania 2004 welsac gagrZelda, magram klebadisixSiriT da ZalebiT.

vaSingtonis Zalisxmeva rom ara, albaT, bTj-is milsadenisgayvana SeuZlebeli iqneboda. am proeqtSi monawile kompaniebisaWiroebdnen aSS-is Carevas, raTa adgilobriv xelisufalTamxardaWera moepovebinaT da mieRoT saxsrebi saerTaSorisosafinanso institutebidan. aSS-is mxardaWeriT, saerTaSorisosafinanso korporaciam (ssk) – msoflio bankis struqtura,romelic kerZo seqtorTan muSaobs – 2003 wlis noemberSi

20 Svante E. Cornell, Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflictin the Caucasus (Richmond, UK: Curzon, 2001), p. 373.21 baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis proeqtis arasamTavroboTakritikis Sesaxeb, ixileT, United Kingdom Parliament, House of Commons, Session2002–03, International Development Committee Publications, InternationalDevelopment—Written Evidence, Annex 1, November 6, 2003, http://www.parliament.the-stationeryoffice.co.uk/pa/cm200203/cmselect/cmintdev/1266/1266we15.htm. baqo-jeihanis kampaniis Sesaxeb, ixileT, http://www.bakuceyhan.org.uk.


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Tanxmoba ganacxada bTj-is proeqtSi monawileobaze.22 gar-kveuli Tavdapirveli uTanxmoebebi navTobsadenis sakiTxebze,erTis mxriv, aSS-sa da, meores mxriv, evropul saxelmwifoebsSoris TandaTanobiT gaqra da 2004 wlisTvis bTj-is proeqtiukve realobad iqca. dResdReobiT, bTj-is navTobsadeni,savaraudod, 2005 wels Seva eqsploataciaSi da 2010 wlisTvismiaRwevs srul datvirTvas, roca is dReSi, daaxloebiT, erTmilion barel navTobproduqts gaatarebs.23

erTiani energopolitikis ararsebobis miuxedavad, evro-kavSirSi yovelTvis esmodaT, rom saqarTvelo navTobisa dagazis evropaSi gadazidvis ZiriTad tranzitad iqceoda daamitom CarTes igi 1997 wels TavianT Savi zRvis auzis stra-tegiaSi, romlis erT-erTi komponenti xazs usvamda transev-ropuli qselebis kavkasiis infrastruqturasTan mierTebissaWiroebas. am miznebma asaxva hpova evrokomisiis 2001 wlis“Green Paper”-Si, romelic energo momaragebis usafrTxoebasSeexeboda da energoresursebis alternatiuli wyaroebisaRmoCenaze amaxvilebda yuradRebas.24 evrokavSiri, aseve,gansakuTrebiT, dainteresda azerbaijanuli gazis samxreT-aRmosavleT evropaSi saqarTvelos gavliT eqsportiT. baqo-

22 “ssk-s investiciebi bTj-is milsadenSi Seadgens 125 milion aSS dolarissesxs sakuTari saxsrebidan da 125 milioni aSS dolaris sesxs komerciulisindikaciis saxiT. bTj-is proeqtis saerTo Rirebuleba Seadgens 3,6miliard aSS dolars.” ixileT, http://www.ifc.org/btc.23 ixileT, http://www.caspiandevelopmentandexport.com/ASP/BTC.asp.24 evropis komisiis komunikacia Regional Cooperation in the Black Sea Area: Stateof Play, Perspectives for EU Action Encouraging Its Further Development, November14, 1997. Savi zRvis proeqt “petra”-s Sesaxeb ixileT, www.bs-petra.org.evrokomisiis Savi zRvis politikis ZiriTad miRwevad, romelicmimarTuli iyo evrokavSiris Semdgomi gafarToebis momzadebaze,gaxldaT Savi zRvis irgvliv satransporto qselebis Seqmna daevrokavSirs gareT arsebuli zRvispira saxelwifoebis mzardiekonomikuri integracia. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom Savi zRvis politikamainc ver iqca evrokavSirisTvis prioritetad. agreTve, ixileT,evrokavSiris “mwvane angariSi”, Towards a European Strategy for the Security ofEnergy Supply (2001), http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy_transport/en/lpi_lv_en1.html.es dokumenti evrokomisiis mier iqna miRebuli 2000 wlis 29 noembers.


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Tbilisi-erzrumis proeqtis daniSnulebis punqtad TurqeTiSeirCa, romelmac, saberZneTis gavliT, unda moaxdinosevrokavSiris qveynebSi gazis transportireba da, savaraudod,misi gayvana 2006 wels unda dasruldes.25

evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebis “gadauwyvetloba”erTiani energopolitikis SemuSavebaSi, 1999 wlamde, mainc,garkveulwilad, balansirdeboda evrokomisiis mcdelobiT,transportisa da energosakiTxebSi erTiani midgoma hqo-nodaT.26 manam, sanam amierkavkasiaSi mimdinareobda eqsportismarSrutebis SemuSaveba da igegmeboda milsadenebis mSeneb-loba, evrokavSiri sakuTari iniciativis ganxorcielebasSeudga. man aamuSava alternatiuli, droebiTi sistemanavTobis rkinigziT gadazidvisa, azerbaijanisa da sa-qarTvelos gavliT, evropa-kavkasia-aziis stransportokoridoris (TRACECA) dakavSirebiT.27 mravalmxrivi teqnikuriSeTanxmebebis Sedegad, es sistema SemuSavda evropis sa-transporto qselebis centralur aziasa da kavkasiasTandasakavSireblad da Warbi kaspiuri navTobis, romelicmilsadeniT ar miedineba, evropaSi gasatanad. amavdroulad,evropaSi gazisa da navTobis transportirebis samTav-roboTaSoriso programis (INOGATE) farglebSi, evrokavSiricdilobda regionSi gazisa da navTobis infrastruqturisseqtorSi erTiani normatiuli bazis Seqmnas.

dasavluri qveynebis interesma, energoresursebis tran-portirebis xazebis mimarT, aiZula isini ufro aqtiuri rolieTamaSaT kavkasiaSi arsebuli konfliqtebis mogvarebaSi.

25 Jean-Christophe Peuch, “Smell of Russian Gas Hangs over Georgian Election Campaign,”RFE/RL, June 14, 2003, http://www.rferl.org/features/2003/06/13062003144514.asp.26 Peter Bachrach and Morton S. Baratz, “Decisions and Nondecisions: An AnalyticalFramework,” American Political Science Review, vol. 57, no. 3 (1963), pp. 632–642. eskoncefcia iqna gamoyenebuli: Damien Helly, “L’action extérieure de l’Unioneuropéenne dans le Caucase du Sud,” Ph.D. diss., Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris, 2003.27 TRACECA-s Sesaxeb ixileT, Damien Helly, “Un corridor de transport Asie-Europe:Traceca, l’Union européenne et sa Route de la Soie,” Courrier des Pays de l’Est, no. 1019(2001), pp. 52–64.


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sazRvris kontroli, satransporto infrastruqtura, mdgradisagadasaxado sistema da efeqturi samarTaldamcavi meqanizmiumniSvnelovanesia ara marto saqarTvelosTvis, aramed —mTeli regionisTvis, vinaidan saqarTvelo rCeba ZiriTadsatranzito teritoriad. is aris satransporto kvanZi, romlissaSualebiTac somxuri da azerbaijanuli saqoneli aRwevsTurqeTis, ruseTis, iranisa da msoflios sxva bazrebze. aqedangamomdinare, urTierTdamokidebuleba warmoiSva ener-gousafrTxoebas, stabilurobasa da kavkasiaSi konfliqtebismogvarebas Soris, ramdenadac rTuli ar unda yofiliyo amismiRweva. SemTxveviTi araa, rom kavSiri navTobsa da mTianiyarabaxis konfliqts Soris aSS-s administraciis yuradRebiscentrSi moeqca 1990-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi, daaxloebiT,maSin, roca klintonis administracia aqtiurad CaerTo bTj-isnavTobsadenis proeqtSi.

konfliqtebis mogvareba

saqarTvelos miRwevebi konfliqtebis mogvarebis sakiTxebSisakmaod mwiria: arc afxazeTis da arc samxreT oseTis konfliqtiar aRmofxvrila da ramdenjerme moxda konfliqtis zonebSisituaciis mZafri eskalacia, rac 1998 da 2004 wlebSi RrmakrizisebSic gadaizarda. verc aSS-ma da verc evropam SeZlo amwamoWrili krizisebis Tavidan acileba. samSvidobo procesebSimaTi monawileoba ar aRmoCnda warmatebuli sxva mediatorebTan,ZiriTadad, ruseTTan SeuTanxmoblobis gamo. saqarTvelo iqcaruseTisa da aSS-is brZolis velad, sadac civi omi kvlavgrZeldeba, ZiriTadad, “arc omi, arc mSvidobis” principiT dagayinuli status kvo-Ti. araRiarebuli respublikebi de-struqciul rols TamaSoben molaparakebebSi, ZiriTadad,moskovis pirdapiri miTiTebebis wyalobiT.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg amierkavkasia mudmivaddestabilizirebulia da am areulobis evropasa Tu axloaRmosavleTSi gavrecelebis saSiSroeba realuria.28 evropis


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energointeresebis dasacavad aucilebelia azerbaijansa dasaqarTveloze gamavali satransporto koridoris stabili-zacia.29 “evropa – rogorc amas erT-erTi analitikosi aRniSnavs– ver iqneba sruliad usafrTxo, Tu kavkasia darCeba evropuliusafrTxoebis [CarCos] miRma.”30 vinaidan amierkavkasiaSiusafrTxoeba moicavs problemaTa farTo wresa da mravalsaxelmwifos, gamosavali mxolod molaparakebaTa mravalmxrivCarCoebSi unda gamoiZebnos, radganac mxolod koleqtiurmagadawyvetilebebma SeiZleba mogvces praqtikuli Sedegebi.regionis stabiluroba yvela CarTuli mxaris SeTanxmebasmoiTxovs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, marginalizirebuli anprocesebidan CamoSorebuli Zalebi SeiZleba mogvevlinon xelisSemSlelebad. mxareTa Suamavlebs Soris konkurenciam adviladSeiZleba migviyvanos Cixamde. ruseTi winaaRmdegi gamovidamTeli rigi dasavluri iniciativebisa mTiani yarabaxisa daafxazeTis konfliqtebTan mimarTebaSi, iseve, rogorc, da-savleTi uSlida xels ruseTis mcdelobebs yofiliyo erTa-derTi mediatori saqarTvelos Sida konfliqtebSi.

kavkasiis regionaluri stabiluroba da amierkavkasiisqveynebSi Sida stabiluroba damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogorSeZleben Sida da gare Zalebi usafrTxoebis problemaTakompleqsTan gamklavebas, sadac TiToeuli Semadgenelielementi damokidebulia yvela danarCen elementze.31 Sesa-

28 amierkavkasiis geopolitikuri mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ixileT, Ronald D.Asmus and Kenneth M. Pollack, “The New Transatlantic Project: A Response to RobertKagan,” Policy Review, no. 115 (2002), pp. 3–18, http://www.policyreview.org/OCT02/asmus.html; Bruno Coppieters, ed., Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: VUBPress, 1996); and Edmund Herzig, The New Caucasus: Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia(London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1999). (Áðóíî Êîïïèòåðñ (ðåä.). Ñïîðíûåãðàíèöû íà Êàâêàçå. Ì.: Âåñü Ìèð, 1996, òàêæå ïî àäðåñó: http://poli.vub.ac.be.)29 William E. Odom, “U.S. Policy toward Central Asia and the South Caucasus,” CaspianCrossroads Magazine, vol. 3, no 1 (1997); Graham Fuller, “Geopolitical Dynamics ofthe Caspian Region,” Caspian Crossroads Magazine, vol. 3, no. 2 (1997), http://www.usazerbaijancouncil.org/caspiancrossroads/archive/archive.htm.30 Blank, U.S. Military Engagement with Transcaucasia and Central Asia, p. 8.31 Cornell, Small Nations and Great Powers.


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bamisad, saqarTvelos usafrTxoeba mWidrod ukavSirdeba misurTierTobebs mezobel saxelmwifoebTan, gansakuTrebiT ki –ruseTTan. amgvarad, saqarTvelosTan urTierTobisas dasav-leTs sxva gza ara aqvs, Tu ara gaiTvaliswinos ruseTis istori-uli, geografiuli, samxedro da ekonomikuri wona. dasavle-TisTvis saqarTvelos problemaTa gadawyveta niSnavs ara martoSuamavlis rolis Sesrulebas dapirispirebul mxareebs Soris,aramed ruseTTan, TurqeTTan da iranTan molaparakebebsac,vinaidan TiToeul maTgans uSualod exeba saqarTveloSikonfliqtebis mogvarebis mcdelobaTa Sedegebi. aucilebelia,agreTve, mravalmxrivi usafrTxoebis CarCoTa gaTvaliswineba,rogorebicaa evropaSi usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobisorganizacia (euTo), damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Taname-gobroba (dsT) da Crdilo atlantikuri aliansi (nato). gardaamisa, saqarTvelo Savi zRvis sanapiros yvela saxelmwifosmezobelia da amierkavkasiis samive saxelmwifo Savi zRvisekonomikuri TanamSromlobis (bisek-is) wevria.32

Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom regionis usafrTxoebis poli-tikaSi mravalmxrivoba ar aris yvelaze TvalSi sacemi niSani dagare Zalebi xandaxan erTmaneTs upirispirdeba amierkavkasiaSi.magaliTad, natosa da evrokavSiris gafarToebasTan erTad,zogierTi dasavleli analitikosi miiCnevs, rom amierkavkasiis samisaxelmwifo unda ganixilebodes, rogorc “dasvleTis uSualosamezoblo” da ara rogorc moskovis “uaxloesi sazRvargareTi.”33

32 miuxedavad imisa, rom somxeTs ar gaaCnia zRvaze gasasvleli, is maincerT-erTia bisek-is TerTmet wevrTagan, sadac wevroba regionaluri daara mkacrad geografiuli pricipebis mixedviTaa. am organizaciis Sesaxebufro dawvrilebiT SegiZliaT ixiloT Tomas de vaalis Tavi amave wignSi.33 es axali civi omis argumenti wamowies iseTma cnobilma amerikelmapolitikosebma, rogorebicaa: zbignev bJezinski da brus jeqsoni. agreTve,ixileT, Vladimir Socor, “Better For All than Alexander the Great,” The Wall Street JournalEurope, January 10, 2003. sokori wers: “natom ukve miiRo Savi zRvispireTisdasavleTi nawili rumineTsa da bulgareTSi, riTac gaamyara kavSiriTurqeTis samxreTis sanapirosTan. balkaneTis aRmosavleT sanapiroze kiis strategiulad mdebareobs saqarTvelosa da energoresursebiT mdidarkaspiis auzTan, romlebic dasavleTis axali samezoblo iniciativis wevrebigaxdnen.”


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amavdroulad, ruseTis konservatiuli Zalebi darwmu-nebulni arian, rom moskovis mdgomareobis gadarCena mxolodsamxedro Zalauflebisa da imperiuli ruseTis aRdgeniTSeiZleba, amiekavkasiaSic ki. amgvarad, saqarTvelos wiladergo saeWvo privilegia, iyos erT-erTi im mcireoden qveynebsSoris, sadac dasavleTi da ruseTi pirdapir upirispirdebaerTmaneTs.

saqarTvelos mougvarebeli konfliqtebi afxazeTsa dasamxreT oseTSi seriozulad abrkolebs qveynis politikurda ekonomikur ganviTarebas da mis stabilurobas. or-ganizebuli danaSauli da Crdilovani ekonomika yvavisseparatistul teritoriebze da vrceldeba ra qveynis sxvanawilebSi, seriozul zians ayenebs saxelmwifos, rogorc Sida,ise – gare erovnul usafrTxoebas. am konfliqtebma gan-sakuTrebulad daZabes saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobebi,gamoiwvies aseuli aTasobiT adamianTa iZulebiTi gada-adgileba da mTeli mosaxleobis travmireba, agreTve, Sida-sazogadoebrivi dapirispirebebi. saqarTvelos erovnuliusafrTxoeba warmoudgenelia am konfliqtebis mogvarebisgareSe.

mravali diplomatiuri iniciativa iqna wamowyebuli afxa-zeTis konfliqtis mosagvareblad, sadac omis SedegebigansakuTrebulad mZime iyo. am procesSi monawile yvelasagareo, Tu Sida Zala midis im daskvnamde, rom, Tu odesmegamoiZebneba gadawyvetis gza, igi, problemis xasiaTidangamomdinare, aucileblad moiTxovs mravalmxriv midgomas.gaero aris is organizacia, romlis CarCoSic SeiZleba Camo-yalibdes aseTi mravalmxrivi midgoma.

afxazeTSi gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis saqmianobasxvadasxva formiT vlindeboda — e.w. “msubuqi zomebidan”(rogoricaa, 1992 wels pirveli kvleviTi misia) samxedrosadamkvirveblo misiamde. gaeros sadamkvirveblo misiasaqarTveloSi 1993 wlis agvistoSi gaixsna, raTa gane-xorcielebina 1993 wlis ivlisSi Tbilissa da soxums Sorisgaformebuli cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis mo-


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nitoringi.34 1994 wlamde dasavleTi iTvaliswinebda ra ruseTisinteresebs regionSi, cdilobda dasavleTis gavlenaTa SeWrisgamo daZabulobis Tavis aridebas. am mizeziT, gaerom mxolodsadamkvirveblo misia gaxsna saqarTveloSi da ara srulisamSvidobo operacia.35

saqarTveloSi gaeros sadamkvirveblo misiis farglebSi,daaxloebiT, 100 samxedro damkvirvebeli msaxurobs afxazeTSi.maTi mTavari misiaa monitoringi gauwios da Tvalyuri adevnos1994 wlis 14 maiss moskovSi miRweuli cecxlis Sewyvetisa damxareTa daSoriSorebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis ganxorcielebas.36

misi mandati moicavs: (1) “usafrTxoebis zonis” (sadac dauSve-belia samxedro Zalebis yofna) da “SezRuduli zonis” (sadacakrZalulia mZime teqnikis ganTavseba) meTvalyureobascecxlis Sewyvetis xazis orive mxares, enguris xidis gaswvriv;(2) kodoris xeobis37 patrulireba da (3) dsT-is samSvidobo

34 1993 wlis 27 ivliss gudauTaSi saqarTvelom da afxazeTma xeli moaweracecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas. gaeros samxedro damkvirveblebiaxorcielebdnen, Tavdapirvelad, SeTanxmebis monitorings. magram 1993wlis seqtemberSi SeTanxmeba daarRvies afxazebma oCamCiresa da soxumzeTavdasxmiT. axali SeTanxmeba cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb daido 1994 welsmoskovSi. mxareebi SeTanxmdnen dsT-is samSvidobo kontingentisganTavsebaze, xolo gaeros misias saqarTveloSi unda ganexorcielebinaSeTanxmebisa da dsT-is samSvidoboebis qmedebaTa monitoringi. ufrodetalurad, ixileT, Oliver Paye and Eric Remacle, “UN and CSCE Policies inTranscaucasia,” in Coppieters, Contested Borders in the Caucasus, pp.105–110. (ÎëèâüåÏý è Ýðèê Ðåìàêëü. Ïîëèòèêà ÎÎÍ è ÑÁÑÅ â Çàêàâêàçüå // Áðóíî Êîïïèòåðñ (ðåä.).Ñïîðíûå ãðàíèöû íà Êàâêàçå. Ñ. 118-128.) agreTve ixileT, Rick Fawn and Sally N.Cummings, “Interests over Norms in Western Policy toward the Caucasus: How AbkhaziaIs No One’s Kosovo,” European Security, vol. 10, no. 3 (autumn 2001), pp. 84–108.35 S. Neil MacFarlane, “The Role of the UN,” Accord, issue 7 (September 1999), p. 36,http://www.c-r.org/accord/geor-ab/accord7/unrole.shtml; (Ñ. Íèë Ìàêôàðëåéí. Ðîëü ÎÎÍ //Äæîíàòàí Êîýí (ðåä.) Ïðîáëåìà ñóâåðåíèòåòà. Accord, âûïóñê 7. Êîíñèëèýéøí Ðèñîðñèç.Ëîíäîí, 1999 – Ì.: Ãëîáóñ, 2000. Ñ. 44, òàêæå ïî àäðåñó: http://www.c-r.org/accord/series.shtml.) da Pierre Binette, “La crise en Abkhazie, acteurs et dynamique,” RevueEtudes Internationales, vol. 29, no. 4 (1998), pp. 831–865.36 ixileT, saqarTveloSi gaeros sadamkvirveblo misiis internet-gverdi:http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/unomig/.37 kodoris xeoba aris maRTalmTiani teritoria afxazeTSi. xeobis zedanawili saqarTvelos iurisdiqciis qveSaa.


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Zalebis qmedebaTa monitoringi moskovis xelSekrulebisSesrulebis farglebSi.38 saqarTveloSi gaeros sadamkvirveblomisia pasuxismgebelia, agreTve, konfliqtis orive mxaresTanmWidro kontaqtiT, dsT-is samSvidobo ZalebTan urTierTobiTda konfliqtis zonaSi misi yofniT, xeli Seuwyos devnilTa daltolvilTa usafrTxo da organizebul dabrunebas. gaerosdamkvirvebelTa samxedro kontingenti, ZiriTadad, evropuliqveynebisgan Sedgeba. isini SeuiaraRebelni arian da maTipolitikuri Tu fizikuri usafrTxoeba sakmaod myifea.39

magaliTad, gaeros sadamkvirveblo misia saqarTveloSiiZulebuli iyo Seewyvita zeda kodoris xeobis monitoringimas Semdeg, rac misi damkvirveblebi gaitaces 2003 wlis ivnisSi.

srulmasStabiani politikuri daregulirebis misaRwevadsaqarTveloSi gaeros sadamkvirveblo misiam SeimuSava rTuli,mravalmimarTulebiani samSvidobo molaparakebebis meqanizmi,rogorc mas xSirad uwodeben “Jenevis procesi”.40 Jenevisprocess gaero Tavmjdomareobs. ruseTi iTvleba, rom fasi-litatoris rols asrulebs, rac sakmaod ambiciuri funqciaa,magram aSkaraa, rom arsebobs molodini ruseTis mier srul-masStabiani daregulirebis xelisSewyobis. euTosa da gaerosgeneraluri mdivnis megobarTa jgufs – romelSic Sedian aSS,germania, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi da ruseTi – aqvTdamkvirveblis statusi am procesSi. Jenevis molaparakebaTadRis wesrigi sakmaod farToa da moicavs, rogorc politikur,humanitarul, agreTve, usafrTxoebisa da ekonomikur sakiT-xebs. 1997 wels Jenevis molaparakebaTa farTo CarCoSi Seiqmnaufro kompleqsuri meqanizmi, romelic Sedgeba sakoordinaciosabWosa da sami Tematuri samuSao jgufisgan. es jgufebimuSaoben iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa usafrTxoeba da Zala-dobis ganuaxlebloba, devnilTa da ltolvilTa dabruneba da

38 ixileT, http://www.unomig.org.39 Fawn and Cummings, “Interests over Norms in Western Policy toward the Caucasus,”pp. 84–108.40 mxareTa Soris molaparakebaTa pirveli raundi gaimarTa JenevaSi, 1993wlis noember-dekemberSi.


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ekonomikuri TanamSromloba. amavdroulad, gaerom ganaviTarandobis aRdgenisken mimarTuli forumi, raTa xeli Seewyosaraformalur garemoSi ormxrivi kontaqtebis gazrdas.41 1993-dan 1997 wlamde gaeros gen. mdivnis specialuri elCi xSiradstumrobda xolme saqarTvelosa da afxazeTs, magram konf-liqtis zonaSi mudmivad ar imyofeboda. 1997 wlis ivlisSidaniSnuli gaeros gen. mdivnis specialuri warmomadgenelidRes Jenevis process Tavmjdomareobs da saqarTveloSi gaerossadamkvirveblo misias xelmZRvanelobs.

aSS, germania, ruseTi, didi britaneTi da safrangeTisaqarTvelos sakiTxebSi gaeros gen. mdivnis megobarTa jgufSimonawileoben. es iniciativa, Tavdapirvelad, frangebs ekuTv-nodaT da iTvaliswinebda mdored mimdinare srulmasStabianiSeTanxmebis molaparakebebis procesis gamococxlebas daqarTul-afxazur molaparakebebSi ruseTis dominanturi rolisdabalansebas. megobarTa jgufi ukavSirdeba gaeros samSvidobooperacias da Jenevis molaparakebaTa formats. miuxedavadruseTis wevrobisa, afxazebi megobarTa jgufs aRiqvamen,rogorc mikerZoebul Zalas, romelic dasavleTis ekonomikurda geostrategiul interesebs icavs.42 es aRqma mTlianadsafuZvels moklebuli araa. gansakuTrebiT safrangeTi aras-dros malavda Tavis pro-qarTul pozicias da ramdenjermepirdapir aqvs es afxazebisTvis gacxadebuli. didi britaneTida germania ufro frTxilad moqmedeben, erTis mxriv, aqtiuradmonawileoben megobarTa jgufis saqmianobaSi, xolo meoremxriv, afinanseben konfliqtis mogvarebisken mimarTularasamTavrobo organizaciebis programebs.43

41 sami maRali donis Sexvedra iqna Catarebuli ndobis aRdgenis zomebisfarglebSi: aTenSi (1998 wlis oqtomberi), stambolSi (1999 wlis ivnisi)da ialtaSi (2001 wlis marti).42 Fawn and Cummings, “Interests over Norms in Western Policy toward the Caucasus,” p. 94.43 sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg saqarTvelo germaniisaTvis priori-tetulad mniSvnelovani iyo. SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis periodSi, sxva post-sabWoTa saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT, saqarTveloSi germaniis diplomatiuriaqtiuroba da finansuri daxmareba gansakuTrebulad maRali iyo. damatebiTiinformaciisaTvis ixileT, Helly, “Un corridor de transport Asie-Europe.”


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afxazeTSi gaeros damkvirvebelTa da ruseTis samSvi-doboebis arsebobam xeli Seuwyo, zogadad, stabilurobas dagamoiwvia galis raionSi devnilTa spontanuri dabruneba. 1998wlis dasawyisSi, gaeros devnilTa umaRlesi komisariatismonacemebiT, sul cota 50 aTasi devnili dabrunda galisraionSi. aRmoCndnen ra am faqtis winaSe, saerTaSorisosazogadoebam afxazeTSi humanitaruli daxmareba gazarda, racgansakuTrebiT skolebisa da saxlebis aRdgenisken iyo mimar-Tuli. magram 1998 wlis maisSi brZolebi ganaxlda mas Semdeg,rac afxazurma SeiaraRebulma Zalebma wamoiwyes farTo-masStabiani samxedro operacia qarTuli aralegaluri Seia-raRebuli dajgufebebis regionidan gamosadevnad. am qme-debebma gamoiwvia 30-40 aTasi adgilobrivi mcxovrebis xelaxaligandevna. 5 dRis ganmavlobaSi ramdenime milioniani ucxouridaxmareba wyalSi Caiyara. saerTaSoriso donorebi am Zvi-radRirebuli gamocdilebis Semdeg Tavs ikaveben afxazeTSisxva programebis ganxorcielebisgan. am movlenebma naTladaCvenes devnilTa organizebulad dabrunebis saWiroeba.faqtiurad, 1998 wlis Semodgomaze mxareebma, gaeros Suam-dgomlobiT, moamzades dokumentis proeqti, romelic iTva-liswinebda devnilTa organizebul dabrunebas da galisraionis ekonomikur reabilitacias, magram qarTveli da afxaziliderebi – eduard SevardnaZe da vladislav arZinba – ,sabolood, mainc ar Sexvdnen erTmaneTs dokumentze xel-mosawerad.44

zogirTi qarTveli politikosi da saxelmwifo moxeleganagrZobda afxazeTSi partizanuli dajgufebebis mxar-daWeras, xolo SevardnaZis mTavroba dasavleTSi eZebdaTanadgomas “bosniuri modelis” gansaxorcieleblad, 1995 wels

44 MacFarlane, “The Role of the UN,” p. 40. (Ñ. Íèë Ìàêôàðëåéí. Ðîëü ÎÎÍ // ÄæîíàòàíÊîýí (ðåä.) Ïðîáëåìà ñóâåðåíèòåòà. Accord, âûïóñê 7. Êîíñèëèýéøí Ðèñîðñèç. Ëîíäîí,1999 – Ì.: Ãëîáóñ, 2000. Ñ. 49, òàêæå ïî àäðåñó: http://www.c-r.org/accord/series.shtml.)(Áðóíî Êîïïèòåðñ. Ãðóçèíî-àáõàçñêèé êîíôëèêò // Áðóíî Êîïïèòåðñ è äð. Åâðîïåèçàöèÿè ðàçðåøåíèå êîíôëèêòîâ: êîíêðåòíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ åâðîïåéñêîé ïåðèôåðèè. Ì.: ÂåñüÌèð, 2005. Ñ.207, http://poli.vub.ac.be/).


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saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mier bosniaSi konstituciurimowyobis ZaliT damkvidrebis msgavsad. igi, aseve, iTxovdaafxazeTSi mSvidobis mxardamWeri operaciis – “mSvidobisdamyarebis” operaciiT Canacvlebas, rac, savaraudod, dev-nilTa usafrTxo dabrunebas Seuwyoboda xels.45 ramdenime wlisSemdeg, 1999 wlis kosovos krizisSi iugoslaviis winaaRmdegnatos sahaero kampaniis dros, Tbilisi imedovnebda, rom“kosovos modeli” saqarTveloSic ganxorcieldeboda daixsenebda afxazeTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis winaaRmdegCadenil “eTnikur wmendas” im mizniT, raTa konfliqtisZalismieri gadawyveta momxdariyo. amis pasuxad, aSS-ma aSkaradganacxada, rom amierkavkasiaSi “kosovos scenari” ar ga-meordeboda.

1998 wlis krizisma afxazeTSi naTlad aCvena arsebuli meqa-nizmebis uunaroba, Tavidan aecilebina Zaladobis ganaxleba. imismagivrad, rom konfliqtis srulmasStabian mogvarebaze em-sjela, sakoordinacio sabWo da misi qvestruqturebi Semoifarg-lebodnen Zaladobis arganaxlebis, tyveTa gacvlis da devnilTadasabruneblad usafrTxoebis zomebis gaZlierebis ganxilviT.46

1999 wels gaeros gen. mdivnis spec. warmomadgeneli liviu botaSeecada politikuri dialogis axali ZalisxmeviT ganaxlebas.megobarTa jgufTan konsultaciis Semdeg botas Semcvlelma,germanelma diplomatma diter bodenma SeimuSava “Tbilissa dasoxums Soris kompetenciaTa gadanawilebis ZiriTadi prin-cipebi”, romelic “bodenis dokumentis” saxeliTaa cnobili. esdokumenti megobarTa jgufSi ruseTsa da dasavlur qveynebsSoris molaparakebaTa Sedegi iyo da ar warmoadgenda konf-liqtis mxareTa Soris raime saxis kompromiss.47 afxazurma mxaremuari ganacxada dokumentis ganxilvaze, ZiriTadad, im mizeziT,

45 Liana Kvarchelia, “An Abkhaz Perspective,” Accord, issue 7 (September 1999), p. 31,http://www.c-r.org/accord/geor-ab/accord7/unrole.shtml.46 Ketevan Tsikhelashvili, “The Case Studies of Abkhazia and South Ossetia,” workingpaper prepared for the Carnegie Project on Complex Power-Sharing and Self-Determination, September 30, 2001, http://www.ecmi.de/cps/download/Abkhazia_SouthOssetia.pdf.


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rom dokumenti afxazeTs saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi da-tovebas sTavazobda, Tumca suverenul warmonaqmnad, romelic“kanonis uzenaesobis principis” safuZvelze iarsebebda.megobarTa jgufis dasavlurma wevrma saxelmwifoebma verSeZles ruseTis darwmuneba, saTanado zewola moexdinaafxazeTis de-faqto xelisuflebaze, raTa am dokumentis bazazedawyebuliyo molaparakebebi.

molaparakebebSi realuri progresis ararsebobis miuxe-davad, saqarTveloSi gaeros sadamkvirveblo misia agrZelebdaTavis saqmianobas, magram situacia, usafrTxoebis mxriv,saTanadod ar gaumjobesebula, raTa momxdariyo galis raionSidevnilTa usafrTxo dabruneba.48 ufro metic, konfliqtifaqtiurad ramdenjerme gadaizarda Ria dapirispirebaSi.mzardi kriminaluri saqmianoba saqarTvelo-afxazeTis sa-zRvris orive mxares saqarTveloSi gaeros sadamkvirveblomisiis efeqturobas uSlida xels. afxazebsa da qarTvelebsSoris ver iqna miRweuli SeTanxmeba cecxlis Sewyvetis xazisorive mxares gaeros samoqalaqo policielebis ganTavsebaze.2004 wlis gazafxulze samoqalaqo policielebi usafrTxoebiszonis mxolod zugdidis mxares iyvnen ganTavsebulni iq, sadacsaqarTvelos iurisdiqcia vrceldeba. ndobis aRdgeniskenmimarTuli RonisZiebebi qarTul da afxazur arasamTavroboorganizaciebs Soris grZeldeboda, magram SezRuduli efeq-tiT, vinaidan isini mxolod konfliqtis orive mxaris mosax-leobis mcire nawils moicavda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTic aris megobarTa jgufis wevri,is xSirad TavSekavebul da destruqciul pozicias ikavebdaafxazeTTan mimarTebaSi, mouwodebda ra jgufs ar Careuliyokonfliqtis mogvarebis mis pirad iniciativebSi. organizaciis

47 Bruno Coppieters, “The Georgian–Abkhaz Conflict,” in Bruno Coppieters, et al.,Europeanization and Conflict Resolution: Case Studies from the European Periphery(Ghent: Academia Press, 2004), pp. 203–208, also published in the electronic Journal onEthnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe, issue 1 (2004), http://www.ecmi.de/jemie/.48 Domitilla Sagramoso, “The UN, the OSCE and NATO,” in Lynch, The South Caucasus,pp. 63–89.


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SigniT, am gansxvavebebis gamo, gasakviri ar aris, rom man verSeZlo realuri Sedegebis miRweva konfliqtis srulmasSta-biani mogvarebis sakiTxebSi. gaeros molaparakebaTa CarCosparalelurad, ruseTma wamoiwyo ramdenime damoukidebeliiniciativa. 2003 wlis martSi ruseTisa da saqarTvelosprezidentebi putini da SevardnaZe Sexvdnen Savi zRviskurort soWSi da xeli moaweres xelSekrulebas, romelicstatus-kvos gaumjobesebas isaxavda miznad. soWis xelSek-ruleba galis raionSi qarTveli devnilebis dabrunebasiTvaliswinebda, afxazeTis gavliT, ruseTisa da somxeTisdamakavSirebeli rkinigzis aRdgenis paralelurad, da, ag-reTve, enguris hidroeleqtrosadguris rekonstruqcias.49

zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, SevardnaZis es qmedeba gamowveuliiyo, gaeros egidiT, molaparakebaTa neli tempis gamo imed-gacruebiT da gamoxatavda mis mzadyofnas ruseTisTvis gadaecaSuamdgomlobis ufro didi roli, magram gaeros Jenevisprocesis gagrZelebis paralelurad.50

euTos mandati qarTul-afxazur molaparakebebSi sakmaodSezRudulia. misi mTavari mizania euTos centraluri ofisismudmivi informireba, gaeros adgilobriv ofisTan mudmivikavSiris gziT, agreTve, gaeros mier warmoebuli samSvidobomolaparakebis xelisSewyoba da dakvirveba.51 adamianis uflebaTadacvis oficris saSualebiT euTo inarCunebs warmomadgenlobassoxumSi, sadac misi ZiriTadi mizania ndobis aRdgenis xel-

49 enguris hidroeleqtrosadguris Sesaxeb informaciis wyaro arisavtorTa mier afxazeTSi aRebuli interviuebi, 2004 wlis gazafxulze.50 Coppieters, “The Georgian–Abkhaz Conflict.” (Áðóíî Êîïïèòåðñ. Ãðóçèíî-àáõàçñêèéêîíôëèêò // Áðóíî Êîïïèòåðñ è äð. Åâðîïåèçàöèÿ è ðàçðåøåíèå êîíôëèêòîâ: êîíêðåòíûåèññëåäîâàíèÿ åâðîïåéñêîé ïåðèôåðèè. Ì.: Âåñü Ìèð, 2005. Ñ. 197-236, http://poli.vub.ac.be/).51 1993 wels gaero da euTk (mogvianebiT, euTo) SeTanxmdnen, rom gaeroiTavebda saerTaSoriso mediatoris rols afxazeTis, xolo euTo –samxreT oseTis konfliqtSi. ixileT, MacFarlane, “The Role of the UN,” p. 36.(Ñ. Íèë Ìàêôàðëåéí. Ðîëü ÎÎÍ // Äæîíàòàí Êîýí (ðåä.) Ïðîáëåìà ñóâåðåíèòåòà. Accord,âûïóñê 7. Êîíñèëèýéøí Ðèñîðñèç. Ëîíäîí, 1999 – Ì.: Ãëîáóñ, 2000. Ñ. 44, òàêæå ïîàäðåñó: http://www.c-r.org/accord/series.shtml).


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Sewyoba, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gaZlierebis gziT. Tumca, undaaRiniSnos, rom euTos sakmaod uaryofiTi imiji aqvs afxazeTSi,vinaidan is afxazebs qarTvelTa “eTnikur wmendaSi” ada-naSaulebs euTos samitis ramdenime deklaraciaSi.52

qarTul da afxazur samoqalaqo sazogadoebebs Sorisndobis aRdgenisken mimarTuli iniciativebs xels uwyobs iseTiorganizaciebi, rogoricaa saerTaSoriso gangaSi (InternationalAlert), linqsi (LINKS), Serigebis resursebi (Conciliation Resourcs),agreTve, kaliforniis universitetisa da briuselis Tavi-sufali universitetis mecnierebi. maTi dafinansebiT araerTiSexvedra Sedga neitralur teritoriaze, rac saSualebasaZlevs orive mxaris aqtivistebs, daamyaron urTierTobebi daganagrZon dialogi.53 miuxedavad imisa, rom am programebs argamouwveviaT raime garRveva molaparakebaTa procesSi, isinidadebiTad moqmedeben samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganvi-Tarebaze konfliqtis orive mxares, vinaidan isini saSualebasaZleven adgilobriv liderebs imogzauron, Seityon meti garesamyaros Sesaxeb da esaubron TavianT kolegebs.54

miuxedavad zemoT xsenebuli mcdelobebisa, undobloba daafxazeTis momaval satatussa Tu devnilTa dabrunebaze RrmauTanxmoeba grZeldeba. ndobis aRdgenisken mimarTul mcde-lobaTa garda, dasavluri saxsrebi Caido, agreTve, huma-

52 ixileT, euTos budapeStis (1993 w.), lisabonisa (1994 w.) da stambolis(1999 w.) deklaraciebi.53 Susan Allen Nan, “Civil Initiatives”, Accord, issue 7 (September 1999), p.50. (ÑüþçåíÀëëåí Íýí. Ãðàæäàíñêèå èíèöèàòèâû // Äæîíàòàí Êîýí (ðåä.) Ïðîáëåìà ñóâåðåíèòåòà.Accord, âûïóñê 7. Êîíñèëèýéøí Ðèñîðñèç. Ëîíäîí, 1999 – Ì.: Ãëîáóñ, 2000. Ñ. 62-71,òàêæå ïî àäðåñó: http://www.c-r.org/accord/series.shtml). “saerTasoriso gangaSis”(International Alert) Sesaxeb informacia ixileT: http://www.international-alert.org/.“linqsis” (LINKS) Sesaxeb – http://www.links-london.org/. xolo “Serigebisresursebis” (Conciliation Resources) Sesaxeb damatebiTi informaciaSegiZliaT ixiloT: http://www.c-r.org/.54 afxazurma samoqalaqo sazogadoebam mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSaSarSandel saprezidento arCevnebSi, roca arasamTavrobo organizaciaTakoaliciam awarmoa arCevnebis monitoringi da gamarjvebuli kandidatisdasacavad gaerTianda.


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nitarul proeqtebSi afxazeTSi, rogoricaa Halo Trust (ganaR-mviTi samuSaoebi), Accion Contra el Hambre (saxlebis reabilitacia),“saerTaSoriso wiTeli jvari” (sursaTi umweoTaTvis), “eqimebisazRvrebs gareSe” (samedicino daxmareba).

amgvarad, rogorc Cans, dasavlurma da gaeros egidiTwarmoebulma samSvidobo iniciativebma ar migviyvana konfliqtispolitikur gadawyvetamde. yvela dasavluri iniciativa – 1997wlis progresuli midgoma, sakoordinacio sabWos SeqmniT, aseve,2000 wlis ufro srulmasStabiani midgoma, romelic afxazeTispolitikuri statusis sakiTxsac moicavda – uSedego aRmoCnda.ufro metic, ruseTma, molaparakebaTa arxebis gafarToebiT,mTeli procesis aRreva gamoiwvia.

rac Seexeba samxreT oseTis dauregulirebel konfliqts,dasavleTma 1992 wels konfliqtis daarsebidan samoqmedo arealiruseTsa da evropaSi usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis kon-ferencias (euTk, dResdReobiT – euTo) dauTmo. rogorc esafxazeTis konfliqtTan dakavSirebiT iyo, dasavleTi TavidanvesaqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas uWerda mxars. euTk-mTavisi pirveli misia saqarTveloSi 1992 wels daaarsa, rogorcgamoxmaureba saqarTvelos Txovnaze, daxmareba gaewia qarTul-osuri da qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtebis daregulirebaSi. dRes,euTo, gaeros devnilTa umaRlesi komisariati da evrokavSiri,ruseTTan, saqarTvelosa da samxreT oseTTan erTad muSaobenmolaparakebaTa da mSvidobismyofelTa mravalmxriv meqanizmSi,romelsac Sereuli sakontrolo komisia ewodeba.

euTos mandati samxreT oseTSi moicavs iseT miznebs,rogoricaa farTo politikuri CarCos Seqmna, sadac SesaZ-lebeli iqneba konfliqtis farTomasStabiani politikuridaregulireba; saqarTvelosa da samxreT oseTs Soris aqtiurimolaparakebebis xelSewyoba; masve aqtiuri roli akisria,Sereuli sakontrolo komisiis saSualebiT, konfliqtis gadaw-yvetis gzebis gamonaxvaSi.55 euTo awarmoebs Sereuli samSvi-dobo Zalebis monitoringsac, mis rusul xelmZRvanelobasTan

55 ixileT: http://www.osce.org/georgia/mandate/.


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mudmivi kavSiris gziT.56 samSvidobo Zalebi (rusuli, qarTulida osuri SemadgenlobiT) TanamSromloben dasavleTTanmravalmxrivi meqanizmis farglebSi. Tavdapirvelad gaeroxelmZRvanelobda aRdgeniT samuSaoebs, Tumca 2001 wlidanmniSvnelovani rolis Sesruleba iTava am mxriv evrokomisiamda rogorc daxmarebis proeqtebis erT-erTma yvelaze mniSvne-lovanma damfinansebelma Sereul sakontrolo komisiaSicdaimkvidra adgili.57

euTos mcdelobaTa miuxedavad – Sereuli sakontrolokomisiis farglebSi ganeviTarebina ndobis aRdgenis meqa-nizmebi (rogoricaa infrastruqturis reabilitacia, gania-raReba da kriminalis winaaRmdeg brZola) – is mainc mxareTamier mzardi kritikis sagani xdeboda. wlebis ganmavlobaSiqarTuli mxare amtkicebda, rom euTos misiis arseboba konf-liqtis zonaSi, samxreT oseTis arsebobis legitimizaciasuwyobda xels, vinaidan man ver SeZlo konfliqtis srul-masStabiani mogvareba. 2004 wels ganaxlebul ZaladobasTanerTad, qarTulma mxarem pozicia Seicvala. axla isini euTosmandatis gafarToebas uWerdnen mxars da moiTxovdnen misgansaqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvris, gansakuTrebiT, rokis gvirabistvirTbrunvis gakontrolebas. es, Tavis mxriv, ruseTiswinaaRmdegobis mizezi gaxda.

SarSan dekembramde, euTo axorcielebda ruseT-saqarT-velos (CeCneTis, inguSeTisa da daRestnis monakveTebze)sazRvris monitoringis operaciasac, riTac xels uSlida

56 1992 wlis ivnis-ivlisis ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris dagomisisxelSekrulebisa da soWis cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebisTanaxmad, Sereuli samSvidobo Zalebi, rusuli, qarTuli da osuriSemadgenlobiT, ganlagdnen konfliqtis zonaSi.57 damatebiTi informacia samxreT oseTSi evropuli qveynebis mierwarmoebuli politikis Sesaxeb, ixileT, Damien Helly, “L’action extérieure del’Union européenne dans le Caucase du Sud,” pp. 343–349. oficialurad samSvidobokontingenti samxreT oseTSi sammxrivia: qarTuli, rusuli da osuri.Tumca, osuri kontingenti droTa ganmavlobaSi, TiTqmis, mTlianadsamxreT-osuri SemadgenlobiT dakompleqtda, CrdiloeT-osurisardlobiT.


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CeCneTis konfliqtis saqarTveloSi gavrcelebas da exmarebodarusi da qarTveli mesazRvreebis TanamSromlobas. 2004 wlis 31dekembers sazRvris monitoringis misiis mandati dasrulda,xolo ruseTma mis gagrZelebas veto daado. miuxedavad amisa,qarTuli oficiozi ganagrZobda ucxo damkvirveblebis saqarT-velo-ruseTis sazRvarTan ganTavsebis lobirebas. 2005 wlis 14aprils euTos mudmivmoqmedma sabWom daamtkica euTosmesazRvreTa wvrTnis programa, romelic sazRvris monito-ringis programis bazaze unda Seqmniliyo. garda amisa, aprilisdasawyisSi evrokavSiris mier sami pirisgan Semdgari misia iqnamivlinebuli saqarTveloSi sami TviT, raTa SeeswavlaTsazRvarze arsebuli safrTxe da SeefasebinaT saqarTvelossaWiroebebi da arsebuli SesaZleblobebi.58

miuxedavad imisa, rom ver iqna miRweuli samxreT oseTiskonfliqtis srulmasStabiani mogvareba, situacia, bolo dromde,kontrols eqvemdeboreboda da misi gZelvadiani gadawyvetaSesaZlebeli Canda. Tumca, 2004 wlis ivnis-agvistos movlenebma,roca SeiaraRebul dapirispirebas konfliqtis zonaSi msxverplimohva, rogorc samxedro, ise samoqalaqo pirTa Soris, cxadyo, romarsebuli status kvo metad myofe iyo. saqarTvelos prezidentmixeil saakaSvilis mier Tbilisis politikuri gavlenis qveS aWariswarmatebul reintegracias mohyva mcdeloba msgavsi SedegebismiRwevisa samxreT oseTSic. iseve, rogorc aWaris SemTxvevaSi,saqarTvelos xelisufleba moqmedebda im prezumfciiT, romsamxreT oseTis de-faqto xelisuflebas ar hqonda agdilobrivmcxovrebTa Soris didi mxardaWera. faqtiurad, Tbilisma verSeZlo cxinvalis reJimis mimarT realuri ukmayofilebis gamo-yeneba da ganaxlebul SeiaraRebul dapirispirebas mohyva aWarissapirispiro Sedegebi – mxardaWeris konsolidacia samxreT oseTisde-faqto prezident kokoiTs irgvliv.59 mas Semdeg, rac ganax-

58 “evrokavSiris sami eqsperti daakvirdeba ruseT-saqarTvelossazRvars”, sivil jorjia, 2005 wlis 8 aprili, http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=9557.59 International Crisis Group, “Georgia: Avoiding War in South Ossetia”, Europe Reportno.159, November 26, 2004.


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lebuli SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba regionSi realobad iqca,dasavleTma mkacrad gaafrTxila saakaSvili, rom saqarTvelomarto darCeboda, Tu samxreT oseTSi konfliqti ganaxldeboda.60

19 agvistos ganaxlda cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba daTbilisma gaiyvana arasanqcirebuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebi konf-liqtis zonidan. miuxedavad am uaryofiTi Sedegebisa, Tbilismamoaxerxa qarTul-osuri konfliqtis “galRoba”. am procesSisaqarTvelo dasavleTis ufro aqtiur monawileobas Riad uWerdamxars da konfliqtis srulmasStabiani gadawyvetisTvis moiTxovdasaerTaSoriso konferenciis mowvevas.61

2003 wels evrokavSirma fineli diplomati heiki talvitiedaniSna Tavis specialur warmomadgenlad amierkavkasiaSi. misimandati, romelic moicavs konfliqtebis gadawyvetiskenmimarTuli mcdelobebis xelis Sewyobas, zogi analitikosiskritikis obieqti gaxda, rogorc metad SezRuduli, vinaidanmas ar hqonda ufleba pirdapir eSuamdgomla an Careuliyokonfliqtebis mogvarebaSi. miuxedavad SezRuduli mandatisa,talvitiem mainc SeZlo swrafad aewia evrokavSiris poli-tikuri profili regionSi da man es moaxerxa didi wevrisaxelmwifoebis – safrangeTisa da didi britaneTis – gabra-zebis gareSe. aq aisaxa evrokavSiris ufro ambiciuri politika,miuxedavad wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris regionisadmi erTianimidgomis ar arsebobisa.

vinaidan saqarTvelos sruli yuradReba Sida konfliqtebismogvarebazea gadatanili afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi,

60 avtorTa interviuebi dasavlel diplomatebTan, Tbilisi, 2004 wlisagvisto-seqtemberi.61 2005 wlis ianvarSi, evrosabWos saparlamento asambleis winaSegamosvlisas prezidentma saakaSvilma gaaJRera “saqarTvelos mTavrobisiniciativa samxreT oseTis konfliqtis mSvidobian daregulirebasTandakavSirebiT.” iniciativebi, ZiriTadad, samxreT oseTis momaval statussexeba saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi, magram saeWvoa maT mohyveskonkretuli Sedegebi, Tu jer ndobis aRdgenisken mimarTuli nabijebiar iqna gadadgmuli. ixileT, International Crisis Group Policy Briefing no. 38,“Georgia-South Ossetia: Refugee Return the Path to Peace”, April 19, 2005, http://crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=3380&l=1.


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dasavleTis mier wamoweuli sxva sakiTxebi xSirad saTanadoyuradRebis gareSe rCeba. aSS da evropa mouwodebda saqarT-velos ufro aqtiuri regionaluri TanamSromlobisken misuSualo mezobel saxelmwifoebTan. sxvadasxva programa iqnaSemuSavebuli, romelTac xeli unda Seewyo amierkavkasiaSisabaJo, transportirebisa da garemos dacvis sakiTxebSi ufrometi TanamSromlobisTvis. magram progresi, albaT, Zalian nelamiiRweva, Tu saqarTvelos mTeli yuradReba separatistulregionebze gavlenis aRdgenisken (an, sul mcire, raime saxiserovnuli Serigebis miRwevisken) iqneba mimarTuli.

saxelmwifo reformebi

qveynis Sida usafrTxoeba Tavidanve iyo dasavleTis erT-erTi mTavari prioriteti saqarTveloSi, xolo ormxrivi Tumravalmxrivi sagareo daxmareba erT-erTi ZiriTadi meqanizmiiyo am miznis misaRwevad. es politika adreuli 1990-iani wlebissufTa humanitaruli daxmarebidan samoqalaqo sazogadoebisada saxelmwifo institutebis ganviTarebisken mimarTulidaxmarebiT Seicvala.

erT sul mosaxleze gaangariSebiT, saqarTvelos meoreadgili ukavia aSS-is daxmarebis mimReb qveynebs Soris62 da amdaxmarebis didi nawili mimarTulia qveynis Sida usafrTxoebisproblemebis mogvarebisken, rogoricaa saqarTvelos sa-sazRvro jarebi da sabaJo kontroli.63 2001 wlidan moyolebuli,

62 aSS-is mTliani daxmareba saqarTvelosadmi 1992-2000 wlebSi Seadgenda778 milion aSS dolars, rac xuTjer aRemateba azerbaijanis mier miRebuldaxmarebas. amasTanave, 1996 wlidan moyolebuli saqarTvelom aSS-issaerTaSoriso daxmarebis saagentodan damatebiT miiRo 375 milionidolari. ixileT, “Country Report: Georgia”, The Economist Intelligence Unit,November 2003.63 Office of the Secretary of State, Congressional Budget Justification, 2003. See alsoEkaterine Metreveli and Ester Hakobyan, “The Political Underpinnings of U.S. BilateralAid to the Countries of Transcaucasus,” Demokratizatsia, vol. 9, no. 3 (summer 2001),pp. 367–381.


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aSS gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda organizebuldanaSaulTan brZolaSi daxmarebas.64 garda amisa, aSS-isSeSfoTeba saqarTvelos Sida usafrTxoebis mdgomareobiTmxolod gaZlierda mas Semdeg, rac 2001 wlis zafxulSi SinagansaqmeTa saministros CaeSala gilaevis winaaRmdeg mimarTulioperacia kodoris xeobaSi, roca CeCeni bovikebis garkveulijgufi, qarTuli elementebis daxmarebiT, Seecada afxazeTSisituaciis destabilizacias. CeCeni boevikebis aseTma TavSeyramkidev ufro gaaZliera aSS-is SeSfoTeba da yuradReba pankisisxeobisken iqna gadatanili, romelic SesaZloa globaluriterorizmis buded gadaqceuliyo.65 am safrTxis Tavidanasacileblad da amasTan, saqarTvelo moiazreboda terorizmiswinaaRmdeg brZolaSi strategiul partniorad, 2002 wlisaprilSi SeerTebulma Statebma daiwyes saqarTvelos Seiara-Rebuli Zalebis “wvrTnisa da aRWurvis” programis ganxor-cieleba, romelic iTvaliswinebda qarTuli armiis specda-nayofebis momzadebas terorizmis safrTxis winaaRmdegsabrZolvelad da, agreTve, baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadenisdasacavad.66 antiteroristul koaliciasTan saqarTvelosmierTebisa da erayis koaliciis ZalebSi monawileobis gazrdisSedegad, SeerTebulma Statebma axali samxedro daxmarebisprogramis Sesaxeb gaakeTes gancxadeba, raTa qarTuli sajarisodanayofebi samSvidobo operaciebisTvis moemzadebinaT.67

64 ixileT, Brenda Shaffer, “U.S. Policy,” in Lynch, The South Caucasus, pp. 53–62.65 kodoris xeobaSi ganxorcielebuli am operaciis Sesaxeb ufrodetalurad ixileT sxva Tavebi amave gamocemaSi, oqsana antonenkosa dajaba devdarianis avtorobiT. pankisis xeobis Sesaxeb damatebiTidetalebi ixileT devdarianis qveTavSi.66 ixileT, daviT darCiaSvilis qveTavi amave gamocemaSi.67 “U.S. Announces New Military Assistance Program for Georgia,” CivilGeorgia,November 5, 2004, http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=8271. “SenarCune-bisa da stabilurobis” programis Sedegad, 558 qarTveli samxedrogaigzavneba eraySi terorizmis winaaRmdeg globaluri brZolismxardasaWerad da Caenacvlebian “operacia erayis Tavisuflebis”farglebSi momsaxure sxva qarTvel jariskacebs. ixileT, “U.S. AnnouncesNew Military Assistance Program for Georgia.”


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“SenarCunebisa da stabilurobis” programa oficialurad 2005wlis aprilSi daiwyo. is iTvaliswinebs qarTuli SeiaraRebuliZalebis wrTvnasa da sxva saxis daxmarebis gawevas, raTasaqarTvelom SeZlos eraySi koaliciur ZalebSi monawileobisgagrZeleba.68

nato, “partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis” programis farglebSida sxva misi wevri saxelmwifoebis (kerZod, aSS, didi britaneTi,TurqeTi da germania) saSualebiT, monawileobs saxalmwiforeformis gamxorcielebaSi, gansakuTrebiT, sajariso daTavdacvis sistemis reformirebaSi. natom organizeba gauwiaSavi zRvis raionSi samSvidobo Zalebis wvrTnas, romelSicaqtiurad monawileobda germaniis, didi britaneTisa da sxvaevropuli qveynebis (maT Soris saqarTvelos) sajarisoqvedanayofebi.69 garda amisa, saqarTvelo, TurqeTis me-TaurobiT, monawileobda kosovos samSvidobo operaciebSi damaspinZlobda samxedro wvrTnebs. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, romsaqarTveloSi Tavdacvis reformas seriozulad aferxebdnenekonomikuri faqtorebi da arsebuli korufcia. Tbilisi ara-erTxel iTxovda natos ufro aqtiur monawileobas saqarTvelosusafrTxoebis problemebis gadawyvetaSi. am moTxovnaTaganzogierTi ruseTis amierkavkasiaSi arsebobis dabalansebasiTvaliswinebda, xolo sxva moTxovnebi ruseTTan TanamSromlobis

68 “Sustainment and Stability Operations Program (SSOP) Formally Begins,” http://georgia.usembassy.gov/events/event20050423SSOPOpen.html.69 2004 wlis 6 aprils, briuselSi vizitisas, prezidentma mixeilsaakaSvilma xazgasmiT aRniSna saqarTvelos natoSi gawevrianebiskenswrafva da ganacxada, rom 2004 wlis ivnisis natos stambolis samitisdros saqarTvelo gegmavda natosTan individualuri partniorobisxelSekrulebis gaformebas. (RFE/RL Newsline, 7 aprili, 2004 w.). 2001-2002wlebSi saqarTvelo monawileobda natos “partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis”cxra wvrTnasa da, agreTve, rva “partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis” msgavsisuliskveTebis wvrTnaSi. natosadmi mimarTul saqarTvelos politikisSesaxeb ixileT, NATO’s New Role in the NIS Area, Interim Project Report: NATO andits Partners in Eastern Europe and the Southern Caucasus (Warsaw: Osrodek StuiowWschodnich Centre for Eastern Studies, December 2003), at pp. 42–46, http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/epub/NATO/raport_en.pdf.


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gzebs eZebda. magaliTad, prezidentma saakaSvilma oficialuradSesTavaza ruseTs, Seqmniliyo erToblivi rusul-qarTuliantiteroristuli centri saqarTvelodan rusuli samxedrobazebis gayvanis sanacvlod.70 2004 wlis ivnisSi, stambolSigamarTul samitze natom miiRo gadawyvetileba kavkasiasa dacentralur aziaSi specialuri warmomadgeneli daeniSna. 15seqtembers natos generaluri mdivnis meore moadgile robertsimonsi oficialurad Seudga specialuri warmomadgenlisuflebamosilebis Sesrulebas da Tavisi mudmivi warmomadgenelidaniSna kavkasiaSi, romelic TbilisSi iqna movlinebuli.71 2004wlis oqtombris bolos, natos wevri qveynebis mier damkicebuliqna saqarTvelosTan individualuri partniorobis samoqmedogegma (IPAP), xolo misi ganxorcielebis pirveladi Sefaseba Sedga2005 wlis gazafxulze. saqarTvelo-natos urTierTobebisgaaqtiureba, savaraudod, dadebiTad imoqmedebs saxelmwiforeformebis ganxorcielebaze, mesame qveynebis daxmarebiT,romelTa nawili ukve gaerTianebulia “saqarTvelos axalmegobarTa” jgufSi. es jgufi, romlis SemadgenlobaSic SedianestoneTi, latvia, litva, poloneTi, rumineTi da bulgareTi,aSkarad gamoxatavs evrokavSiris zogi axali wevri saxelmwifosmzard interesebs regionSi. is ukve arsebuli “megobarTa jgufis”erTgvari damatebaa da yuradRebas saqarTvelos natosTan daevrokavSirTan urTierTobasa da saxelmwifo reformebisganxorcielebaze gaamaxvilebs.72

2003 wlis noembris “vardebis revoluciamde” SerTebuliStatebisa da evropisTvis aSkara gaxda, rom SevardnaZismTavrobam ver SeZlo xalxis ndobiT aRWurvili saxelmwifosmSenebloba, ekonomikuri ganviTareba da stabilurobis miRweva.mTavrobis uunarobam mniSvnelovani reformis gansaxor-

70 “Georgia Proposes New ‘Mechanics’ for Relations with Russia,” Civil Georgia, September22, 2004, http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=7891.71 “NATO to Dispatch Liaison Officer to Georgia,” Civil Georgia, September 9, 2004,http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=7846.72 Vladimir Socor, “New Group of Georgia’s Friends Founded,” Eurasia Daily Monitor,February 7, 2005.


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cieleblad, gamoiwvia donorTa didi imedgacrueba.73 2003 wlisdasawyisSi msoflio bankma SeaCera energetikuli da socialuriprogramebi yovlismomcveli korufciis gamo, xolo 2003 wlisseqtemberSi aSS-ma ganacxada, rom 2004 wlidan SeamcirebdasaqarTvelosadmi gaweuli daxmarebis masStabebs.74 dasavleTismxridan gaZlierebulma kritikam SevardnaZes ruseTTandaaxloebisken ubiZga, rac energosferoSi strategiulixelSekrulebebis gaformebiT gamoikveTa.75 am xelSekrulebebmakidev ufro gaaRrmava SeerTebuli Statebis SeSfoTeba. elCmastiven manma, aSS-is prezidentis mrCevelma kaspiis energosa-kiTxebSi, sajarod gamoxata SeSfoTeba msgavsi xelSekrulebebisTaobaze ruseTTan, radgan aman SeiZleba Seaferxos amier-kavkasiis gazsadenis proeqti, romelic 2006 wels unda daiwyosda unda moaxdinos gazis transportireba azerbaijanis Sah-denizis sabadodan TurqeTSi, saqarTvelos gavliT.76

SeerTebulma Statebma (an, minimum, zogierTma amerikulmamoRvawem) daiwyes saqarTvelos politikuri opoziciaSi Riainvestireba da maTi roli “vardebis revoluciaSi” mniSvne-lovani aRmoCnda. aSS-is mTavrobis mier dafinansebulierovnuli demokratiuli instituti monawileobda opoziciisliderebis treningSi, momzadebasa da gaerTianebaSi. saerTa-Soriso respublikuri instituti, saarCevno sistemebis saerTa-

73 “Country Report: Georgia,” The Economist Intelligence Unit, November 2003.74 Natalia Antelava, “United States Cuts Development Aid to Georgia,” Eurasia Insight,September 29, 2003, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav092903.shtml.75 2003 wlis ivlisSi saqarTvelom 25-wliani TanamSromlobis SeTanxmebasmoawera xeli ruseTis gazis gigant gazpromTan. xelSekrulebaiTvaliswinebda saqarTvelos gaziT momaragebas da misi infrastuqturissatranzitod gamoyenebas. ixileT, RFE/RL Newsline, July 28, 2003, http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2003/07/2-TCA/tca-280703.asp.76 RFE/RL Newsline, July 28, 2003, http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2003/07/2-TCA/tca-280703.asp. aSS-ma ganacxada, saqarTvelos energosistemisTvis gaweulidaxmarebis Semcirebis Sesaxeb 30 milioni aSS dolaridan 14 milionamde.“Country Report: Georgia,” The Economist Intelligence Unit, November 2003. ufrodetalurad gazpromTan gaformebuli am xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb, ixileT,jaba devdarianis qveTavi amave gamocemaSi.


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Soriso fondTan (IFES) erTad, muSaobdnen intensiurad Tavi-sufali da samarTliani arCevnebis xelSesawyobad. qarTulisadamkvirveblo organizaciebi, gansakuTrebiT, samarTlianiarCevnebisa da demokratiis saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba,mzaddeboda da finansdeboda amerikeli eqspertebis mier. ampolitikurma gamocdilebam mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSaarasamTavrobo organizaciaTa seqtoris politizirebaSi dademokratiuli opoziciis mxardaWeraSi.

gadadgomis Semdeg SevardnaZem pirdapir daadanaSaulavaSingtoni saqarTvelos Sida saqmeebSi Riad CarevaSi, xoloamerikeli filantropi jorj sorosi – opoziciis mxardaWeraSi.zogierTi qarTveli Jurnalisti xazs usvamda im faqts, rom aSS-is elCi saqarTveloSi riCard mailsi iyo diplomatiuri misiisxelmZRvaneli azerbaijansa da serbeTSi, roca prezidentebisabulfaz elCibeisa da slobodan miloSeviCis gandevna moxda.iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom amerikis elCi da sxva dasavlelidiplomatebi uSualo kontaqtSi imyofebodnen qarTulopoziciasTan 2003 wlis noembris revoluciis gadamwyvetmomentebSi. Tumca, es aranairad niSnavs imas, rom maT moaxdinesSevardnaZis gadayenebis inspirireba.

SeerTebulma Statebma sruli mxardaWera gamoucxadasaqarTvelos axal xelisuflebas. 2004 wlis ianvarSi saxelm-wifo mdivani kolin paueli piradad eswreboda saakaSvilisinauguraciis ceremonias, sadac ganacxadeba gaakeTa 2004 wels166-milion dolariani daxmarebis Taobaze. 2004 wlis maisSivaSingtonma saqarTvelo CarTo “aTaswleulis gamowvevis”programaSi.77 am gegmis mixedviT, Tbilisma sami wlis ganmav-lobaSi unda miiRos 500 milioni aSS dolari. grantebi“aTaswleulis gamowvevis” programis CarCoSi eZlevaT mTav-robebs, arasamTavrobo organizaciebs da kerZo struqturebsefeqturi mmarTvelobis, ekonomikuri reformebis, koruf-ciasTan brZolis, mewarmeobisa da kerZo seqtoris ganvi-

77 Millennium Challenge Corporation, Press Release, http://www.mca.gov/public_affairs/press_releases/PR_Eligible.pdf.


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Tarebis, soflis meurneobis nayofierebisa da janmrTelobis,agreTve, ganaTlebis donis amaRlebis mxardasaWerad.78 dabolos, aRsaniSnavia prezident buSis saqarTveloSi vizitimeore msoflio omis dasrulebis 60 wlisTavis aRsaniSnavimogzaurobis farglebSi. is saqarTveloSi ruseTidan Camovida2005 wlis 10 maiss, riTac xazi gausva saqarTveloSi demokratiis,istoriuli mniSvnelobis reformebis da konfliqtebismSvidobianad gadaWris mniSvnelobas.79

xolo rac Seexeba evropis kavSirs, is yovelTvis mniSvne-lovan daxmarebas uwevda saqarTvelos, miuxedavad prog-ramebis arSesrulebisa da ganviTarebis perspeqtivis ararse-bobisa im periodSi, rodesac mTavrobaSi imyofeboda Sevard-naZis korumpirebuli gundi. evrokomisia axorcielebs prog-ramebs humanitaruli da sakvebi produqtebiT daxmarebis,kanonis uzenaesobis, ekonomikuri da samarTlebrivi refor-mebis, da energopolitikis sferoSi.aSS-Tan SedarebiT nakle-bad, magram zogierTma evropulma qveynam, gansakuTrebiT,didma britaneTma, germaniam, saberZneTma da safrangeTma,aseve, ganaviTares ormxrivi TanamSromloba saqarTvelosxelisuflebasTan, gansakuTrebiT, samxedro, sabaJo da sa-marTaldamcav organoebTan. 2003 wlis noembridan moyolebulievrokavSiri gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iCens saqarTvelo-sadmi da, rogorc Cans, did imedebs amyarebs axal xeli-suflebaze, kanonis uzenaesobis garkveuli problemebismiuxedavad. 2004 wlis ivnisSi donorebis konferenciazebriuselSi, evrokomisiam da msoflio bankma, 31 qveyanasTan da12 saerTaSoriso organizaciasTan erTad, TiTqmis 1 miliardiaSS dolaris daxmarebas dahpirda axal xelisuflebas.80 esdaxmareba gankuTvnilia reformebisTvis energetikis, mmarTve-

78 “U.S. to Grant Georgia $500 ml in Frames of MCA,” Civil Georgia, May 28, 2004,http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=7021.79 “President Bush to Travel to Georgia,” http://georgia.usembassy.gov/events/event20050325BushVisit.html.80 Joint Press Release by the European Commission and the World Bank, June 16, 2004,http://www.seerecon.org/Georgia/press_release.pdf.


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lobis, siRaribis daZlevis, bavSvTa socialuri dacvis,infrastruqturisa da soflis meurneobis ganviTarebisxelSesawyobad 2004-2006 wlebSi.

2003 wlis dekemberSi, evropis palmanentma rekomendaciagauwia amierkavkasiis qveynebs – somxeTs, azerbaijansa dasaqarTvelos – evropis axali samezoblo politikis nawiligamxdariyvnen, xolo 2004 wlis maisSi es winadadeba evrokomisiismier iqna damtkicebuli. analitikosebi varaudoben, rom esnawilobriv dagvianebuli gadawyvetileba – amierkavkasiisqveynebis evropis samezoblo iniciativaSi CarTvis Sesaxeb,didad iqna ganpirobebuli saqarTveloSi mimdinare politikuricvlilebebiT.81 2005 wlis martSi evrokomisiam miiRo ga-dawyvetileba saqarTvelosTan urTierTobebis intensifikaciisSesaxeb, rac samezoblo iniciativis farglebSi samoqmedo gegmisSemuSavebas gulisxmobda. es rekomendacia eyrdnoboda ev-rokomisiis mier gakeTebul angariSs, romelic detalur dasiRrmiseul analizs iZleva saqarTveloSi arsebuli politikurida ekonomikuri situaciis Sesaxeb da asaxavs dRemde arsebulormxriv urTierTobebs evrokavSirTanac.82

81 Jaba Devdariani, “Europe Remains Ambiguous in its South Caucasus Neighborhood,”Central Asia–Caucasus Analyst, July 14, 2004.82 The European Commission’s Delegation to Georgia and Armenia, http://www.delgeo.cec.eu.int/en/press/5_mart_ge_2005.htm. samoqmedo gegmis ZiriTadi elementebi undamoicavdes: kanonis uzenaesobis dacvas, demokratiis institutebisa dapluralizmis gaZlierebas, biznes-garemos gaumjobesebas, sagadasaxadoda sabaJo administraciis reformas, siRaribis daZlevas, konfliqtebismogvarebasa da mzard regionaluri TanamSromlobas. “vardebisrevoluciis” Semdeg evrokavSiri gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebdaqveyanaSi kanonis uzenaesobis damcveli institutebis gaZlierebaze. 2004wlis zafxulSi evrokavSirma saqarTveloSi gaxsna pirveli kanonisuzenaesobis misia (EUJUST THEMIS), raTa daxmareba gaewia samarTlebrivisistemis reformirebaSi. Sesabamis saministroebSi rva ucxoeli eqspertisganTavsebiT, misia saqarTvelos xelisuflebas exmareba, zogadad,reformebis koordinaciaSi. ixileT, “EU Launches ‘Rule of Law’ Mission, AmidHuman Rights Concerns”, Civil Georgia, July 17, 2004, http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id-7439.


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ra unda moimoqmedos dasavleTma?

dasavleTma saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis dRis wesrigSiupirveles amocanad unda gansazRvros qveynis ganviTarebisproblemebi da saxelmwifo reformebi. aqedan gamomdinare,kargia, rom SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis bolo ramdenime wlis“donorTa imedgacrueba” daxmarebis gawevis xelaxalmamzadyofnam Secvala, mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelos axalmaxelisuflebam korufciis winaaRmdeg brZola gaaZliera dasaxelwifo reformebSi winsvla aRiniSna. aseT viTarebaSidasavleTma unda gaagrZelos saxelmwifo reformis mravlis-momcveli strategia, romlis ganxorcielebac SesaZlebeliasaakaSvilis prezidentobis pirveli vadis amowurvamde.umTavresi orientirebi saqarTvelom Tavad unda gansazRvros,magram isini unda Seesabamebodes evrokavSiris standartebsada evroatlantikur gamocdilebas. mTavari principebi ukveCadebulia iseT, saqarTvelos wina xelisuflebis mier xelmo-weril an mimdinare, dokumentebSi, rogoricaa evrokavSirisada saqarTvelos partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis SeTanxmeba,axali samezoblo iniciativa (evrokavSirisa da saqarTvelossamoqmedo gegma) da natosTan individualuri partniorobissamoqmedo gegma.

magram dasavleTis strategia unda iyos gawonasworebuli– aucilebelia, fundamenturi problemebis gadaWra (koruf-ciasTan brZolis CaTvliT), magram, imavdroulad, reformebisperiodSi uyuradRebod ar unda darCes politikuri stabi-lurobis SenarCuneba. magaliTad, sazogadoebis farTo ukmayo-fileba SeiZleba gamoiwvios saxelmwifo moxeleebis samsa-xuridan masiurma daTxovnam. garda amisa, aseTma nabijmaSeiZleba gamoaaSkaraos kvalificiuri kadrebis naklebobasaqarTvelos mTavrobaSi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca ararsebobs adekvaturi sakadro politika. es problemebi udavodwarmoCindeba procesis dasawyisSive, magram isini didi xnisganmavlobaSi iarsebeben, Tu dasavleTi arafers iRonebs maTgadaWraSi dasaxmareblad. 2004 wlis martSi, saqarTvelos


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mTavrobam piroba dado, rom daTxovnil sajaro moxeleebsSesabamisi kompensaciiT da axali samuSao SesaZleblobebiTuzrunvelyofda.83 man, agreTve, SeimuSava yvela sxva sazo-gadoebrivi seqtoris reformirebis uaRresad ambiciuri gegma2004-2009 wlebisaTvis. es gegma iTvaliswinebs demokratiulimmarTvelobis gaZlierebas, saxelmwifo institutebis Camo-yalibebas, sajaro samsaxurisa da ganaTlebis sistemebisganaxlebas, kulturuli institutebis ganviTarebas, saxelm-wifos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenas, erovnuli usafrT-xoebis garantiebis Seqmnasa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebismiRwevas. aSkaraa, rom axalma xelisuflebam mkafiod undagansazrvros am reformaTa Soris prioritetebi, winaaRmdegSemTxvevaSi, maTi realizacia naklebsavaraudoa.

ukve aSkaraa daxmarebis saWiroeba. aucilebelia specialuriprogramebis ganxorcieleba dasavleTis qveynebSi, romelicmoizidavs evropaSi ganaTlebul da gamocdil axalgazrdaspecialistebs. es programebi daexmareba mTavrobas admi-nistraciuli aparatis SeqmnaSi, romelic kompetenciaze,gamocdilebasa da keTilsindisierebaze iqneba damyarebuli.amave mimarTulebis CarCoebSi xelisuflebam unda Camo-ayalibos da daicvas qcevis kodeqsi sajaro moxeleebisTvis.garda amisa, xelisuflebas marTebs frTxili sakadro poli-tikis gatareba, roca saqme exeba sajaro moxeleTa masiurSemcirebebs. imisda miuxedavad, rom SevardnaZis prezi-dentobisas korufcia farTod iyo gavrcelebuli, arsebobdnenmoxeleebi, romlebic axerxebdnen, ar gareuliyvnen masSi. esTanamdebobis pirebi da maTi ojaxis wevrebi, SesaZlebelia,administraciuli wmendis msxverplni aRmoCndnen. metiefeqturobisTvis saWiroa, rom reformebi da axali kadrebisayvana adekvaturi da drouli xelfasebis gacemis paraleluradmoxdes. Tu es ar moxdeba, korufcia kvlav iCens Tavs.

83 Georgian Ministry of Finance, “Strengthening and Uniting Georgia through EconomicGrowth, European Integration, and Long-Term Stability: Reform and DevelopmentProgramme for the Government of Georgia 2004–2009.”


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specialuri fondi sajaro moxeleebis xelfasebisTvis iqnaSeqmnili da sxvadasxva donoris mier dafinansebuli. sorosisada sxva amerikulma fondebma, agreTve, gaeros ganviTarebisfondma Seitanes TavianTi wvlili am specialur fondSi.84

garda amisa, saWiro Tanxebis saxelmwifo biujetSi mobi-lizaciisTvis aucilebelia sabaJo wesebisa da mmarTvelobisreforma, ukve arsebuli dasavluri programebis Senar-CunebasTan erTad. sabaJo gadasaxadebis amoReba damokidebuliiqneba iseTi strategiuli teritoriebis gakontrolebaze,rogoricaa samxreT oseTisa da samegrelos regionis kontrolikontrabandaze.am miznis misaRwevad aucilebelia centralurixelisuflebis politikuri kontrolis gaZliereba. sabaJoreforma uSualodaa dakavSirebuli qveynis erTianobasa dateritoriul mTlianobaze. 2004 wlis ivnisSi samxreT oseTiskonfliqtis zonasTan mdebare ergneTis bazrobis gauqmebaaucilebeli iyo zogierTi kriminaluri dajgufebis saqmianobisaRsakveTad. magram aseTi tipis bazrobebi adgilobrivimosaxleobisTvis Semosavlis wyarocaa. amdenad, aseT poli-tikas aucileblad unda axldes Tan ekonomikuri ganviTarebisSesaZleblobebi.

policiis reformam unda aRadginos ndoba moqalaqeebsa dasaxelmwifos Soris. saerTaSoriso donorebis mier dafi-

84 2004 wels prezidenti, premier ministri, parlamentis Tavmjdomare dauzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare iRebda 1500 aSS dolars am fondidan,TavianTi oficialuri xelfasis danamatad. TxuTmeti ministri da oTxisaxelmwifo ministri, agreTve, uSiSroebis sabWos mdivani da prezidentisadministraciis xelmZRvaneli iRebda 1200 dolars. ekonomikuri sabWosTavmjdomare, Sinagani jarebis sardali, genStabis ufrosi, satransportopoliciis xelmZRvaneli, saxelmwifo dacvis samsaxuris ufrosi,sagadasaxado inspeqciis xelmZRvaneli da finansuri policiis ufrosiiRebda 1000 dolars. samoci ministris moadgile iRebda 700 dolars.uSiSroebis sabWos wevrebi iRebdnen 500 dolars. yvela satransportopolicieli iRebda 150 dolars. momavalSi es danamatebi xelfasebzedagegmilia saxelmwifo biujetidan gaices. daaxloebiT 5000-mde sajaromoxele miiRebs damatebiT xelfass. ixileT, rezonansi, 25 marti, 2004 w.,gv. 2.


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nansebuli specialuri wvrTnis programebi aucilebeliapoliciis muSaobis efeqturobis asamaRleblad, iseve rogorc,rekomendaciebi, sabWoTa policiuri sistemis reformirebi-saTvis. saqarTvelom policiis reforma daiwyo sagzao policiisaTasobiT TanamSromlis daTxovniT. imis miuxedavad, romsagzao policia uaRresad korumpirebul struqturas warmo-adgenda da sazogadoebis minimaluri mxardaWeriT sar-geblobda, aTasobiT adamianis samsaxuridan daTxovna, axaliperspeqtivebisa da socialuri garantiebis gareSe, saeWvoaqveyanaSi zogadad arsebuli kriminaluri situaciis gaumjo-besebas emsaxurebodes. saqarTvelospoliciis sagamoZiebostruqturebis reformac unda iyos prioriteti, vinaidanadamianis uflebaTa darRvevebi kvlav mravladaa, xeli-suflebis cvlilebis miuxedavad. kvlav xSiria saCivrebiTviTneburi dakavebis, narkotikebisa da iaraRis Cagdebis,sagamoZiebo da winaswari dakavebis saknebSi wamebis Sesaxeb.

Sedegiani dialogi Tbilissa da separatistul teritoriebsSoris SesaZlebeli iqneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu dasavleTidaexmareba afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTs ganaviTaros da ufroRia gaxados sakuTari politikuri sistemebi. ufro metic,dasavluri daxmareba adgilobrivi arasamTavrobo orga-nizaciebisa da socialurad daucveli jgufebisadmi undaemsaxurebodes ndobis aRdgenas orive mxares Soris. Tugaizrdeba ndoba, xolo afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis mosax-leoba daijerebs imas, rom dasavleTi (da Sesabamisad saqarT-veloc) yuradRebas iCens maTi momavlisadmi da iziareben maTlegitimur miswrafebas, ar iqnen asimilirebulni dominanturqarTul kulturaSi, isev warmoiSveba SesaZlebloba warma-tebuli politikuri dialogis ganaxlebisa. magram, sanamdasavleTi ganagrZobs afxazebisa da osebis problemebisugulvebelyofas, isini arsebuli safrTxis nawilad moiaz-rebian am regionebSi da separatistul warmonaqmnebs ruseTTankidev ufro mWidro kavSirisken ubiZgebs.

Tu saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobas surs saqarTvelosstabilurobis miRweva, aucilebelia maTi SeTanxmebuli


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moqmedeba. pirvel nabijad saWiroa, gadaixedos dsT-is(ruseTis) mSvidobismyofelTa da gaeros warmomadgenlobismandati. rusuli jarebi ufro metad unda iyvnen CarTuliadgilobrivi mosaxleobis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSi. Turusi mSvidobismyofelebi ver SeZleben usafrTxo garemosSeqmnas, maSin gaerom seriozulad unda ganixilos saerTa-Soriso samSvidobo Zalebis gagzavnis SesaZleblobis sakiTxi.rac Seexeba gaeros misias saqarTveloSi, mas SeuZlia iTavosgaeros humanitaruli da ganviTarebiTi programebis koor-dinacia, rac qarTvelebsa da afxazebs Soris daZabulobisganmuxtvas unda emsaxurebodes. gaeros mier dafinansebuliqarTvelebiT dasaxlebul galis raionSi samoqalaqo policiisproeqti SeiZleba iqces aseT Sansad.

samxreT oseTSi saWiroa Zalisxmevis gaaqtiureba regionSiekonomikuri TanamSromlobis wasaxaliseblad, gansakuTrebiT,adgilobrivi savaWro da sabanko sistemis daxmarebis gziT.evrokavSiris winadadebebi erToblivi sabaJo Tu tvirTismakontrolebeli meqanizmebis SemuSavebis Sesaxeb, romelicmxareebis mier iqna uaryofili, kvlav unda gaxdes ganxilvissagani. es SeiZleba ndobis aRdgenis umniSvnelovanes meqanizmadiqces. saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam, aseve, unda gaaZlieroszewola saqarTveloze, raTa miRebul iqnas konfliqtis drosiZulebiT gaqceuli, daaxloebiT 60 aTasi osi devnilisdabrunebisa da qonebis restituciis iuridiuli CarCoebi.donorebma finansuri daxmareba unda gauwion saqarTvelos,gansakuTrebiT, kompensaciis valdebulebaTa Sesasruleblad.

regionaluri TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis yvela mcde-loba uSedego gamodga, nawilobriv, azerbaijan-somxeTs Sorisarsebuli mTiani yarabaxis konfliqtis gamo. aseT SemTxvevaSi,imis magivrad, rom gaagrZelos unayofo mcdelobebi saqarT-velos, somxeTisa da azerbaijans Soris sammxrivi TanamSrom-lobis ganviTarebisa, dasavleTisTvis ufro mizanSewoniliiqneba, mxari dauWiros realur formas ormxrivi TamanSrom-lobisa saqarTvelosa da or sxva amierkavkasiur qveyanas Soris.sasargeblo proeqtebi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mravali


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ganxriT, rogoricaa satransporto tranziti, TanamSromlobausafrTxoebis sferoSi, sabaJo, sazRvris dacva, organizebulidanaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZola.

ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da dasavluri investiciebismozidvis mizniT, rac oficialur institucionalur mxar-daWeras saWiroebs, (aseve evropul da araevropul ekonomikursubieqtebs Soris kontaqtebis mxardaWeris mizniT), evro-kavSirma unda ganixilos kavkasiuri bankisa da evrokavSirismier dafinansebuli savaWro palatis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba. isaraa valdebuli (da arc unda iyos) mxolod saqarTveloTiSemofarglos; misi saqmianoba SeiZleba gavrceldes, aseve,ruseTze, iransa da TurqeTze.

aSS-is monawileoba saqarTvelos saqmeebSi sagrZnobladgaizarda bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi. magaliTad,saqarTvelo iqca tranzitul punqtad aSS-is samxedro avia-ciisTvis, avRaneTSi mimdinare operaciebisas. saqarTvelocdilobda SeerTebul StatebTan daemyarebina ufro axlourTierTobebi, maT Soris natos farglebs miRmac. 2003 wlisagvistoSi saqarTvelom gagzavna 70 kaciani specialuridaniSnulebis danayofi eraySi, xolo momdevno wlis aprilSi,mSvidobismyofelTa ricxvi 155 kacamde gazarda.85 aqedangamomdinare, saqarTvelos antiteroristul koaliciaSimonawileobiT gafarTovda aSS-is samxedro gavlena regionSi,romelsac ruseTi tradiciulad sakuTari gavlenis sferodmiiCnevda, rasac SesaZloa aSS-ruseTis urTierTobebis daZabvamohyves.

SeerTebuli Statebis aseTma gaaqtiurebam gamoiwviaruseTis SeSfoTeba imis gamo, rom vaSingtoni cdilobdaamierkavkasiidan mis gamoZevebas. es SeSfoTeba Zlierdeba,roca aSS cdilobs moskovze zewolas, raTa am ukanasknelmaSeasrulos stambolis 1999 wlis samitze nakisri valde-bulebebi da gaiyvanos Tavisi bazebi saqarTvelodan. gansa-kuTrebiT mwvaved es sakiTxi gamoaSkaravda euTos 2003 wlis

85 “Georgian Peacekeeping Troops to Deploy in Iraq,” RFE/RL Newsline.


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dekembris samitze maastrixtSi, roca saxelmwifo mdivanmakolin pauelma gaakritika ruseTi stambolis valdebulebebisarSesrulebis gamo da gaafrTxila moskovi, ar daeWira mxariseparatistuli reJimebisTvis amierkavkasiaSi. aSS-ma mzadyofnagamoTqva saqarTveloSi darCenili ori, axalqalaqisa dabaTumis, bazis gasayvanad ruseTisTvis finansuri daxmarebisgawevis Taobaze. miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogor Seecdeba aSS misisaqarTveloSi mzardi rolis Serbilebas, es mainc sakmaod mwareabi SeiZleba aRmoCndes ruseTis nacionalisturi da konser-vatiuli ZalebisTvis gadasaylapad da emociuri reaqciagardauvalia. gavlenis dakargvisadmi fsiqologiuri Seguebisproblemebis garda, Zalze gansxvavebuli Zalebi ruseTSiSeSfoTebas gamoxataven imis SesaZleblobaze, rom darCenilirusuli bazebis gasvlis Semdeg, maT adgils amerikis an natosZalebi daikaveben.

riskis minimumamde dasayvanad, raTa ar moxdes ruseTis ansaqarTvelos SecdomaSi Seyvana, aSS-ma mkafiod unda gansazRvrossaqarTvelos roli mis usafrTxoebis gegmebSi. Tu vaSingtonsimedi aqvs, gaaZlieros saqarTvelos roli platformis saxiT,Tavisi momavali samxedro operaciebis gansaxorcieleblad, manunda erTmniSvnelovnad ganucxados amis Taobaze saqarTvelosacda ruseTsac. xolo natom, Tavis mxriv, mkafiod unda gansazRvrospirobebi da daaxloebiTi vadebi, romlis CarCoebSic saqarTveloSeZlebs gaaZlieros Tavisi urTierTobebi aliansTan. auci-lebelia natos kandidati wevrebis msgavsi yovlismomcvelisamoqmedo gegmis saqarTvelosTvis oficialurad SeTavazeba.natos miznebi saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi mkafiod undaganemartos ruseTs da unda gadaidgas Sesabamisi nabijebi, raTaam miznebis araswori gagebis riski Semcirdes. oqsana antonenkoswinadadeba, ruseTis baTumis samxedro baza gardaiqmnas nato-ruseTis saswavlo centrad kavkasiis an Savi zRvis regionisTvis,SeiZleba iqces erT-erT aseT nabijad.86 bolos da bolos,

86 oqsana antonenko, strategiuli kvlevis saerTaSoriso institutisufrosi mkvlevari, interviu avtorTan, 27 marti, 2004 w.


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stabiluri saqarTvelo ruseTis grZelvadian interesebSi undaSediodes. xolo ufro usafrTxo saqarTvelo rusuli biznesinteresebisTvis damatebiT SesaZleblobebs warmoadgens. Sidakrizisebisgan Tavisufali saqarTvelo kidev erTi faqtoriaruseTisTvis, raTa es ukanaskneli finansur da ekonomikurberketebs daeyrdnos da ara samxedro Zalas da kidev erTimizezi, raTa moxdes adrindeli taqtikis Secvla, romelicgavlenaTa gasaZliereblad problemaTa eqsploatacias iTva-liswinebda. dro gvaCvenebs, SeZlebs Tu ara axali qarTulixelisufleba am mimarTulebiT ubiZgos ruseTs da, imavd-roulad, dasavleTic daarwmunos, rom is Rirseuli partnioria.

daskvna

SeerTebuli Statebisa da evropis wvlili saqarTvelosusafrTxoebaSi didi xania Semcirda urTierTgagebisa dasaerTo enis simciris gamo, roca saqme exeba TviT saqarTvelospasuxismgeblobas sakuTar stabilurobaze Tu dasavleTismzadyofnas ruseTs daupirispirdes iseT mgrZnobiare sakiT-xebze, rogoricaa teritoriuli konfliqtebi. naklebadsavaraudoa, rom daZabuloba ruseTsa da dasavleTs SorissaqarTvelos usafrTxoebis problemebis gamo male dasruldes.

ekonomikuri da geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT, dasavleTidainteresebulia evropisa da axlo aRmosavleTis periferiazestabilurobiT, xolo saqarTvelo kavkasiaSi stabilurobismniSvnelovani faqtoria. magram imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelomstabilurobisken mimarTuli gavlena iqonios kavkasiaSi,aucilebelia misi sakuTari usafrTxoebis problemebis gadaWra.

aSS aqtiurad axorcielebs energetikuli da geopolitikuripolitikis aRrevas, raTa amierkavkasiaSi yovlismomcveliregionaluri stabiluroba damkvidrdes. evrokavSiri naklebadaqtiuri iyo navTobisa da gazis proeqtebis ganxorcielebaSida sarbiels kerZo seqtors uTmobda, xolo TviTon prio-ritetebs regionalur TanamSromlobas aniWebda. konfliqtebis


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mogvarebis sferoSi evropam da amerikam ver SeZlo raimekonkretuli da grZelvadiani Sedegis miRweva, miuxedavadxangrZlivi mcdelobebisa euTosa da gaeros formatebSi.

dasavleTis mier dafinansebul saxelmwifo reformebs,gansakuTrebiT SevardnaZis dros, umniSvnelo Sedegi mohyva.dasavleTis yvelaze warmatebuli saqmianoba, albaT, TviT 2003wlis “vardebis revoluciaa”, rac dasturia imisa, rom samo-qalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebis, adamianis uflebebisdacvisa da demokratiuli opoziciis mxardaWeris xangrZlivimcdelobebi aucileblad gamoiRebs nayofs. axalma qarTulmaxelisuflebam, albaT, xanrZlivi Sroma unda gaswios, rom yvelamimarTulebiT miaRwios warmatebebs, magram man aranairad arunda dauSvas qveyanaSi arsebuli usafrTxoebis situaciis kidevufro gamZafreba.

uaxloes momavalSi saqarTvelos axalma xelisuflebam undadaamtkicos, rom mas ZaluZs iseTi reformebis warmarTva, racqveyanas aRmavlobisken da stabilurobisken miiyvans. esgulisxmobs saxelmwifo struqturebis mniSvnelovan moder-nizacias, kanonis uzenaesobis damkvidrebas, samxedro Zalebissrul kontrolsa da racionalizacias, agreTve, korufciisaRmofxvrasa da organizebul danaSaulTan brZolas. am miznebismisaRwevad aucilebelia mebaJeebis, policielebisa dasamxedroebis gawvrTna da, dasavluri standartebis Sesa-bamisad, organizeba, rasac saakaSvili xSirad afiqsirebssajarod, roca saqarTvelos evro-atlantikur ojaxSi gawev-rianebis miswrafebebze saubrobs.

dasavleTs SeuZlia daexmaros saqarTvelos arademok-ratiuli tradiciebis aRmofxvraze aqcentebis gakeTebiT;agreTve, qarTuli nacionalizmis enobrivi, eTnikuri dareligiuri ganzomilebebis Serbilebaze; eTnikuri umci-resobebis civilizebul mopyrobaze; da centrsa da separa-tistul regionebs Soris arsebuli undoblobis Serbilebisgzebis gamonaxvaze. Tu progresi iqneba miRweuli am mimar-TulebebiT, saqarTvelosa da farTo kavkasiis regionisusafrTxoeba, udavod gaizrdeba.


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saqarTvelo da misi Soreuli

mezoblebi

Tomas de vaali

1919 wlis bolos saqarTvelo, axali damoukidebelisaxelmwifo, mraval problemas waawyda yvela frontze:somxeTTan sasazRvro dava gadasawyveti rCeboda; arsebobdamcire, magram metad rTuli orazrovani sakiTxebi azer-baijanTan urTierTobaSi; Tbilisis mTavroba daJinebiTasabuTebda Tavis sadavo moTxovnebs baTumis regionis mimarT,romelic, is-is iyo, unda daetovebinaT britanelebs. am qaosSisaqarTvelos mravalnacadi sagareo saqmeTa ministri evgenigegeWkori kvlav cdilobda saqarTvelos, somxeTsa daazerbaijans Soris farTo transkavkasiuri konfederaciisCamoyalibebas. gegeWkori iyo organizatori mravali kon-ferenciisa, romelic mimarTuli iyo am sam respublikasSoris erTi wlis win gauaresebuli kavSirebis aRdgenisaken.Tumca britaneli Jurnalisti, s.i. beChoferi, romelicgegeWkors Sexvda 1919 wels, gaocebuli iyo imiT, Tu rogorimoumzadeblebi Sexvdnen qarTvelebi mezoblebTan kom-promisze wasvlas da imiT, Tu rogori gauaresebuli iyomTlianad regionuli garemo. is wers:

“rac man [gegeWkorma] ar miTxra da rac isedaccxadi iyo yvelasTvis, vinc ramdenadme erkveodatranskavkasiur situaciaSi, iyo is, rom saqarT-velos ar unda hqonoda azerbaijanis mxardaWerisimedi TurqeTis an proTurquli Zalis kavkasiaSiSemoWris SemTxvevaSi. TaTrul-somxuri [azer-baijanul-somxuri] xelSekruleba, rogorc drom

Tavi 7

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gviCvena, im qaRaldis fasic ar iyo, romelzedac isewera”.1

beChoferi iqve aRniSnavs, rom is, rasac “cota xnis winandelsaqarTvelo-somxeTis kinklaobas” uwodebs, SeiZleba 1918 wlisdekembers Tbilisis dapyrobiT damTavrebuliyo, qarTvelebibritanelebs rom ar daecvaT.2 am epizodis Sesaxeb qarTvelistorikosebs gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba aqvT: isini amtki-ceben, rom britaneTis jarma xeli SeuSala qarTvelTa Setevas.yovel SemTxvevaSi, es iyo Zala, romelmac gadamwyveti roliiTamaSa 1918 wlis Sidakavkasiuri brZolis SewyvetaSi.

oTxi gareSe Zala – ruseTi, TurqeTi, germania da didibritaneTi _ am periodSi didi politikuri moTamaSe iyosamxreT kavkasiaSi. yoveli maTgani sxvadasxva dros icavda samkavkasiur saxelmwifos: ruseTi icavda somxeTs, TurqeTi _azerbaijans da, Sesabamisad, didi britaneTi da germania _saqarTvelos. kavkasiis saxelmwifoebs Soris mudmivma SuRlmanaTeli gaxada is, rom msxvili samxedro Zalebis mxridan dacvisdapirebam mTlianad gadawona regionuli solidaroba daloialoba. marTlac, sadavo sazRvrebis mqone regionSigavleniani Zalis mxardaWera (es 1919 wels mcire xniT britaneTiiyo) SeiZleboda gamoyenebuliyo efeqturad, rom upiratesobamoepovebinaT iseT sadavo sakiTxebSi, rogoric iyo baTumissakiTxi. rac Seexeba somxeTs, saqarTvelos mier mokavSireebissifrTxiliT arCeva erTmaneTisgan gamijnavda TviTgadarCenasada srul ganadgurebas .

2005 welsac, rodesac cdiloben usafrTxoebis problemismogvarebas, rac ganamtkicebs maT damoukideblobasa dasazRvrebs, kavkasiis postkomunistur axal damoukidebel sampatara saxelmwifos kvlav amoZravebs msgavsi mosazrebanisagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis warmarTvisas. somxeTikvlav eyrdnoba ruseTs, rogorc mTavar strategiul mokav-

1 C.E. Bachhofer, In Denikin’s Russia and the Caucasus, 1919-1920 (London: Collins,1921), p.54.2 Bachhofer, In Denikin’s Russia and the Caucasus, p.54.

Tomas de vaali

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Sires, saqarTvelos mzera mipyrobilia SeerTebuli State-bisaken, azerbaijanis uaxloesi mokavSire ki TurqeTia. esproteqcionisturi SeTanxmebani mimarTulia sruliad kavka-siuri TanamSromlobis winaaRmdeg. kavkasiur saxelmwifoTamier usafrTxoebis mopovebis aucilebloba didi gareSe Zalismxridan kidev erTxel aCvenebs, rom amgvari gareSe Zalebi,iseve, rogorc sxva moTamaSeni – magaliTad, navTobis saerTa-Soriso kompaniebi da iranis islamuri respublika, arRvevensamxreT kavkasiis regionis usafrTxoebas.

urTierTsawinaaRmdego interesebiT gaTiSulma samxreTkavkasiam da misma axlo mezoblebma ver SeZles, Camoeya-libebinaT zustad gamokveTili “regioni” imgvarad, rogorc esmoxda baltiis an beneluqsis qveynebSi. “samxreT kavkasias”ufro gzajvaredinis an gansxvavebul kulturaTa Sexvedrisadgilis metaforad iyeneben, vidre regionis saxelwodebad.1918 wlidan 1920 wlamde gegeWkori iyo erT-erTi im mcirepirTagan, vinc cdilobda regionuli TanamSromlobis gaadvi-lebas samxreT kavkasiaSi. bolo dros saqarTvelo naklebinteress amJRavnebda mezobel qveynebTan axlo TanamSrom-lobis mimarT. Tanamedrove saqarTvelos pirveli prezidenti,zviad gamsaxurdia, saqarTvelos warmoaCenda, rogorc gansa-kuTrebul evropul qveyanas, romelsac dauyovnebliv undagaewyvita kavSiri ruseTTan da mis sabWour warsulTan. es kiwlebis ganmavlobaSi gamoiwvevda saqarTvelos iseT saxelm-wifod Camoyalibebas, rogoric avstria da Sveicariaa. misieqscentruli ideebi imis Sesaxeb, rom kavkasiel xalxs saerToeTnikuri da kulturuli bazisi aqvs da rom qarTuli eTnosiiberiul-kavkasiuri eTnokulturuli civilizaciis nawili iyo,xels uSlida regionul integracias. sabolood, man miaRwiaTavisi qveynis izolacias ruseTis, dasavleTisa da samxreTkavkasieli mezoblebisagan. gamsaxurdias Semdgomma prezi-dentma, eduard SevardnaZem, Tavisi sagareo politika mizan-mimarTulad waiyvana ruseTisagan Camocilebisa da SeerTebuliStatebis mxardaWeris mopovebis gziT; amave dros, misievrokavSirisa da saqarTvelos uSualo mezoblebisgan CamoSo-

saqarTvelo da misi Soreuli mezoblebi

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rebisken. man ar gamoamJRavna araviTari interesi saqarTvelosmezobel qveynebTan politikuri da ekonomiuri integraciisgafarToebaSi. TviT misi azerbaijanTan kargi urTierTobaufro metad emyareboda maRali donis strategiul da ener-gogaTvlebs, vidre komerciul kavSirebs. saqarTvelos poli-tikuri liderebi gamoxatavdnen mxolod sityvier mxardaWerassomxeTis Tu azerbaijanis liderebis mimarT an xels awerdnenaxal iniciativebs. es ukanasknelni ki sinamdvileSi warmo-Sobdnen valdebulebebs furcelze da araferi keTdebodaimisaTvis, rom erTiani regioni Semdgariyo.

am TavSi Cemi msjelobis arsi aris is, rom saqarTvelosmdgomareoba rogorc samxreT kavkasiaSi, ise mis sazRvrebsmiRma aris ara usafrTxoeba, aramed piriqiT – arastabilurobada agreTve is, rom samxreT kavkasiis qveynebis xelmocarulobaTavianTi Tavis regionad miCnevaSi uaryofiT gavlenas axdensmaT winsvlaze. amaSi nawilobriv brali saqarTvelos mTavrobasmiuZRvis da misi elitis ambiciebs, xolo nawilobriv ki esganpirobebuliaRrma istoriul-geografiuli faqtorebiT(magaliTad, moskovis roli da regionis danawevrebis istoriisgansxvavebuloba), ramac Camoayaliba politikuri arCevanisamxreT kavkasiaSi. sabolood, saqarTvelo usafrTxoebismogvarebis sakiTxSi rCeba sruliad marto. saqarTvelos gavliTybadaRebul navTobsaden milsadensac ki negatiuri gavlenahqonda da manac veraferi Semata farTo regionul usafrT-xoebas.

2003 wlis noemberSi saqarTveloSi Zalaufleba xelSiaxalma prezidentma, mixeil saakaSvilma aiRo. aman bevri ramSecvala, Tumca regionuli usafrTxoebis Rrmad fesvgadgmulistruqtura, yovel SemTxvevaSi, uaxloes momavalSi, ucvlelidarCa. saakaSvilis brZola Savi bazrisa da korufciis winaaRm-deg imeds iZleva (Tuki gaamarTlebs), rom sazRvrebs Sorisganxorcielebul vaWrobas gamWvirvales gaxdis. miseuligawonasworebuli sagareo politika iZleva imis Sanss, romsaqarTvelo naklebad moeqces vaSingtonis an moskovis gavlenisqveS. ramdenadac saakaSvili koncentrirebulia saqarTvelos

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saSinao problemebze, rTuli problemebi raionSi gadauWrelirCeba, Sesabamisad, samxreT kavkasiaSi winsvlas didi drodasWirdeba.

usafrTxoeba samxreT kavkasiaSi

termini “samxreT kavkasia” geografiuli mniSvnelobiT 1990-iani wlebis Suaxnidan gamoiyeneba. CrdiloeTidan Semosaz-Rvruli kavkasiis qediT saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da azer-baijanis teritoriebi Tavdapirvelad rusul enaze “imier-kavkasiad” (“zakavkazie”) iwodebodnen; damoukideblobismiRebam am sam qveyanas saSualeba misca, gamoeyenebina ufroneitraluri termini _ “samxreT kavkasia”. maSin, roca mTebiwarmoqmnis mkveTr bariers CrdiloeTisken (Tumca zustsazRvrebze SeiZleba idavon afxazebma, osebma da lekebma),regionis samxreTis sazRvrebi bolomde zustad dadgeniliaraa. zogadad rom iTqvas, pirvelad regionis samxreTissazRvari gavlebuli iyo ruseTis imperiuli mmarTvelobis,mefis dros, Semdeg ki sabWoTa kavSiris epoqaSi. misi zustisazRvrebi istoriuli ufro iyo, vidre geografiuli. is, romsamxreT kavkasiaSi Sedis baTumi, magram ar Sedis yarsi,istoriuli sakiTxia (romelic gaCnda 1915-1921 wlebSi), ramacbaTumi politikurad moskovTan ufro daaaxlovba, vidremezoblad mdebare TurqeTis portTan trapizonSi. amrigad,sabWoTa memkvidreoba kvlav gansazRvravs am regionis Tanamed-rove identurobas mravali faqtoriT.3

usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT regionis istoriis ubraloTvalis gadavlebac qmnis STabeWdilebas, rom gamoTqma“kavkasiis usafrTxoeba” sinamdvileSi warmoadgens ori

3 regionis geografiuli terminologiis detaluri ganxilvisTvis ix.Tamaz V. Makrelidze, ”Transcaucasia” or South Caucasus”? Towards a More ExactGeopolitical Nomenclature,” Marco Polo Magazine, vol. 4-5 (1999), http://www.traceca.org/marcopolo/mp40.pdf.


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urTierTgamomricxavi cnebis naerTs. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSisamxreT kavkasia iyo imperiaTa brZolis veli adgilobrivmoxaliseTa an iZulebiT omSi CabmulTa monawileobiT, rasacbolo ar uCanda. iZulebiTi Tanacxovrebis did saxelmwifoTaSoris omebSi monawileobis es imperiuli memkvidreoba araso-des uzrunvelyofda regionis usafrTxoebis stabilursistemas, garda garedan Tavsmoxveulisa.

saqarTvelo Tavis dedaqalaq tiflis/TbilisiT xSiradaRiarebuli iyo regionis centrad. tiflisi iyo regionisadministraciuli centri, roca is ruseTis imperiis nawilswarmoadgenda da, agreTve, mcire xniT, 1918 wels amierkavkasiisfederaciis dros. somxeTsa da azerbaijans Soris mTianiyarabaRis davis gamo, Caketili sazRvris pirobebSi, romelicugrZesia samxreT kavkasiaSi, saqarTvelo kvlav (SecdomiT)regionul centrad iTvleba saerTaSoriso organizaciebis,biznesisa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebisaTvis, romlebsacsurT, kavSiri hqondeT samive saxelmwifosTan.

xazi unda gaesvas imas, rom qarTvelebi Tavs ar debdnenwamyvanis rolze samxreT kavkasiaSi da saqarTvelos, rogorcaseTs, ara aqvs regionSi dominirebis tradicia. dedaqalaqisstatusi tiflis/Tbiliss miniWebuli hqonda ruseTis miermefis dros, magram arc somxebi da arc azerbaijanelebi arTvlian mas kavkasiis dedaqalaqad. bolo saukunis gan-mavlobaSi saxelmwifoebrivi Seneba saqarTveloSi yovelTvisejaxeboda eTnikur umciresobaTa ambiciebs, romlebicmfarvelobas eZebdnen ara TbilisSi, aramed moskovSi (af-xazebi, osebi), baqoSi (azerbaijanelebi) an erevanSi (somxebi).amave dros samxreT kavkasiis danarCen teritoriaze ar arisqarTuli diaspora, romelic SeZlebda TbilisisTvis TavismoqalaqeTa mfarvelis statusis miniWebas saqarTvelossazRvrebs gareT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kavkasiur ojaxSisaqarTvelo iyo erT-erTi moqiSpe bavSvi, magram ara mSobeli.marTlac, problema SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc ojaxi,romelSic mSoblebi ar arian. arian mxolod xelisSemSlelibiZebi da dedinacvlebi.

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kavkasiisTvis tradiciulad dedinacvali iyo moskovi.sabWoTa kavSiris dros regionis vaWrobis 50% modiodaruseTTan vaWrobaze (ruseTis federaciuli respublika) dakavkasiis sami respublikis ekonomikuri urTierToba sustadviTardeboda. resursebisa da SeRavaTebis Sesaxeb mola-parakebebi ZiriTadad mimdinareobda moskovSi, masSi naklebadmonawileobdnen baqoeli an erevneli megobrebi.

saqarTvelos roli (an misi arqona) mTiani yarabaRis davaSigviCvenebs mis arafunqciur regionuldinamikas. rocapirvelad 1988 wels mTiani yarabaRis konfliqti daiwyo,saqarTvelo sabWoTa respublika iyo da ar SeeZlo SuamavlisrolSi gamosvla. 1988 wlis TebervalSi, roca mTian yarabaRSigaCnda areulobis pirveli niSnebi, politbiurom saqarT-velodan iq gadaisrola Sinagan saqmeTa saministros 160-kaciani motorizebuli batalioni wesrigis dasamyareblad.jer kidev konfliqtis aseT adreul etapze regionSi ukvesariskod iyo miCneuli somxeTidan batalionis azerbaija-nisken gadayvana. Tumca pirvel batalionSi, romelic mTianyarabaRSi gagzavnes, jariskacTa umetesoba qarTveli iyo, isicSesaZloa vivaraudoT, rom xelmZRvaneli oficeri slavuriwarmoSobis iyo.

politbiuros oqmebi (gamoica 1992 wels) gviCvenebs, rompolitbiuros erTaderTi wevri, romelmac konfliqtis gada-sawyvetad wamoayena winadadeba, iyo eduard SevardnaZe. issTavazobda, mTiani yarabaRis statusi avtonomiuri respub-likis statusamde aeyvanaT, magram misi rCeva yurad ar iRes damisi Careva, rogorc Cans, amiT amoiwura. SevardnaZis wina-dadebas mogvianebiT, 1998 wlis bolos miubrundnen, magramukve gvian iyo.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg miukerZoebel damkvir-vebels SeeZlo imedi hqonoda, rom axali damoukidebelisaqarTvelo 1991 wels, roca yarabaRis konfliqti kvlavgamwvavda da saxelmwifoTa Soris omad iqca, sasargebloiqneboda somxeTsa da azerbaijans Soris, rogorc Suamavali.magram ruseTis prezidentma boris elcinma da misma yazaxma


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kolegam nursulTan nazarbaevma wamoiwyes maRali profilissamSvidobo iniciativa im wels, roca orive ewvia stefanakerts_ mTiani yarabaRis regionul dedaqalaqs.

saqarTvelom rom ver Seasrula Suamavlis roli or meomarmezobels Soris, gamowveuli iyo nawilobriv im faqtiT, rom isCafluli iyo sakuTar gaWirvebaSi 1991 wlidan 1994 wlebamdeda aRar gaaCnda politikuri neba, gadaewyvita visime prob-lemebi. ufro mniSvnelovani iyo is faqti, rom mas Semdeg, racsaqarTvelo Seejaxa samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis regionebisgamoyofis mcdelobebs, yarabaRis Taobaze davaSi mxars uWerdaazerbaijanis principul pozicias, saxeldobr: SenarCunebuliunda yofiliyo axali postsabWoTa saxelmwifoebis teri-toriuli mTlianoba da separatizmi unda aRkveTiliyo. amgvarimxardaWeris erT-erTi mizezi iyo isic, rom SevardnaZem axlostrategiuli urTierToba daamyara azerbaijanis prezidentheidar alievTan.

samxreT kavkasiis qveynebs da maT uSualo mezoblebs SorisrTuli urTierTobis xilvisas iqmneba azri, rom prio-ritetebis dadgenisas rTuli realisturi gaTvlebi ufromniSvnelovania, vidre kulturuli an istoriulad gan-sazRvruli faqtorebi. magaliTad, miuxedavad mdidarikulturuli da istoriuli urTierTkavSirisa ori saukunisganmavlobaSi, saqarTvelos axlandeli urTierToba ruseTTanZalian daZabulia. amas SeiZleba daematos is, rom umetesadmusulmanur azerbaijanTan saqarTvelos urTierTobisrTulma istoriam xeli ver SeuSala am ori qveynis urTi-erTobis keTil ganviTarebas bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi.Tumca ruseTsa da somxeTs camde ahyavT TavianTi saukunovanikavSiri, rac, savaraudod, safuZvlad udevs maT kavSirs,msgavsi msjelobani ver axsnis, ratom aqvs somxeTs (romlismosaxleobis 98% qristiania) strategiuli partniorobairanis islamur respublikasTan; pragmatuli mosazrebanigansazRvravs saqarTvelos somxeTTan urTierTobas, Tumca amori saxelmwifos, romlebsac aqvT Zveli qristianuli fesvebi,sagareo politika mainc araa ganpirobebuli saerTo isto-

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riuli gamocdilebiT. sazRvargareTidan importis gamoxmeleTze Caketili somxeTi damokidebulia saqarTvelos SavizRvis portebze – foTsa da baTumze.4 saqarTvelos gavliTmidis ruseTis gazi da xorcieldeba navTobis eqsportisomxeTSi. magram es kavSiri ar myardeba farTo politikuri daekonomikuri TanamSromlobiT saqarTvelosa da somxeTs Soris.mTavari gza somxeTis sazRvridan javaxeTamde saqarTvelosteritoriaze erT-erTi yvelaze cudia kavkasiaSi. amJamadTbilissa da erevans Soris ar xorcieldeba komerciuliaviareisebi.

saqarTvelosa da somxeTs Soris 1918 wlis dekembriskonfliqti loresa da axalqalaqis gamo sul ori kvira grZel-deboda, Tumca kvlav daZabuli mdgomareobaa javaxeTisregionSi, gansakuTrebiT qalaq axalqalaqis garSemo. somxebisaqarTvelos mosaxleobis 5-6%-s Seadgenen, xolo javaxeTSies cifri 90%-mdea. javaxeli somxebis ukmayofileba TbilisiTmwvave problemaa, Tumca mniSvnelovan zians ar ayenebssaqarTvelo-somxeTs, rogorc saxelmwifoTa Soris urTi-erTobas, magram qarTul sazogadoebaSi zemoxsenebuliproblema SiSs mainc badebs.

strategiulad somxeTisa da saqarTvelos mzera mimar-Tulia sxvadasxva mxares _ moskovisa da vaSingtonisken. 1995wels somxeTma xeli moawera SeTanxmebas, romelic nebas rTavsruseTis jars, darCes gumris bazaze ocdaxuT welze met xans.ori wlis Semdeg am SeTanxmebas daemata ufro farTo, “megob-robis, TanamSromlobisa da urTierTdaxmarebis” SeTanxmeba.somxeTisa da ruseTis jarebis wvrTna erTad mimdinareobs daisini mWidrod TanamSromloben ekonomikur donezec: ruseTiTandaTanobiT STanTqavs somxeTis umniSvnelovanes qonebas,

4 Evgeny Polyakov. Changing Trade Patterns after Conflict Resolution in the SouthCaucasus (Washington, DC: World Bank Poverty Reduction and Economic ManagementSector Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region, 2000), p. 33, http://Inweb18.worldbank.org/eca/eca.nsf/0/23ac8865ee0dc520852568fc005ba956/$FILE/ATT00ZE9/Trade+flows3.pdf.


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industriul qarxnebs, atomuri eleqtrosadguris CaTvliT.somxeTisgan gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos liderebi mtkicedacxadeben, rom maT surT Crdiloatlantikur blokSi (NATO)gawevrianeba da prioritetad gamoacxades ruseTis dar-Cenili samxedro bazebis daxurva saqarTveloSi. somxeTisstrategiul interess warmoadgens saqarTveloSi baTumisada axalqalaqis bazebis SenarCuneba, radgan es bazebi ruseTissamxedro Zalas saSualebas aZlevs, moamaragos rusuli bazagumriSi (somxeTi). saqarTvelo-somxeTis sazRvris gavliTrus samxedroebs intensiurad gadahyavT xalxi da teqnika(Tumca 2000 wels ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris savizo reJimisSemoRebis Semdeg gadazidvebis moculoba Semcirda). gardaamisa, axalqalaqis baza, faqtobrivad, am raionSi adgilobrivisomxebis dasaqmebis erTaderTi saSualebaa da misi daxurvaSeiZleba katastrofulad aisaxos adgilobriv ekonomikaze.

gacilebiT ukeTesia saqarTvelos urTierToba azerbai-janTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom am or qveyanas dava hqondazaqaTalas raionis gamo, bolo dros es sakiTxi ar ganaxlebula.orive qveyanam ganacxada, rom strategiuli orientacia aiResdasavleTisken, rac gamoixata metismetad politizebul baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis mSeneblobis proeqtSimonawileobiT (proeqts qvemoT dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT).garda amisa, orma xangrZlivad moqmedma prezidentma _SevardnaZem da alievma 1990-ian wlebSi Riad Sekra kavSiri,miuxedavad imisa, rom 1980-ian wlebSi, mixeil gorbaCovis drospolitbiuroSi yofnisas isini warmoadgendnen erTmaneTisideologiur mowinaaRmdegeebs. alievma azerbaijanis navTob-sadenis satranzito gadasaxadi aCuqa saqarTvelos im dros,roca proeqtTan dakavSirebiT problemebi warmoiqmna.

miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelo-azerbaijanis partniorobaise mWidro araa rogorc erTi SexedviT Cans. baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis grandiozuli infrastruqturul proeqtSi Tanamo-nawileoba ver iqca farTo ekonomikur TanamSromlobad.samxreT kavkasiis gansakuTrebuli tradiciebis Tanaxmad,azerbaijanisa da saqarTvelos strategiuli prioritetebi

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gansxvavebulia. ruseTis prezidentad putinis gaxdomisSemdeg azerbaijanisa da ruseTis urTierToba gaumjobesda.“suk”-is orma yofilma oficerma SeZlo, axali impulsi miecakargi urTierTobebisTvis, rac Zlier gansxvavdeboda putinisada SevardnaZis daZabuli urTierTobisagan. 2000 wels ruseTmademonstraciulad SemoiRo savizo reJimi saqarTvelosTvis,rac azerbaijanis mimarT ar ganuxorcielebia. moskovismyisieri da Tbili milocva ilham alievisadmi 2003 wlisoqtomberSi azerbaijanSi mRelvare saprezidento arCevnebSimisi gamarjvebis Semdeg mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda ruseTisaTdRiani mdumarebisagan 2004 wlis ianvarSi saakaSvilisprezidentad erTxmad arCevis Semdeg . azerbaijanisa dasaqarTvelos gansxvavebuli urTierToba ruseTTan imazemiuTiTebs, rom baqo da Tbilisi erTnairad ar uyureben yvelastrategiul sakiTxs.

omisSemdgomi evropis gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rommWidro savaWro urTierToba da qveynebs Soris Ria sazRvrebiwarmoadgens winapirobas mtkice strategiuli kavSirisaTvis.am kriteriumebis sawinaaRmdegod, kavkasiis sami saxelmwifomtkivneulad aris gaucxoebuli erTmaneTis mimarT. marTlac,saqarTvelos naxevrad izolacia ori samxreTkavkasiurisaxelmwifosagan uaRresad SesamCnevia qveynis sazRvrebze:yofili sabWoTa kavSiris erTi respublikidan meoris sazR-varze gadasasvlelad SeiZleba daikargos ramdenime saaTi;komerciuli gadazidvebisaTvis ixdian maRal gadasaxadsacda qrTamsac; mZRolebs erTi qveynis nomriT ar surTsazRvris gadalaxva da meore qveyanaSi Sesvla, radgan eSiniaTadgilobrivi sagzao policiis mxridan fulis gamoZalvisa.

Sedegad, saqarTvelosa da mis mezobel qveynebs SorisnebadarTuli vaWroba Semoifargleba ZiriTadad xe-tyiT,xorbliTa da navTob-produqtebiT. saerTo sawarmoTa Seqmnazerom araferi vTqvaT, kavkasiis saerTo bazris gafarToebasudidesi dabrkolebebi eRobeba. metic, aseTi mdgomareoba araris grandiozuli gegmebis xelmZRvanel korumpirebuladgilobriv moxeleTa sabotaJis Sedegi. aseTi izolacia


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warmogvidgeba, rogorc samxreT kavkasiis politikuri daekonomikuri struqturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSani. esproblemebi warmoiqmneba ara marto biurokratiuli barie-rebiT, romlebic gauqmebisTanave gamoaTavisufleben dagu-bebul mwarmoeblur energias _ esaa ekonomikis Rrmadfesvgadgmuli politikuri produqtebi, roca moklevadianipolitikuri interesebi ewinaaRmdegeba grZelvadian eko-nomikur progress.

samxreT kavkasiis ekonomika ganawilebuli aqvs ramdenimepolitikur moTamaSes, romlebic eswrafvian stabilur mono-polias, raTa SeinarCunon politikuri usafrTxoeba da dafi-nanseba Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad. saqarTveloSi SeiqmnaiseTi situacia, roca masobrivi siRaribis, araformaluradprivatizebuli ekonomikis, susti da korumpirebuli samarTal-damcavi organoebis wyalobiT Crdilovanma ekonomikam yvelganSeaRwia, rac safrTxes uqmnis saTanadod dafinansebuli dafunqcionirebadi saxelmwifos aRSenebis yovelgvar cdas.saqarTvelos awgardacvlili premier-ministri, zurab Jvania,ambobda, rom 2003 wels kontrabandisa da gadasaxadebisgadauxdelobis gamo saqarTvelos mTavrobam dakarga 60 milionilari (29 mln aSS dolari) mxolod Tambaqos nawarmis Semo-savlidan da TiTqmis 200 mln aSS dolari navTobproduqtebisgadasaxadebis damalvis gamo.5 erT-erTi amerikeli specialistisakiTxs ufro mwvaved ayenebs da amtkicebs, rom “[saqarTvelosmTavrobas] SeeZlo biujetis deficitis aRmofxvra, TuSemosavlebs akrefda produqciis ori saxeobidan: impor-tirebuli benzinidan da sigaretidan”.6 organizebuli dana-Saulis qarTveli specialistis, giorgi Rlontis SefasebiT,“saqarTvelos ekonomika 60-70 procentiT damokidebulia Savbazarze, romelic umTavresad vaWrobs kontrabanduli saqon-

5 Shorena Ratiani. Georgia: Corruption Crackdown Makes Waves. – IWPR CaucasusReporting Service no. 231, March 4, 2004, http://www.iwpr.net/index.pl?archive/cau/cau_200403_221_1_eng.txt.6 Craig MacPhee. Expert on Georgia Explores ‘Can Saakashvili Outdo Shevardnadze?’.– Newswise, January 5, 2004.

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liT, rogoricaa alkoholuri sasmelebi, sigareti da sxvasamrewvelo saqoneli”.7

xSirad gansxvaveba legalursa da aralegalurs Sorisnaklebad aris gamokveTili. toni vo aRniSnavs: “miuxedavadimisa, qveyana TiTqos daSlis procesSi myofi postsabWoTasaxelmwifoa, saqarTveloSi realurad aRorZinebulia Tavi-sufali sabazro ekonomika. problema aris is, rom am ekonomikisregulireba damokidebulia ara saxelmwifos racionalurqmedebaze, aramed klanuri da kriminaluri sistemis gavle-naze.”8 albaT, ufro swori iqneba iTqvas, rom bazari sulac araris “Tavisufali”, is regulirdeba ramdenime pirovnebis (maTSoris arian saxelmwifo moxelenic) viwro politikuri mosaz-rebebiT, romlebsac ar ainteresebT saxelmwifos, rogorcmTlianis, grZelvadiani ekonomikuri ganviTareba.

im regionSi, sadac sustia marTlwesrigi, Zalian Znelia,dadgindes zogierTi ekonomikuri moRvaweobis legalurobissakiTxi. xalxs, romelic akontrolebs xe-tyes CrdiloeTsomxeTSi an dasavleT saqarTveloSi, Txils an sigarets - aWa-raSi, yvela saxis navTobproduqts - azerbaijanSi an jarTs -mTel saqarTveloSi, sruli safuZveli aqvs, eSinodes Tavi-sufali vaWrobis. imis gamo, rom saqarTvelos aqvs pretenziagaxdes satransporto derefani, is kriminalebisTvis mim-zidveli marSruti gaxda, magaliTad, qveyana iqca satranzitozonad narkotikebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobisaTvis. transna-cionaluri danaSaulisa da korufciis kvlevis centris mkvle-vari luiz Seli wers: “interpolis analizis Tanaxmad, 1990 welsnarkotikebis gadatanis marSruti [samxreT kavkasiis gavliT]axla atarebs avRaneTidan evropis bazrebisaken narkotike-bis 10 procents, rac ar xdeboda sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde.”9

7 Giorgi Glonti. Problems Associated with Organized Crime in Georgia, http://www.traccc.cdn.ge/publications/publication2.html.8 Tony Vaux. Strategic Conflict Assessment, Georgia (Timbertop, UK: HumanitarianInitiatives, 2003), p. 6.9 Louise Shelley. Organized Crime in the Former Soviet Union: The Distinctiveness ofGeorgia, http://www.traccc.cdn.ge/publications/publication1.html.


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avRaneTis aralegaluri narkotikebi – heroini da nedli opiumigadaaqvT iranidan samxreT kavkasiaSi, vidre balkaneTsmiaRwevdes. sxva saxis narkotikebi uciloblad gzas ikvlevenTurqmeneTis gavliT, gadakveTen kaspiis zRvas, Tumca Turq-meneTSi zegasaidumloebuli viTarebis gamo mopovebulimonacemebi Zneli dasajerebelia. svante korneli aRniSnavs,rom saqarTvelo gansakuTrebiT zaralobs ara mxolod imitom,rom “saqarTvelos uSiSroebis samsaxuri cudad aris aRWurvilisaimisod, problemas Tavi gaarTvas, aramed, rogorc Cans,imitom, rom maT Soris kontrabandis qselis warmomadgeneligacilebiT metia, vidre azerbaijanSi.”10

imis gamo, rom saqarTvelos sazRvrebi xSirad CaketiliaRaribi, magram patiosani biznesmenebisTvis da SemaSfoTebladRiaa organizebuli danaSaulisaTvis, saxelmwifos xelmZRva-neloba mudmivi panikis mdgomareobaSia. pankisis xeobaSi 2001wlidan 2002 wlamde ramdenime aTeuli “mujahedis” (zogimaTgani dakavSirebuli iyo al-qaedasTan) yofna, savaraudod,SeiZleba aixsnas saqarTvelos uSiSroebisa da sasazRvrosamsaxuris sisustiTa da korumpirebulobiT. saqarTvelogarkveuli xnis ganmavlobaSi gaxda saerTaSoriso terorizmisTavSesafari, xolo pankisis xeoba gadaiqca gilaevis meTaurobiTCeCen molaSqreTa gasasvlel gzad maTi unayofo eqspediciisaskodoris xeobaSi (afxazeTi), ramac seriozulad SeaferxaqarTul-afxazuri samSvidobo procesi.11 es iyo gadamdebikorufciis ybadaRebuli precedenti, rac Zirs uTxrida qveynissaxelmwifoebriobas.

korufcia da sasazRvro sakiTxebi, SevardnaZis reJimTandakavSirebul gavlenian pirTa dapatimreba, albaT, gane-

10 Svante Cornell. The Growing Threat of Transnational Crime, in Dov Lynch, ed. TheSouth Caucasus: A Challenge for the EU, Chaillot Papers no. 65 (December 2003), p. 83,http://www.iss-eu.org/public/content/chaile.html.11 ufro detalurad gilaevis mier ganxorcielebul eqspediciazekodoris xeobaSi ixileT winamdebare wignis qveTavi oqsana antonenkosavtorobiT. pankisis xeobasTan dakavSirebuli detaluri infor-maciisaTvis ixileT qveTavi jaba devdarianis avtorobiT.

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kuTvneba im Znelad mosagvarebel sakiTxebs, romelTa gadaWra-sac saakaSvili apirebda. korufciaSi monawileobis gamo sabaJosamsaxuris wmenda saqarTvelo-azerbaijanis sazRvarze daaWaraSi kontrabandasTan brZola _ yovelive es imaze miuTi-Tebs, rom prezidents problemebis masStaburoba mainc esmis,Tu ar icis maTi gadawyvetis aucilebeli brZolis meTodebi.samxreT oseTSi situacia naTels hfens im dilemas, rasacwaawyda saakaSvili; arc erTi sakiTxis gadawyveta ar SeiZlebaizolirebulad, magram saqarTvelos mTavrobas ar gaaCniaresursebi, rom yvela problema erTdroulad daZlios. 2004wlis ivlisSi saqarTvelos “antikontrabandistuli operacia”samxreT oseTis winaaRmdeg gadaizarda am aTi wlis manZilzeyvelaze mwvave politikur dapirispirebaSi Tbilissa dacxinvals Soris.

1990-iani wlebis konfliqtebis mogvarebis uunarobaTbilisisaTvis aris Tavsatexis ara marto mTavari mizezi,aramed, ra Tqma unda, isic, rom samxreT kavkasiaSi igi xels uSlisSedarebiT ufro janmrTeli ekonomikuri situaciis formi-rebas. mTiani yarabaRis, afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTiskonfliqtebis molaparakebis gziT daregulireba Zirs uTxrismraval gavlenian kartels regionSi. SeiZleba davasaxeloT samimagaliTi:

1) somxeTis samxedroebi, romlebic akontroleben somxeTisekonomikis umetes nawils, agreTve somxeTsa da somxebiskontrolirebad mTian yarabaRs Soris erTaderT gzazetvirTebis gadatanas, waagebdnen, rom gaxsniliyo 1990 welsdaketili sazRvari azerbaijanTan;

2) samegrelos regionis xelisufleba da specsam-saxurebi, romlebic monawileoben benzinis, sigaretisa daTxilis kontrabandaSi dasavleT saqarTelosa da afxazeTissazRvris gavliT, Zalian bevrs dakargavdnen, Tu es sazR-vari gaixsneboda saavtomobilo da sarkinigzo trans-portisaTvis;

3) Tu CrdiloeT-samxreTis sarkinigzo marSruti (ruseTidansaqarTvelosa da somxeTSi afxazeTis gavliT) kvlav gaixsneba


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saqarTvelosa da afxazeTs Soris molaparakebis Sedegad, esiqneboda seriozuli dartyma imaTTvis, vinc yovelwliuradRebulobs milionobiT dolaris Semosavals naxevradlegalurivaWrobiT oseTis teritoriis gaswvriv.

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gavlenian kriminalTa inte-resebi ewinaaRmdegeba saerTokavkasiuri bazris ganviTarebas.energomatareblebis ori milsadeni azerbaijanisa da saqarT-velos gavliT warmoadgens erTaderT msxvil saerTokavkasiurproeqts, romelic axla realizdeba. es proeqtebi finansdebadasavleTis navTobkompaniebis mier da amitom ZiriTadad arganicdis wvrilmani adgilobrivi ekonomikuri interesebisgavlenas. magram (am navTobsadenis strategiul mniSvnelobasganvixilavT qvemoT) maTi potenciuri roli regionuli vaWrobisSeuqcevadi ganviTarebisaTvis ukeTes SemTxvevaSi araerT-gvarovania. roca navTobsadenis Seneba damTavrdeba da miwismesakuTreebs azerbaijansa da saqarTveloSi gadauxdiankompensacias, veravin miiRebs gansakuTrebul ekonomikursargebels. moigeben navTobis kompaniebi da mTavrobebi baqoSi,TbilisSi, ankarasa da dasavleTSi.

amave dros, arsebobs imis realuri safrTxe, rom navTob-sadenis proeqti gamoiwvevs sruliad kavkasiuri ekonomikisdeformacias. es moxdeba “holandiuri avadmyofobis” sindro-mis gamo. roca msjeloben azerbaijanisTvis potenciur riskze,sami specialisti am sindroms Semdegnairad ganmartavs:

holandiuri daavadeba Tavs iCens, roca didi raodenobisucxouri valuta gamomuSavebuli raime saqonlis gayidviT(magaliTad, navTobi) gaicvleba adgilobriv valutaze. esgazrdis moTxovnas adgilobriv valutaze, rac gamoiwvevsgacvliTi kursis amaRlebas. Sedegad, importi gaiafdeba, xoloeqsporti _ gaZvirdeba. Rirebulebis kursis daweva asustebsSromatevad samrewvelo seqtors.12

12 Sabit Bagirov, Ingilab Akhmedov, and Svetlana Tsalik. State Oil Fund of the AzerbaijanRepublic, in Svetlana Tsalik, ed. Caspian Oil Windfalls: Who Will Benefit? (New York:Caspian Revenue Watch, Open Society Institute, 2003), p. 94.

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2001 wels azerbaijanis navTobis seqtorze modiodasamrewvelo warmoebis 67,5%. produqciis gamoSveba, romelicnavTobTan ar iyo dakavSirebuli, mkveTrad daeca, xolosaqonlis eqsporti ruseTSi, romelic qveynis umsxvilesisavaWro partniori iyo 1997-2001 wlebSi, orjer Semcirda. estendencia SeiZleba ufro gaZlierdes imis mixedviT, Tu raraodenobiT Semova uaxloes wlebSi azerbaijanSi ucxourivalutis mZlavri nakadi.azerbaijanis ekonomikis is dargebi,romlebic navTobTanaa dakavSirebuli, SeiZleba mTlianaddaingres. aseTi scenaris misadageba saqarTvelos mimarT friadbundovania: aman SeiZleba gamoiwvios saqarTvelos eqsportiszrda azerbaijanSi, Tumca saqarTvelos mrewvelobis done jerkidev iseTi dabalia, rom msgavsi varianti naklebad savaraudoa.ufro mniSvnelovania Semdegi: energetikul seqtorSi mkveTrzrdas SeiZleba hqondes mniSvnelovani (ara aucilebladdadebiTi) Sedegebi samxreT kavkasiis qveynebis ekono-mikisaTvis. iseT garemoSi, sadac energosaqonlidan didiSemosavali iqneba, sadac ekonomikaSi karteli dominirebs daxdeba sazRvrebze Seferxeba, uaxloes periodSi TavisufalivaWroba ver ganviTardeba.

navTobsadenebi, SesaZleblobebi da

saSiSroeba

2005-2006 wlebSi ori axali energosadeni xazi mTlianadSecvlis energetikul profilsa da strategiul suraTssamxreT kavkasiaSi. baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenisgayvana unda damTavrdes 2005 wlis dasawyisSi da dagegmilia,rom erTi wlis Semdeg amas mohyves baqo-Tbilisi-erzrumis(samxreT kavkasia) gazsadenis gayvana, romelic navTobsadenisparaleluri iqneba azerbaijanisa da saqarTvelos gavliT, risSemdegac es energogamtarebi gaiyofian TurqeTSi. aRniSnuliproeqtebi saqarTvelos mdgomareobas msoflio arenazeekonomikurad Tu ara, strategiulad mainc Secvlis, saqarT-


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velos mtkiced daukavSirebs TurqeTsa da dasavleTs, amavedros, es proeqtebi metad daainteresebs dasavleTis qvey-nebs, uzrunvelyon stabiluroba saqarTveloSi, romlisgavliTac usafrTxo pirobebSi maT bazrebze moxvdeba navTobida gazi. magram aseTi mniSvnelovani proeqti ucilobladSeicavs risks usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT da saqarTvelo,SeiZleba, uyuradRebod tovebs seriozul grZelvadianproblemebs usafrTxoebis sferoSi, romlebsac es riskiSeqmnis.

wminda ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT am navTobsadens ar eqnebamniSvnelovani Sedegi saqarTvelosTvis. sxvagvaradaa saqmeazerbaijanSi, romelic uTuod mogebuli darCeba: axlandeliSefasebiT, Tu bareli navTobi eRireba 25 aSS dolari, 2010 welsazerbaijani miiRebs 17 miliard dolars navTobis warmoebisada transportirebis Sedegad. Tu SenarCunda amJamindelimaRali fasebi, Semosavali ufro meti iqneba. saqarTvelomiiRebs ufro naklebs – man SeiZleba miiRos mxolod 50 milionidolari weliwadSi satarifo gadasaxadis saxiT, marSrutisSedarebiT mcire monakveTis gamo. amasTan dakavSirebiTSevardnaZes sayvedurobdnen, maT Soris, misi memkvidresaakaSvilic, rom man “gadaWarbebiT Seafasa” navTobsadenismniSvneloba qarTveli mosaxleobisTvis.

gazsadeni baqo-erzrumi uTuod met pirdapir sargebelsmoutans saqarTvelos, ramdenadac igi uzrunvelyofs kaspiisgaziT qveynis raionebis saimedo momaragebas. es adre damoki-debuli iyo ruseTidan gazis arastabilur mowodebaze an srulgadaketvaze. gazsadenis bedi damokidebulia imaze, SeuSlisTu ara xels gazsadenis mSeneblobas SevardnaZis mTavrobismier 2003 wels ruseTis “gazpromTan” dadebuli energo-xelSekruleba (romliT gamowveuli SesaZlo sirTuleebi jergaurkvevelia). garda amisa, radganac somxeTi imedebs amyarebssaqarTvelos gavliT transportirebul ruseTis gazze da,amave dros, iranTan awarmoebda molaparakebas iran-somxeTsSoris gazsadenis mSeneblobis Taobaze, saqarTvelo aRmoCndaori gazsadenis SuaSi, romelic dagegmilia ori urTierT-

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sawinaaRmdego blokebis mier, esenia: azerbaijani-saqarTvelo-TurqeTi da ruseTi-saqarTvelo-somxeTi-irani.

baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis proeqtis ganxorcielebis orivarianti arsebobda. pirveli proeqti wamoyenebuli iqnaTurqeTis mier da gulisxmobda sargeblis miRebas iqidan, rommisi saboloo punqti gaxdeboda xmelTaSua zRvis portijeihani. am marSrutiT mcirdeboda navTobis tankerebis mierSeqmnili mudmivi ekologiuri saSiSroeba, radganac tankerebigaivlidnen Savi zRvis portebidan _ novorosiiskidan dafoTidan bosforis srutis gavliT stambolis axlos. am ideamrealurad xorcSesxma daiwyo 1997-1998 wlebSi, roca mas mxaridauWira klintonis administraciam. im wlebSi iseTma maRal-Cinosanma amerikelebi, rogorebic arian stiv sestanoviCi,riCard morninstari, federiko penia da bil riCardsoni,kongresSi gamosvlisas ganacxades, rom emxrobodnen proeqts,romelic zrdida aSS-s energetikul usafrTxoebas da Tanacexmareboda azerbaijansa da saqarTvelos.

dasawyisSi bevrs awuxebda is, rom navTobsadeni Tavda-pirvelad inicirebuli iyo politikuri interesebiT da war-moadgenda “vaWrobis wamyvan droSas”. vuein merim, pentagonisada saxelmwifo departamentis yofili TanamSromeli, vinceswreboda navTobsadenis Sesaxeb gamarTul diskusiebs,dasawyisSive ganacxada, proeqtze fiqri uaRresad bundo-vaniao. meris Tanaxmad, sawyisi motivacia iyo kompensaciaTurqeTis im Semosavlebisa, rasac is kargavda erayis winaaRmdegSemoRebuli sanqciebis gamo 1991 wels sparseTis yuris omisSemdgom:

mogvianebiT daiwyes sxva sakiTxebis, sxvapirovnulisa da institucionaluri mosazrebebisgaTvaliswineba. navTobis kompaniebs yovelTvissWirdeboda samxreTis marSruti iranis gavliT, romgamoeyenebinaT arsebuli adgilobrivi da globa-luri gamanawilebeli infrastrqtura. es ewina-aRmdegeboda vaSingtonSi gavleniani wreebis,antiiranuli dajgufebis interesebs (romelsac


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axlac aqvs iniciativebis blokirebis saSualeba).Semdeg amotivtivda novosibirskis (samxreT-dasavleTis) marSrutis interesi. mas Seewina-aRmdega antirusuli dajgufeba, romelsac eSinodara “neoimperializmisa” (Tumca xmamaRla gaJRerdamxardaWera ruseTis monawileobis sasargeblod).Semdeg kvlav gaCnda interesi, rom raimeTi daxmare-bodnen “Sevi”-s [SevardnaZes] misi, rogorc sagareosaqmeTa ministris moRvaweobis dasafaseblad da,imavdroulad, mxari daeWiraT alievisTvis. oriveSemTxvevaSi yuradReba eqceoda imas, rom arc erTproeqts, SesaZloa, bolomde ganxorcieleba arewera.13

sad ar gaivlida navTobsadeni, iseve mniSvnelovani iyo,rogorc is, Tu sad gaivlida igi. SeiZleba mas darqmeoda“ararusuli, arairanuli” navTobsadeni. sabWoTa kavSirismimarT strategiis ganmsazRvrelma saukeTeso amerikelmaeqspertma stroub telbotma kongresSi gamosvlisas 1998 welsRiad gaafrTxila irani, romlis mimarTac gamoiyena gamoTqma“terorizmis saxelmwifo sponsori”, xolo SefarviT ruseTic– kavkasiaSi maTi interesebis gamo. man Tqva: “Cven vagrZelebTsaxelmwifoTa gafrTxilebas iranTan mWidro urTierTobisganviTarebis gamo. metic, winaaRmdegi varT, am regionSiromelime saxelmwifom daikavos dominirebuli mdgomareoba,politikuri an ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT. Cven gavagrZelebTTanamSromlobas kavkasiis yvela saxelmwifosTan, rom xeliSevuSaloT iranis gavlenis zrdas am regionSi.”14

navTobis mrewvelobisTvis yvela es argumenti naklebaddamajerebeli iyo. Teri adamsi, romelic saTaveSi edga pirvelmravalerovan navTobis konsorciums _ baqo-azerbaijanissaerTaSoriso saoperacio konsorciums, Tqva, rom es gegma iyo

13 vaine meri, avtorisTvis miwerili werili, 2003 wlis 4 noemberi.14 Strobe Talbot, U.S. Congress, Senate, Testimony before the Subcommittee on ForeignOperations, Appropriations Committee, 105th Congress, 2nd Session, March 31, 1998.

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politizebuli da naklebad sicocxlisunariani. 2000 welsadamsi werda:

erovnuli damoukideblobis mxardaWera, TavisiarsiT, gare politikuri moTamaSis farTo geogra-fiul arenaze CarTvas ganapirobebs. SeerTebuliStatebisaTvis es niSnavs ruseTisa da iranisgavlenis Sekavebas am regionSi, imavdroulad,moiTxovs aSS-s iq damkvidrebis zrdas. es uci-loblad midioda regionul diplomatiur da komer-ciul konfliqtebamde, romlebic praqtikuladfokusirda navTobsadenis saqmeze. yvelaferidafuZnebuli iyo Seumowmebel warmodgenaze, romkaspiidan benzinis eqsportisaTvis marSrutisiZulebiT arCeva gansazRvravda xangrZliv geopo-litikur Sedegebs.15

daaxloebiT 2000 wels, rogorc ki regionSi da mis garSemosituacia Seicvala, navTobkompaniebma (gansakuTrebiT BPAmoco)irwmunes baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis (“bi-Ti-si”) komerciuliSesaZleblobani. 2003 wels daiwyo mSenebloba. gadamwyvetfaqtors warmoadgenda kaspiis navTobis perspeqtiuli erTob-livi maragi, navTobze arsebuli maRali fasebi da mzardigaurkvevloba axlo aRmosavleTis mimarT. ramdenadac dasav-leTis kompaniebisTvis da mTavrobebisTvis prioritetulimniSvneloba SeiZina “energetikulma usafrTxoebam”, energo-matarebelTa wyaros mimzidvelobam, romelic iyo OPEC-issazRvrebs miRma da kontrolirdeboda, praqtikulad, uSua-lod saerTaSoriso kompaniebis mier, TandaTan aamaRla kaspiisreitingi. jon robertsi wers: “kaspia mniSvnelovania ara imiT,rom is aris msoflios erT-erTi mwarmoebeli regioni, aramed

15 Terry Adams. Caspian Hydrocarbons, The Politicisation of Regional Pipelines and theEconomic Destabilisation of the Caucasus. – Caucasian Regional Studies, vol. 5, issue 1& 2 (2000), http://poli.vub.ac.be/publi/crs/eng/0501-00.htm.16 John Roberts. Energy Reserves, Pipeline Politics and Security Implications, in Lynch.The South Caucasus, p. 91.


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imiT, rom is SeiZleba gaxdes msoflios erT-erTi udidesimwarmoebeli regioni, sadac navTobis faqtobrivi mopovebaZiriTadad rCeba bazarze orientirebul saerTaSoriso ener-getikul kompaniaTa xelSi.”16 am TvalsazrisiT “bi-Ti-si”“arairanuli da ararusuli navTobsadenidan” gadaiqca”ara-erayuli da arasaudis arabul” navTobgamtarad., rac arisenergetikuli usafrTxoebis mimzidveli alternatiuliwyaro da romelsac mTlianad akontrolebs dasavleTiskompaniebi.

azerbaijanisa da saqarTvelosTvis sami qveynis marSrutismqone proeqts, “bi-Ti-si”-s, namdvilad hqonda politikurisargebeli. azerbaijani dainteresebulia, hyavdes satranzitoqveynad politikurad susti mezobeli saqarTvelo iqamde,vidre SeuZlia, Tavi gaarTvas iranisa da ruseTis mxridan eWvisTvaliT yurebas. saqarTvelosTvis navTobsadens aqvs uaRresaddidi politikuri mniSvneloba, rogorc damoukidebelisaxelmwifos simbolos. yofilma prezidentma eduard Sevard-naZem naTlad gamoTqva, rom “bi-Ti-si”-s mSenebloba iyo udidesimniSvnelobis movlena mTeli misi prezidentobis periodSi.“yvela aRiarebs, rom saqarTvelo erT-erTi mTavari rgolia amproeqtSi”, _ ganacxada SevardnaZem 2003 wlis agvistoSi, _“am navTobsadenis funqcionireba didad aris damokidebuliCvens qveyanaze, saqarTvelo gaxda globaluri interesebissfero, rac Cveni saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis ganmtki-cebis seriozul faqtors warmoadgens.”17

SevardnaZis TanaSemwisa da sagareo politikaSi misiuaxloesi mrCevlis, gela Carkvianis TqmiT, qarTvelebica darusebic kargad acnobierebdnen ruseTis gverdiT gamavalimsxvili navTobsadenis simbolur mniSvnelobas. Carkviani amasganixilavda, rogorc saqarTvelos suverenitetis burjs:

17 citata motanilia teqstidan: Leila Amirova, Nurlana Gulieva, GennadyAbramovich, and Giorgy Kupatadze. Special Report: Trans-Caucasus Pipeline Underwayat Last. – IWPR Caucasus Reporting Service no. 211, December 23, 2003, http://www.iwpr.net/index/pl?archive/cau/cau_200312_211_2_eng.tst.

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sabWoTa kavSiri yvelaze centralizebuliqveyana iyo msoflioSi. yovelgvari moZraobasabWoTa kavSirSi xdeboda periferiidan centri-saken da ara piriqiT. araviTari kavSiri ar arsebobdaperiferiasa da sazRvargareTs Soris – TbilisidanTurqeTSi. TurqeTi ufro axlosaa, vidre moskovi,magram yvelaferi unda wasuliyo moskovis gavliT.ar SeiZleboda sazRvris gadalaxva, Tu Tanxmobasar miiRebdi centridan. es mentaliteti dRemdeSenarCunebulia.18

miuxedavad areuli dasawyisisa da Seferxebebisa, “bi-Ti-si”dRes azerbaijansa da saqarTveloSi sruli mxardaWeriTsargeblobs. araviTar politikur winaaRmdegobas is arSexvedria arc erT am qveyanaSi. mas mxars uWerdnen opoziciuripartiebic. sakiTxiT dainteresebuli arasamTavrobo orga-nizaciebi, magaliTad, “mwvane alternativa”, gamoTqvamdneneWvs ara imdenad proeqtis Sesaxeb, ramdenadac, maTi azriT,proeqtis ganxorcielebisas daSvebuli Secdomebisa da siCqarisgamo.

saqarTveloSi sayovelTaod miRebulia azri imis Sesaxeb,rom ori energosadeni daexmareba saqarTvelos, gaxdessatranzito derefani aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris daiyos ruseTisagan ufro metad damoukidebeli. magram “bi-Ti-si”-s saqarTvelosTvis moaqvs sxva strategiuli Sedegebic,Tumca isini nakleb sasiamovnoa da jer ar miuRia farTomxardaWera. es dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom TviT proeqtebispolitikuri xasiaTi regions hyofs “mogebulebad” da“wagebulebad” da aman SeiZleba gamoiwvios arsebuli sadavosakiTxebis gamwvaveba.

Tavidanve cnobili iyo, rom proeqti “bi-Ti-si” ar gaivlidasomxeTze. yvelaze swrafi da iafi iyo milis gayvana baqo-jeihanis mimarTulebiT mdinare araqsis velze, azerbaijanisteritoriis, naxCevanis gavliT da Semdeg aRmosavleT Tur-

18 avtoris interviu gela CarkvianTan, 2003 wlis 24 oqtomberi.


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qeTSi. magram es imas niSnavda, rom milis 30 km-s iranisteritoriaze unda gaevlo, rac aSS-sTvis miuRebelia, an kidevanalogiur monakveTze somxeTSi. somxeTis varianti dasavleTSimisaRebi iyo maTTvis, vinc proeqts Tvlida “samSvidoboproeqtad”. aSS-s warmomadgenelma jon mareskam, evropaSiuSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciis minskis jgufisyofilma TanaTavmjdomarem, mTiani yarabaRis mSvidobianiprocesis ganxilvisas, 1995 wels, mxari dauWira am ideas. manganacxada, rom am ideas eqneba dadebiTi efeqti, radgan issomxeTs CarTavs zogadregionul ekonomikur proeqtSi. mareskawers: “milsadenis somxeTze gavla stimuls miscemda saRadmoazrovne somxebs, SeuerTdnen patiosan RonisZiebebs, romgadawyviton yarabaRis konfliqti am unikaluri SesaZleblobisgamoyenebiT. suleluri Secdoma iqneboda gamtar milTandakavSirebuli SesaZleblobis gamouyenebloba”.19

es ar moxda, radganac mTiani yarabaRis mSvidobiani procesisdinamika friad bundovani iyo saimisod, rom xeli SeewyouaRresad komerciuli proeqtisTvis. navTobkompaniebigasagebi mizezebis gamo Tavs aridebdnen, rom mTiani yarabaRisxvedrs ganesazRvra maTi navTobsadenis bedi. robert ebelmaSTambeWdavad CaurTo: “mSvidobas SeuZlia mogvitanos ener-gosadeni mili, xolo energosaden mils ar SeuZlia mogvitanosmSvidoba”.20 metic, yarabaRis konfliqtis gadawyvetis gareSemilsadenis Senebis idea mtruli saxelmwifos gavliT aprio-rulad miuRebeli iyo azerbaijanisTvis. qveynis saSinaopolitika mxars ver dauWerda am marSruts, radgan es iqnebodasaCuqari mtrisTvis, mokled rom iTqvas, sabotaJis provo-cireba.

amrigad, “bi-Ti-si” gamoricxavs somxeTs – mxolod im-gvarad, rogorc es cxadi iyo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi. misi

19 John Maresca. A ‘Peace Pipeline’ to End the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict. – CaspianCrossroads, vol. 1 (winter 1995).20 citata, sxva adgilebs Sorisac, moyvanili Semdegi statiidan: : IngaSaffron. Black Gold, Once Red, Fuels an Oil Rush. – Knight-Ridder Newspapers, July 20,1977.

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zemoqmedeba yarabaRis Sesaxeb davaze araerTgvarovania. TuvisaubrebTmis dadebiT mxareze, sami miliardi dolarisRirebulebis proeqtis mSenebloba Sanss aZlevs BP Amoco-sada sxva ucxoel investorebs, gariskon da investiciebi CadonyarabaRis konfliqtis mSvidoban mogvarebaSi. “bi-Ti-si”-s xaziyarabaRTan axlos gaivlis, Tormetiode kilometris da-SorebiT cecxlis Sewyvetis xazis CrdiloeTidan. azer-baijanis oficialuri pirebi gamovidnen sruliad arada-majerebeli gancxadebiT, TiTqos navTobgamtars emuqreba“somxuri terorizmi”. azerbaijanis Tavdacvis ministrma,safar abievma ganacxada: “somxeTi zrdis SeiaraRebas da esnavTobsadenisTvis safrTxes warmoadgens”, xolo erovnuliusafrTxoebis dargSi ministris moadgilis, fuada iskan-derovas TqmiT, mis organizacias gaaCnia informacia imisSesaxeb, rom “somxeTis teroristuli organizaciebi” war-moadgenen safrTxes.21 am gamonaTqvamebSi gadaWarbebiT arisSefasebuli somxeTis ZirgamomTxrelobis unari da ganzraxva.yuradReba ar eqceva usafrTxoebis farTo kompleqsurRonisZiebebs, romlebic investorebis mier Cadebuliaproeqtis mSeneblobaSi da, rac mTavaria, somxeTs agrZnobines_ Tu moxdeba raime diversiuli aqti navTobsadenTandakavSirebiT vinmes mxridan, vinc dakavSirebulia somxeTTan,misTvis es iqneba saerTaSoriso diplomatiuri katastrofa daamas Sesabamisi qmedebac mohyveba.

eqsperti energetikis sakiTxebSi, jon robertsi, wers:

“baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis da samxreT kavkasiisgazsadeni milebi miwaSi Cadebuli iqneba erTmetrze Rrmad mTel sigrZeze. ase rom, isini daculiiqneba SemTxveviTi dartymisagan. magram ori ga-dasatumbi sadguri ganTavsdebaazerbaijanis teri-toriaze, oric _ saqarTveloSi, danarCeni gada-satumbi sadgurebi da wnevis Semamcireblebisadgurebi ki _ TurqeTSi. Tumca es sadgurebi

21 Amirova et al. Special Report: Trans-Caucasus Pipeline Underway at Last.


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SeiZleba iqcnen partizanebis an teroristebissamizned. didia albaToba, rom aseT obieqtebzeTavdasxma didi masStabis konfliqtis nawili iyosda ara uSualod milsadenebis winaaRmdeg mimar-Tuli operacia. amitom ZiriTadi sakiTxia im qveynisstabiluroba, romelzec isini gadis”.22

teroristul aqtze msjelobisas unda ganisazRvros orihipoTeturi safrTxe (Tumca, savaraudod “bi-Ti-si”-s arsebobisormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba sxva safrTxec Seiqmnas):pirveli: dasavleTis mimarTulebiT navTobsadenis proeqtiproamerikul qveyanaSi SeiZleba al-qaedas an maTi mokavSirissamizne gaxdes. ukanasknel wlebSi mebrZoli islamuri jgufebiTavisuflad gadadiodnen saqarTvelos sazRvarze orivemxares. arsebobs mosazreba, rom ramdenime aTeuli maTganiaxlac imyofeba pankisis xeobaSi an mis axlo raionebSi. amsavaraudo safrTxesTan dakavSirebiT ganixileboda sakiTxiamerikelTa mier momzadebuli da aRWurvili qarTuli spec-samsaxurebis ganlagebis Sesaxeb regionSi navTobsadenisdasacavad.

meore hipoTeturi safrTxe isaa, rom ruseTSi avtori-taruli reJimis gaZlierebis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos mimarTmtrulad ganwyobili ruseTis specsamsaxuris aramzadawarmomadgenlebi an maTi mokavSire, anda Tavad ruseTisoficialuri warmomadgenlebi (amas xazi unda gaesvas) SeiZlebaSeecadon navTobsadenis ganadgurebas. saqarTveloSi bevriTvlis, rom ruseTis specsamsaxuris garkveuli jgufebigareulni iyvnen SevardnaZeze TavdasxmaSi 1995 da 1999wlebSi. amas mowmobs is faqti, rom ruseTma uari ganacxadayofili saqarTvelos uSiSroebis ministris, igor giorgaZisgadacemaze, rac nawilobriv adasturebs mis danaSauls.rogorc Cans, moskovma miatova saidumlo operaciebispraqtika, romelsac is iyenebda kavkasiaSi 1990-iani wlebisdasawyisSi, magram is SeiZleba kvlav daubrundes mas mo-

22 Roberts. Energy Reserves, p. 99.

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mavalSi. orive SemTxvevaSi navTobsadeni SeiZleba saSiSigaxdes saqarTvelos usafrTxoebisaTvis _ gadaaqcios misiteritoria brZolis velad, romelSic erT-erTi sustimoTamaSe iqneba saqarTvelos mTavroba: 2002 wels, rocapankisis xeobis garSemo gaCaRda skandali, ruseTma da aSS-mTavianTi SeSfoTeba gamoTqves saqarTelos dabneuli mTav-robis mimarT.

rac Seexeba robertsis gafrTxilebas kavkasiaSi “masSta-buri konfliqtis” Sesaxeb, yvelaze seriozuli safrTxeasamxedro moqmedebaTa ganaxleba mTian yarabaRSi. 2000 wels,dapatimrebamde, yarabaReli somxebis armiis yofilma mTavar-sardalma, samvel babaianma Tqva: “Tu daiwyeba meoTxe raundi,is iqneba gadamwyveti da maSin Cven ar mogviwevs omis Sewyvetada molaparakebis magidasTan jdoma. amis msvlelobisas orivemxare iZulebuli iqneba, daTmobaze wavides da miiRos raimegadawyvetileba. Tu Cven kvlav gavCerdebiT, rogorc 1994 wels,male daviviwyebT, Tu ra problema iyo es.”23

miuxedavad imisa, rom amJamad yarabaRis somxebis xelmZRva-nelebs SedarebiT zomieri pozicia uWiravT, babaianis Sexedu-lebebi gamoyofil da somxeTis mmarTvelobis qveS myofi juja“saxelmwifos” Sesaxeb cixidan gamosvlis Semdeg kvlav po-pularulia samxedroTa Soris. safrTxe isaa, rom Tu kvlav daiwyebasaomari moqmedebani, somxeTis oficrebisTvis, romlebsac verakavebs zavi, navTobsadeni SeiZleba samizne gaxdes.

es gvafiqrebinebs sxva SesaZlo negatiuri scenaris Sesaxeb,romelic dakavSirebulia “bi-Ti-si”-s proeqtTan. raodenparadoqsulic unda iyos (rogorc ukve moxda afrikisa dalaTinuri amerikis zog saxelmwifoSi), mdidarma energo-resursebma azeraijans SeiZleba ziani ufro meti miayenos,vidre sargebeli, imis gamo, rom didi Semosavali saSualebasmiscems saxelmwifos, bevri daxarjos qveynis SeiaraRebasa dasakuTari usafrTxoebis aparatze. Tu es moxda da azerbaijanmaSeqmna Zvirad aRWurvili armia, misi saomari ritorika SeiZleba

23avtoris interviu samvel babaianTan, 2000 wlis 26 Tebervali.


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iqces TviTacxadebul winaswarmetyvelebad da gamoiwviossamxedro Seteva yarabaRis winaaRmdeg. TiTqmis yvela gareSedamkvirvebeli iziarebs azrs, rom Tu ori kargad SeiaraRebulimowinaaRmdege ganaaxlebs damangrevel konfliqts mTianyarabaRSi, es yvelasTvis katastrofa iqneba. amis erT-erTiSedegi SeiZleba iyos is, rom somxebi upasuxeben azerbai-janelTa Setevas, zogierTebi didi enTuziazmiT aRiqvamen aseTSesaZleblobas, rogorc babaianis konfliqtis “meoTxe raunds”.samxreT kavkasia Caefloba regionulomSi, romelSic ruseTisSeiaraRebuli Zalebi monawileobas miiReben somxebis mxareze.yvelaze damangrevel Sedegebs igrZnobs somxeTi da azerbai-jani, imavdroulad, dazaraldeba saqarTveloc da navTob-sadenic.

yarabaRis axali omis SesaZlebloba, sabednierod, Soreuliperspeqtivaa, yovel SemTxvevaSi, uaxloes ramdenime weliwadSi.ufro aqtualuri problema javaxeTis regionia samxreTsaqarTveloSi, romelic ZiriTadad somxebiTaa dasaxlebuli.“bi-Ti-si”-s ganxorcielebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios am problemisgamwvaveba. javaxeli somxebi didi xania grZnoben Tbilisisganmowyvetas. cota maTgani laparakobs qarTulad, maTi satrans-porto kavSiri sxva raionebTan Zalian gaZnelebulia. qarTulifulis nacvlad iq brunavs somxuri drami an rusuli rubli,ori somxuri nacionalisturi partia iRvwis oficialuriavtonomiisaTvis saqarTvelos farglebSi (riskenac iswrafviszogierTi somexi nacionalisti saqarTvelos gareT). 2004 wlisianvarSi mixeil saakaSvilis arCevis Semdeg saqarTvelosfarglebSi politikuri avtonomiis mopovebis sakiTxi kvlavwamowies javaxeTis somxebma .

pirvelad, roca ixileboda navTobsadenis saqarTvelosmonakveTi, farTo mxardaWera hpova marSrutma javaxeTzegavliT, rogorc umoklesma manZilma TurqeTis sazRvramde.saboloo gadawyvetileba miRebuli iqna ufro grZeli marSru-tis sasargeblod, javaxeTis CrdiloeTiT ufro rTul relie-fur pirobebSi. axali marSruti gaivlida borjomis axlos,romelic aris saqarTvelos saxelganTqmuli mineraluri

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wylebis dedaadgili da turistebisTvis mimzidveli nacio-naluri parki. es marSruti gaxda metad sadavo sakiTxi baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis mTel proeqtSi, ramdenadac borjomSimineraluri wylebis mwarmoebeli – Georgian Glass and Mineral Water(saqarTvelos minisa da mineraluri wylebis kompania) dasaqarTvelos mwvaneTa erovnuli organizaciis jgufebi(romelTac mxars uWerda msoflio bunebis dacvis fondi)ewinaaRmdegebodnen borjomis marSruts.

navTobsadenis marSrutis arCevisas gadawyvetilebismiRebis procesi mimdinareobda daxurulad. proeqtis insti-tucionaluri investorebi borjomis marSruts mizanSe-wonilad miiCnevdnen. saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso navTo-bkompaniis (ssnk) maSindeli xelmZRvaneli, Tedo jafariZe, 2002wels ambobda, rom miuRebelia navTobsadenis mSeneblobaaxalqalaqis ruseTis bazis axlos, miuxedavad imisa, rom bazaunda daiketos ramdenime welSi, navTobsadeni ki gaTvlilia 40welze. bevr qarTvels jer kidev epareba eWvi borjomismarSrutis arCevis sisworeSi. magaliTad, ramaz jabaurma,saqarTvelos dazvervis ufrosis moadgilem ganacxada, romaxalqalaqis gavliT navTobsadenis gayvanis Sesaxeb gada-wyvetileba miRebuli iyo im dros, roca eri aRmoCnda saSiS-roebaTa winaSe. Semdeg daumata “am momentSi ufro Wkvianuriiqneboda navTobsadenis gayvana axalqalaqis gavliT iq samuSaoadgilebis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT.”24

radgan saqarTveloSi warmoiSva azrTa sxvadasxvaoba,savsebiT savaraudoa (Tumca dRemde sarwmunod araa cnobili),rom gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa azerbaijanis mosazrebammarSrutis Sesaxeb javaxeTze gavliT, baqos mTavroba xel-mZRvanelobda politikuri mosazrebiT da veto daado somxebiTdasaxlebuli raionis gavliT navTobsadenis gayvanis ideas.azerbaijanis oficialuri pirebi am sakiTxis irgvliv argamoTqvamdnen raime mosazrebebs, magram Tu gaTvaliswinebuliiqna azerbaijanis Warbi yuradReba nebismieri proeqtis mimarT,

24 Amirova et al. Special Report: Trans-Caucasus Pipeline Underway at Last.


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romelic sasargeblo iqneba somxeTis an somxebisaTvis,javaxeTis proeqtis mxardaWera azerbaijanis mTavrobisaTvispolitikurad wamgebiania. magaliTad, opoziciis lideri, aliqerimli, saxalxo frontis partiis reformistuli frTismeTauri, ambobda: “javaxeTis gavliT navTobsadenis gayvanaSeuZlebelia. es regioni dasaxlebulia somxebiT da amitomwarmoadgens safrTxes proeqtisaTvis. ufro saimedoa navTob-sadenis gayvana borjomis gavliT.”25

borjomis marSrutis arCevis pirdapiri Sedegi iyo java-xeTSi somxebis gaucxoebis grZnobis gaZliereba. axalqalaqismerma nairi iricinma interviuSi Tqva, rom gulgatexilia misiraionis ignorirebiT. man Tqva, rom qalaqis ori aTasi mcxovrebiyovel wels samuSaos saZebnelad midis ruseTSi. erTaderTiadgili, sadac SeiZleba samuSaos Sovna, es aris ruseTissamxedro baza. baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis mSeneb-loba uzrunvelyofda raionSi samuSao adgilebs da kompen-sacias.26 imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom navTobsadenisgan miRebulimoklevadiani sargebeli adgilobrivi ekonomikisaTvis umniS-vnelo iqneboda, dRes arsebuli varaudebi proeqtTan dakav-SirebiT SesaZloa ufro mniSvnelovani yofiliyo, vidrerealoba. adgilobrivi arasamTavrobo organizaciis liderma,ararat esoianma javaxeTis gverdis avlis gadawyvetilebispolitikuri arsis gamo mkveTrad ganacxada: “javaxeTSi xalxiambobs: am marSrutis arCeviT maT gaavles saqarTvelos momavalisazRvari”.27

zogadad, es ori milsadeni warmoadgens saqarTvelos, rogorcsusti suverenitetis qveyanas, romelsac aqvs uzarmazariSesaZleblobebi da didi pasuxismgebloba. grZelvadiani usaf-rTxoebis problema warmoiqmneba maSin, roca ori milsadeniaSendeba, daiwyebs funqcionirebas 40 wlis vadiT da saqarTvelosdaekisreba maTi dacva Tavis teritoriaze. agreTve didi

25 Amirova et al. Special Report: Trans-Caucasus Pipeline Underway at Last.26 Amirova et al. Special Report: Trans-Caucasus Pipeline Underway at Last.27 avtoris interviu ararat esoianTan, 2003 wlis 24 oqtomberi.

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mniSvneloba aqvs sociopolitikur konteqstsac. Tu saqarTvelosmTeli sazogadoeba (da ara misi romelime nawili) miiRebssargebels milsadenebidan, proeqts eqneba sazogadoebrivimxardaWera, rac ganapirobebs maT politikur xangrZlivobas.

adgilis povna did Sua aRmosavleTSi

sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi saqarTvelo Camoqvei-Tebuli iyo suverenuli saxelmwifodan uaRresad centra-lizebul saxelmwifos erT-erT regionamde. sabWoTa droisganmavlobaSi mokavSire respublikebs Soris kontaqti xor-cieldeboda moskovis meSveobiT da ararusul respublikebsZalian SezRuduli ormxrivi urTierToba hqondaT. saqarT-velosTvis warmoudgeneli iyo, hqonoda raime “ormxriviurTierTobis” msgavsi urTierToba TurqeTTan, xolo saqarT-velo-TurqeTis sazRvarze moZraoba mkacrad SezRuduli iyo.gorbaCovis dros, 1980-iani wlebis bolos, daketili karimoulodnelad gaiRo. magram mas Semdeg saqarTvelom (meta-foris gadasxvaferebiT) 15 weli gaatara uTavbolo qoreo-grafiul speqtaklis mocekvavis msgavsad, sadac misi partnio-rebi mudmivad icvlebodnen.

movlenaTa qarborbala ar iZleoda stabiluri urTi-erTobebis saSualebas. 1989- 1991 wlebSi centris mimarTuaRresad mtrulad ganwyobilma sabWoTa respublikebmaSeqmnes araoficialuri kavSiri gorbaCovisa da moskoviswinaaRmdeg, saqarTvelo SeuerTda xuT sxva respublikas _somxeTs, moldovasa da baltiis sam respublikas. maT boikotigamoucxades 1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiris SenarCunebis mizniTCatarebul referendums. magram zemomoyvanili respublikaTasia ar iZleoda imis gagebis saSualebas, Tu rogor ganviTar-debodnen Semdgom, ramdenadac yofili sabWoTa respublikebisurTierTobebis safexurebrivi ganlageba xSirad icvleboda.1991 wels maT Seqmnes saerTo fronti moskovis winaaRmdeg,Tumca dRes am respublikebs naklebad aqvT urTierTkon-


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taqtebi. amasTan, maTi momavali sxvadasxvanairad warimarTa.rogorc ukve aRiniSna, somxeTs dRes sruliad sxva stra-tegiuli orientacia aqvs, vidre saqarTvelos. mxolodmoldovas (romelic mainc da mainc araa saqarTvelos mTavarimokavSire) aqvs saqarTvelos msgavsi orientacia.

es aris erTgvari sasargeblo prizma, romlis meSveobiTacmimoixileba suuam-is kavSiri (saqarTvelo, ukraina, uzbekeTi,azerbaijani da moldova), romelic Camoyalibda 1996-1997wlebSi rogorc suam-i (saqarTvelo, ukraina, azerbaijani,moldova). zogadad rom iTqvas, es iyo mcdeloba damoukidebelsaxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis (dsT) araoficialuri kavSirisSeqmnisa, romlebic iswrafodnen, erTad win aRdgomodnenruseTis gavlenas. 1999 wlis aprilSi uzbekeTis SeerTebiT suam-i gadaiqca suuam-ad. amave dros, sami maTgani _ saqarTvelo,azerbaijani da uzbekeTi gamovidnen koleqtiuri usafrT-xoebis xelSekrulebidan. STambeWdavi iyo “suuam”-is formi-rebis adgili – es moxda vaSingtonis samitze, romelic mieZRvnanato-s 50 wlisTavs.

vaSingtonis am Sexvedraze suuam-is liderebma wamoayenesdRis wesrigi, romelSic ganacxades oTx mTavar sakiTxSi saerTovaldebulebebis Tavis Tavze aReba. pirveli ori valdebulebaiyo saxelmwifoTa teritoriuli mTvlianobis SenarCuneba da“agresiuli separatizmis” uaryofa. mxedvelobaSi hqondaTsaqarTvelos, azerbaijanis da moldovas ganzraxva, daebru-nebinaT gamoyofili teritoriebi – afxazeTi da samxreT oseTi;mTiani yarabaRi; dnestrispireTi. mesame sakiTxi iyo saerTomzadyofna “religiur eqstremizmTan” brZolisa, rac gulis-xmobda uzbekeTis mTavrobis kampanias islamuri opoziciiswinaaRmdeg. ukanaskneli punqti iyo saerTo valdebuleba, romTavidan yofiliyo acilebuli konfliqtebis zonaSi iaraRisdagroveba, rac gulisxmobda (Tumca es pirdapir ar da-saxelebula) iaraRis Setanas ruseTis bazebSi saqarTveloSi,somxeTsa da moldovaSi.

suuam-is es Sexvedra Cafiqrebuli iyo, rogorc simboluri,misi arsi Seesabameboda ruseTze maT skeptikur Sexedulebas,

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romelic im dros Zals ikrebda vaSingtonSi. konservatiuliJamestown Foundation Prism wamaxaliseblad aRniSnavda: “adgilida situacia ormagad mniSvnelovania: pirveli, im faqtisdramatizirebisTvis, rom moskovma ver daarwmuna dsT-sqveynebi, natos mimarT ruseTis politikas mihyolodnen; meore,rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, am xuTi saxelmwifos dasav-leTze strategiuli orientaciis simbolurobisaTvis.”28

magram suuam-i miraJi aRmoCnda. kavSiri ar Sedga, mis wevr-saxelmwifoTa mier ar iqna xelmowerili aranairi xelSek-ruleba, ar Cans maT Soris vaWrobis gafarToeba am aliansisSedegad. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, saqarTvelosa da azerbaijansSorisac ki ar aris iseTi Rrma urTierToba, rogorc erTiSexedviT SeiZleba mogvCveneboda. suaam-i Zalian dazaralda2001 wlis 11 seqtembris movlenebis gamo, roca Seicvala aSS-sstrategiuli prioritetebi yofili sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT.moulodnelad, ruseTis savaraudo neoimperiuli ambiciebisSekavebis politikam vaSingtonSi popularoba dakarga. isla-muri terorizmis muqarasTan brZolisas SeerTebuli StatebisurTierToba vladimer putinis ruseTTan gaumjobesda.gaumjobesda moskovis urTierTobebi azerbaijanTan dauzbekeTTan. suuam-is saxelmwifoTa umetesoba cuds verafersxedavda ruseTTan kargi urTierTobis damyarebaSi. igivedamokidebuleba iyo aSS-sTan, Tumca saqarTvelo, gasagebimizezebis gamo, gamonakliss warmoadgenda. mudmivad cvalebadipolitikuri landSaftisaTvis niSandoblivia, rom 2005 wlismaisSi suuam-i kvlav gadaiqca suam-ad, roca “vardebis” da“narinjisferi” revoluciebiT SeSfoTebuli uzbekeTi ga-movida misi Semadgenlobidan.

Tu suuam-ma raime aCvena, es iyo arasaWiroeba iseTigaerTianebisa, rogoricaa dsT, romelic aRmoCnda ara imdenad“Tanamegobroba”, aramed ruseTis iaraRi, gaekontrolebinaTavisi yofili sabWoTa mezoblebi, axla ukve ruseTis “uaxloesi

28 From GUAM to GUUAM: A Growing Centrifugal Force in the CIS. – The JamestownFoundation Prism, May 7, 1999.


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sazRvargareTi”. roca dsT-s mimarTes mowodebiT, gaeZlie-rebina Tavisi roli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad, rogorcomis Semdgom afxazeTSi samSvidobo misiis dakompleqtebisSemTxvevaSi 1600 jariskacis SemadgenlobiT, gamoCnda realurisuraTi:am kavSiris arc erTma qveyanam (garda ruseTisa) argamoyo samxedroTa jgufi afxazeTSi samSvidobo misiisaTvis.

amrigad, mkacri sinamdvile aris is, rom saqarTvelosurTierToba yofil sabWoTa mezoblebTan bevrad aris damo-kidebuli aSS-sa da ruseTs Soris urTierTobaTa cvlilebaze.amasTan, vaSingtoni da moskovi warmoadgenen usafrTxoebisor poluss, romelTa Sorisac meryeoben yofili sabWoTarespublikebi. saxeldobr, am konteqstSi unda ganvixiloTsaqarTvelos wevroba metad ambiciur, magram sustad dafi-nansebul regionul organizaciebSi. ramdenad unariani iqnebamwiri biujeti da suuam-is xmamaRali gancxadebebi, rocamTavroba realuri krizisis winaSe dadgeba TbilisSi, galSi dapankisis xeobaSi?

yofili sabWoTa kavSiris sazRvrebs gareT, samxreTsa dadasavleTSi, saqarTvelo iwodeba sxvadasxvanairad, magram,SesaZloa, yvelaze moxerxebulia termini “didi axlo aRmosav-leTi”. geografiulad Tbilisi ufro axlosaa baRdadTan da da-maskosTan, vidre moskovTan. saqarTvelos mezobelTagan yvela-ze ukeTesi satransporto mimosvla – sagzao, sarkinigzo, sazR-vao da sahaero – aqvs TurqeTTan. bolo aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSisparseTisa da osmaleTis imperiebi xSirad akontrolebdnensamxreT kavkasias da gansazRvravdnen mis istorias, amitomuadgilo ar iqneba movelodeT, rom maTi memkvidreebi – irani daTurqeTi – dainteresebulni arian, amjeradac igive gaakeTon.

magram damoukideblobis oficialuri aRdgenis momentidan,1992 wlidan, saqarTvelos adgili am metad farTo arasabWoTaregionSi SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnas, rogorc “gamouyenebelipotenciali”. mTavari mizezi, rogorc Cans, aris is, romsaqarTvelos sWirdeba dro mezoblebTan urTierTobaTadamyarebisaTvis, radgan 70 wlis ganmavlobaSi (sabWoTa Za-lauflebis dros) mas yovelgvari kavSiri gawyvetili hqonda am

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qveynebTan, roca sabWoTa kavSiris samxreTi sazRvrebi mTlianadCaketili iyo. metic, cxovrebiseulma gamocdilebam qarTvelebiufro ganaTlebul, maRali wris da gaevropelebul xalxad aqciamaT samxreTel mezoblebTan SedarebiT. siria, TurqeTi da iraniar warmoadgenen saxelmwifoTa iseT modelebs, romelsacqarTuli elita mibaZavda. qarTvel axalgazrdobas TiTqmis arainteresebs, iswavlos am qveynebSi, romlebic daSorebuli arianevropul civilizacias romliskenac saqarTvelo iswrafvis.

am qveynebs Soris politikuri urTierTobac amgvaradve Ca-morCenilia: saqarTvelos urTierToba mis samxreTel me-zoblebTan, aqcevs mas, yovel SemTxvevaSi, garegnulad mainc,kavSiris sistemaTa iseT sferoSi, romelic damaxasiaTebeliaam farTo regionisaTvis.

magaliTad, TurqeTi natos wevria da aqvs mtkice kavSiriisraelTan, irani da somxeTi cdilobdnen, daemyarebinaTsammxrivi urTierToba saberZneTTan. magram am molaparakebaTaSemdgomi ganviTareba, safiqrebelia, naklebad exeba sa-qarTvelos. israeli Tavisi problemebiT saqarTveloSinaklebad sainteresoa. 2003 wels prezident SevardnaZisSeTavazeba aSS-sTvis, erayis omSi esargebla saqarTvelossahaero bazebi, Tavazianad uaryves. rac Seexeba saberZneTs,ormxriv urTierTobaSi Tbilissa da aTens Soris ZiriTadiproblemaa migrantTa didi raodenoba da sazRvargareTidanmowveuli muSebi (romelTa umetesoba berZenia), romlebicmimodian am or qveyanas Soris. arc “qristianuli solidaroba”,arc istoriuli eWvianoba TurqeTis mimarT sakmarisi araa, romsaberZneTma azerbaijanSi aqtiuri diplomatiuri moRvaweobaanda azerbaijanuli gaziT sargebloba Sewyvitos.

miuxedavad SedarebiTi geografiuli siaxlovisa, iraniSorsaa saqarTvelosa da misi strategiuli interesebisagan.iranis strategiuli interesebi samxreT kavkasiaSi koncen-trirebulia umTavresad somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi. TeiraniSeSfoTebulia azerbaijanis gavleniT iranis CrdiloeTSisakuTar azerbaijanul mosaxleobaze da aviTarebs kargurTierTobas somxeTTan, ramac SeiZleba gaamyaros axali


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gazsadenis proeqtis idea. magram somxeTic da azerbaijanicSors iWeren iranis diplomatias: 1992 wels irani Seecada,daewyo molaparakeba somxeT-azerbaijanis konfliqtis sa-kiTxze, magram molaparakeba Sewyda somxebis mier SuSisdapyrobasTan dakavSirebiT da aRarc ganaxlebula.

urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo ufro metadaadaSorebuli iranisagan. islamuri respublikis naxevradavtoritaruli politikuri sistema ar aris is modeli, romelsacsaqarTveloSi vinme gaiziarebs. “borotebis RerZis erT-erTirgolis” statusis wyalobiT (prezident buSis Sefaseba) iraniaRmoCndeba im banakSi, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba im pozicias,romelsac dRevandeli msoflio umniSvnelovanesi problemebissferoSi, iziarebs saqarTvelo. metic, irani ar Sedis arc erTevropul institutSi, romlis wevric Tu kandidatic arissaqarTvelo: evrokavSiri, evropis sabWo, euTo da nato.

gamouyenebeli potencialis kidev erTi magaliTia saqarT-velos TavSekavebuli damokidebuleba Savi zRvis sanapirosmezoblebTan, romelebic warmoadgenen SedarebiT waru-matebel Savi zRvis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis orga-nizacias (SeTo) TerTmeti wevri qveyniT. SeTo-s damfuZnebelisamitis deklaraciis me-8 muxlis Tanaxmad, romelic xel-mowerilia stambulSi 1992 wlis 25 ivniss, organizacia mizania,“uzrunvelyos, rom Savi zRva gaxdes mSvidobis, stabilurobis,ayvavebis, megobrul da keTilmezoblur urTierTobaTaganviTarebisaken miswrafebis zRvad.” organizacia Cafiq-rebuli iyo TurqeTis prezidentis, turgut ozalis mier,rogorc instituti, romelic organizacias gaukeTebdamezobeli qveynebis 330-milionian mosaxleobas TavisufalivaWrobis axal zonaSi da romelsac eqneboda 300 mlrd dolarissavaWro balansi. Seiqmna aparati, romelsac hqonda SesaZ-lebloba, Caetarebina Sexvedrebi da mieRo deklaraciebi,Tumca is ver gadaiqca iseT organizaciad, romelic mzadiqneboda ufro axlo TanamSromlobisaTvis. 1999 wlis ivnisSiSeTo-s mdivani, nurver nuresi, interviuSi wuxda, rom ozalissikvdilis Semdeg mis organizacias mxars ar uWeren TurqeTis

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politikosebic ki. man Tqva, rom SeTo-s ori ganyofileba,savaraudod rom ganekuTvneba saerTaSoriso organizaciebs,premier-ministr Tansu Cileris brZanebiT gadaeca TurqeTismTavrobas. nuresma agreTve Tqva:

“ozali rom cocxali iyos, Cven gadavlaxavdiTwinaaRmdegobebs da mivaRwevdiT ufro maRaldones, ramdenadac ozals mSvenivrad SeeZlo amideis mimzidvelobis dasabuTeba. Tu Cven verSevZeliT, farTod gagveRo kari am miznebisaTvis,misi Sexedulebebi ki ar iyo damnaSave, aramed xalxi.idea SesaniSnavia. TurqeTs unda Seesrulebinalokomotivis roli am organizaciis SigniT”. 29

SeTo cdilobs aRorZinebas meore qarTveli mdivnis,saqarTvelos yofili sagareo saqmeTa ministris, TedojafariZis daniSvnis Semdeg, magram mas aqvs mizeruli biujetida safiqrebelia, rom cotam Tu vinmem icis saqarTveloSi,saerTod ras akeTebs es organizacia. es ar niSnavs, rom SavizRvis regionuli gaerTianeba usargeblo ideaa. bolo dros SavizRva gadaiqca avRaneTSi daxmarebis gadazidvis marSrutad:pirveli tvirTi gaigzavna bulgareTidan saqarTveloSi daSemdeg avRaneTSi 2003 wlis seqtemberSi. 2001 wlis aprilSi SavizRvispireTis eqvsma qveyanam Seqmna Sav zRvaze saZebno-samaSvelo da humanitaruli operaciebis koordinirebisorganizacia. magram ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da kargaddafinansebuli SeTo-s saorganizacio struqturis seriozuliprogramis gareSe, rogorc suuam-i da dsT, SesaZloa, carielsityvebad darCes.

saqarTvelos TurqeTTan urTierTobis gansaviTareblad,romelic mzard mniSvnelobas iZens samxreT kavkasiaSi, SeToar sWirdeba. ruseTis msgavsad, mezobeli qveynebisTvisTurqeTic sxvagvari qveyanaa. misi mosaxleoba 68 milionia,samxreT kavkasiis samive qveynis mosaxleoba ki, erTad aRebuli

29 Nurver Nures. Lack of Interest, Not Lack of Success vis-à-vis Black Sea EconomicCooperation. – Turkish Daily News, June 22, 1999.


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_ 15 milioni; aqvs imaze meti teritoria da Semosavali, vidresaqarTvelos, somxeTsa da azerbaijans erTad aRebuls.

TurqeTsa da saqarTvelos aqvT mniSvnelovani saerTointeresebi, rac gamoixateba “bi-Ti-si”-sa da baqo-erzrumisproeqtebiT. TurqeTica da saqarTveloc iswrafvian, gaxdnenevrokavSiris wevrebi (amasTan, TurqeTis survili ufrorealuria, vidre saqarTvelosi). saqarTvelos agreTve surs,TurqeTis kvaldakval gaxdes natos wevri. aRmosavleTelimezoblebisgan gansxvavebiT, rogorebicaa TurqeTi, irani, siriada somxeTi, saqarTvelo imeds iZleva, iyos saimedo politikurida savaWro partniori. TurqeTi ki ukve aris moculobiT meoresavaWro partniori saqarTvelosTvis. am or qveyanas SorisviTardeba samxedro TanamSromloba, Turqma samxedro mwvrT-nelebma daikaves TbilisTan axlos samxedro-sahaero bazisbinebi, romlebic rusebma axlaxan datoves. 2003 wlis aprilSiTbilisSi Camofrinda TurqeTis samxedroTa delegacia Stabisufrosis, hilmi ozkokis xelmZRvanelobiT, romelmac, sxvaTaSoris, ganixila qarTuli samxedro personalis momzadebissakiTxebi Turqi samxedro eqspertebis mier, qarTuli jarisdafinanseba Turqebis mier, saqarTvelos samxedro-sahaeroobieqtebis ganaxleba da TurqeTis daxmareba Savi zRvisflotis antiteroristuli qvedanayofebis momzadebaSi.30

miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelosTvis ekonomikuri Tval-sazrisiT TurqeTi jer kidev CamorCeba ruseTs. istoriulida lingvisturi faqtorebi sagrZnoblad aRemateba Ta-namedrove politikur mosazrebebs. magaliTad, daaxloebiTnaxevari milioni qarTveli cxorobs da muSaobs ruseTSi, iqwasasvlelad qarTvelebi valdebulni arian, winaswar aiRonvizebi; TurqeTSi, sadac vizis gaformebas mxolod ramdenimewuTi sWirdeba, qarTvelebis ricxvi umniSvneloa.

ra Tqma unda, nawilobriv es gamowveulia imiT, romTurqeTi ubralod ruseTze Raribia, magram es jer kidev ar

30 Igor Torbakov. Explanding Turkish-Georgian Strategic Ties Rankle Russia. – EurasiaInsight, April 25, 2003.

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niSnavs yvelafers. saqarTveloSi 2003 wlis noembris “var-debis revoluciis” mimarT TurqeTisa da ruseTis reaqciaTaSedareba gviCvenebs, rom saqarTvelo gacilebiT Rrmad arisCafluli ruseTsa da mis problemebSi, vidre TurqeTisaSi,moswons mas es Tu ara. rogorc ki SevardnaZis reJimi Seirya,ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri, igor ivanovi (saqarTveloSidabadebuli), maSinve Camofrinda TbilisSi prezidentsa daopozicias Soris saSuamavlod. ivanovs saswrafo molaparakebahqonda orive mxaresTan; rusTavelis gamzirze demonstraciismonawileebsac ki elaparaka. igive suraTi ganmeorda 2004 wlismaisSi. amjerad pirdapir TurqeTis zRurblze, aWaraSi, rocaivanovi, amjerad ruseTis uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis rolSi,kvlav Camofrinda mosalaparakeblad, rom aWaris didi xnislideri, aslan abaSiZe, mSvidobianad wasuliyo Tanamde-bobidan.

Zneli warmosadgenia, rom TurqeTs SeeZlo aseTi mniSvne-lovani rolis TamaSi saqarTveloSi krizisis dros. faqtobrivad,“vardebis revolucia” TurqeTis mTavrobisTvis moulodneliaRmoCnda. am dros premier-ministri da sagareo saqmeTa ministriqveyanaSi ar imyofebodnen. komentarze orivem uari ganacxada.gazeTis mimomxilveli tunjai ozkani aRniSnavs, rom saqarTvelosdamoukideblobis periodSi TurqeTma da saqarTvelom daamyaresmegobruli kavSirebi, maTi samxedroebi mtkiced TanamSromlobenmagram, rogorc ozkani wers memarcxene centristul gazeT“aksamSi”, TurqeTi ver erkveva mimdinare movlenebSi (kavkasiaSi),rom araferi vTqvaT maT manipulirebaze.31 rogorc Cans, TurqeTiver flobs enasa da formats, rom saqarTvelosTan urTierTobagadaitanos yoveldRiuri politikuri dialogis reJimSi, rasacver vityviT ruseTsa da aSS-ze.

amrigad, Tanamedrove istoria da Zlieri institucio-naluri struqtura, rac gaaCnia ruseTsa da dasavleTs, jerkidev aRemateba saqarTvelos yvela geografiul da istoriul

31 Mevlut Karik. Will Turkey Meet The Strategic Challenge In Georgia? – EurasiaInsight, December 12, 2003.


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pretenzias. friad ucnauria, rom TurqeTisa da iranis samxreTkavkasiaSi CarTulobis strategiis indikatoria is interesi,romelic maT gamoxates kavkasiaSi “usafrTxoebis paqtis”momakvdavi koncefciis mimarT. prezidentma demirelma mxaridauWira am ideas euTo-s samitze 1999 wels. iranis sagareosaqmeTa ministri qamal xarazi cdilobda, gaecocxlebina esgegma 2003 wels aprilSi, roca samxreT kavkasias ewvia.usafrTxoebis paqti xels Seuwyobda orive mxares, am regionSieTamaSaT is roli, rac maT amJamad ar gaaCniaT.

daskvna

damoukideblobis mopovebidan aT welze meti xnis SemdegsaqarTvelo aRmoCnda ucnaur situaciaSi: igi kvlav Sescqerisor Soreul dedaqalaqs _ vaSingtonsa da moskovs politikuriarCevanis gakeTebisas da man saocrad cota ram gaakeTa uaxloesmezoblebTan TanamSromlobis gansaviTareblad. TbilisSisaakaSvilis dros mTavrobis sasaxlis Tavze evropis droSamowmobs im axal survils, romelmac saboloo angariSiT SeiZlebauzrunvelyos saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis meti stabiluroba,magram jerjerobiT amisi Sedegi ekonomikuri daxmarebis zrdaa:evropis sabWos jer ara aqvs farTo monawileobis gamocdilebadidi regionebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad. saqarTvelosmezobel qveynebSi mdgomareoba wynari araa. sxvadasxva mi-zezebis gamo, saqarTvelom ver moipova raime strategiuliupiratesoba samxreT kavkasiaSi verc Tavisi centralurimdgomareobiT da verc TurqeTTan da iranTan axlo mdebareobiT,radgan is daSorebulia mTiani yarabaRis konfliqtidan, aqvs RiasazRvrebi somxeTTan, azerbaijanTan da TurqeTTan, agreTveTavis meoTxe mezobelTan _ ruseTTan, magram mas ara aqvsgrZelvadiani SeTanxmebebi usafrTxoebis sferoSi arc erT amqveyanasTan. saqarTvelos centraluri geografiuli mdebareobaSeiZleba usargebloc iyos. saqarTvelo aRmoCnda or moqiSpebanaks Soris: TurqeTi-azerbaijani da ruseTi-somxeTi-irani,

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romelTagan TiToeuli cdilobs, Seqmnas energetikuli de-refani. saqarTvelo amjobinebs pirvel alianss, magram meorisignorirebac ar SeuZlia da angariSi unda gauwios ruseTissurvils, kavSiri hqondes somxeTTan.32

regionuli TanamSromlobiT ardaintereseba warmoadgenssaqarTvelos strategiuli sisustis erT-erT mTavar faqtors.“gamouyenebeli potencialis” Tema am TavSi bevrgan vaxseneT:roca aSS-ruseTs Soris urTierTobaTa Cavardna an progresiZlier gavlenas axdenda saqarTvelos sagareo politikaze,Tumca bolo 13 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelosa da misimezoblebis urTierTobaSi winsvla ar yofila. did saxelm-wifoTa urTierTmetoqeoba xels uwyobs am tedencias. aravi-Tari safuZveli ar gvaqvs velodoT, rom “regionuli TviT-myofadoba” xorcs Seasxams da gaaumjobesebs im regionisekonomikur integracias, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebeliamravalferovneba da istoriuli undobloba. magram saqarT-velos elitam Tavis Tavze unda aiRos pasuxismgebloba imarCevanisaTvis, romelsac is akeTebs an ar akeTebs. legalurivaWroba, rogorc aucilebeli piroba metad axlo urTi-erTobisaTvis kavkasiis qveynebs Soris, jer kidev SezRudulia.2003 wels saqarTvelos udides eqsports warmoadgenda jarTida xe-tye, rac mas umeteswilad aqcevs mrewvelobis uqonelqveynad, romelsac ara aqvs ganviTarebuli arc mrewveloba daarc mtkice suvereniteti. sasazRvro SezRudvebi, kontrabandada damnaSaveoba anadgurebs yovelgvar, TviT mcire imedsac ki,rom saqarTvelos eqneba Tavisufali vaWroba da Ria bazrebi.aRniSnulma problemebma Seaferxa saqarTvelos ekonomikuri

32 iran-somxeTis gazsadeni “gazpromis” interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba, Tumcainterfaqsis cnobiT (2004 wlis 2 Tebervali), ruseTis premier-ministrismoadgilem, boris alioSinma erevanSi gamarTul konferenciazeganacxada, rom iran-somxeTis gazsadeni ruseTis interesebSi Sedis,vinaidan es somxeTSi arsebul energogeneratorebze ruseTis uflebebsgazrdis. man Tqva, rom “gazpromi”, SesaZloa, somxeTis teritoriazearsebuli gazsadeni milis nawilis operirebas Caudges saTaveSi.SesaZlebelia, aRniSnuli mili saqarTvelos sazRvramdec gagrZeldes.


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SesaZleblobebi, misi usafrTxoebis stabiluroba da xeliSeuSala misi regionuli potencialis gamoyenebas. adgilobrivida centraluri korumpirebuli liderebi sakuTari mate-rialuri keTildReobiT ufro arian dainteresebulni, vidresaxelmwifos grZelvadiani perspeqtivebiT.

saqarTvelos ganviTarebisTvis yvelaze imedismomcemia orinavTobsadenis mSenebloba. es daexmareba saqarTvelos, aRariyos damokidebuli ruseTze da daukavSirdes evropas, TumcanavTobsadenebi saqarTvelos saxelmwifosTvis garkveulsafrTxesa da pasuxismgeblobasac Seicavs. navTobsadenisdacvis uzrunvelyofa, romelsac mxars uWers dasavleTi,saqarTvelos Tavs axvevs usafrTxoebis ufro farTo prob-lemebs, rasTanac mas aqamde saqme ar hqonia.

mokled, saxmeleTo regionuli TanamSromlobis uqonlobazogadad, regionSi, kerZod, saqarTvelosa da mis samxreT-kavkasiel mezoblebs Soris zrdis aSS-sa da ruseTis gavlenasda maT Soris winaaRmdegobas. Sedegad, saqarTvelo, saube-durod, ganicdis moskovsa da vaSingtons Soris urTierTobaTacvlilebis gavlenas. marTalia, Tavis regionSi darRveulimezobloba da misi gaurkveveli momavali marto saqarTvelosbrali ar aris, magram manac cota ram gaakeTa yovelgvari bzarisada barieris aRmosafxvrelad.

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daskvna

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis

modeli “centri-periferia”*

bruno kopitersi

saqarTvelo susti, regionebad danawevrebuli saxelmwifoa.mas Semdeg, rac 1991 wlis aprilSi igi sabWoTa kavSirs gamoeyo,damkvirveblebs ganuwyvetliv ebadebodaT kiTxva, SeZlebda Tuara axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, daeZlia mosalodnelianarqia da daemyarebina suverenuli saxelmwifoebrioba.usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelo da misi samxreTkavkasieli mezobeli saxelmwifoebi _ somxeTi da azerbaijani

∗ minda madloba gadavuxado viaCeslav Cirikbas, jorj hiuits, magalirodrigess, qsiaoukun songs, dimitri trenins da sxvebs, vinc wvliliSeitana am naSromSi, Tavdapirvel teqstSi maT mier mocemuliSeniSvnebisaTvis. centr-periferiis modelis misadageba saqarTvelossaSinao da saerTaSoriso usafrTxo garemos mimarT warmodgenili iyosomxeTSi Catarebul konferenciaze: “samxreT kavkasia da sazRvargareTispolitikis moTxovnebi”, an arbori, miCigani, 21-24 oqtomberi, 2004; da“Sortir de l’Empire: le cas des Etats sud-caucasiens,” parizi, 25-26 noemberi, 2004 w.periferiis sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebs Soris gansxvavebis Sesaxeb, rogorces gamoyenebulia evropis kavSiris (EU) da saqarTvelos damoukideblobisadreul wlebSi (1991), ix. bruno kopitersis “saqarTvelo da evropa:periferiis cneba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi” bruno kopitersis,aleqsei zverevisa da dimitri treninis gamocemaSi “saxelmwifo dadamoukidebloba postsabWoTa evraziaSi (londoni, frank kasi, 1998), gv.44-68. es damokidebuleba mocemulia bruno kopitersis “evropis kavSiriswarmomadgeneli axal periferiaSi”, dov lindis naSromSi “samxreTkavkasia: evrokavSiris moTxovnebi, Challiot Papers # 65, (dekemberi, 2003 w.),gv.161-170, da miSel emersoni, marius vali, bruno kopitersi, miSelhuseni, Tamara kovziriZe, gergana nuCeva da naTali toCi, “gaevropelebada dadgenileba konfliqtis Taobaze: evropis periferiis Sesaxeb” Journaland Minority Issues in Europe, 1 (2004), http://www.ecmi.de/jemie/

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– warmoadgenen kavkasiis farTo regionis nawilebs, romlebsacmZime dro udgaT sam Zlier saxelmwifosTan – ruseTTan,iranTan da TurqeTTan – Tanaarsebobis gamo. am arastabilurregionSi arsebobs sami de faqto saxelmwifo – mTiani yarabaRi,afxazeTi da samxreT oseTi1, rac metwilad gamowveuliamezobeli saxelmwifoebis gareSe mxardaWeriT. es situaciagviCvenebs masStabs, Tu ramdenad aris moSlili politikuriurTierTdamokidebuleba am erebs Soris.

winamdebare naSromis SesavalSi aRwerilia “saxelmwi-foebriobis usafrTxoeba” friad “arastabiluri da saSiSisamezoblos” konteqstSi da am usafrTxoebis ori sakiTxi,romelic saqarTvelom unda moagvaros. saqarTvelos xe-lisuflebam unda daamtkicos, rom SeuZlia Tavis moqalaqeTauzrunvelyofa sazogadoebrivi keTildReobiT. aseTi saqmisSesruleba gadajaWvulia usafrTxo regionalur garemosSeqmnasTan.

am naSromis zogierTi Tavi eZRvneba saqarTveloSi “sa-Sinao” usafrTxoebaze zrunvas, magaliTad, 1991-92 wlebissamoqalaqo omi, separatistuli moZraoba avtonomiur er-TeulebSi – samxreT oseTsa da afxazeTSi an samxedro saqmezesamoqalaqo kontroli. sxva Tavebi ZiriTadad exeba saer-TaSoriso urTierTobebs samxreT kavkasiaSi, agreTve me-zobeli qveynebis rols, gareSe Zalebs da saerTaSorisoorganizaciebs, ikvlevs, SeiZleba Tu ara, samxreT kavkasiasewodos regioni Tavisi sakuTari uflebebiT Tu is undawarmovadginoT, rogorc didi regionulierTeulis nawili.saSinao da saerTaSoriso perspeqtivebi, romlebic war-modgenilia am naSromSi, Tanxvdeba im TvalsazrisiT, romregionis dayofa-danawilebis istoria aisaxeba saqarTveloSimimdinare mcdar mimarTulebebsa da konfliqtebze; ne-

1 1999 wlis ruseTis samxedro intervenciis Sedegad CeCneTi, rogorc defaqto saxelmwifo, ganadgurebuli iqna. es ar niSnavs, rom am omma warmoSvaCeCneTis ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba an konfliqti, romlissafuZvelic suverenitetis moTxovna iyo.

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bismieri progresi regionuli integraciis saqmeSi uTuodukavSirdeba saxelmwifo da erovnuli Senebis procesebssamxreT kavkasiaSi.

saqarTveloSi usafrTxoebis Seswavla ZiriTadad usafr-Txoebis zogad gansazRvras efuZneba. is afasebs saxelmwifosinstitutebisa da regionulistabilurobisadmi arsebulSemdeg saSiSroebebs: separatistul konfliqtebSi cecxlisSewyvetis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebaTa warumateblobas, mciremasStabis SeiaraRebis zrdasa da organizebuli danaSaulissaxelmwifo struqturebSi SeRwevas. SevardnaZis reJimis bolowlebSi dominirebda sazogado diskusiebi imis Sesaxeb, Turaoden saxifaToa korufcia da reformebis warumateblobaekonomikis ganviTarebisa da saqarTvelos saxelmwifosarsebobisaTvis.

saxelmwifos qmediTobis gaumjobesebis mcdelobisaTvisgverdis avla is samwuxaro niSani iyo, riTic SevardnaZismmarTvelobis bolo wlebi gamoirCeoda. araviTari Sedegi armohyolia saqarTvelos mTavrobaze “megobruli” Zalebismxridan ganxorcielebul gareSe zewolas, gansakuTrebiTSeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis mxridan, raTa saqarTvelosmoexdina SeiaraRebuli Zalebis restruqturizacia an Seec-vala finansuri politika. saqarTvelo aRar aRiqmeba, rogorcubralod Tanamedrove susti saxelmwifo im gansakuTrebulgaremoebaTa gamo, rogorebicaa gegmuridan sabazro eko-nomikaze gadasvla, ruseTTan daZabuloba an warumatebloba,separatistul erTeulebTan politikuri statusis TaobazemSvidobiani SeTanxmeba. amis Seusrulebloba umetesad aRiq-meboda, rogorc daTmoba struqturuli mizezebis gamo.arsebobda gadaWarbebuli SiSi imisa, rom postSevardnaZisdro ar iqneboda mSvidobiani da gamoiwvevda bevr iseTmovlenas, rac saqarTveloSi damoukideblobis adreulperiodSi moxda.

1990-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi saqarTvelo iyo aramarto “susti saxelmwifo” saxelmwifoebrivi kriteriumebisTvalsazrisiT (rogorebicaa unari, moepovebina saWiro re-

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sursebi ZiriTadi saxelmwifoebrivi funqciebis Sesasru-leblad, socialur urTierTobaTa mosawesrigeblad, mi-zanmimarTulad gamoeyenebina sazogadoebrivi resursebi,daefuZnebina legitimuri mmarTveloba)2 –is garkveul mo-mentSi CaiZira sisustis subkategoriaSi, romelic cnobilia“arSemdgari saxelmwifos” saxeliT. es moxda maSin, rocasaqarTvelo konfrontaciaSi aRmoCnda samxreT oseTsa daafxazeTTan da roca pirveli demokratiulad arCeuliprezidentis, zviad gamsaxurdias gandevnis periodSi sa-moqalaqo ukmayofileba azvirTda.

cneba “arSemdgari saxelmwifo” miuTiTebs iseT insti-tucionalur saxeze, sadac politikur institutebs srulidaSla emuqreba. aseTi totaluri kolafsi, romelmac sa-qarTvelo “arSemdgar saxelmwifod” gadaaqcia, SeiZlebodayofiliyo SevardnaZis prezidentobisas mis SesacvleladbrZolis Sedegi. is SeiZleba yofiliyo ruseT-CeCneTis omisSedegi, romelic saqarTvelosac Seexo an kidev afxazeTsa dasamxreT oseTSi cecxlis Sewyvetis SeTanxmebis darRveva.mogvianebiT siRaribis winaaRmdeg saprotesto moZraoba dakorufcia, SesaZloa, saxalxo ajanyebis mizezi gamxdariyo, rac,Tavis mxriv, areulobasa da masobriv Zaladobas gamoiwvevda.magram aseTi ubeduri SemTxveva ar momxdara. 2003 wlisnoembris movlenebs parlamentis gayalbebuli arCevnebi da sxvatipis reJimis damyareba mohyva. saqarTvelos uunarobam,gaetarebina reformebi, ar gamoiwvia anarqia da saxelmwifosdaSla. piriqiT, man Sedegad miiRo mTavrobis winaaRmdeg kargad

2 winamdebare wignSi mocemuli “susti saxelmwifos” gia nodiaseuliganmarteba efuZneba joel s. idgalis “Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World (Princeton, NJ: PrincetonUniversity Press, 1998), gv. 4. Cem mier ganxorcielebuli analizisas, meagreTve viyeneb saxelmwifos efeqturobis kriteriumebs, romelicwarmoadgina biungki kimam konferenciaze “Comparative Regionalism: Cases inEurope and East Asia”. konferencia organizebuli iyo CineTis renmimisuniversitetis mier, pekini, 2005 wlis 8-9 aprili. ix. Robert I. Rotberg, ed., WhenStates Fail. Causes and Consequences (Priceton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004).

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organizebuli gadatrialeba da politikuri elitis didinawilic mmarTvelobas Camoscilda.

am TavSi me Camovayalibeb daskvnebs am sakiTxebisadmimiZRvnili statiebidan, romlebic exeba im faqtorTa urTi-erTqmedebas, ramac ganapiroba saqarTvelos nacionaluri daregionuli usafrTxoebis urTierTdamokidebulebani, gan-sakuTrebiT ki SevardnaZidan saakaSvilamde mravalaspeqtiangardamaval periodSi. robert legvoldma am Sromis SesavalSiganacxada, rom saqarTveloSi nacionaluri da regionuliusafrTxoebis politikis bevrma aspeqtma kompleqsuriformiT moiyara Tavi. Semajamebeli Tavi aris imis mcdeloba,gaaSuqos wignSi warmodgenili analizis yvelaze reliefurielementebi, gansakuTrebiT isini, romlebic Seexeba sa-qarTvelos usafrTxoebis politikas saSinao da saerTaSorisosferoSi.

am mizniT gamoviyeneb “centrisa” da “periferiis” kon-cefcias da saqarTvelos ganvixilav centrisa da periferiiskuTxiT. rogorc suverenulma saxelmwifom, saqarTvelomTavisi Zalaufleba unda gaavrcelos mTel teritoriaze. amTvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSeiZleba CavTvaloT centrad. saqarTvelo Zlier saxelm-wifoebTan konfrontaciul mdgomareobaSi myofi patarasaxelmwifoa, igi iRvwis da cdilobs, saerTaSoriso iuridiuldoneze sxvebis Tanabari Candes. saerTaSoriso urTierTobisam perspeqtividan saqarTvelo Cans, rogorc periferia.suverenobis koncefcia – teritoriisa da mosaxleobis kont-roli, agreTve imis ufleba, rom saerTaSoriso arenaze sxvasaxelmwifoebis Tanabari legaluri statusi moiTxovos – metadmniSvnelovania am orive tipis urTierTobaSi.

centr-periferiis modeli

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saqarTvelo aris CarTuli, centr-periferiis modeli, Se-saZloa, gamosadegi aRmoCndes. es modeli tradiciuladgamoiyeneba sxvadasxva tipis procesebis gasaanalizeblad,rac sazRvrebiT sivrcobrivi daqucmacebidan gamomdi-nareobs.3 mas gaaCnia erTgvari geometriuli sawyisi, magrammetaforulad gamoiyeneboda bevr sxva disciplinaSi po-litikuri geografiis,4 arqeologiis,5 politekonomiis,6

SedarebiTi federalizmis CaTvliT.7 politikur geografiaSidapirispireba centrsa da periferias Soris mWidrod ukav-Sirdeba iseT urTierTsapirispiro cnebebs (diqotomiebs),rogorebicaa qveynis “Suaguli” da “sanapiro”. centris cnebaagreTve dakvSirebulia terminebTan “Suaguli” “birTvi”

3 ix. Jean Gottmann, ed. Center and Periphery: Spatial Variations in Politics (London:Sage, 1980) ; Georges Prevelakis. Jean Gottmann’s Relevance in Today’s World.moxseneba warmodgenili erhart fondis konferenciaze sazogadoebrivimecnierebebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, bostonis universiteti, 6-7dekemberi, 2002 w., http://www.bu.edu/uni/iass/conf/George%20Prevelakis,pdf; ClaudeGrasland. Center/Periphery, http://hypergeo.free.fr/article.php3?id_frticle=186.4 Jean Gottmann. Confronting Center and Periphery // Gottmann, ed., pp. 11-25; PaulClaval. Center/Periphery and Space: Models of Political Geography // Gottmann, ed., pp.63-71; George W. Hoffman. Variations in Center-Periphery Relations in Southeast Europe// Gottmann, ed., pp. 111-133.5 Tim C. Champion, ed. Center and Periphery: Comparative Studies in Archaeology(London: Routledge, 1995).6 ix. sxva mravalTa Soris Raimondo Strassoldo. Center-Periphery and System-Boundary: Culturological Perspectives // Gottmann, ed., p. 42-44 è Immanuel Wallerstein.The Modern World System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European WorldEconomy in the Sixteenth Century (New York: Academic Press, 1974).7 saSinao politikis analizisas tradiciulad centr-periferiis cnebebigamoiyeneba, gansakuTrebiT ki federaluri urTierTobebis analizisdros. msgavs formulirebas aqvs adgili, magaliTad, ruseTis erovnulmTavrobasa da mcire geografiuli iurisprudenciis mqone mmarTvelobisdabali safexurebis analizis dros. ix. sxva mravalTa Soris, Daniel R.Kempton and Terry D. Clark, eds. Unity or Separation: Center-Periphery Relations inthe Former Soviet Union (London: Praeger, 2002). mecnierebaTa istoriaSi misigamoyenebisTvis ix. Center and Periphery Revisited: The Structures of EuropeanScience, 1750-1914 // Revue de la Maison Française d’Oxford, vol. I, no. 2 (2003), http://www.mfo.ac.uk/Publications/Revue%20Fox/introduction.htm. sistemebis ZiriTadiTeoriis gamoyenebisaTvis ix. Strassoldo, p. 50.

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“RerZuli are”, xolo periferiis cneba _ “sazRvari orqveysnas” Soris, “sazRvrebi”, “ori teritoriis gamyofi xazi”.yvela es sityva msgavs ideebs badebs da gaaCnia evristiuliSesaZlebloba.8

centr-periferiis sqema pirvelad gamoyenebuli iqnebasaqarTvelos saSinao wyobis da Semdeg saerTaSoriso arenazesaqarTvelos adgilis mimarT. magram centr-periferiis urTi-erToba metad gansxvavebul mniSvnelobas iZens Sida urTi-erTobebis Sesaxeb arsebul _ magaliTad, SedarebiTi fede-ralizmisa da saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomiis SesaxebliteraturaSi. Cveni miznis misaRwevad kargi iqneba centr-periferiis cnebaTa standartizacia. amrigad, me zogadadganvasxvaveb sxvadasxva tipis centr-periferiis urTier-Tobebs saSinao da saerTaSoriso sferoebSi. es gansxvavebagamoiyeneba, rogorc mTavari ideuri iaraRi, romelic aRwersRrma cvlilebebs Tbilissa da saqarTvelos avtonomiurerTeulebs Soris saSinao urTierTobaSi; agreTve Tbilissa damTavar garegan ZalTa aqtivobas Soris am regionebSi, romlebiceqvemdebareboda saqarTvelos samive saprezidento reJims(gamsaxurdia 1991-1992 ww; SevardnaZe 1992-2003 da saakaSvili2004- ).

SesaZloa, ganvasxvavoT centr-periferiis urTierTobisoTxi tipi. oTxive tipi SeiZleba ganvalagoT saSinao an sagareodoneebze, rasac naTlad gamoxatuli sivrcobrivi ganzomilebaeqneba. garda amisa, isini Sida da saerTaSoriso doneebzegamoxataven asimetrias materialur da normatiul wyaroebSi,romelsac mivyavarT damokidebulebiT da ierarqiul urTi-erTobebTan centrsa da periferias Soris. suverenobisa dahegemoniis koncefcia gviCvenebs, rom centri dominirebsperiferiaze.

pirveli, cneba “periferia” centr-periferiis urTier-TdamokidebulebaSi ganekuTvneba konfrontaciis gansa-kuTrebul formas – sazRvrebs, sadac centrma unda daicvas

8 Claval, p.64


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Tavisi interesebi, an im sadavo xazs, sadac centri kon-frontaciaSia garegan muqarasTan.

meore, cneba “centri” da “periferia” SeiZleba gamoyenebuliiqnas integraciis procesis an centris mier periferiisprogresuli asimilaciis gamosaxatad. am SemTxvevaSi es modeligviCvenebs sivrcobrivi SidaurTierTqmedebis mudmiv dinebasor ukidures mxares Soris da gansakuTrebul swrafvas centrismimarTulebiT.9

mesame, “periferia” SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT raimes, rasaccentrisTvis marginaluri mniSvneloba aqvs. maSin centriSeinarCunebs zedapirul damokidebulebas periferiis mimarT.

meoTxe tipi centr-periferiis urTierTdamokidebulebaSiisaa, roca periferia warmoadgens erTgvar xids, romelicakavSirebs erT mikroraions (Sida doneze) sxva mikroraionTanan romelime makroraions (saerTaSoriso doneze) sxva mikro anmakroraionTan.

materialuri da normatiuli wyaroebis Zireuli uTa-nabroba centrsa da periferias Soris saerToa zemoT Ca-moTvlil centr-periferiis urTierTdamokidebulebisoTxive tipisaTvis. periferiis cnebis azri _ roca saqme exebasazRvrebs, gansakuTrebiT ki konfliqtis gamyof xazebs ansadavo xazebs, sadac centri garegan muqarasTan konf-rontaciaSi moicavs asimetriul da ierarqiul urTierTobascentrsa da periferias Soris _es igivea, rac integraciisa anasimilaciis procesis gamosaxatad am ori terminis gamoyenebaan periferiis daniSnuleba, Seasrulos damakavSirebeli xidisfunqcia centrisTvis. centrsa da periferias Soris indi-ferentuloba aris agreTve asimetriuli urTierTdamo-kidebulebis sxvanairi gamoxatva. periferias centrisTvisSeiZleba hqondes marginaluri mniSvneloba, Tumca piriqiT kiiSviaTad xdeba.

or poluss Soris asimetriuli da ierarqiuli urTi-erTdamokidebuleba SeiZleba asaxavdes ufro mets, vidre

9 centr-periferiis dinamikur xasiaTze ix. Hoffman, pp.111-133.

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Tavad uTanabrobis mdgomareobaa. centris cneba dasavlurcivilizaciasa da Zveli kulturis qveynebSi xSirad aRiqmeba,rogorc maradiuli, wmidaTawminda, gonismiRmeuli, maSin, rocaperiferia warmodgenilia, rogorc droebiTi, arapativsacemifizikuri realoba. saxelmwifos Tanamedrove gagebiT, suve-renoba gaaCnia mxolod centrs. saxelmwifos Zalauflebavrceldeba mTel mis iurisdiqciaSi myof teritoriaze.sazRvrebi uCvenebs centris Zalauflebis zRvars, zRudavsgareSe Zalebs, akrZaluli xerxebiT Caerion saSinao saqmeebSi.teritoriuli mTlianobis princips es “wmidaTawmidis” mniSv-nelobas aniWebs.

rogorc raime idealuri tipis gansxvavebulobis Sem-TxvevaSi, centr-periferiis urTierTobis sxvadasxvatipebi ar gamoxatavs empiriul realobas, magram aqcentsakeTebs, azviadebs an aidealebs gansakuTrebul empiriulganxilvas socialuri realobis ukeT gasagebad. urTi-erTobis es sxvadasxva tipebi erTmaneTs ar gamoricxavs.dominirebis urTierTdamokidebulebani, romelnic xa-siaTdebian konfliqtiT, integraciiT an ganurCevlobiT,SeiZleba Sereuli iyos saSinao an sagareo urTierTobasTan.Tu centri, sadac mmarTveloba da Zalaufleba imyofeba,qmnis Rirebulebebs da normebs, rasac iTvisebs periferia,maSin centr-periferiis urTierToba ganisazRvreba in-tegraciiT. rogorc uuflebo periferiis asimilaciisalternativa, periferiam SeiZleba gamoTqvas ukmayo-fileba, daiwyos saprotesto moqmedeba da konfrontaciaSiSevides centrTan.

radganac centr-periferiis urTierTobis yvela formaasimetriuli da ierarqiulia, SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom orimxaris urTierTobaTa transformaciaze zemoqmedebs TiToeuldapirispirebul mxareSi momxdari cvlilebebi, gansakuTrebiTki, periferiisagan gansxvavebiT, centrSi momxdari cvlilebebi.centr-periferiis modelis gamoyeneba Semdgom uSvebs, rom ormxares Soris urTierTobaTa transformacia ufro Zireuladzemoqmedebs periferiaze, vidre centrze.


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centris arsi mkveTrad aisaxeba periferiaze, xolo peri-feriis arsi _ misi damokidebulebiT centrisadmi. centri arisSuaguli, romelic qmnis TavisTavs zemoaRniSnul urTi-erTobaTa erTi an meti tipis meSveobiT, rogorebicaa Tavisiperiferiis asimilacia, sazRvrebis mtkiced dacva an periferiissxva raionebTan damakavSirebel xidad gamoyeneba.10 magramperiferiebic aqtiurad qmnian TavisTavs centrze damo-kidebulebis gziT, integraciis meSveobiT an centrTankonfrontaciiT.

centr-periferiis urTierTobaTa warmoqmna ar undagavigoT, rogorc statikuri mdgomareoba. ar unda ga-moiricxos ukucvlilebani dapirispirebulobisas. garkveulgaremoebebSi periferiam SeiZleba Seasrulos ganaxlebisfunqcia da moiTxovos mniSvnelovani rolis TamaSi qveynismTel sistemaSi, Secvalos Tavisi wyobileba an moiTxovossakuTari centris Seqmna. aseTi ukusvla dapirispire-bulobisas SeiZleba iyos centrsa da periferias SorisurTierTobaTa Zireuli cvlilebis Sedegi, rac ufroamyarebs am ukanasknelis mdgomareobas, gaxdes dominanturicentri. am tipis periferia SesaZlebelia aRmocendes,rogorc centri im SemTxvevaSic, roca imperiuli centridaiSleba. is TandaTanobiTi gadasvla damokidebulebidandamoukideblobisaken SeiZleba moxdes maSinac, Tu mo-pirdapire polusebi moiTxoven Tanabar funqciebs po-litikur sistemaSi. istoriaSi centridan periferiisakendominirebis cvlilebis uamravi magaliTia – dawyebuliCineTis, makedoniisa da romis imperiebSi mimdinare pro-cesebidan, damTavrebuli CrdiloeT amerikaSi britaneTiskoloniebidan axal saxelmwifoTa warmoqmniT.11 msgavsiaekonomikis istoriaSi arsebuli ukucvlilebani dapiris-

10 Strassoldo, pp. 27-61.11 ix. Owen Lattimore, “Thre periphery as Locus of Innovation,” in Gottmann, ed., pp.205-215; and Jean Gottmann, “Organizing and Reorganizing Space,” in Gottmann, ed.,pp.217-224.

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pirebul polusebSi , rogorc erTi saxelmwifos regionebs,ise makroregionebs Soris msoflio sistemaSi.

sivrcobriv urTierTobebSi wamyvani funqcia aqvT po-litikuri elitis warmomadgenlebsac . periferiebma SeiZlebadamakavSirebeli xidis roli iTamaSos sxvadasxva centrebsSoris da am periferiebidan politikur liderebs SeuZliaT,xeli Seuwyon regionul TanamSromlobas, iTamaSon Sema-kavSireblis roli.

raimondo strasoldo miuTiTebs, rom periferiebidan(alzas-loreni da raingebiti) mosulma “umniSvnelo” pirebma_ Jan monetma an konrad adenauerma gadamwyveti roli iTa-maSes safrangeTisa da germaniis evropaSi integraciaSi. Tumca,agreTve SeiZleba periferiidan mosulma politikurma li-derebma usityvo erTguleba daamtkicon centris mimarT, racmoxda napoleonis (korsikidan) da stalinis (saqarTvelodan)SemTxvevaSi.12

centr-periferiis modeli sivrcobrivi modelia da sivr-cobrivi urTierTobani uaRresad mniSvnelovania, rocaerovnuli moZraoba cdilobs, Secvalos garkveuli teritoriissazRvrebi da gadaaadgilos qveynis mosaxleoba. es movlenawarmoadgens periferiis protests Tavisi statusis, rogorcdaqvemdebarebulis winaaRmdeg. magram separatizmi, rom-liskenac isini iswrafvian, ar aris absoluturi, radganukuqcevis nawilobrivi formebi mainc arsebobs. amrigad,periferia SeiZleba cdilobdes, Seasustos centrze Tavisidamokidebuleba raime formiT, TviTmmarTvelobis iseTiformebis ZiebiT, rogorebicaa avtonomia an federaluriurTierToba. damokidebuli mdgomareobis urTierTobaTaSesustebis saSualebebi sxvadasxvaa _ centris saqmianobaSiCarTvidan mis mier gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisas (federaciisSeqmnis gziT) centrTan gaTanabrebuli saerTaSoriso sazo-gadoebis mier aRiarebuli suverenuli saxelmwifos Seqmnamde(magaliTad, konfederacia).

12 Strassoldo, p.50.


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de faqto saxelmwifos Seqmna, romlis gansazRvrebacSeicavs garkveul teritoriaze kontrols13 _ saerTaSorisosazRvrebis Secvla _ roca separatistuli moZraoba warma-tebulia aRiarebis miRweviT, SeiZleba Sedegiani iyos TavissaxelmwifoSi umravlesobisa da umciresobaTa urTierTobismosagvareblad, agreTve Zalauflebis gareregionuli wo-nasworobisaTvis.14 separatistulma moZraobam SeiZlebagamoiwvios saerTaSoriso wyobis Secvla da misi centriskenmimarTva, maSin, roca damokidebuli urTierToba gadadis erTicentridan meoreze, an mravalferovani centrebis SeqmniTgamoiwvios damokidebul urTierTobaTa gadazrda SedarebiTpluralistur erTianobebSi.

13 teritoriis kontroli mniSvnelovania saxelmwifos gansazRvrebisTvis_ de faqto saxelwifoebis CaTvliT iuridiuli da politikurimecnierebebis literaturis mixedviT. 1993 wels miRebuli montevideoskonvenciis I Tavis Tanaxmad, “saxelmwifo rogorc saerTaSorisosamarTlis piri unda flobdes Semdeg monacemebs (kvalifikacias): a)mudmivi mosaxleoba; b) gansazRvruli teritoria; g) xelisufleba da d)unari sxva saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobisa.” ix. Avalon Project at Yale LawSchool, Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy, 20th Century Documents, Conventionon Rights and Duties of States (inter-American), December 26, 1933, http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/intdip/interam/intam03.htm#art1. skot pegi iZleva de faqtosaxelmwifos ufro farTo ganmartebas: “sinamdvileSi, de faqtosaxelmwifo arsebobs iq, sadac arsebobs organizebuli politikurixelmZRvaneloba, romelic saTaveSi movida adgilobrivi saSualebebisgarkveuli doziT gamoyenebiT; romelsac gaaCnia sazogadoebismxardaWera da romelsac Seswevs Zala, uzrunvelyos garkveulteritoriaze mcxovrebi mosaxleoba saxelmwifo servisiT, razecefeqturi kontroli xangrZlivad xorcieldeba.de faqto saxelmwifosakuTar Tavs ganixilavs, rogorc unarian saxelmwifos, urTierTobadaamyaros sxva saxelmwifoebTan, Sesabamisad, moiTxovs srulkonstituciur damoukideblobasa da Tavisi suverenitetis saerTa-Soriso aRiarebas”. ix. Scott Pegg. De Facto States in the International System.Working Paper no. 21 (Vancouver: Institute of International Relations, The Universityof British Columbia, February 1998), p. 1, http://www.iir.ubc.ca/pdffiles/webwp21.pdf.ix.: Scott Pegg. International Society and the De Facto State (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate,1998) è Dov Lynch. Engaging Eurasia’s Separation States: Unresolved Conflicts and DeFacto States (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2004).14 ix. Prevelakis

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modelis gamoyeneba

saxelmwifo institutebs Soris sxvadasxva tipis urTi-erTobani xasiaTdeba saqarTvelos saSinao centr-periferiisTaviseburebiT. yoveli am tipisaTvis politikuri Zalauflebamoqmedebs sivrciT sazRvrebSi. pirveli saxelmwifos mimarTsaxelmwifos damokidebulebaa, sadac saqarTvelos mTavrobawarmoadgens saerTaSorisod aRiarebul saxelmwifos, samxreToseTi da afxazeTi ki _ de faqto saxelmwifoebs. meore,saqarTvelos moqmedi konstitucia adgens federalur urTi-erTobas Tbilissa da aWaris avtonomiur respublikas Soris.15

mesame, mxedvelobaSi unda iqnas miRebuli regionalizaciisprocesi saqarTveloSi. “raionebma”, romlebic Seiqmna Sevar-dnaZis reJimis dros da sadac saprezidento Zalauflebasadgilobriv doneze e. w. gubernatorebi warmoadgenen, vermiiRes Sesabamisi konstituciuri statusi. raionul donezeTviTmmarTvelobis sakiTxi “vardebis revoluciis” Semdegacpolitikuri dRis wesrigSi darCa.16 meoTxe, arsebobs raionebi

15 saqarTvelos konstituciis Tavi 3.3.-Si Setanil cvlilebaSi naTqvamia:“aWaris avtonomiis statusi ganisazRvros saqarTvelos konstituciurikanoniT.” 2004 wlis maisamde, roca aWaris lideri aslan abaSiZegandevnili iqna, msgavsi kanoni saqarTvelos parlaments ar miuRia. 2004wlis 7 ivliss miiRes, kanoni aWaris statusze, romelic regions aniWebsnominalur avtonomias, magram formalurad amowmebs mis, rogorcavtonomiuri respublikis mdgomareobas. saqarTvelos politikazeaWaraSi ix. International Crisis Group. Saakashvili’s Ajara Success: Repeatable Elsewherein Georgia? // Europe Briefing, August 18, 2004, http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=2907&l=1. aWaris konstituciur statusze ix. The Report of theCommittee on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by Member States of theCouncil of Europe (Monitoring Committee), Parliamentary Assembly, Council of Europe,Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by Georgia, Doc. 10383, December 21,2004, particularly pp. 3, 10-11, http://assembly,coe,int/Documents/WorkingDocs/doc04/EDOC10383.htm. 2002 wels., oficialuri statistikuri monacemebiT, aWarismcxovrebTa raodenoba Seadgenda 376 016 adamians.16 saqarTvelos regionalizaciis problemurobaze ix. Bruno Coppieters, TamaraKovziridze, and Uwe Leonardy, “Federalization of Foreign Relations: Discussing Alternativesfor the Georgian-Abkhaz Conflict,” Caspian Studies Program Working Paper no.2, (Cambridge,MA: Caspian Studies Program, Harvard University, October 2003), p.16, http://bcsia.ksg.harvard.edu/publication.cfm?program=CORE&ctype=paper&item_ id=405


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erovnuli umciresobebiT, magaliTad, azerbaijanTan mo-sazRvre qvemo qarTlis raioni (azerbaijanelebi), samcxe-javaxeTi (somxebi), gansakuTrebiT axalqalaqi da misi Se-mogareni, pankisis xeoba (CeCnebis monaTesave qistebi). amumciresobaTa integracia saqarTvelos saxelmwifo struq-turebSi sustia. maT mier politikuri avtonomiis moTxovnamSeiZleba saqarTvelos saxelmwifos daqucmaceba gamoiwvios.yvela am SemTxvevaSi arsebobs sivrciTi problema usafrT-xoebis problematikis TvalsazrisiT: afxazeTi da samxreToseTi Seadgens saqarTvelos teritoriis 15%-s, xolo sxvaerovnuli umciresobani _ saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 16.3%-s.17

centr-periferiis igive konceptualuri sqema SeiZlebagamoviyenoT kavkasiaSi “saerTaSoriso wesrigis” mimarT,gansakuTrebiT “periferiuli” usafrTxoebis politikisSemTxvevaSi, rasac saqarTvelo aviTarebda warmatebulprezidentTa xelmZRvanelobiT moskovis, vaSingtonisa dabriuselis mimarT.18 aqvea sivrciT ganzomilebaTa gamoyenebac.saqarTvelo aRiqmeba, rogorc erTaderTi centri Sida peri-feriebis mimarT da rogorc periferia saerTaSoriso centrebismimarT. centr-periferiis es ormagi standarti saSualebasgvaZlevs, CavwvdeT Sida da saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebisurTierTkavSirs, rac saqarTvelos samive prezidentis reJi-mebis dros emuqreboda.19

17 ix. gia nodias naSromi winamdebare krebulSi.18 qarTuli kulturis rolis analizisTvis saqarTvelos sagareopolitikaSi ix. Stephen Jones, ”The Role of Cultural Paradigms in Georgian ForeignPolicy,” in Rick Fawn, ed., Ideology and National Identity in Post-Communist ForeignPolicies (London: Frank Cass, 2004), PP. 83-110.19 am SemTxvevaSi centr-periferiis modeli gamoiyeneba sivrculaddafuZnebuli usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul saSiSroebaze.es argamoricxavs amave modelis gamoyenebas im safrTxeebis winaaRmdeg,romelic warmoiSoba korufciis, saxelmwifo struqturebisa dasiRaribis kriminalizaciis an samoqalaqo-samxedro urTierTobebissafuZvelze, romelTac sivrculi ganzomileba aqvT.yvela am saxissaSiSroebebs uTuod uaryofiTi gavlena hqonda saqarTvelosa da misgangamoyofil teritoriebze.

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wina TavebSi gakeTebuli analizi iZleva imis safuZvels, romSevamowmoT varaudebi, romlebsac iyenebs centr-periferiismodeli: saqarTvelos saSinao usafrTxoebis politikis gaT-valiswinebiT, Semcirda Tu ara centrsa da periferias Soriscvlilebebi periferiisgan gasxvavebiT centrSi viTarebiscvlilebis gamo? saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebispolitikis gaTvaliswinebiT, moskovSi, vaSingtonsa da briuselSiganxorcielebul Zireul politikur cvlilebebs ufro Zlierigavlena aqvT Tbilisze Tu im movlenebs, rac saqarTveloSi xdeba?

am mosazrebebis uSualo Sedegi momavalSi saqarTvelospolitikis arCevaze SesaZloa iyos, magaliTad, gandgomiliprovinciebis mierTeba an evropis kavSirTan daaxloeba.warmatebuli molaparakebebi samreT oseTis da afxazeTispolitikur statusze nawilobriv damokidebuli iqnebapolitikur dinamikaze soxumsa da cxinvalSi,20 magram ufrometad _ TbilisSi mimdinare procesebze. dasavleTis orga-nizaciebSi _ natosa da evrokavSirSi saqarTvelos SesvlaagreTve didad aris damokidebuli mis unarze, Caatarosreformebi saxelmwifo struqturebSi. magram ufro metaddamokidebulia am organizaciebis unarze, saqarTvelosproblemebi ganixilon periferiuli saxelmwifos WrilSi.

centr-periferiis modelSi saqarTvelos usafrTxoebisdasamyareblad warmodgenili mosazrebani ar niSnavs, romseparatistuli konfliqti aRqmuli iqneba, rogorc samxreTkavkasiaSi mTavar gareSe moqmed mxareTa Soris ZalTa balansiscvlileba. piriqiT, centr-periferiis modelis gamoyeneba sa-qarTveloSi separatistuli konfliqtis analizisaTvis foku-sirdeba centris rolze saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi –mxedvelobaSia is moqmedi mxareebi, romlebic axorcielebdnensaqarTveloze zewolas sagareo politikuri kursis arCevisas.agreTve mxedvelobaSi miiReba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo

20 afxazebi weren “suxum”-s, qarTvelebi – “soxums” an “suxums”=singlisurenovan publikaciebSi. osebi iyeneben “cxinval”-s, maSin, rocaqarTvelebi amjobineben “cxinvali”-s.


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politika. magram mTavari gasaRebi centrsa da periferias SorissaSinao konfliqtebis gadasawyvetad saqarTvelos centrisgardaqmnaa.

saqarTveloSi safrTxisa da mTlianad kavkasiaSi ara-stabilurobis Tanxvedra gamoixata centridan daSorebuli oriperiferiis moZraobaSi. pirveli, saqarTvelos centrs winaRudga periferia uwindeli sabWoTa avtonomiis erTeulismoTxovniT, erTi mxriv, meore mxriv, konfrontaciaSi aR-moCndnen erovnuli umciresobani. es gamomwvevi moTxovnebiSeiZleboda gadaWriliyo periferiis centrTan integrirebiT,politikuri warmomadgenlobebiT, umciresobaTa uflebebiT anfederaluri mowyobiT. isini SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT kon-frontaciis politikas. es, ra Tqma unda, asustebs centrs, Tuseparatistul erTeulebs SeuZlia, isargeblon am sisustiT daSeqmnan axali suveneruli centri. dRemde centrma TbilisSiver SeZlo urCi periferiebis SemoerTeba an konfrontaciispolitikis saSualebiT maTi damorCileba. periferiaSi ganzegamdgarma “saxelmwifoebmac” ver SeZles saqarTvelodan TavisdaRweva maTi suverenobis saerTaSoriso aRiarebiT.

meore, konfliqturi mdgomareoba, romelic SeiZlebaSefasdes, rogorc centrisgan gandgomis moZraoba, arsebobsinternacionalur doneze: saqarTvelo mtkiced icavs Tavisperiferiul statuss moskovTan mimarTebaSi, roca iTxovsdasavleTis organizaciebSi gaerTianebas. is cdilobs, Sei-cvalos erT centrze damokidebulis statusi did evro-atlantikur sivrceSi mraval centrze damokidebulebiT.saqarTvelos natoSi da evrokavSirSi gawevrianebisken miswra-feba mianiSnebs am survilze. moskovi am moTxovnaze inte-graciisa da konfrontaciis daxlarTuli politikiT rea-girebda. aseT SemTxvevaSi centrma ver SeaCera periferiebisCamocilebis procesi. magram verc periferiam SeZlo, daesru-lebina Tavisi gaTavisufleba centrze damokidebulebisagansxva centrTan mimarTebiT, magaliTad, natosTan an evro-kavSirTan. saqarTvelo dasavleTis usafrTxoebis sistemisaRqmiT kvlav periferiad rCeba. misi Rrma arastabiluroba

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SeiZleba gagebuli iqnas, rogorc periferiis ori unayofo cdisSedegi, Seecvala Tavisi urTierToba centrTan _ erT Sem-TxvevaSi nacionaluri, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ saer-TaSoriso. centr-periferiis urTierTobaSi integraciisa dakonfrontaciis ori piroba arsebobs.

centr-periferiis urTierTobis sxva tipebi iZleva sasar-geblo analitikur instruments saqarTvelos usafrTxoebispolitikis gasagebad. magaliTad, saxelmwifo da erovnulistrategiis SefardebiTi mSeneblobisas, rac saqarTvelomgamoiyena avtonomiebis mimarT maT mier damoukideblobisgamocxadebis Semdeg, sainteresoa, gavigoT ara marto isganzomileba, Tu romel konfrontaciul politikas efuZnebodaes strategia, aramed isic, Tu ramdenad iRebdnen sxva arCevansmxedvelobaSi. am TvalsazrisiTmravali kiTxva SeiZleba gaCndes.ra moculobiT ganixilavdnen avtonomiur erTeulebs nacio-naluri elementebi gamsaxurdias, SevardnaZis an saakaSvilisdros sazRvrebis darRvevisas, sadac erovnul umciresobaTa angare Zalebis mZafr konfrontacias hqonda adgili? SeiZlebaamJamindeli konfliqtis Cawynarebisas es avtonomiuri er-Teulebi odesme warmodgenili yofiliyo , rogorc potenciuriSemakavSirebeli rgoli sxva regionebTan mTel kavkasiaSi, racxels Seuwyobda TurqeTTan, ruseTTan an Crdilo kavkasiis sxvaregionebTan TanamSromlobas? meore mxriv, iswrafvodnen ki esavtonomiuri erTeulebi, magaliTad, aWara, afxazeTi aseTirolisaken? msgavsi kiTxvebi ibadeba saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTadoneze, roca saqarTvelo ganixileba periferiad da centriganlagebulia vaSingtonSi, briuselSi an moskovSi. ra politikasmimarTavs briuseli da vaSingtoni saqarTvelos, rogorc azia-evropis SemaerTeblis mxardasaWerad?

nacionaluri an internacionaluri doneebi SekavSirebuliamasStabiT, romlis mimarTac “erovnuli gegma” am mravalerovansaxelmwifoSi, nodias Tanaxmad, Semofarglulia qarTvel ersada periferiis erebs Soris konfrontaciiT iseve, rogorcqarTuli periferia da ruseTis centri. ra saSinao Sedegi aqvsvaSingtonis mxridan saqarTvelosadmi damokidebulebas,


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qveynisadmi, romelic esazRvreba irans an qveynisadmi,romelmac ver SeZlo daemyarebina kontroli Tavis teri-toriaze da kars uRebs teroristul elementebs? bolos,SeiZleba daibados kiTxva: ra masStabisaa saqarTvelos poli-tikis buneba Sida periferiebTan mimarTebaSi ruseTSi, Seer-Tebul StatebSi an euToSi mimdinare gardaqmnaTa fonze?

am Sromis avtorebma ar Camoayalibes TavianTi analizicentr-periferiis urTierTobaTa cnebebisa, magram saamisodmasala ki mogvces. amrigad, wigni warmogvidga “daSrevebuli”saxiT. Sida Sreebi ukavSirdeba nacionaluri usafrTxoebismoTxovnis saSinao da istoriul wyaroebs, gare Sreebi _moTxovnis gare wyaroebs, ruseTis, dasavleTis CaTvliT, sxvaSreebis da problemebis kompleqsuri konfiguracia garemosZalian arTulebs.

saqarTvelos nacionaluri gegmis analizisas nodia gani-xilavs orive Sres, rac moicavs erovnulisa da centris mierTavisi periferiis kontrolis unifikacias, erTi mxriv, meoremxriv _ dasavleTTan srul integracias. orive Sre met-naklebisicxadiTaa CarTuli am wignis yvela sxva msjelobaSi maSinacki, roca mTavari yuradReba gadatanilia usafrTxoebis Sida angare wyaroebze.

centr-periferiis urTierToba

saqarTvelos saSinao doneze

centr-periferiis urTierToba saqarTvelos saSinaodoneze moicavs gansxvavebul damokidebulebebs Tbilissa dasxvadasxva teritoriul avtonomiebs Soris, rogorebicaateritoriulad koncentrirebuli erovnuli umciresobani.SidaurTierTqmedebis zogierTi forma SesabamisobaSia amkonteqstTan. pirveli, konfrontaciaa erovnul sazoga-doebebs Soris, rac moxda samreT oseTisa da afxazeTisperiferiebSi da ramac gamoiwvia srulmasStabiani omi centr-Tan. 2003 wlamde konfrontaciiT xasiaTdeboda urTierTobaTbilissa da aWaras Soris. moxerxda konfrontaciisaTvis Tavis

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arideba, magram darCa garkveuli safrTxe teritoriuladkoncentrirebul umciresobebTan. meore, ver moxerxdasaqarTvelos periferiebis gaerTianeba saxelmwifo da erov-nuli mowyobis RonisZiebebSi. centris xelisufalT akldaTpolitikuri neba, wasuliyvnen radikalur kompromisebze, raTamoegvarebinaT konfliqti periferiaSi, radgan aseT kompro-misebs SeiZleba daekarga saSinao legitimuroba an gamoewviasaxelmwifo arastabilurobis sxva mizezebi. mesame, miuxedavadkrizisis mravalgzis afeTqebisa, rac gamowveulia saqarTveloserovnuli mowyobis SeuZleblobiT, SidaurTierTqmedebacentrsa da periferias Soris xasiaTdeba gaurkvevlobiT. esgamomdinareobs konfrontaciis politikisa da kompromisidan.meoTxe, ar xdeba periferiis, rogorc sxva regionebsa dasaxelmwifoebTan damakavSirebeli rgolis, potencialisgamoyeneba. SidaurTierTqmedebisa oTxive nimuSi erovnuliraobis Seqmnisa da gardaqmnis elementebs warmoadgens.

centr-periferiis modeli uSvebs, rom SidaurTierTqmedebaSicvlilebebi dapirispirebul mxareTa Soris ufro mZime formasmiiRebs centrSi cvlilebebiT, vidre periferiaSi. es niSnavs, rom,magaliTad, ZalauflebaSi gamsaxurdias, SevardnaZisa da saa-kaSvilis monacvleobiT mosvla ufro mZime dartyma iyo Tbilissada periferias Soris urTierTobaze, vidre periferiaSi romelimepolitikuri cvlileba. dapirispirebul mxareTa Soris asimetriulida ierarqiuli urTierToba gulisxmobs, rom urTierTobis yovelcvlilebas ufro Rrma efeqti aqvs periferiaze, vidre centrze.saqarTveloSi centr-periferiis urTierTobaSi momxdari dra-matuli cvlilebebi gulisxmobs damoukideblobis periodSi gar-daqmnaTa amao mcdelobas da, Sesabamisad, Tbilisis imedgacurebas,kontroli daemyarebina samxreT oseTsa da afxazeTze; igiveSeiZleba iTqvas 2003 wlis “vardebis revoluciis” Sedegebze aWarisada samxreT oseTisaTvis.

sabWoTa periodi

sabWoTa periodSi gacxadebuli mizani iyo integracia,mTavari maxasiaTebeli niSani _ dominireba, sabolood ki


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eTnofederaluri konfrontacia. sabWoTa kavSiri warmo-dgenili iyo, rogorc sxvadasxva erebis integracia, romlebicTavmoyrili iyvnen mefis imperiuli mmarTvelobis qveS.nagulisxmevi iyo, rom kompleqsuri federaluri wyoba,romelic moicavda mmarTvelobis zeerovnul dones da fede-ralur erTeulTa xsvadasxva formebs (mokavSire Tu avto-nomiuri respublikebi, avtonomiuri mxareebi), moagvarebda (angadaWrida) nacionaluri TviTgamorkvevis problemas. moskovsada mokavSire respublikebs Soris urTierToba warmoadgendapirvel damakavSirebel rgols centr-periferias Soris. meorergoli iyo urTierToba am kavSirsa da avtonomiur respublikasSoris. mokavSire respublikasa da avtonomiur regionebs SorisurTierToba kavSiris mesame formas warmoadgenda. sabWoTacentri yvela am urTierTobis mTavar gamgeblad rCeboda.

sabWoTa eTnofederaluri wyobileba daingra. moiSalasuverenobis ganawilebac, rac federaciulobis mTavar niSanswarmoadgenda. nodia am struqturas aRwers, rogorc kvazi-federalurs, sadac suverenobis gamoyeneba, faqtobrivad,xorcieldeboda centralizebuli gziT _ komunisturipartiis meSveobiT. konfrontacia kavSiris meore da mesamergolis doneebze nacionalur erTobebs Soris sabWoTa centrisdaSlis Sedegi iyo. metic, roca konfrontacia daiwyo, sabWoTaeTnofederaluri tradiciebi Zalas matebda separatistebs daexmareboda nacionalistur elitas.21

afxazeTma da samxreT oseTma TavianTi identurobagamoxates saqarTvelos xelisuflebasTan opoziciaSi dgomiT.amave dros maT konfliqti hqondaTTavianT teritoriaze myofqarTvel mosaxleobasTan. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis SemdegsaqarTvelos mTavroba gulxeldakrefili ver uyurebda amkonfliqts Tavis periferiaSi. am moTxovnebis paralelurad

21 eTnofederalizmis gamaerTianebel miznebsa da dacalkevebisSedegebze ix. Henry E. Hale, “Divided We Stand. Institutional Sources of EthnofederalState Survival and Collapse,” World Politics, vol. 56 (January 2004), pp. 165-193 andNancy Bermeo, “Position Paper for the Working Group on Federalism, ConflictPrevention, and Settlement,” warmodgenili federalizmis mesame saerTa-Soriso konferenciaze, briuseli, 2005 wlis 3-5 marti.

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is eZebda saSualebas, rom aRedgina saqarTvelos kulturulida politikuri kontroli mTel teritoriaze, rac dakargasabWoTa periodSi.

afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTze saqarTvelos teritoriulimoTxovnebi droiTi ganzomilebiT iyo gamarTlebuli. saqarT-velos istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT, es teritoriebi Tav-dapirvelad dasaxlebuli iyo qarTveluri tomebiT da droTaganmavlobaSi maTgan Camoyalibda qarTuli mosaxleoba.22

samxreT oseTis teritoriaze qarTvelebi “adgilobrivi”ZirZveli mosaxleobaa, osebi ki gvian _ Camosaxlebuli masSemdeg, rac maT migracia ganicades CrdiloeT oseTidanramdenime saukunis win. warmoSobis mixedviT es gansxvavebaqarTvelebs upiratesobas aZlevs osebTan SedarebiT, miu-xedavad demografiuli suraTisa mas Semdeg, rac qarTvelebisumciresobaSi darCenis Semdeg Seiqmna. rac Seexeba afxazeTs,saqarTvelos kontrolis gasamarTleblad sxvadasxva ar-gumentebs iyeneben, roca afxazebi iTxoven avtoxTonurstatuss: bevri qarTvelis azriT, isini arian umciresoba(mosaxleobis 18%, 1989) da ricxobrioba uflebas ar aZlevs maT,Warbad iyvnen warmodgenili respublikis institutebSi, arcgansakuTrebul politikur privilegiebs aniWebs, rogorcwamyvan ers.

metic, yvela qarTveli nacionalisti rodi iziarebs imTvalsazriss, rom afxazebi avtoxTonuri eria. 1954 welsistorikosi mecnieri pavle ingoroyva mxars uWerda azrs, romafxazebi afxazeTis ZirZveli mosaxleoba ki ar aris, aramedgadmosulni arian CrdiloeT kavkasiidan. mis mosazrebas bevrimimdevari hyavs saqarTveloSi. is uaryofs afxazebis uflebas,iTvlebodnen pirvelad erad da ukanonod Tvlis politikaSimaT Warbad warmodgenas.

22 Bruno Coppieters, “In Defense on the Homeland: Intellectuals and the Georgian-Abkhazian Conflict,” in Bruno Coppieters and Michel Huysseune, eds., Secession, History,and the Social Sciences (Brussels: VUB University Press, 2002), p.105, http://poli.vub.ac.be/.


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afxazebis msjeloba afxazTaeTnogenezisis Sesaxeb Seicavsmowodebas suverenitetis Sesaxeb. maTi istorikosebi uaryofenafxazeTSi qarTvelTa ZirZveli eris statuss da maT gani-xilaven, rogorc migrantebs. isini imowmeben carizmisa dasabWoTa migraciul politikas, ramac afxazi mosaxleobaumciresobad aqcia.23 afxazebi eyrdnobian am istoriul inter-pretacias, raTa gaamarTlon afxazTa gansakuTrebuli statusi,agreTve saerTaSoriso suverenobis moTxovna. amas imitomaciyeneben, rom ukanonod cnon qarTvelTa moTxovna mmarT-velobaSi proporciuli warmomadgenlobis Sesaxeb.

gamsaxurdia

sabWoTa institutebis dasustebasTan erTad qarTvelebi daafxazebi Seecadnen, axali forma miecaT centr-periferiisurTierTobisaTvis TavianTi nacionaluri gegmebis mixedviT.es konfrontaciuli gegmebi dapirispirebul mxareTa msje-lobebSi efuZnebda istoriul usamarTlobas, erovnul raobasda saxelmwifo suverenobas. qarTvelTa TvalTaxedviT,federalizmisadmi sabWoTa midgoma da federalur erTeulTaSeqmna saqarTveloSi miznad isaxavda qveynis dayofas da maTisuverenobis SeCerebas. afxazebi da osebi, rogorc saqarTvelosrespublikis federaluri erTeulebis mcxovrebi titularulierebi, ewinaaRmdegebodnen aRniSnul damokidebulebas,rogorc Seviwroebisa da diskriminaciis formas. maT eSinodaT,rom saqarTvelos damoukidebloba bolos mouRebda im Sez-Rudvebs, rac sabWoTa centrma dauwesa saqarTvelos nacio-nalizms. rogorc nodiam warmoadgina, es ufro asatani iyo amori umciresobisaTvis, vidre sxva mcire jgufebisaTis,romlebsac ar gaaCndaT avtonomiuri saxelmwifo institutebi,rom CamoeyalibebinaT TavianTi saCivari, nacionaluri gegma,

23 ix. sxvadasxva naSromebSi: George Hewitt, ed., The Abkhazians (Richmond,UK:Curzon, 1999).

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Tavi moeyaraT erovnuli resursebisaTvis da garedan mieRoTmxardaWera, raTa win aRdgomodnen centrs.

nacionalistur ZalTa mokrebas adgili hqonda saqarTveloscentrSi, osebsa da afxazebSi. man miiRo calmxrivi moZraobisforma, rac Seesabameboda msgavs moZraobebs sxva mxares. asemagaliTad, suverenobis an damoukideblobis calmxrivigamocxadeba, arCevnebis Catareba, romelSic sxva mxare uarsambobda monawileobaze, konstituciuri cvlilebebi, ro-melsac meore mxare ar cnobda, axali enis SemoReba, rac zrdidaerTi enisa da kulturis mniSvnelobas da akninebda meore mxarisstatuss, zogjer xdeboda Zalis gamoyenebac.

am konfrontaciaSi uxeS darRvevaTa aRzeveba saqarTveloscentrsa da periferiaSi calmxriv qmedebaTa nawils Seadgendada SeiZleboda gagebuliyo, rogorc mravalgvar faqtorTaSedegi. daviT darCiaSvili miuTiTebs, rom sabWoTa centrisdasustebam saSualeba misca, Seqmniliyo paramilitarulierTeulebi, romlebsac kavSiri hqonda SidaeTnikur konf-liqtebTan 1980-iani wlebis bolos. saqarTvelos xelisuflebamver SeZlo, Tavisi eris mxares mdgari paramilitaruli jgufebiserTguleba saxelmwifo institutebisaken miemarTa. qristeforciurxeris azriT, es situacia qmnis xelsayrel garemos“movaWreTa ZaladobisaTvis”, gamoiyenon Zaladoba Tavisisargeblis saZieblad. gamsaxurdia iyenebda am Zalebs Tavisipolitikuri ZalauflebisaTvis da awarmoebda oms samxreToseTSi. magram saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sisustis gamo verSeZlo, kontroli gaewia am moqmedebisaTvis an, bolos dabolos, Tavidan aecilebina mis winaaRmdeg maTi moqmedeba.

saqarTvelos erovnuli gegma da nacionalisturi mobi-lizacia damoukideblobis dros ar uwyobda xels iseT poli-tikas, romelic saSualebas miscemda periferiebs, emoqmeda,rogorc SemaerTebel rgols sxva centrebTan. rogorc Tomasde vaalma aRniSna, gamsaxurdia icavda uCveulo ideas kav-kasieli xalxis eTnikuri da kulturuli bazisis Taobaze,magram ver gamoiCina praqtikuli iniciativa regionuliintegraciisaTvis. aseT iniciativas saqarTvelos periferiebi


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unda CaerTo TanamSromlobis CarCoebSi. konfrontacia samxreToseTSi xels uSlida regionTan TanamSromlobas. afxazeTisSemTxvevaSi gamsaxurdia xels uwyobda im azris damkvidrebas,rom afxazi ar iyo ZirZveli eTnosi im teritoriaze, isgadmosuli iyo CrdiloeT kavkasiidan.24 sazRvrismieri urTi-erTqmedeba gamoixateboda mxolod SeiaraRebuli dapi-rispirebis doneze. samxreT oseTsa da afxazeTSi omis drosorives SeiaraRebuli mxardaWera hqonda monaTesave xalxisa dapolitikuri mokavSireebis mxridan saqarTvelos sazRvrisgaredan.

SevardnaZe

1992 wlis ianvarSi gamsaxurdias gandevnas da saqarTveloSiSevardnaZis dabrunebas ramdenime Tvis Semdeg dramatuliSedegi mohyva Tbilisis periferiebTan damokidebulebisTvalsazrisiT. SevardnaZis mier Zalauflebis mopovebamruseTis daxmarebiT xeli Seuwyo oseTSi omis Sewyvetas. 1992wels SevardnaZis mier afxazeTSi SeWris mTavari azri misinacionalisturi ganwyobis demonstrireba iyo im dros, rocamuqara grZeldeboda gamsaxurdias mxridan, romelmac da-savleTSi Tavi mouyara SeiaraRebul jgufebs. ciurxeriSeniSnavs, rom 1992 wlis agvistos omamdec ki afxazeTSiSidasazogadoebrivi Zaladoba SeiniSneboda, magram mas farTomasStabis samoqalaqo omis forma ar miuRia. aseTi omi centrisCarevis Sedegad moxda.

gamsaxurdias erTguli SeiaraRebuli jgufebi damarcxdnenmxolod afxazeTis omis Semdeg 1993 oqtomberSi da isecruseTis Carevis Sedegad. teritoriis didi nawilis dakargvismiuxedavad, SevardnaZis mTavrobam SeZlo saxelmwifoebriobiselementebis aRdgena. “gansacdelis Jamis” bolo, rogorcciurxeri ambobs, simbolizebuli iyo 1995 wlis konstituciis

24 ix. Coppieters, in Coppieters and Huysseune, eds., pp.91-94.

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miRebiT da mTavrobis Zalauflebis ganmtkicebiT. sapar-lamento organizaciebi dakninda an Seeria axal SeiaraRebulZalebs.

mravalerovani saqarTvelos erT saxelmwifod gaerTianebagaxda SevardnaZis reJimis mTavari moTxovna. marcxi afxazeTSi,saqarTvelos armiis sisuste, ruseTis uari, ZaliT gadaeWrasakiTxi, mxolod diplomatiis arCevansRa tovebda, romgadaeWra afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis statusis sakiTxi.molaparakebebi male CixSi Sevida da am mxriv dRemde araferiSecvlila.

saqarTvelos midgoma kvlav gaerTianebisadmi moicavsasimetriul federalur models, romelSic afxazeTi dasamxreT oseTi aWarasTan da saqarTvelos sxva raionebTanerTad miiRebs sxvadasxva donis avtonomiebs. es miuRebeliaseparatistTa liderebisTvis. aseTi federaluri kavSiri,maTi azriT, damokidebulebas mudmiv urTierTobad aqcevs.agreTve mudmivi iqneba konfrontacia centrsa da pe-riferiebs Soris. afxazeTis liderebi, Tavis mxriv, upi-ratesobas aniWeben konfederacias an “Tavisufal aso-cirebul saxelmwifos” saqarTvelosTan. orive arCevanisaSualebas miscems afxazeTs, aRiarebuli iqnas, rogorcsaerTaSoriso samarTlis sruluflebiani subieqti daSeinarCunos Tavisi suvereniteti Tu gamoyofis calmxriviufleba. es Zireulad Secvlis centr-periferiis urTi-erTobas saqarTveloSi. Tbilisma uaryo es pozicia, ram-denadac igi qveynis erTianobis SenarCunebisaTvis miu-Reblad CaTvala.

afxazeTSi centrisa da periferiis konfrontacia darCamTavar sakiTxad SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis dros. 1999 welsafxazeTis liderebma daikaves radikaluri pozicia da moiT-xoves, rom damoukidebloba an asocirebuli damokidebulebaruseTis federaciasTan iyo erTaderTi misaRebi pozicia.molaparakebis gaWianurebis sanacvlod saqarTvelos xeli-sufleba Zalis gamoyenebiT imuqreboda. igifarulad ex-mareboda afxazeTSi moqmed partizanebs. saqarTvelosa da


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afxazeTis xelisufleba 1997 wlidan molaparakebas awar-moebdnen ekonomikur TanamSromlobaze da orive mxarisaTvissaintereso sakiTxSi SeTanxmdebodnen, konfrontaciasacTavidan aicilebdnen.25 magram afxazeTis statusis sakiTximkvdari wertilidan ver daiZra _ verc ekonomikuri da vercsxva saxis TanamSromlobiT.

ekonomikuri integraciis ganviTarebis politika samxreToseTSi ukeTesi aRmoCnda, vidre afxazeTSi. am SemTxvevaSipolitikuri statusis sakiTxma ekonomikuri integraciisyvela Zalisxmeva daCrdila. SevardnaZis mTavrobasa dasamxreT oseTis xelmZRvanelobas Soris molaparakebaSi davismTavar sakiTxs pasportebi da samgzavro sabuTebi war-moadgenda. samxreT oseTis xelmZRvanelebisaTvis es saqmemniSvnelovani iyo ruseTis federaciasTan vaWrobisa dakomunikaciisaTvis. samxreT oseTis liderebma iTxovesnebarTva, Tavad gamoeSvaT piradobis mowmobebi da sxvaiuridiuli sabuTebi, magram saqarTvelos mTavrobam amis-ganxorcieleba ar dauSva.

afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis perspeqtividan gamomdinare,ruseTis mimdebare sazRvarTan vaWroba unda gaumjobesdes,sanam saboloo politikuri SeTanxmeba iqneba miRweuli.ruseTis regionebTan, gansakuTrebiT ki CrdiloeT kavkasiaSigaxSirebuli kontaqti, maTi azriT, sasargeblo iqneba ara martomaTi ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis, aramed gaaumjobesebs maTberketebs saqarTvelos xelisuflebasTan molaparakebisas.SevardnaZis periodSi legaluri reJimis arqonaver SeaCerebssamxreT oseTis gavliT didi raodenobis saqonliT vaWrobas,romlis umetesoba kontrabanda iqneba. SevardnaZis mTavrobaupiratesobas aniWebs tolerantobas aseT iniciativebTanSedarebiT da zogjer ganixilavs maT, rogorc qarTvelebsa daosebs Soris TanamSromlobis sasargeblo formas, rogorc imisdasabuTebas, rom qarTvelebsa da osebs Soris eTnikuri SuRliar arsebobs.

25 aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT ix. Coppieters, Kovziridze, and Leonardy.

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rogorc nodia xsnis, Tbilissa da aWaris avtonomiurrespublikas Soris daZabuloba ar gamomdinareobs sepa-ratizmis moTxovnidan an nacionaluri identurobis gamoSeqmnili konfliqtidan. misi TvalsazrisiT, arsebobsmkveTri gansxvaveba zemoT ganxilul or SemTxvevas Soris.centr-periferiis konfliqti am SemTxvevaSi momdinareobsaWaris umaRlesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris, aslan abaSiZis mierTbilisis mTavrobis arcnobidan. fiskalur saqmeebSi aWaranebas ar rTavs Tbiliss, akontrolos sabaJo TurqeTissazRvarze da ar ricxavs Tanxas wliuri Semosavlidan.usafrTxoebis sferoSi abaSiZe mWidrod TanamSromlobdaaWaraSi ganlagebul ruseTis bazasTan da qmnida damou-kidebel, adgilobriv SeiaraRebul Zalebs. darCiaSvilismixedviT, 2003 wels aWaras hqonda 20 tanki, sabrZolomanqanebi, vertmfrenebi, sanapiro katerebi da sagangeboSeiaraRebuli erTeulebi.

periferiidan mosuli liderebi SeiZleba warmogvidgnen,rogorc patriotebi da aCvenon upirobo erTguleba nacio-naluri sakiTxis mimarT. aseTi iyo abaSiZis saqme. rogorcnodiam aRniSna, igi arasodes icavda aWaris erovnul gegmas,samagierod “uyvarda Tavis warmodgena, rogorc saqarTveloserTianobis erovnuli liderisa” an SeeZlo gamxdariyogavleniani politikuri figura nacionalur doneze arCev-nebis gziT, gansakuTrebiT xmebis gayalbebiT da arasasurvelamomrCevelTa ardaSvebiT. aseTi saarCevno manipulaciebibevr adgils aZlevda mis partias saqarTvelos parlamentSi.

aWaras intensiuri savaWro urTierToba hqonda mezobelTurqeTTan, man xeli moawera ramdenime ormxriv SeTanxmebasruseTis federaciis regionebTan da, rogorc evropis re-

26 1985 wels Seqmnili evropis regionis asamblea (era) aris forumi,romelic xels uwyobs evropis 30 qveynis 250 regions Soris Taname-gobrobas. 2004 wlis noemberSi aWara da saqarTvelos ori regioni(imereTi da Sida qarTli) iyvnen era-s wevrebi, or regions ki (guria dakaxeTi) damkvirveblis statusi hqonda. ix. http://www.are-regions-europe.org/.


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gionuli asambleis wevri, kavSirebs amyarebda evropis sxvaregionebTan.26 aWara iyo pirveli regioni kavkasiaSi, romelicseriozulad Seecada, gaerTianebuliyo interregionuliTanamSromlobis panevropul qselSi. magram aWaras xeli moecaraimaSi, rom SemaerTebeli rgolis roli eTamaSa sxva qvey-nebTan an regionebTan, radgan baTumma da Tbilisma verSeZles federaluri urTierTobis gaformeba da, maSasadame,sabaJos saqme an aWaris saerTaSoriso legaluri statusisgadawyveta. metic, Sida konfliqti Tbilissa da aWaras Soriswarmoebda saerTaSoriso doneze. magaliTad, aWaris wev-robas evropis regionul asambleaSi swrafad mohyvebodaimereTis mxaris wevroba, romlis mmarTvelic saqarTvelosprezidentis rwmunebuli iyo am asambleaSi. Tbilisma esnabiji gadadga baTumis mcdelobis winaaRmdeg saer-TaSoriso doneze. saqarTvelos am ori regionis warmo-madgenlebi male waekidnen erTmaneTs da Riad aCvenesSidauTanxmoeba. aman xeli SeuSala evropis regionuliasambleis sxva wevrebTan TanaSromlobas.

centrsa da aWaras Soris konfrontaciisaTvis sakmarisiniadagi arsebobda, magram SevardnaZes da abaSiZes saerTointeresebi gaaCndaT, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada maT Sorispolitikuri SeTanxmebis miRweva. magaliTad, aWaris lideridahpirda SevardnaZes pirad mxardaWeras saprezidentoarCevnebSi 2000 wlis aprilSi, Tu saqarTvelos konsti-tuciaSi Seitandnen dasaxelebas “aWaris avtonomiurirespublika”. SevardnaZis Sexeduleba saxelmwifos momavalfederalizaciaze iyo kidev erTi faqtori, romelmac SeaCerabaTumsa da Tbiliss Soris normalizacia. SevardnaZis azriT,baTumTan federaluri kavSiris mowesrigebas mohyvebodaafxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis reintegracia. SevardnaZissurvilis arqona, moewesrigebina es sakiTxi, efuZnebodacentrisgan de faqtod gamoyofili aWaris winaSe uZlurebas.misi SedarebiTi indiferentuloba Tavisi reJimis gasulwlebSi gamowveuli iyo saqarTvelos parlamentis opo-ziciasTan uTanxmoebiT.

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SevardnaZis meTaurobiT ganixileboda regionali-zaciis sakiTxi, magram reformebi sadavo da gadauWrelirCeboda. aWarisa da afxazeTis garda, saqarTvelo SedgebaaTi regionisagan, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, dayofiliaraionebad.27 prezidentis rwmunebuli (misi warmomad-geneli) an gubernatori flobs did Zalauflebas ufrodabali erTeulebis mimarT raionul da municipalurdoneebze. demokratizaciis procesi da saxelmwifosganmtkiceba 1990-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi marcxiTdamTavrda, radgan regionebSi ver daamyares Sesabamisikonstituciuri statusi da TviTmmarTveloba. gadauWreliseparatistuli konfliqti reJimis erTi mTavari argumentiiyo centralur mTavrobasa da regionul xelisuflebasSoris demokratiuli Zalauflebis gayofis sakiTxSi.Tbilisi daJinebiT moiTxovda, rom aseTi reforma undagadadebuliyo, sanam saqarTvelos mTlianoba ar aRdgeboda.SevardnaZes eSinoda, kontroli ar daekarga mmarTvelobisdabal doneebze, gansakuTrebiT saarCevno procesze,romelSic gubernatorebi regularulad ereodnen.

saqarTvelos momavali administraciul-teritoriulimowyobis Sesaxeb kamaTSi “raionistebi” ewinaaRmdegebodnen“regionalistebs”. raionistebisTvis kontroli unda yo-filiyo centraluri, raTa SeenarCunebina saxelmwifosstabiluroba da gadaerCina arsebuli reJimi. maT sjerodaT,rom afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis separatizmi da sta-bilurobis safrTxe SeuZlebels xdida radikalur reformebs.

27 aT regions warmoadgens (aWarisa da afxazeTis gamoklebiT) Semdegi: (1)imereTi (669 666 mcxovrebi), (2) qvemo qarTli (497 530), (3) samegrelo dazemo svaneTi (466 100), (4) kaxeTi (407 182), (5) Sida qarTli (samxreT oseTisgamoklebiT, 314 039), (6) samcxe-javaxeTi (207 598), (7) guria (143 357), (8)mcxeTa-mTianeTi (125 443), (9) raWa-leCxumi da qvemo svaneTi (50 969), (10)Tbilisi (1 081 679).mocemuli monacemebis mowodebisaTvis madloba mindagadavuxado gia nodias, romelsac, Tavis mxriv, monacemebi saqarTvelossaxelmwifo statistikis departamentisgan aqvs miRebuli.


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“regionalistebis” mixedviT, arademokratiuli saarCevnopraqtikisaTvis regionul doneze ufro Zneli iqneboda,SeenarCunebinaT regionuli decentralizacia da adgilobriviTviTmmarTveloba. orive mimdinareoba warmodgenili iyosaqarTvelos mTavrobasa da parlamentSi. SevardnaZis reJimisbolomde Rrma reformebi, romelsac “regionalistebi”moiTxovdnen, SeuZlebeli Canda.

SevardnaZis dros, gamsaxurdias periodisagan gansxva-vebiT, eTnikur umciresobas aRar miawerdnen “stumris” saSiSstatuss. SevardnaZis reJimma ver SeZlo, ganeviTarebinaerTiani civiluri koncefcia saqarTvelos moqalaqeobisa daerovnebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. umciresobaTa elitasmudmivad mfarvelobda centri. es sabWoTa wyobilebis drosmudmivs xdida politikuri loialobis sanacvlod elitaSikorufciis daTmenas.

saakaSvili

politikurma mmarTvelobam, romelmac Zalaufleba aiRosaqarTveloSi “vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg, brZola gamo-ucxada korufcias, miznad daisaxa evroatlantikur blokSigaerTianeba, ruseTTan normaluri urTierTobis damyarebada Tavisi politikiT dRis wesrigSi daayena qveynis gaer-Tianeba. axali liderebis azriT, SevardnaZisdroindelixelmZRvaneloba cru dapirebebs iZleoda am sakiTxeb-ze.axali mTavroba eZiebda radikalur cvlilebebs. erTiSexedviT, ise Canda, rom erovnuli gaerTianebis sakiTxSiTvalsaCino Sedegebis miRweva iyo SesaZlebeli. erTxelkidev, rogorc saakaSvilis ori winamorbedis SemTxvevaSi,progresi miRweuli unda yofiliyo konfrontaciis po-litikis meSveobiT. saakaSvili darwmunebuli iyo, romaxali reJimi kavSirs gawyvetda Zvel reJimTan aWarismimarT gansxvavebuli politikiT, romlis lideric ZlieropoziciaSi edga “vardebis revolucias”. saakaSvilma

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imarjva da 2004 wlis maisSi abaSiZe aiZula, daeTmo Zala-ufleba.28

SevardnaZis mier prioritetebis ganxilvisas afxazeTissakiTxi pirvel planze iqna wamoweuli, rasac mohyva samxreToseTi da aWara. saakaSvilma Seabruna es midgoma. aWaraSi misiwarmatebis Semdeg axali reJimi konfrontaciaSi Sevida samxreToseTTan, gamoiyena Zala da Tan daxmarebis xeli hqondagawvdili samxreT oseTis mosaxleobisaken. rogorc samxreToseTis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso krizisis jgufis moxsenebaaRwers, saqarTvelos mTavroba erTmaneTs anacvlebda “SeteviTsixarbes” elitis doneze, “duxWirTa mzrunvelobas” mo-saxleobis doneze.29

samxreT oseTsa da mis midamoebSi 2003 wlis dekemberSidaiwyo da 2004 wlis maisSi gaZlierda antikontrabandulioperaciebi . yvelaze TvalsaCino mcdeloba iyo Zalismieri

28 imis gasagebad, Tu ratom ar hqonda abaSiZes ruseTis sruli mxardaWerasaakaSvilTan konfrontaciis dros 2004 wlis maisSi, saWiroa ganvasxvaoTruseTis damokidebuleba konfliqtebisadmi saqarTveloSi erovnuldasaxlebebs Soris, erTi mxriv da Sida-qarTul dapirispirebebSi, meoremxriv. samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis eTnikur konfliqtebSi ruseTmaerovnul umciresobaTa mxare daiWira, maSin roca moskovma SedarebiTfrTxili pozicia daikava SidaqarTuli konfliqtebis ZaladobaSigadazrdis dros. igi ar Seecada saqarTvelos saSinao mdgomareobisstabilizacias gandevnili prezidentis momxre samxedro Zalebisadmidaxmarebis gaweviT maSin, roca gamsaxurdias winaaRmdeg ganxorcieldaputCi 1991 wlis bolos. SemdgomSi, 1993 wlis bolos man mxari dauWiraSevardnaZes progamsaxurdias samxedro Zalebis winaaRmdeg, maSin, rocasaqarTvelo Zlieri ki ara, SevardnaZis TqmiT, “daCoqili” iyo. 2003 wlisnoemberSi ruseTma Tavi Seikava SevardnaZis winaaRmdeg revoluciuriZalebis mobilizaciaSi monawileobisagan, agreTve, 2004 wlis maisSi manuari ganacxada, samxedro ZaliT daxmareboda aslan abaSiZis reJims aWaraSi,piriqiT, abaSiZis mier qveynis datovebis mediatoric gaxda.es gansxvavebaori tipis konfliqts Soris SeiZleba aixsnas saqarTveloSi totaluridestabilizaciis SiSiT. ruseTisTvis SidaqarTul konfliqtSi Carevaufro didi riski iqneboda, vidre separatistul konfliqtebSimonawileoba.29 International Crisis Group,”Georgia: Avoiding War in South Ossetia,” Europe Report,no. 159, November 26, 2004, pp. 11-12, http://www.icg.org/home/index.cfm?1=1.


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daSineba SeiaraRebuli Zalebis SeyvaniT da ergneTis bazrisdaSla, romelic funqcionirebda, rogorc savaWro punqtiruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris. es vaWroba, romelSic CarTuliiyvnen osebi da qarTvelebi, Zveli reJimis mier iTvleboda,rogorc mosaxleobaTa Soris kontaqtis gaumjobesebis gza.Sesabamisad, fiqroben, rom amas hqonda xangrZlivi dadebiTiefeqti Tbilisis mier konfliqtis mogvarebis RonisZie-bebisaTvis. saakaSvilis mTavrobis TvalsazrisiT, am bazrispirveladi efeqti is iyo, rom ekonomika kriminaluri gaxda dakonfliqtis mogvarebas xeli SeeSala. metic, aman moSalasaqarTvelos biujeti da xeli SeuSala sabaJo da sagadasaxadoreformebs. SevardnaZis indiferentulobis mizezi, axalixelmZRvanelebis azriT, is iyo, rom saqarTvelos gavlenianmawreebma sakmao materialuri sargebeli naxes am vaWrobidan.

amave dros, saqarTvelos axalma mTavrobam gaaZlierafizikuri zewola samxreT oseTis xelmZRvanelebze, agrevedahpirda osur mosaxleobas pensiebis gadaxdas, amoqmeddatele da radio gadacemebi osur enaze. saakaSvili da misimomxreebi sayvedurobdnen imas, rom saqarTvelo-oseTiskonfliqti gamowveuli iyo ufro Zarcvis surviliT, vidregulwrfeli wuxiliT da, amdenad, samxreT oseTis xel-mZRvanelebs akldaT saxalxo legitimuroba. maT miaCndaT, rommosaxleobisaTvis mcire daTmobebiT Secvlidnen xalxisgaWirvebas.

am iniciativebma Sedegi ver gamoiRo: samxedro dapi-rispireba 2004 wlis agvistoSi SeiaraRebul Setakebamdemivida, rasac mohyva msxverpli, gansakuTrebiT, qarTvelTamxareze. aqedan gamomdinare, saakaSvilma gadawyvita, Seewyvitakonfrontacia da gamoeyvana qarTuli jari konfliqtiszonidan.30 avtonomiur doneze, rogorc damien heli da giorgigogia aRniSnaven, ergneTis bazris daketvam dafanta kri-minaluri jgufebi, magram ver Secvala adgilobrivi mo-

30 ix. Ghia Nodia, “Europeanization and (Not) Resolving Secessionist Conflict, Journalon Ethnopolitics and Miorit Studies in Europe, issue 1 (2004), http://www.ecmi.de/jemie

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saxleobis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. amrigad, SeiaraRebulikonfrontacia samxreT oseTis xelisuflebTan da imis cda, romSeekavSirebina adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, amao gamodga. saer-TaSoriso krizisis jgufis moxsenebis Tanaxmad, konfliqtisremilitarizaciam Seaferxa mcire xnis SedarebiTi progresi.

situaciam samxreT oseTSi Zireulad gaauaresa TbilisTanurTierToba, rac xazs usvams samxreT oseTis statuss, rogorcsamudamo periferias. saqarTvelosTan vaWrobis moSlis gamois mTlianad damokidebuli gaxda sxva centrze, ruseTze.amJamad moskovi mxars uWers osebis biujets, infrastuqturasda sapensio sistemasac ki.31

darCiaSvili aRwers, Tu rogor mivyavarT gandgomilimxareebisgan centraluri xelisuflebis Camocilebas maTiavtoritetis dacemasTan mezobel teritoriebze. msgavsi ramxdeba saqarTvelo-afxazeTis cecxlis Sewyvetis xazTanmimdebare teritoriazec. axali mTavroba cdilobda, emarTaafxazeTis teritoriaze moqmedi partizanuli jgufebi dasdevnida maT kriminaluri moqmedebis gamo. oqsana antonenkosmixedviT, politikis moqmedebam am jgufebis winaaRmdeg 2004wlis TebervalSi gaaumjobesa usafrTxoebis mdgomareobasaqarTvelosa da afxazeTSi.

saakaSvilis reJimis mcdelobis miuxedavad, gadaewyvitasaqarTvelos nacionaluri gaerTianebis problema, aRmoCnda,rom calmxrivi RonisZiebebi ver muSaobs afxazeTis SemT-xvevaSi. samxedro doneze moqmedebaTa ganxorcieleba, rogorces iyo samxreT oseTSi, ver xdeboda ruseTis samSvidoboZalebis gamo. afxazebisaTvis ekonomikuri daTmobisa daxelsayreli pirobebis SeTavazeba moiTxovda urTierT-SeTanxmebis struqturas, rac im dros SeuZlebeli iyo. mcirexnis Semdeg afxazeTi gamoeyo saqarTvelos da yoveli sa-

31 interviuebi, romlebic “saqarTvelo-oseTis dialogis” damswreebTanCatarda samxreT oseTidan mowveul pirvel eqspertTa Sexvedraze, 2005wlis 15-19 marts, brnoSi, sloveniaSi. Sexvedra organizebuli iyo oqsanaantonenkos mier, strategiuli kvlevebis saerTaSoriso institutidan.


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sargeblo savaWro kavSiri saqarTvelosa da afxazeTs Sorisgamkacrda.

socialuri, kulturuli da ekonomikuri SidaurTierT-qmedebani afxazeTsa da saqarTvelos Soris dartymas ayenebdasaxelmwifo da erovnuli mSeneblobis process afxazeTSi. amiTaixsneba is, rom saqarTvelosTan molaparakeba araviTar rolsar TamaSobda saprezidento arCevnebis dros afxazeTSi _ 2004wlis 3 oqtombers, arc im krizisSi, rac Semdeg gamovlinda. amarCevnebSi ori kandidatidan arc erTi ar gamoxatavda uTan-xmoebas afxazeTis suverenitetis Sesaxeb an saqarTvelosmimarT dadebiT pozicias. es iyo periferia, romelic centrismimarT gamoxatavda indiferentulobas, rac aisaxa am urTi-erTobaTa bunebaSi Zireuli cvlilebebiT da afxazeTisdamoukideblobis kursis SecvliT ruseTis centrisadmi.saqarTvelos SeeZlo, mxolod pretenzia hqonoda, rom cen-trad CaTvliliyo afxazeTis mTel teritoriaze ZalauflebisgavrcelebiT, afxazeTis saerTaSoriso aRiarebis blokirebiTda mkacri usafrTxoebis dafuZnebiT. antonenko SeniSnavs, romruseTi Suamavlobda 2004 wels afxazeTSi saprezidentoarCenvebis dros SeTanxmebas or kandidats Soris, rCebodaerTaderT garegan Zalad, romelic pirdapir gavlenas axdendaafxazeTis saqmeebze. is faqti, rom ruseTis mier SerCeulikandidati ver gaxda prezidenti, naTlad uCvenebs misi ZaliszRvars. ruseTsa da afxazeTs Soris urTierToba, maSasadame,asimetriulicaa da ierarqiulic, magram ara srulad da-mokidebuli.

rac Seexeba periferiebis SemoerTebas, saqarTvelos axalmareJimma wamoswia nacionaluri identurobis, nacionalurimowyobisa da moqalaqeobis idea, rac gansxvavdeboda maTwinamorbedTa nacionalisturi ideologiisagan, ramdenadacisini aRizardnen sabWoTa reJimis dros. amrigad, am SemTxvevaSiganxvavebulia saakaSvilisa da mis winamorbedis politika.sabWoTa periodis ganmavlobaSi SevardnaZe, rogorc kom-partiis lideri, icavda “orTodoqsul” nacionalur politikas.qarTuli enis dacvaze misi pozicia sabWoTa konteqstSi iyo

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orTodoqsuli. gamsaxurdia, mTavari disidenti sabWoTa reJimisdros, warmoadgenda “araorTodoqsuli” nacionalizmis mim-devars. is akritikebda mraval daTmobas, romelsac axor-cielebdnen sabWoTa (saqarTvelos CaTvliT) xelisuflebinacionalur umciresobaTa mimarT. orive banaki SeTanxmda, romsaqarTvelos titularuli eri daicavda Tavis kulturulhegemonias sxva erebze saqarTvelos respublikaSi.

rogorc prezidentma, gamsaxurdiam gaakeTa daTmobaafxazebis, rogorc titularuli eris mimarT, magram esintegraciis cda Zalauflebis ganawilebis sabWour tradiciaSiar iTvaliswinebda Zalauflebis gamoyofas iseve, rogorcpolitikur diferenciacias erovnul sazogadoebaSi. 1991 welsman afxazeTis liderebs SesTavaza, mieRoT saarCevno kanoni,romelic dafuZnebuli iqneboda eTnikur kvotaze. es maTiseTsave Warbi warmomadgenlobis garantias aZlevda, rogorcsabWoTa reJimis dros gaaCndaT. afxazeTis mxarem es winadadebamiiRo da daaweses momavali adgilobrivi arCevnebi, magram verSeZles konfliqtis mSvidobiani mogvareba or mTavar erovnulerTobas Soris. SevardnaZe afxazeTSi marcxis Semdeg sxva gziTeZebda kompromiss gandgomil saxelmwifoebTan da erovnulumciresobebTan, romlebic kvlav sabWoTa tradiciebiTcxovrobdnen. 1995 wels SevardnaZem ramdenjerme SesTavazaafxaz da osur mxares, SeeqmnaT asimetriuli federalurisaxelmwifo. misi winadadebebi ZiriTadad gamoxatavda av-tonomiuri uflebebis sabWour praqtikas teritoriuladkoncentrirebuli umciresobebisaTvis, xolo maT elitasangariSs ar uwevda. is ar fiqrobda, Tu rogori unda yofiliyofederaluri meqanizmebi, rac sabWour tradiciebs scildebodada ar gaaCnda imis gageba, Tu ra rols Seasrulebda mra-valpartiuli sistema saxelmwifos erTianobis mxardaWeraSi.gandgomili qveynis liderebi mis winadadebas “warsuliskendabunebas” uwodebdnen.

axali xelmZRvaneloba saakaSvilis meTaurobiT da ume-tesad dasavleTSi ganaTlebamiRebuli elita ufro plu-ralisturad msjelobda periferiis SemoerTebis civilur


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strategiaze da erovnul mSeneblobaze. magram darCiaSvili danodia xazs usvamen winaaRmdegobas liberalur da demokratiulgadaxrebs axali elitisa da farTo popularul tradiciul-nacionalistur grZnobebsa da saqmianobas Soris, rasac isiniunda ebrZodnen. unda aRiniSnos erTi ram, rom axali elitisSiSi radikalurad ar gansxvavdeba winamorbedTa SiSisgan. axalixelmZRvaneloba kvlav Zveli dilemis winaSe dgas: rogordaukavSiros sabWoTa eTnofederaluri praqtika demokratiulformebs, roca demokratiaze dafuZnebuli federalizmimomavalSi SeiZleba aRmoCndes qveynis daSlis saSiSroebiswinaSe.

Sedegad, roca adgens saqarTvelos, afxazeTis da samxreToseTis gamaerTianebeli momavali federaluri sistemis gegmas,axali xelmZRvaneloba upiratesobas aniWebs federalurimowyobis TanamSromlur Taviseburebebze zewolas da ara aqvssurvili, Camoayalibos konstituciuri meqanizmebi, romelicZalauflebis ganawilebis garantias miscemda. ucxo ZalebisCarTvis aucilebloba, gansakuTrebiT ruseTis federaciisaafxazeTisa da samxreT oseTisaTvis usafrTxoebis garantiismicemaSi, warmoSobs kidev erT problemas, rac gamoixatebaimaSi, rom saqarTvelos mTavroba arCevs, ar mimarTos maT.32

garda amisa, afxazebisa da samxreT oseTis xelmZRvanelebisuari, ganixilon sakiTxi, Tu rogor SeiZleba federalurma

32 samxreT oseTTan samSvidobo gegmis Taobaze gakeTebul moxsenebaSievropis sabWos winaSe saakaSvilma euTo daaxasiaTa, rogorc “samSvidobodamkvirvebeli”, evrokavSiri _ rogorc “mSvidobis garanti”, amerikisSeerTebuli Statebi – rogorc “mSvidobis mxardamWeri” da ruseTi –rogorc “sasurveli da konstruqciuli samSvidobo partniori”.SesaZloa, es formula ritorikulad kargad formulirebulia, Tumcaaranairad ar iZleva warmodgenas imaze, Tu rogor unda miiRonmonawileoba sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso aqtorebma politikuradgamarTlebul samSvidobo garantiis samomavlo meqanizmis SeqmnaSi. ix.Mikheil Saakashvili, “Address by the President of Georgia on the Occasion of the FirstPart of the 2005 Ordinary Session of the Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly,”Strasbourg, January 24-28, 2005, http://www.coe.int/T/E/Com/Files/PA-Sessions/janv-2005/Saakashvili.pdf.

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mowyobam daasustos an mospos ierarqiuli urTierTobaerovnul erTobliobaTa Soris da uzrunvelyos saerTaSorisousafrTxoebis garantiebi federalur saxelmwifoTaTvis, xelsar uwyobs politikuri wesrigis damyarebaSi.

kidev ufro sainteresoa 2005 wlis ianvarSi saakaSvilis miergamoTqmuli winadadeba, samxreT oseTis politikuri statusissakiTxi daukavSirdes ruseTis federaciasTan sazRvarzeTanamSromlobas.33 saakaSvilis azriT, samxreT oseTis konsti-tuciuri avtonomia ufro farTo iqneba, vidre sabWoTa kavSirisdros da, marTlac, ufro farTo, vidre amJamad CrdiloeToseTi flobs avtonomias ruseTis federaciaSi. samxreT oseTiskompetencia adgilobrivi ekonomikis kontroli iqneba. saa-kaSvilma Semdeg ganacxada, rom samSvidobo SeTanxmeba Sedegadmoitans sazRvris gadaWris gamartivebas CrdiloeT da samxreToseTs Soris da Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis Seqmnas. magramoseTis federalur statusze es Sexedulebaim saxiT, rogorcwarmodgenili iyo evrosabWos winaSe, Zalian bundovania.

2004 wlis ivlisSi saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo konsti-tuciuri kanoni aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis statusisSesaxeb.34 man daamtkica aWaris federaluri avtonomiuroba,magram, amave dros, gamoxata xelmZRvanelobis SiSi mmarT-velobis uflebrivi pasuxismgeblobis regionuli erTe-ulebisaTvis gadacemis Taobaze. evrosabWo eyrdnoba veneciiskomisiis moxsenebas35 da gamoxatavs SeSfoTebas uaRresad

33 ix. Ñì. Liz Fuller. South Ossetia Rejects Georgian President’s Offer of Autonomy //RFE/RL Caucasus Report, vol. 8, no. 4, January 28, 2005, http://www.rferl.org/reports/caucasus-report/2005/01/4-280105.asp da Saakashvili. Address by the President ofGeorgia.34 ix. International Crisis Group. Saakashvili’s Ajara Success: Repeatable Elsewhere inGeorgia?35 ix. European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission), Opinionon the Draft Constitutional Law of Georgia on the Status of the Autonomous Republic ofAjara, Adopted by the Venice Commission at its 59th Plenary Session (Venice, June 18-19, 2004), CDL-AD(2004)018, Strasbourg, June 21, 2004, http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:j1bAtuP3w4IJ:www.venice.coe.int/docs/2004/CDL-AD(2004)018e.asp+Opinion+on+the+draft+constitutional+law+of+Georgia+&hl=nl.


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“SezRuduli avtonomiis” gamo. ufro metad imaze, rom “saqar-Tvelos prezidents SeuZlia, daiTxovos aWaris umaRlesisabWo, Tu es ukanaskneli ramdenjerme uaryofs, miiRosprezidentis mier wardgenili kandidati regionis premier-ministrad da rom misi (umaRlesi sabWos) wevrebi iniSnebaTbilisSi ministrebis mier. es SezRudvebi amcirebs aWarisstatuss nominalur avtonomiamde mcire praqtikuli Se-degiT.”36

“vardebis revolucia”, maSasadame, ver mivida radikalurreformebamde regionalizmis an adgilobrivi TviTmmarT-velobis sakiTxSi. es aris nawilobriv qveynis teritoriulimTlianobis aRdgenis problemis gadauWrelobis bralic. 2004wlis oqtomberSi parlamentma daamtkica adgilobrivi TviT-mmarTvelobis evropis qartia, magram Tavi Seikava im paragrafismiRebisagan, romelic ganixilavs adgilobrivi xelisuflebisTanamSromlobas sxva qveynis Sesabamis organoebTan.37 regionisSesaZlebloba, momavalSi iyos SemaerTebeli rgoli sxvaregionebTan da qveynebTan, naklebad mimzidvelia saqarTvelospolitikuri elitisaTvis.

saakaSvilma Seqmna komisia teritoriul-administraciulireformisaTvis teritoriul organizaciaTa kompleqsurisistemis Sesacvlelad. mTavroba acxadebs, rom momavalSiadgilobriv mmarTvelobaSi yvela wamyvani adgili arCeviTiiqneba.38 magram erovnul umciresobaTa integracia erT-erTrTul sakiTxad rCeba, gansakuTrebiT im regionebSi, sadac isinigeografiulad arian koncentrirebulni. nodias mixedviT,nacionalur umciresobaTa raodenoba saqarTvelos parla-mentSi 2004 wels umniSvnelo iyo.

“vardebis revoluciis” Sedegad centris cvlilebam Zlieridartyma miayena periferias, miuxedavad imisa, rom konfron-

36 Report of the Committee on the Honoring of Obligations and Commitments byMember States of the Council of Europe.37 Civil Georgia, October 26, 2004, http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=8174.38 Report of the Committee on the Honoring of Obligations and Commitments byMember States of the Council of Europe, p. 11.

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tacia da antiintegracia grZeldeba. axali xelmZRvanelobaiyenebs ufro civilur da gansakuTrebul nacionalisturritorikas prioritetebisadmi nacionaluri gaerTianebisstrategiaSi. aWaris SemTxvevaSi adgili hqonda cvlilebaTademokratiul process. magram aWaris reintegracia moxdamkacri ierarqiuli nimuSis mixedviT da aWaris respublikasmxolod nominaluri saxelwodeba darCa. samxreT oseTisSemoerTebis unayofo cdam seriozulad SeaferxaRonisZiebebindobis aRdgenisa da TanamSromlobis sferoebSi. Tbilisisdamokidebuleba afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTTan kvlav kon-frontaciulia. teritoriuli erTianoba, regionizacia daerovnul umciresobaTa sakiTxi kvlav gadauWrelia. magram immouTmenlobas, rogoriTac axlandeli xelmZRvaneloba eqcevaam sakiTxebs, saqme mihyavs, rogorc es samxreT oseTisSemTxvevaSi iyo, naCqarev da sarisko moqmedebebamde. es Zaliangansxvavdeba im SedarebiTi indiferentulobisagan, rogoriTacSevardnaZis reJimi eqceoda am problemas.39

39 2005 wlis ianvarSi evrokomisiis saparlamento asambleam miiRorezolucia saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, romelic am winaaRmdegobebisSesaniSnav sinTezs warmoadgenda da romelsac saqarTvelo erovnuliintegraciisa da saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesSi awydeba: “vardebisrevoluciam” da momdevno orma arCevnebma Sedegad Zlieri xelisuflebamoitana, romelic iTamaSebs mniSvnelovan rols saqarTvelos poli-tikuri, ekonomikuri da usafrTxoebis problemebis mogvarebaSi, imisgaTvaliswinebiT, rom Zlieri xelisufleba iarsebebs masze Zlieri damoqmedi monitoringis meqanizmis arsebobis paralelurad. dResdReobiTsaqarTvelos aqvs Zlieri saprezidento ZalauflebiT aRWurvilinaxevrad saprezidento sistema, TiTqmis ar hyavs saparlamento opozicia,hyavs Zalian susti samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, aqvs sasamarTlo sistema,romelic jerjerobiT arasakmarisad damoukidebeli da araefeqturia,ganuviTarebeli Tu ararsebuli adgilobrivi demokratia, TviT cenzorimedia da aWaris avtonomiis araadekvaturi modeli.” Parliamentary Assembly,Resolution 1415 (2005), ”Honoring of Obligations and Commitments by Georgia,”http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/ta05/ERES1415.htm. es rezolucia dafuZnebulia zemoT aRniSnuli evropissabWos komitetis moxsenebaze (Doc. 10383).


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centr-periferiis damokidebuleba

saerTaSoriso wyobaSi

savaraudoa, rom moskovsTan, vaSingtonsa da briuselTansaqarTvelos urTierToba SeiZleba aRwerili iqnas, rogorcdamokidebuli urTierToba centr-periferiis nimuSis mi-xedviT. pirveli, es gulisxmobs imas, rom centrSi or da-pirispirebul mxares Soris urTierTqmedebaze cvlilebebiufro Rrma gavlenas axdens, vidre cvlilebebi periferiaSi.meore, urTierTqmedebebSi cvlilebebs ufro Zlierigavlena aqvs periferiaze, vidre centrze. am varaudebsmivyavarT Semdeg xuT sakiTxTan: sabWoTa kavSiris mra-valerovani wyobis daSla; 1990-iani wlebis meore naxevarSikaspiis zRvis energiis usafrTxoebis politika SeerTebulStatebSi; ruseTis samxreT sazRvarze misi usafrTxoebisgaremos Secvla CeCneTis omis dawyebisas 1999 wels davladimer putinis prezidentad gaxdoma; amerikis glo-baluri usafrTxoebis politikis dawyeba 2001 wlis 11seqtembris Semdeg da euTos samxreT kavkasiis politikisgafarToebis Sedegebi.

xuTive sakiTxi aCvenebs, rom saqarTvelos usafrTxoebaRrma gavlenas ganicdis am samive centris politikis reor-ganizaciis gamo ufro metad, vidre saqarTvelos Sinauricvlilebebis gamo. xuTive SemTxvevaSi TbilisSi politikosebmaSecvales erovnuli usafrTxoebis parametrebi. es aCvenebssaqarTvelos, rogorc periferiuli qveynis pozicias saer-TaSoriso urTierTobebSi.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSla

wignis winamdebare statia aRwers, Tu rogor iyo gansaz-Rvruli Tbilissa da moskovs Soris urTierToba sabWoTakavSiris daSliTa da gardaqmnebiT, rac gzas uxsnida saqarT-veloSi nacionalur-liberalur moZraobas, rogorc centrSi

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(Tbilisi), ise periferiaSi (oseTi, afxazeTi). saqarTvelosdamoukideblobisaTvis moZraoba gulisxmobda mTel saqar-TveloSi politikuri da kulturuli hegemonis damyarebas,rogorc ganuyofel nawils maTi mcdelobisas, Tavi daeRwiaTsabWoTa reJimisa da, sabolood, ruseTis mmarTvelobisagan.Sida suvereniteti ar unda yofiliyo gancalkevebulisagareo suverenitetisagan. magram moskovTan mijaWvulobamsaqarTvelos ar misca saSualeba, ganexorcielebina av-tonomiur erTeulebze sruli kontroli. saqarTvelosnacionalurma moZraobam 1980-ian wlebSi TandaTan gamoiwviakonfrontacia mis periferiebTan. vidre saqarTvelo war-moadgenda sabWoTa kavSiris nawils, Tbiliss ar SeeZlohyoloda SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, rom saSinao konfliqtSiCareuliyo. darCiaSvilis mixedviT, Jandarmeriis msgavsinacionaluri gvardia, romelic am mizniT Seiqmneboda,SeiZleboda dapirispireboda sabWoTa centrs.

moskovTan konfrontacia mainc ver iqna Tavidan acilebuliorive mxridan calmxrivi nabijebis gamo. sabWoTa centrmadaiwyo adreuli poziciebis gadasinjva, romelic SeexebodasaqarTelos avtonomiur erTeulebs. sabWoTa komunisturipartia adre yovelTvis uaryofda afxazebis ganuwyvetelmoTxovnas, gamoyofoda saqarTvelos da uSualod daqvem-debareboda sabWoTa centrs. rogorc ciurxeri aRwers, mixeilgorbaCovi Seecada, moexdina sabWoTa federaluri sistemisreforma, rac saWiroebda mokavSire respublikebis avto-nomiebSi, maT Soris, saqarTveloSic nacionaluri moZraobismxardaWeras. 1990-iani wlebis TviTgamorkvevis sabWoTa kanoniSeTiTxnili iyo aseTi aliansisaTvis. es kanoni uflebas aZlevdarespublikebSi umciresobebs, romlebic damoukideblobisTvisibrZodnen, darCeniliyvnen sabWoTa kavSirSi. aseTi iniciativaamZimebda Tbilisis mdgomareobas, radgan teritoriulerTianobas saSiSroeba emuqreboda ara marto Signidan, aramedgaredanac. ruseTisa da saqarTvelos interesebi SeuTavsebeliiyo. sabWoTa kavSiris gagebiT, saqarTvelo “aviwroebda sxvas”.(devdariani) Sedegad, es iwvevda calmxriv nabijebs da


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kulminacias miaRwia 1991 wlis damoukideblobis deklaraciisdros.

sabWoTa kavSiris kontrolis Sesustebam gamoiwvia sabo-lood uaris Tqma centralizebuli komunisturi partiismarTvaze, ramac gamoiwvia federaluri institutebis daSlasabWoTa wyobis (sadac centr-periferiis molaparakebasa damowesrigebas SeiZleba hqonoda adgili) yvela doneze.40 masagreTve hqonda gansakuTrebuli Sedegi axal damoukidebelrespublikebSi, romlebic sabWoTa kavSirs gamoeyvnen. 1991wlis bolos saqarTveloSi ar iyo arc ucxo qveynis da arcruseTis politika, rasac SeeZlo moewesrigebina nebismierikonfrontacia an Tavi daeRwia calmxrivi nabijebisgan diplo-matiis saSualebiT.

1990 wlis oqtomberSi saqarTvelos parlamentis arCevnebSigamarjvebis Semdeg 1991-92 wlebSi samoqalaqo omamde,gamsaxurdias mokle xniT ZalauflebiT sargeblobisas, ru-seTTan konfrontaciis periodia, gansakuTrebiT moskovispirdapiri da arapirdapiri Carevisas samxreTSi SeiaraRebulikonfliqtis dros, romelic daiwyo 1991 wlis ianvarSi dagrZeldeboda gamsaxurdias mmarTvelobis mTeli xnis gan-mavlobaSi.41 rac mTavaria, gamsaxurdia uaryofda damoukidebelsaxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobas. devdariani wers, rom gamsa-xurdia gamomwvevad eqceoda moskovis usafrTxoebis inte-resebs mTel kavkasiaSi.

saqarTvelo aSenebda, rogorc devdariani uwodebs, “Seu-povar TavisTavadobas” gare Zalebis mimarT. magram ruseTsada saqarTvelos Soris konfrontaciis zrda ar SeiZlebaaixsnas martooden saqarTvelos nacionaluri gegmiTa daerovnuli TviTmyofadobis ZiebiT. devdariani miuTiTebs, Turogor daemTxva sabWoTa kavSiris daSla identurobis kriziss

40 Nancy Bernmeo, “Position Paper for the Working Group on Federalism, ConflictPrevention, and Settlement,” warmodgenili iqna 2005 wlis 3-5 marts briuselSiCatarebul federalizmis mesame saerTaSoriso konferenciaze.41 cecxlis Sewyvetis xelSekruleba samxreT oseTSi iqna xelmowerili1992 wlis ivnisSi, mas Semdeg, rac gamsaxurdiam dakarga Zalaufleba.

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TviT ruseTSi. ruseTis xelmZRvaneloba sabWoTa kavSirisdaSlas Rebulobda, rogorc TviTgaTavisuflebis formas,magram misma elitam igrZno Rrma urTierTwinaaRmdegobawarsulis mimarT. zogi kvlav fiqrobda qveynis warsulisstatusze, e.w. “derJavnost”-ze da Zlier nanobda sabWoTakavSiris sidiadis dakargvas. es iyo mizani, romelsac ruseTieswrafvoda susti periferiebis mimarT. rogorc robertlegvoldi SesavalSi SeniSnavs, ruseTi susti iyo uwindelsabWoeTTan SedarebiT, magram mainc SeeZlo mezobel qvey-nebze dominireba.

imave periodis ganmavlobaSi dasavleTis saxelmwifoebiindiferentulni iyvnen saqarTveloSi konfliqtebis mimarT,agreTve Tbilisis xelmZRvanelobas da moskovs Soris dapi-rispirebulobisadmi. maT ar moswondaT gamsaxurdias nacio-nalizmi, romelic emsgavseboda balkaneTis radikalurgancxadebebs, magram aRiqvamdnen am konfliqts, romelicexeboda dasavleTis usafrTxoebis interesebs. isini uarsambobdnen, daemyarebinaT diplomatiuri urTierToba gamsa-xurdias mTavrobasTan an saqarTvelo mieRoT saerTaSorisousafrTxoebis organizaciebis wevrad. aman gamoiwvia saqar-Tvelos saerTaSoriso izolacia, romelic grZeldebodaiqamde, vidre 1992 wlis martSi SevardnaZe ar dabrundaTbilisSi. saqarTvelos situaciis axsnisas devdariani wers, romqveyanas hqonda memkvidruli miswrafeba, gaeziarebina evro-puli politikis praqtika, magram ara misi gamocdileba.42

evropasTan urTierTobis istoriis uqonloba niSnavs, rom

42 aRniSnulTan mimarTebaSi erTaderTi gamonaklisi 1918-1921 wlebSisaqarTvelos damoukideblobis xanmokle periodi iyo da Semdgom 1921wels saqarTvelos bolSevikuri okupacia, maSin, roca evropissocialurma demokratiam qarTveli menSevikebis dasaxmareblad wamoiwyosolidarobisa da maTTan TanamSromlobis aqtiuri kampania. Tumca ammoklevadianma gamocdilebam veranairi pozitiuri memkvidreoba verSeqmna: 1980-ian da 1990-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos moZraobas damouki-deblobisaTvis araviTari simpaTia ar gaaCnda menSevikuri ideologiuritradiciis mimarT.


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SeuZlebelia (rogorc es baltiis saxelmwifoebSia), magaliTad,ilaparako saqarTvelos damoukideblobaze, rogorc evro-pisken an dasavleTis sazogadoebisaken miqcevaze.

amave periodSi, afxazeTis omis dros, saqarTvelos ga-Wirveba Zlier ar aisaxa moskovis, vaSingtonis an briuselisusafrTxoebis programaze. arc erT am qalaqs ar hqonda naTeliwarmodgena, Tu rogor unda Careuliyvnen am areul me-zoblobaSi, igive iTqmis ruseTze. antonenko aRwers ruseTispolitikis gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis dabneulobasa da azrTasxvadasxvaobas saqarTvelos mimarT, gansakuTrebiT misiintervenciis dros afxazeTis omSi. ruseTis xelmZRvanelobiszog nawils undoda, mxari daeWira teritoriuli erTia-nobisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ruseTis samxreTis myife sa-zRvarze. magram ruseTis samxedro xelmZRvanelobam mxaridauWira adgilobriv ajanyebas saqarTvelos samxedro inter-venciis winaaRmdeg da es mxardaWera iqca ruseTis rolismTavar niSnad 1992-93 wlebis omSi. ruseTis xelmZRvanelobisuunaroba, SeezRuda adgilobrivi samxedroebi, nawilobriv,SeiZleba aixsnas moskovis politikuri krizisiT aRmas-rulebel da sakanonmdeblo organoebs Soris. konfliqtmaruseTis prezident elcinsa da umaRles sabWos Soris,romelmac piks 1993 wels miaRwia da namdvili samoqalaqo omigamoiwvia, daCrdila ruseTis rolis yvela SesaZleblobaafxazeTis konfliqtSi.

afxazeTSi saqarTvelos jaris damarcxebis Semdeg (1993 wlis27 seqtembers) ruseTis jaris daxmarebam ar gamoiwvia saqarTvelosmTavrobasTan konfrontacia. saqarTvelo daaCoqes, rogorc maSinSevardnaZem Tqva. is daTanxmda, Sesuliyo damoukidebel saxelm-wifoTa TanamegobrobaSi da neba darTo ruseTs, saqarTvelosteritoriaze ganelagebina bazebi. am daTmobam mas moupova ruseTismxardaWera, gaenadgurebina gamsaxurdias erTguli Zalebi.ruseTisadmi Semdgomi daTmoba iyo vardiko nadibaiZis, ruseTismoqmedi oficris, Tavdacvis ministrad daniSvna 1994 wlis aprilSi.imave wlis bolos SevardnaZem mxari dauWira ruseTis samxedrointervencias CeCneTSi.

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dasavleTis saxelmwifoebi indiferentulni darCnenafxazeTis bedis mimarT.43 rogorc heli da gogia aRniSnaven, essaxelmwifoebi gverds uvlidnen am regionSi daZabulobas damTavari pasuxismgebloba ruseTis samSvidobo moqmedebasdaakisres. dasavleTi mxars uWerda mxolod gaerTianebulierebis organizaciis sazedamxedvelo misias afxazeTSi, sadacCarTuli iyo zogierTi dasavleTis qveynis samxedro. isiniSeSfoTebas gamoxatavdnen ruseTi samxedro Zalis yofnis gamosamxreT kavkasiaSi. evropis Cveulebrivi Zalebis SesaxebxelSekrulebis safuZvelze regionuli stabiluroba ga-momdinareobda dasavleTis usafrTxoebis interesebis winwamoweviT, Tumca es ar iyo dasavleTis pirdapiri CarevisTvisiZuleba.44 aq iyo agreTve dasavleTis energousafrTxoebisinteresebi, rac mniSvnelovnad aZlevda biZgs dasavleTisyofnas samxreT kavkasiaSi.

zrunvis mesame sfero, rac moiTxovda dasavleTis Ta-namonawileobas, iyo SiSi samxreT kavkasiaSi saxelmwifoTaarSedgomisa. rogorc aRniSnes helim da gogiam, dasavleTishumanitaruli daxmareba 1990 wlis dasawyisSi progresuladSeicvala sxvadasxva saxis daxmarebiT, demokratizaciismxardaWeriT da sxva saxelmwifo reformebis politikiT.

43 antonenkos dakvirvebiT, boris elcini Tavis memuarebSi saqarTelo-afxazeTis konfliqtze ar saubrobs, rac kontrastulia imasTan, Tu ramniSvnelobas aniWebs is dsT-s. amaSi vlindeba SedarebiT indiferentulipozicia.msgavsi ram aRiniSneba germaniis sagareo saqmeTa ministr hans-diter genSerTan dakavSirebiT.”saqarTvelos megobris” reputaciis daim faqtis miuxedavad, rom germaniam mniSvnelovani daxmareba gauwiasaqarTvelos 1992 wels SevardnaZis qveyanaSi dabrunebis Semdeg,saqarTvelo metad iSviaTadaa moxseniebuli genSeris memuarebSi. esmiuTiTebs saqarTvelosa da misi problemebisadmi interesebismarginalobaze, iseve, rogorc es elcinis SemTxvevaSi iyo. ix. Hans-DieterGenscher, Erinnerungen (Berlin: Siedler, 1995).44 ix. Alexei Zverev en Bruno Coppieters, “Verloren evenwicht. Georgie tussen Ruslanden het Westen .” Oost-Europa Verkenningen, no. 134 (August 1994), pp. 38-47.


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dasavleTis energousafrTxoebis politika

darCiaSvilis mixedviT, saqarTvelos saqmeebSi dasavleTisCarTvis interesi daiwyo 1995 wels SevardnaZis reJimisganmtkicebis Semdeg. saqarTvelos mTavroba cdilobda,gadaelaxa dasavleTis gulcivobis pozicia saqarTvelosgeografiuli mdebareobis, agreTve sakomunikacio da sa-transporto rolis gamoyenebiT azia-evropas Soris. sa-qarTvelos liderebi imedovnebdnen, rom konfrontaciulipolitika ruseTTan miiqcevda dasavleTis yuradRebas. magramarc amerikas da arc evrokavSiris qveynebs ar surdaT, CarTu-liyvnen aseT konfrontaciul politikaSi ruseTTan. rocasaqarTvelom wamoayena natos wevrobis idea, Crdiloatlan-tikurma aliansxma ar uaryo es, miuxedavad imisa, rom sa-qarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi cud mdgomareobaSi iyo da argaaCnda demokratiuli standartebi Tavdacvis politikaSi.rogorc legvoldi aRniSnavs, saqarTvelos miswrafebam natoswevrobisaken am ukanasknels xelT misca berketebi, raTagaetarebina Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi reformebi, romlebicdasavleTis interesebs Seesabameboda.

1990-91 wlebSi saqarTvelos saqmeebSi dasavleTis mona-wileobis gafarToebam, gansakuTrebiT amerikis energetikulipolitikis meSveobiT, rac gamoixata baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanisproeqtSi, gadamwyveti gavlena moaxdina saqarTvelos stra-tegiaze usafrTxoebis sferoSi. darCiaSvili aRwers TbilisiserTmniSvnelovan arCevans dasavleTze orientaciis sasar-geblod 1998 wels, rodesac saqarTvelom gaaaqtiura TavisiTanamSromloba natosTan. erTi wlis Semdeg is gamovida dsT-ssaerTo xelSekrulebidan, gaxda evrosabWos wevri. am wevrobispirobebi iyo demokratiuli saxelmwifo reformebis gatarebada umciresobaTa uflebebis pativiscema. dasavleTis saxel-mwifoebma gamoiyenes zemoqmedebis berketebi politikissxvadasxva sferoebSi. samxedro saqmeSi amerikeli da dasav-leTis sxva eqspertebi cdilobdnen, gaetarebinaT radikalurireformebi saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul ZalebSi. reformaiTvaliswinebda piradi samxedro Semadgenlobis ricxovriv

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Semcirebas, korufciis amoZirkvas, samxedroTa moqmedebazesamoqalaqo kontrolisa da nacionaluri usafrTxoebiskoncefciis SemuSavebas. reformebis gatarebis cdam fiaskoganicada.

dasavleTze orientacia ar unda gavaigivoT radikaluridemokratiuli reformebis sasargeblod arCevanTan, yovelSemTxvevaSi, SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis periodSi. darCiaSvilisazriT, gamWvirvale TavdacviTi politika safrTxes SeuqmnidanaTesauri niSniT TanamdebobaTa darigebis korumpirebulsistemas. analogiuri daskvna SeiZleba gakeTdes politikissxva aspeqtebis mimarTac. magaliTad, samxreT kavkasiaSiregionuli TanamSromlobis mimarT, rac evrokavSiris erT-erTi prioritetuli amocana iyo. saqarTvelom yurad ar iRomowodeba, gamoeyenebina es “gamouyenebeli potenciali” (devaali) Tavisi ganviTarebis politikaSi.

amrigad, dasavleTis mcdelobas, daxmareboda saqarTvelosregionuli integraciis sferoSi, mniSvnelovani warmateba armohyolia. SesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanisproeqtis realizeba amerikel momxreTa gegmis Tanaxmad. esproeqtic ki ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos miRwevad regionuliintegraciis TvalsazrisiT, Tumca man Seqmna grZelvadianimaterialuri stimuli dasavleTis mier regionuli sta-bilurobis mxardasaWerad. rogorc de vaali aRniSavs, sworiiqneboda, Tu am navTobsadensvuwodebdiT, rogorc ara-ruseTis da ara-iranis navTobsadens.

SevardnaZis imedi, rom garedan mieRo daxmareba afxazeTisada samxreT oseTis problemis gadasaWrelad, ar gamarTlda.CeCneTis pirveli omis dros man sruli mxardaWera gamoucxadaruseTis mTavrobis cdas, Zalismieri meTodebiT moexdinaCeCneTis reintegracia, im imediT, rom ruseTi daexmarebodasaqarTvelos, analogiuri kursi gaetarebina afxazeTis mimarT.es mxardaWera ar Seesabameboda dasavleTis mkacr kritikas imisTaobaze, rom ruseTis samxedroebi yurad ar iRebdnensaerTaSoriso humanitarul uflebebs am omis msvlelobisas,kerZod, CeCneTis dedaqalaqis _ groznos dabombvisas. magramSevardnaZis mxardaWeram araviTari Sedegi ar gamoiRo.


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ramdenime wlis Semdeg, 1999 wels, SevardnaZe mTlianaddauWers mxars natos oms kosovoSi, miuxedavad imisa, romiugoslaviis mTavroba oms awarmoebda separatizmis winaaRmdegda gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis uSiSroebis sabWoc ardaeTanxma natos intervencias. is imedovnebda, rom SeerTebulStatebs aseve SeuZlia, Caataros calmxrivi samxedro aqciaafxazeTSi. rogorc heli da gogia aRniSnaven, aSS-s mTavrobammas agrZnobina, rom ara aqvs ganzraxva, gaimeoros kosovosscenari afxazeTSi. vaSingtonis uari ar iyo principis saqme anganurCevlobis dasturi. aSS-s da evropis mTavrobebs arSeeZloT, calmxrivad gadaeWraT separatistuli konfliqtebi,saqarTveloSi ruseTTan dapirispirebis riskis gareSe.

saqarTvelos diplomatiuri mcdelobebi, gaerTianebulierebis organizaciis CarCoebSi uzrunveleyo samxedro gziTafxazeTis problemis gadaWra, agreTve ar iZleoda araviTarrealur safuZvels warmatebisaTvis. winadadebebma imisTaobaze, rom gaeros mieRo rezolucia Zalis gamoeyenebismxardasaWerad, raTa saqarTvelos aRedgina teritoriulimTlianoba, aseve ver hpova mxardaWera dasavleTis qveynebissabWos mudmivi wevrebisagan.

meore CeCneTis omi da putinis prezidentoba

1990-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi saqarTvelo-ruseTisurTierTobaSi mTavar Taviseburebad rCeboda konfrontacia.ruseTis yoveli cda, mimarTuli Tavisi samxreT mezoblisintegraciisaken, saqarTvelos mxridan aRiqmeboda, rogorcdominirebis muqara, rac ganamtkicebda “identurobis wina-aRmdegobas” da Seqmnida ruseTis mimarT dapirispirebispolitikis axal motivaciebs. samxreT kavkasiaSi dasavleTisTandaTanobiT damkvidreba iwvevda ruseTis ufro met Zalis-xmevas, pozicia daekavebina regionSi Tavisi interesebisdasacavad, gansakuTrebiT im periodSi, roca sagareo saqmeTaministris posti ekava primakovs (1996-1998 ww.). am gabedulmanabijma gavlena moaxdina gaerosa da ruseTis metoqeobaze

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saqarTvelo-afxazeTs Soris Suamavlis rolisaTvis. primakoviaqtiurad cdilobda, yofiliyo Suamavali saqarTvelosa daafxazeTis prezidentebs Soris, organizeba gaukeTa Sexved-rebs, magaliTad, vladislav arZinbasa da eduard SevardnaZesSoris 1997 wels TbilisSi. antonenkos TqmiT, qarTul-afxazurkonfliqtSi ruseTis monawileobas xeli Seuwyo misma fe-deraciulma struqturam. ruseTis regionuli elita metadaqtiurad TanamSromlobda afxazeTTan. es Zirs uTxrida dsT-s mier SemoRebul sanqciebs.

1999 wels CeCneTSi dawyebulma omma da boris elcinisnacvlad putinis mosvlam ruseTis prezidentis saxiT, amkrebulSi warmodgenili gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, gamoiwviaZvrebi politikaSi saqarTvelos mimarT da prioritetiscvlilebebi saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis sferoSi.

pirveli, ruseTis winaSe mdgari muqaris aRqmaSi pirveliadgili ekava islamur fundamentalizms. wina omisagan gan-sxvavebiT, CeCneTis meore omi oficialurad iTvleboda arakonfliqtad suverenitetis gamo, aramed samxedro operaciadislamuri terorizmis winaaRmdeg. man moiTxova vaSingtonTanaxali urTierToba, ramac, Tavis mxriv, gavlena moaxdinasaqarTvelosa da aSS-s urTierTobaze. centr-periferiisurTierTobaTa CarCoSi am samkuTxedSi garkveuloba rom iyos,ar Rirs imis fiqri, rom yvela centrs aqvs Tanabari Se-saZlebloba, gavlena moaxdinos saqarTvelos moqmedebisprogramaze usafrTxoebis sferoSi. simetriuloba da ierar-qiuloba damaxasiaTebelia ara marto centr-periferiisurTierTobisaTvis, aramed (marTalia, umniSvnelod) centrebisurTierTobisTvisac.45 amerikis usafrTxoebis strategiaSi

45 zogierTi literatura centr-periferiis urTierTobebis Sesaxebwarmoadgens mcdelobas, ganasxvaos naxevarperiferiebi, centraluriperiferiebi da periferiuli centrebi.msgavsi gansxvavebebi xelsayreliar aris saqarTvelosa da mis winaSe arsebuli Tavdacvis problemebisSemTxvevaSi.azri ara aqvs ruseTisa Tu evrokavSiris naxevarperiferiebadan periferiul centrebad ganxilvas amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa dasaqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi, im ierarqiebisa da asimetriebis miuxedavad,rac am mxareebs Soris arsebobs.


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Zvram 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris Semdeg gamoiwvia sul sxvanairisaerTaSoriso situacia, ara marto saqarTvelos usafrTxoebispolitikisaTvis, aramed ruseTis usafrTxoebis politi-kisTvisac saqarTvelos mimarT. devdariani aRniSnavs, Turogor daiwyo putinma amerikuli ritorikidan nasesxebiprincipebisa da terminologiis gamoyeneba, gansakuTrebiTsaqarTvelos sazRvarze winaswari dartymis uflebis Sesaxebda, agreTve, gaeros wesdebis Tanaxmad, terorizmis muqariswinaaRmdeg ruseTis Tavdacvis uflebis Sesaxeb. metic, putiniar gamovida postsabWoTa sivrceSi aSS-s samxedro Zalis yofniswinaaRmdeg, magaliTad, wvrTnisa da aRWurvis programa (GTEP)saqarTveloSi man ganmarta, rogorc pasuxismgeblobaTaerTgvari ganawileba.

meore, putinis ZalauflebasTan erTad kardinaluradSeicvala saqarTvelos mimarT gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis forma.antonenko wers, rom ruseTis Tavdacvis ministri, sergeiivanovi, romelic 2001 wels daniSnes, iyo erT-erTi politikuriwarmomadgeneli, rogorc saqarTvelos mimarT ruseTispolitikis kursis gamtarebeli. magram samxedro aparats arhqonda iseTive ufleba, rogoric elcinis dros. regionebissagareo politikis mimarT xdeboda paraleluri centra-lizacia. gubernatorebma dakarges damoukidebloba afxa-zeTTan kavSiris damyarebaSi, magram aman ar gamoiwvia maTiamgvari qmedebis Sewyveta. piriqiT, ruseTis xelisuflebaagrZelebda am naxevraddiplomatiuri moRvaweobis gamo-yenebas, rogorc xerxs, raTa aeridebina saerTaSoriso sazo-gadoebis kritika separatistebis mxardaWeris gamo.

mesame, putini Seecada ruseTis gavlenis gafarToebassamxreT kavkasiaSi, rodesac mWidro kavSiri daamyara de faqtosaxelmwifoebTan. devdariani am axal politikas “gansa-kuTrebul normatiuli reJimis Seqmnas” uwodebs, romelicnawilobriv SeTavsebadia saerTaSoriso kanonTan da axasiaTebsmas, rogorc ganzraxvas, maqsimalurad isargeblos am ara-Riarebuli saxelmwifoebis arsebobiT. antonenkos azriT, esSeiZleba ganxiluli iqnas, rogorc Sedegi CeCneTis daSlisa,

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rogorc de faqto saxelmwifosi. am yuradsaRebi warmatebiswyalobiT ruseTs sulac ar awuxebda im mxardaWeris Sedegebi,rasac isini uqmnidnen teritoriuli mTlianobis princips.politikaSi am cvlilebam gamoiwvia is, rom ruseTma sazRvarigaxsna afxazeTTan (Tumca ruseTis mier adre dawesebuliblokada mainc irRvevoda sazRvrisiqiTa vaWrobiTa da ruseTisregionebTan TanamSromlobiT). saqarTvelos moqalaqeebisTvisSemoRebuli savizo reJimi afxazeTisa da oseTis moqalaqeebzear gavrcelebula, romelTaTvisac moskovma ruseTis moqa-laqeobis moTxovna farTo masStabiT daakmayofila. moqa-laqeobis micemis aseTi politika ruseTs aZlevda SesaZ-leblobas, daekanonebina gandgomil saxelmwifoebSi didi xniTyofna, gadaewyvita usafrTxoebis sakuTari problemebi amkonfliqtebSi.

ruseTis politikaSi am cvlilebebis Sedegad saqarTveloiZulebuli iyo, Seecvala prioritetebi usafrTxoebis sfe-roSi. usafrTxoebis mTavari problema saqarTvelos teri-toriaze ruseTis gamafrTxilebeli dartymebis riski gaxda.magram dasavleTis saxelmwifoebi, rogorc devdariani aRniS-navs, gamovidnen saqarTvelos saqmeebSi ruseTis pirdapiriCarevisa da saqarTvelos teritoriaze yovelgvari pre-venciuli antiteroristuli operaciebis ganxorcielebiswinaaRmdeg. wamowyebuli iyo diplomatiuri RonisZiebebievropaSi usafrTxoebisa da TaamSromlobis organizaciismravalmxrivi programis CarCoebSi, romlis Tanaxmadac, 1999wlis dekemberSi daiwyo 81 km-is sigrZeze sazRvris ga-kontroleba saqarTvelosa da ruseTis federaciis CeCneTisrespublikas Soris.46

46 OSCE Press Release. OSCE Georgia Mission Expands Border Monitoring Operation,January 2, 2002, http://www.osce.org/item/6491.html. 2001 wlis dekemberSiaRniSnulma misiam moicva agreTve sazRvari saqarTvelosa da inguSeTisrespublikas Soris, romelic ruseTis federaciis wevria da mdebareobsCeCneTis dasavleTiT.


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11 seqtemberi

2001 wlis 11 seqtembris movlenebis Sedegad aSS usafrT-xoebis politikis Secvlam pirdapiri zegavlena moaxdina misurTierTobaze saqarTvelosTan. rogorc heli da gogia aR-niSnaven, aman gamoiwvia samxreT kavkasiis CarTva “did axloaRmosavleTSi”, romelic ganisazRvra, rogorc potenciurimuqaris zona; aman aseve gamoiwvia aSS-s usafrTxoebis politikisgardaqmna ruseTis federaciis mimarT, rasac mohyva, rogorcuCvenebs de vaali, suuam-is kavSiris mniSvnelobis Sesusteba.vaSingtonma umniSvnelovanesi nabiji gadadga, rodesac daexmarasaqarTvelos Tanamedrove SeiaraRebuli Zalebis SeqmnaSiwvrTnisa da aRWurvis programis CarCoebSi, rac miznad isaxavdaruseT-saqarTvelos sazRvarze situaciis stabilizacias.amrigad, saqarTvelo dasavleTis mxridan meti yuradRebiTsargeblobda, gansakuTrebiT ki aSS-s mxridan. heli da gogiaaRniSnaven, rom saqarTvelo iqca aSS-s aviaciis satranzitopunqtad, romelic exmareboda avRaneTSi samxedro operaciebs.

miuxedavad saqarTvelosadmi, rogorc axali geopoli-tikuri mniSvnelobis satranzito qveynisadmi, aSS-s yu-radRebis gaZlierebisa, dasavleTTan, gansakuTrebiT ame-rikasTan, saqarTvelos xSirad hqonda uTanxmoeba. nodia,darCiaSvili da devdariani analizis Sedegad aRniSnaven, romdasavleTi mkacrad akritikebda saqarTvelos mxardaWeraspartizanebisadmi afxazeTSi, magaliTad, 2001 wlis kodorisxeobaSi gilaevis warumatebeli operaciisa da kodoris xeobisgakontrolebis uniaTobis gamo. korufciasTan warumatebelibrZolis cdam da institucionaluri reformebis CavardnamsaqarTveloSi daasusta saxelmwifos saerTo potenciali,Seiqmna safrTxe, rom qveyana dakargavda marTvis sadaveebs angaxdeboda mTlad umarTavi saxelmwifo. devdarianis azriT,saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis uunaroba, gaekontro-lebina pankisis xeoba, moaswavebda saxelmwifos uniaTobas. 2001wlis oqtomberSi saqarTvelo iZulebuli iyo, eRiarebinapankisis xeobaSi ucxoeli partizanebis arseboba, mas Semdeg,

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rac vaSingtoni daJinebiT moiTxovda, rom mas gamoeyenebina“nulovani tolerantobis politika” usafrTxoebisadmi aseTimuqaris mimarT.

droTa ganmavlobaSi SevardnaZes ufro da ufro uWirda,dasavleTis mxridan rekomendaciebi da kritika mieRo.darCiaSvili da devdariani aRniSnaven, rom aman SearbilaSevardnaZis pozicia moskovis mimarT saqarTveloSi ruseTisbazebis sakiTxis CaTvliT. SevardnaZem ganacxada kidevac, rommomavalSi natos wevroba, SeiZleba SeTavsdes dsT-s wev-robasTan. amasTan, ar arsebobda usafrTxoebis strategia, raczustad gansazRvravda Rirebulebebsa da muqaras. agreTveZlierdeboda nacionalisturi moZraoba, romelic kritikuladekideboda dasavleTisken saqarTvelos orientacias.47

ar SeiZleba yuradReba ar mieqces 11 seqtembris movlenebisgavlenas da aSS-s usafrTxoebis politikis orientaciiscvlilebas saqarTvelos mimarT. saqarTvelos umarTav saxel-mwifod gadaqcevis perspeqtiva, rac gamoiwvevda CeCneTissazRvarze terorizmis buded mis gadaqcevas da sxvanairadSeqmnida destabilizacias aSS-ruseTis urTierTobaSi, xsnisara marto aSS-s mzard moTxovnebs SevardnaZis mTavrobismimarT politikaSi reformebis Taobaze, aramed Sevard-naZisaTvis dasavleTis mxardaWeraze uarisTqmas, roca isSeejaxa Sinaur opozicias 2003 wels da ramac sabolood misidamxoba gamoiwvia.

rac Seexeba afxazeTis problemas, heli, gogia da antonenkomiuTiTeben, rom ruseTis gaaqtiurebam am gamoyofil res-publikaSi, saqarTvelos mzard imedgacruebasTan erTadgaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis Seuamavluri rolisususurobis gamo, gamoiwvia SevardnaZis darwmuneba ruseTisSuamavluri rolis met mniSvnelobaSi. yovelive amis Sedegi iyo

47 aseTi moZraobebi, romlebic akritikebdnen dasavleTis demokratiulistandartebis danergvas da mouwodebdnen unikaluri qarTuli gziTganviTarebisaken, rogorc nodia aRniSnavs, rCebodnen umciresobaSi daar SeeZloT, winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT dasavluri kulturuli hegemo-niisaTvis.


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“soWis procesi”, romelmac daaaxlova ruseT-saqarTvelo,Tumca mas ar Seucvlia gaeros egidiT Catarebuli Jenevismolaparakebebi.

2003 wels “vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg TbilisSi Zala-ufleba aiRo axalma xelmZRvanelobam. reJimis Secvla amSemTxvevaSi mowmobs ara marto imas, rom saqarTvelos centrSigardaqmnebma Rrma zemoqmedeba moaxdina saqarTvelos urTi-erTobaze periferiasTan, gansakuTrebiT aWarasTan da samxreToseTTan, is gviCvenebs imasac, rom iseTi mniSvnelovanigardaqmnac ki, rogoricaa “vardebis revolucia”, SezRudulia,ganaxorcielos fundamenturi cvlilebebi ZiriTad garecentrTan (rogoricaa moskovi) urTierTobaSi. saqarTvelosaxali liderebis molodinis sawinaaRmdegod, maT ver SeZlesmierTeba dasavleTis struqturebTan ufro meti integra-ciisaTvis ruseTis federaciasTan urTierTobis norma-lizaciis paralelurad. maTma imedebma gamoxatuleba hpovaerTdroulad qarTuli warmoSobis safrangeTis diplomatis,salome zurabiSvilis sagareo saqmeTa ministrad, xolo kaxabenduqiZis _ qarTvelis mewarmis, ruseTSi warmatebulimrewvelis _ ekonomikis ministrad daniSvnaSi. am molodinsiziarebdnen dasavleTis mimomxilvelebic, magram, rac mniSv-nelovania, ara ruseTis mimomxilvelebi da Jurnalistebi. isiniZiriTadad aRniSnavdnen, rom saakaSvilis radikalizmi danacionalizmi SeiZleba gaxdes konfliqtis axali wyaroseparatistul saxelmwifoebTan, saqarTvelos umcireso-bebTan da TviT ruseTTan damokidebulebaSi.

evrokavSiris gafarToeba

Zalian mniSvnelovani progresi dasavleTTan integraciissaqmeSi, albaT, saqarTvelos evrokavSiris evropuli mezob-lobis politikaSi CarTva iyo. magram es moxda, pirvel rigSi,ara saqarTveloSi reJimis Secvlis Sedegad, aramed am axaligeopolitikuri situaciis Sedegad, romelSic aRmoCnda

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evrokavSiri Tavisi gafarToebis Semdeg 2004 wlis maisSi.aRmosavleTisaken gafarToebam da axali wevrebis miRebam,romlebic adre sabWoTa kavSiris an varSavis SeTanxmebisSemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen, gamoiwvia samxreT kavkasiaSievropis gaZlierebuli daintereseba, rasac, sxvaTa Soris,adasturebs Cems Teziss imis Sesaxeb, rom evrokavSirsa dasaqarTvelos urTierTobebSi cvlilebebi gamowveulia gar-daqmnebiT ufro centrSi, vidre periferiebSi. magram amasSeiZleba daematos, rom “vardebis revolucia”, romelmacgaaZliera evropis interesi samxeT kavkasiis regionis mimarT,amiT daexmara, gasuliyo im minimaluri mniSvnelobis CarCoebisiqiT, romelsac manamde saqarTvelos miawerdnen evrokavSirisxelmZRvanelebi. man Seqmna SesaZlebeli evropis mezoblobispolitikaSi TavisTavis swrafi CarTva.48

rogorc heli da gogia aRniSnaven, dasavleTis mTavrobebTanda organizaciebTan saqarTvelos TanamSromlobis ganmtki-cebis Semdgomi niSani iyo aSS-s gancxadeba 2004 wlis maisSi imisTaobaze, rom saqarTvelosTvis gamoyofiliyo subsidia 500milioni aSS dolaris raodenobiT, umTavresad saxelmwiforeformebis sferoSi. 2004 wlis ivnisSi evrokavSirma damsoflio bankma saqarTvelosaTvis 1 mlrd aSS dolari gamoyo.imave wels natom daamtkica saqarTvelos mimarT indivi-dualuri partniorobis moqmedebis gegma da daniSna sagangebowarmomadgeneli kavkasiisa da centraluri aziis saqmeSi,romlis rezidencia TbilisSia. 2005 wlis maisSi saqarTvelosdedaqalaqs estumra aSS-s prezidenti jorj buSi.

am krebulis avtorebi, kerZod, qarTvelebi _ nodia,darCiaSvili, devdariani, miuTiTeben ramdenime winaaRmde-gobaze, romelic xels uSlis saqarTvelos integraciasdasavleTTan. axali xelmZRvaneloba umeteswilad warmod-

48 evrokomisia 2003 wels gamovida gancxadebiT, romlis TanaxmadacsamxreT kavkasiis qveynebi mxolod momdevno etapze SeiZleba iqnenintegrirebulni evrokavSiris am axal strategiaSi Tavisi periferiismimarT.


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genilia elitiT, romelmac ganaTleba dasavleTSi miiRo da araris an sustad aris dakavSirebuli yofil sabWoTa struq-turebTan. Tavis saxalxod gamosvlisas isini sixaruliTegebebian saerTaSoriso integracias da oms ucxadebenkorufcias. amave dros, isini reagireben qarTul sazoga-doebriv azrze, gansakuTrebiT afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTisproblemis gadaudebel gadawyvetaze. 2004 wlis zafxulSisaakaSvilis ukompromiso pozicia samxreT oseTis konfliqtismimarT ar iqna dadebiTad Sefasebuli dasavleTis saxelm-wifoebis mier. helisa d gogias TqmiT, saakaSvili gaafrTxiles,rom ver miiRebs veraviTar daxmarebas dasavleTisgan daaRmoCndeba izolaciaSi, Tu gamoiyenebs samxedro Zalas amkrizisis gadasawyvetad.

saqarTvelos xelisuflebas ara aqvs im reformebis ganxor-cielebis survili, romelic TviTmmarTvelobis garantiasmiscemda regionul da adgilobriv xelmZRvanel organoebs,arsebuli oficialuri evropuli standartebis mixedviT, racukve aRniSnuli iyo evrosabWos rekomendaciebTan dakav-SirebiT. Rrma winaaRmdegoba miswrafebebsa da arsebulpraqtikas Soris SeimCneva Tavdacvis da usafrTxoebis seqto-ris reformaSic. amrigad, Tumca saqarTvelo atarebs dasav-leTTan integraciis politikas, miswrafebasa da realurpraqtikas Soris mainc SeimCneva winaaRmdegobani.

ruseTisa da saqarTvelos urTierTobaSi ar moxda norma-lizacia dasavleTis mxridan reformebisaTvis saqarTve-losTvis daxmarebis gaaqtiurebis gamo. euTos zedamxedve-lobis misia ruseTTan saqarTvelos sazRvarze gauqmebuli iqna.ruseTis mxridan am organizaciis kritika, romelsac ruseTierT dros sixaruliT iRebda, gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom bolosdainaxa, rogorc dasavleTis eqspansiis instrumenti post-sabWoTa sivrceSi. es aZnelebs dasavleTis saxelmwifoTaZalisxmevas ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobaTa gaumjo-besebisaTvis mravalmxriv moqmedebaTa CarCoebSi.

legvoldi amtkicebs, rom ruseTi yvela Rones mimarTavssaqarTveloSi centrsa da periferiaSi Tavisi gavlenis Sesa-

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narCuneblad. moskovi pativs scems teritoriul mTlianobas daSida saqmeebSi Caurevlobis princips, magram ara sakuTari gavlenisSemcirebis fasad. amas SeiZleba daematos isic, rom ruseTs ar unda,mxari dauWiros afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi konfliqtismSvidobian daregulirebas, risi warmatebis Sansic mcirea da,amdenad, ar iZleva mis sazRvarze stabilurobis garantias.

devdariani xazs usvams ruseTis saqarTveloSi ekonomikuriSeRwevis mniSvnelobas, gansakuTrebiT ki energetikis sferoSi.saqarTvelos ekonomikuri TanamSromloba, Tu moskovi armoiTxovs SeRavaTian reJims da aRiarebs Tavisufali vaWrobisprincips, SesaZlebels gaxdis maTi urTierTobis norma-lizacias. magram mcdelobebi ekonomikuri TanamSromlobissferoSi afxazeTis monawileobiT SeiZleba Znelad gan-saxorcielebeli aRmoCndes. magaliTad, ruseTis ekonomikuriproeqtebi, romlebic samxreT ruseTs somxeTTan arsebulisarkinigzo qselebis rekonstruqciiT akavSirebs, moiTxovspirovnebebze saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan SeTanxmebas da esmisaRebi unda iyos afxazeTis xelisufalTaTvisac. am Se-Tanxmebis miRwevis mcdelobas adre Sedegi ar gamouRia.

daskvnebi da perspeqtivebi

saqarTvelos urTierTobani ruseTTan, aSS-sTan da evro-kavSirTan, agreTve misi pozicia Sida periferiebTan erT-droulad asimetriulicaa da ierarqiulic. polusebs SorisTanafardobaze metwilad gavlenas centrSi mimdinare cvli-lebebi ufro axdens, vidre periferiaSi. rac Seexeba moskovTan,vaSingtonTan an briuselTan saqarTvelos mdgomareobiscvlilebas saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis WrilSi, am saxelm-wifoTa usafrTxoebis politikaSi seriozul cvlilebaTaSedegad, dawyebuli sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT 1991 wels,damTavrebuli evrokavSiris gafarToebiT 2004 wels, ufro Rrmazemoqmedeba moaxdina saqarTvelos sagareo politikaze, vidreqveyanaSi wina ori reJimis Secvlam.


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es, ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs, rom saxelmwifo gadatrialebasgamsaxurdias winaaRmdeg 1991 wels da “vardebis revolucias”2003 wels aranairi gavlena ar mouxdenia qveynis saerTaSorisomdgomareobaze. 1992 wels SevardnaZis mier Zalauflebis xelSiaRebam xeli Seuwyo garesamyarosTan diplomatiur urTi-erTobaTa ganviTarebas, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaSida sxva organizaciebSi saqarTvelos miRebas. zustad aseve“vardebis revoluciam” daaCqara samxreT kavkasiis miRebaevropis samezoblo politikis programaSi.

magram saqarTvelos xelisuflebas yovelTvis rodi SeeZlo,sworad esargebla am seriozuli cvlilebebiT saerTaSorisosituaciaSi Tavisi poziciebis gasamtkiceblad, ufro usafrTxoda nayofieri urTierTobis dasamyareblad ruseTis fede-raciasTan anda aqtiurad daemyarebina kavSiri dasavleTissamyarosTan. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg zviad gam-saxurdiam ver SeZlo, uzrunveleyo saqarTvelosTvis saer-TaSoriso mxardaWera da, faqtobrivad, gaaRrmava TavisireJimis izolacia, vidre es reJimi Zalis gamoyenebiT ar daemxo.SevardnaZem ufro moxerxebulad gamoiyena dasavleTisenergetikuli politikis Seqmna samxreT kavkasiaSi 1990-ianiwlebis meore naxevarSi. es iyo meore mniSvnelovani cvlilebasaqarTvelos saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis pirobebSi. magramSevardnaZem arCia, ar esargebla ruseTis siZneleebiT CeCneTismeore omis dros moskovis axal mTavrobasTan urTierTobisgasaumjobeseblad. amis nacvlad man airCia Tavisi Sidaeleqtoratis mobilizaciis gza antirusuli ritorikisa dapolitikis safuZvelze. pankisis sakiTxma da saqarTvelosxelisuflebis upasuxismgeblobam gilaevis operaciis mimarTmniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa moskovis antiqarTuli ganwyobisgaZlierebaSi. simarTle rom iTqvas, ruseTis mTavrobaugulebelyofda saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis kanonier inte-resebs, ramdenadac upiratesobas aniWebda muqaraze da-yrdnobas. Tu SeiZleba, diplomatiaze iTqvas, rom es arisurTierTobis xelovneba Znelad asatan mezobelTan mZimepirobebSi, maSin diplomatia umTavresad orive mxares aklda.

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im momentSi, roca saqarTvelo miuaxlovda arSemdgarisaxelmwifos statuss, 11 seqtembris movlenebma aiZulaTbilisi, ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebSi Seecvala TavisiusafrTxoebis politika: aRdga kontroli pankisis xeobaze,daiwyo im partizanuli Zalebis devna, romlebic moqmedebdnenafxazeTSi, miRebuli iqna insititucionaluri reformebisprograma. magram SevarndaZis reJimi uZluri iyo, reformebibolomde mieyvana. amis Sedegi iyo “vardebis revolucia” dabolos amotivtivebuli SesaZlebloba, racionalurad gamo-yenebuliyo gafarToebuli evrokavSiris usafrTxoebispolitikaSi cvlilebebi da agreTve SeerTebuli Statebismxridan daxmarebis ganaxleba postsabWoTa sivrceSi demo-katiuli ganviTarebisaTvis.

rac Seexeba saqarTveloSi Sida urTierTobebs, damo-ukideblobis mopovebam, saxelmwifo gadatrialebam, romelmacgamsaxurdia gadaayena da “vardebis revoluciam” ufro didigavlena moaxdina periferiasTan urTierTobebze, vidre sxvaraime cvlilebebma am teritoriebze. es naTlad Cans samxreToseTis axali istoriis movlenebis magaliTze, sadac gamsa-xurdias da sxva nacionaluri liderebis mier organizebulimobilizaciis Sedegad 1989 wels moxda mZafri Setakebebi.TbilisSi SevardnaZis dabrunebam 1992 wels SesaZlebeli gaxadacecxlis Sewyveta, romelic aTwleuli grZeldeboda, magram“vardebis revoluciam” kvlav gamoiwvia mZafri konfrontacia.

1991 wels afxazurma nacionalurma moZraobam, romelsacgadawyvetili hqonda, moepovebina saqarTvelos Tanabaristatusi, isargebla samxreT oseTSi gamsaxurdias mTav-robisTvis garTulebuli situaciiT da ganamtkica Tavisipoziciebi afxazeTSi axali saarCevno kanonis miRebiT, romelicgarantias aZlevda mis warmomadgenlebs, parlamentSi adgi-lebis gazrdili kvota hqonodaT. 1992-1993 wlebSi SevardnaZisTbilisSi dabrunebidan ramdenime Tvis Semdeg saqarTvelosmTavrobam daiwyo samxedro intervencia afxazeTSi, racdamTavrda afxazeTis gamarjvebiT da kidev erTi de faqtosaxelmwifos SeqmniT saqarTvelos periferiaze.


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modeli “centri-periferia” Semdeg gulisxmobs, rom ormxares Soris TanafardobaSi cvlilebebi metad arsebiTgavlenas axdens periferiaze, vidre centrze. TvalsaCinogamonakliss warmoadgens sabWoTa kavSiri, sadac centridaiSala, xolo sxvadasxva periferiebi gadaiqcnen damou-kidebel saxelmwifoebad. am wignSi naCvenebia saqarTvelosTvissaerTaSoriso mdgomareobaSi cvlilebaTa Sedegebi, maT Soris,ra Tqma unda, civi omis Sewyveta da sabWoTa kavSiris daSla,oRond cvlilebebs dasavleTTan urTierTobebSi naklebiTvalsaCino Sedegebi hqonda aSS-sa da evropis mxridan sakuTarienergetikuli usafrTxoebiT mzardi dainteresebis Sedegad.am SemTxvevaSi Rrma zemoqmedeba ganicada saqarTvelos aramarto sagareo politikam da saqarTvelos usafrTxoebispolitikam, aramed misi ganviTarebis mTlianma strategiam.moskovTan, vaSingtonTan da briuselTan saqarTvelos urTi-erTobaSi cvlilebebs, romelic gamowveuli iyo ruseTSi 1999wels dramatuli movlenebiT, SeerTebul StatebSi 2001 welsda evrokavSiris SigniT 2004 wels hqonda analogiuri Sors-mimavali Sedegebi saqarTvelosTvis. magram es qveynebisaqarTelosTan da sxva kavkasiur saxelmwifoebTan urTi-erTobebs gacilebiT nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWeben.

rac Seexeba saqarTvelos Sida konfliqtebs, im faqtma, romor mxares Soris urTierTobaSi cvlilebebi met gavlenasaxdens periferiaze, vidre centrze, Tavisi gamoxatulebahpova samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis de faqto saxelmwifoebadgaxdomaSi centrze maTi samxedro gamarjvebis Sedegad. sxvamagaliTs warmoadgens aWaris dabruneba saqarTvelos Semad-genlobaSi, samxreT oseTis ruseTze damokidebulebis zrda,rac orive SemTxvevaSi TbilisTan konfrontaciis Sedegadgamovlinda “vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg.

am krebulis masalebi agreTve mowmobs imas, rom periferiebirogorc zesaxelmwifoebriv, ise saerTaSoriso doneebzeSeiZleba Seecadon, TavianTi Tavi aqcion centrad. aRniSnulimcdeloba ganxorcielda urTierTgancalkevebul, magramparalelur SemTxvevaSi. saerTaSoriso doneze Tbilisi

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iswrafoda, daSoreboda moskovs, amave dros, Sidasaxelm-wifoebriv doneze soxumi da cxinvali ibrZodnen TavisdasaRwevad.

sxva urTierTobebi centr-periferiisa rogorc saerTa-Soriso, ise Sidasaxelmwifoebriv doneebze naklebad konf-liqturia, maSinac ki, roca arc erTi dapirispirebuli mxare aremxroba integraciis maRal xarisxs.

dapirispirebul mxareebs Soris konfliqtebi zogjeraRiniSneba periferiis uunarobiT, mTlianad gaTavisufldescentrisagan, romelic aRiqmeba, rogorc damCagvreli, iqcevaalternatiul centrad an uerTdeba sxva centrs, romelic, maTiazriT, SeZlebs maT saimedo dacvas. afxazeTisa da samxreToseTis saqarTelos gamoyofis kvalobaze, yoveli sepa-ratistuli saxelmwifo TandaTan integrirdeboda ruseTisbanakSi. Tumca saqarTvelosgan ver gaTavisuflda vercformalurad da verc iuridiulad. amisaTvis saWiroa maTisuverenitetis saerTaSoriso aRiareba, romelic maT jer vermiiRes.

aseTive problema aqvs saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso urTi-erTobaSi. aT welze metia, Tbilisi, rogorc Cans, varaudobda,dasavleTis institucionalur struqturebTan integraciisgaRrmaveba sakmarisi iqneboda moskovTan ZalTa TanafardobiscvlilebisaTvis da es procesi saSualebas miscemda maTiurTierTdamokidebulebis normaliizacis, maT Soris mou-wesrigebeli konfliqtebis gadasawyvetad. am krebulismasalebi nawilobriv adasturebs am varauds. saqarTveloskavSirma dasavleTis qveynebTan, misma progresulma inte-graciam dasavleTis institutebSi da amis paraleluradkonfrontaciis politikis gatarebam moskovis mimarT gamoiwviamoskovze damokidebulebis garkveulwilad Semcireba. magramam movlenebma ver gadaWra saqarTvelos Zireuli problemebi,iseTebi, rogorebicaa ruseTis savizo reJimi an afxazeTTan dasamxreT oseTTan urTierTobis Zireuli sakiTxebi.

saerTaSoriso doneze, centr-periferiis modelis Tval-sazrisiT mosalodnelia saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierToba


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gamomdinareobdes ufro moskovis usafrTxoebis pirobebSiRrma cvlilebebidan, vidre Tbilisis. Tu ruseTi SecvlidaevrosabWosa da aSS-s mimarT Tavis politikas, amas SeeZlo,mniSvnelovani gavlena moexdina saqarTvelosTan mis urTi-erTobaze. Tu CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi moxda situaciis seriozuligauaresebis an masStaburi teroristuli moqmedebebis ganxor-cieleba ruseTis teritoriaze, Sedegebi Zalian mniSvnelovaniiqneba.

saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobaTa transformacia SeiZ-leba gamomdinareobdes saqarTvelo-dasavleTis urTier-TobebSi Zireuli cvlilebidan, magaliTad, saqarTvelos natoSiSesvla an evrosabWoSi. am SemTxvevaSi samagaliToa baltiisqveynebTan Sedareba. ruseTi aris erTaderTi yvelaze Zlierisagareo gavlenis wyaro yvela postsabWoTa saxelmwifoze,baltiis qveynebis garda. baltiis es sami saxelmwifo ariserTaderTi postsabWoTa saxelmwifoebi, romelTaTvisacusafrTxoeba “iwyeba ara saxlSi”, rogorc Camoayaliba SesavalSilegvoldma da romelSic, miuxedavad moskovTan rTuliurTierTobisa, “ganicdian raRac usafrTxoebasTan miaxloebularsebobas”. ra Tqma unda, es metwilad uzrunvelyofilia maTinatosa da evrokavSiris wevrobiT da amitom isini warmoadgenenmsgavs models im usafrTxoebisa, riskenac iswrafvis sa-qarTvelo.

am perspeqtivebis droiTi CarCoebis gansazRvra ara martorTulia, aramed, evrokavSiris SemTxvevaSi, Zalian Zneladwarmosadgenia saqarTvelos ekonomikis mdgomareobisa da misisaxelmwifo institutebis uZlurebis gamo, agreTve im siZ-neleebis gamo, rasac awydeba evrokavSiri momaval axalwevrebTan molaparakebebSi. advilia saqarTvelos natoSigawevrianebis warmodgena, magram amisaTvis saWiroa, Seicvalosnatos miznebi da axali wevrebis miRebis kriteriumebi. magramyvela SemTxvevaSi cvlilebebi niSnavs, rom gardaqmnebi centrSimetwilad gansazRvravs axal urTierTobas periferiebTan.

Tu saqarTvelos, afxazeTisa da oseTis mcdeloba, eqs-pluatatorad aRqmuli centrisgan gaTavisuflebisa, rogorc

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Cans, warmatebuli iqneba nawilobriv, maSin aseT centrTankompromisis gziT maTi urTierTobis normalizacia Zneliiqneba. saqarTvelos saSinao doneze yovelgvari federaciulisqema unda Seicavdes ierarqiis gansazRvrul elementssaxelmwifo institutebs Soris da amas eqneba pirdapiri SedegisaqarTvelos TanasazogadoebaTa urTierTobisaTvis. afxazurida osuri erovnuli proeqtebis SemTxvevaSi, Tundac eT-nofederalur sistemaSi maTi CarTva SesaZlebels xdidesnacionaluri TviTgamorkvevis uflebis realizebas, ierarqiisprincipis miReba garTuldeba. koleqtiuri suverenitetisprincipi Seicavs zogierT mkacr SezRudvas saqarTvelosumravlesobis mier Zalauflebis ganxorcielebisas, racaranakleb Znelad misaRebi iqneba saqarTvelos nacionaluriproeqtebis TvalsazrisiT.

saqarTvelos SigniT ufro Znel amocanas warmoadgenscentr-periferiis konfliqtur urTierTobaTa gardaqmnastabilur federaciad. am dros unda gadailaxos centrisabsoluturi arastabiluroba. arc erTi prezidentis arCevaniar momxdara saqarTveloSi konstituciuri procedurebisSesabamisad da aqamde araa naTeli, rogor SeZlebs axali elita,aaSenos safuZvliani saxelmwifoebrioba kanonis principebismixedviT. susti saxelmwifoebrioba da qronikuli arasta-biluroba, romlebmac gamoxatuleba hpoves saxelmwifogadatrialebasa da saxalxo ajanyebebSi,49 ucilobel gavlenasaxdens periferiasTan urTierTobaze. kidev ufro mniSvne-lovania is, rom centr-periferiis urTierTobaSi yovelgvaricvlileba centrSi arastabilurobis arsebobis Sedegad, ufrodid gavlenas axdens periferiebze, vidre centrze. saqarT-veloSi, ra Tqma unda, ar aris gamoricxuli demokratiulireformebi da institucionaluri stabiluroba, magram fe-

49 “vardebis revolucia” ZiriTadad ganixileba postkomunisturigardamavali periodis kuTxiT.magram zogierTi laTinuri qveynis,magaliTad, ekvadorisa da saqarTvelos Sedarebam, SesaZloa, gamoavlinosmravali mniSvnelovani paraleli.


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deraciuli gadawyveta unda Sefasdes realurad, xoloafxazeTisa da oseTis angariSSi Cagdeba Zireul mniSnvelobasiZens ganviTarebis uaresi scenaris ardaSvebaSi. yovelgvarifederaluri mowyoba saqarTveloSi unda uzrunvelyofdesusafrTxoebis meqanizmebs, rac SeZlebs, win aRudges ara-stabilurobis afeTqebas garedan. bolos, stabiluri fe-deraciis misaRwevad saWiro iqneba Zalauflebis ganawilebismaRali xarisxi Sinagan centrsa da periferias Soris, agreTvesaerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis saimedo garantiebi. ruseTismonawileoba afxazeTisa da oseTis usafrTxoebis garantiebSiiTamaSebs gadamwyvet rols, magram aranaklebi mniSvnelobaeqneba ruseTis mxridan TavSekavebas im azriT, rom saerTa-Soriso garantiebi calmxrivi ar aRmoCndes.

is, rom saqarTvelosa da ruseTis momavali urTierTobametad damokidebulia centrSi gardaqmnebze, vidre peri-feriaSi da rom afxazeTi da samxreT oseTi gadaiqcnen ruseTisfederaciis periferiad, ar niSnavs, rom konfliqtebisdaregulireba saqarTvelom moskovSi unda eZebos. saqarTvelospretenzia afxazeTsa da oseTze suverenitetis gamo niSnavs,rom manac TavisTavze unda aiRos aqtiuri roli gadawyve-tilebis mosaZieblad. amisaTvis, Tavis mxriv, saWiroa ruseTisfederaciasTan misi urTierTobis normalizacia.aucilebeliaagreTve RonisZiebebi ndobis gansamtkiceblad centrs,afxazeTsa da oseTs Soris. saqarTvelos mTavrobam undadaarwmunos xalxi orive teritoriaze centris unarianobaSi,rom SeuZlia reformebis Catareba da mzadaa nacionalurikonfliqtebis mSvidobiani gziT mowesrigebisaTvis. aqedanbevri ram Zneli gansaxorcielebelia, magram Tu qarTveliliderebi SeZleben, TavianTi Tavi daarwmunon am mimarTulebiTwinsvlaSi, maT eqnebaT Sansi, amaSi daarwmunon afxazebic daosebic.

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avtorTa Sesaxeb

oqsana antonenko _ strategiuli kvlevebis saerTaSorisoinstitutis ruseTisa da evraziis programebis direqtori daufrosi mecnier-muSaki. MUCU –Si 1996 wlidan muSaobs. xSiradaqveynebs MUCU-s gamocemebSi (Survival, Strategic Survey The MilitaryBalance), MUCU-s wevrebisaTvis mTel msoflioSi atarebsbrifingebs, amzadebs saerTaSoriso konferenciebze warsadgenwerilobiT da zepir moxsenebebs, saerTaSoriso masobriviinformaciis saSualebebiT evraziaSi ganviTarebul movlenebsukeTebs komentars. mis bolo publikaciebs Sorisaa: Russia andthe European Union: Prospects for a New Relationship (ruseTi daevrokavSiri: axali urTierTobebis perspeqtivebi, 2004).“Russia’s Southern Border: Western Siberia-Central Azia” (IISS,2003).

giorgi gogia _krizisebis Tavidan acilebis saerTaSorisojgufis kavkasiis problemebis analitikosi. Tavis gamo-kvlevebSi is ganixilavs konfliqtebis mizezebs aseve samxreTkavkasiis sam qveyanaSi _ azerbaijanSi, somxeTsa da saqarT-veloSi konfliqtebze saerTaSoriso da Sida reaqcias. misiyuradRebis centrSia regionis sami “gayinuli konfliqti”:samxreT oseTi, afxazeTi da mTiani yarabaxi. mTavrobebisaTvis,mravalmxrivi organizaciebisa da saerTaSoriso jgufebisaTvisamzadebs politikuri da programuli rekomendaciebis Semcvelmoxsenebebs. budapeStis centralurevropuli universitetispolitikur mecnierebaTa magistri.

daviT darCiaSvili _ sorosis fondebis qselSi Semavalifond “Ria sazogadoeba _ saqarTvelos” aRmasrulebelidireqtori, ilia WavWavaZis saxelobis enebisa da kulturisuniversitetis maswavlebeli. arcTu ise didi xnis win mSvi-dobis, demokratiisa da ganviTarebis kavkasiis institutSimuSaobda. rogorc mkvlevari, ZiriTadad eTnikuri konfliq-tebiT, samxreT kavkasiaSi regionuli urTierTobebiTa dasaqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis problemebiTaa daka-vebuli. mis publikaciebs Sorisaa: Georgian Security Problems and

510

Policies, in The South Caucasus: A Challenge for the EU da Trends ofStrategic Thinking in Georgia: Achievements, Problems, and Prospects, inCrossroads and Conflict: Security and Foreign Policy in the Caucasus, andProspects, in Crossroads and Conflict: Security and Foreign Policy in theCaucasus and Central Asia (gzajvaredini da konfliqti: usafrT-xoeba da sagareo politika kavkasiasa da centralur aziaSi,2000).

Tomas de vaali _ omisa da mSvidobis sakiTxebis infor-maciis institutis kavkasiis problemebis redaqtori (londoni).rogorc mwerali da Jurnalisti, ukanaskneli 14 wlis ganmav-lobaSi kavkasiasa da ruseTze specializdeboda. rusuls daTanamedrove berZnuls oqsfordis universitetSi swavlobda.muSaobda bi-bi-sis msoflio samsaxurSi, The Moscow Times da TheThimes of London-Si, xSirad ibeWdeboda JurnalSi The Economist.karlota golis TanaavtorobiT gamosca wigni Chechnya: Calamityin the Caucasus (CeCneTi: ubedureba kavkasiaSi, 1998). aris avtoriwignis Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War (SavibaRi: somxeTi da azerbaijani omisa da mSvidobis pirobebSi,2003), romelSic mTiani yarabaxis konfliqtis Rrma gamokvlevaa.

jaba devdariani _ gaeros xelSemwyobi qarTuli asocia-ciis damfuZnebel-direqtori. iyo internet-Jurnal CivilGeorgia –s erT-erTi damfuZnebeli da mTavari redaqtori. misigamokvlevebis Tematika moicavs demokratizaciisa da ganviTa-rebis sakiTxebs kavkasiasa da balkaneTSi, aseve samxreT kavka-siis usafrTxoebis sakiTxebs. amJamad adgilobrivi warmo-madgenlobis xelmZRvaneli da adamianTa uflebebis evropisusafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciis (euTo) misiisTanamSromeli bosniasa da hercogovinaSi. mis bolo publika-ciaSi Georgia: Rise and Fall of the Façade Democracy. _ demo-kratizacia, 2004 wlis zamTari _ saqarTveloSi damo-ukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg politikuri partiebis Camo-yalibeba ganixileba.

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bruno kopitersi _ aswavlis briuselis Tavisufal uni-versitetSi (VUB). kvlevebis mTavari Tema _ omisa da secesiisnormatiuli Teoriebi. ZiriTadad ibeWdeba kavkasiis konf-liqtebis Temaze, gansakuTrebiT saqarTvelosa da afxazeTSi.mis bolo publikaciebs Sorisaa _ federalizmi da konfliqtiafxazeTSi, karnegis moskovis centri, aseve eleqtronulversiaSi, misamarTze: http://pubs.carnegie.ru/workpapers/2002/wp0202.pdf; iyo erT-erTi redaqtori wignisa Secession, History,and the Social Sciences (secesia, istoria da sazogadoebrivimecnierebebi, 2002) romelic gamoqveynebulia misamarTze: http://poli.vub.ac.be/; bruno kopitersi, nik foSini, ruben apresiani(red.). omis zneobrivi SezRudvebi: problemebi da magaliTebi(m. gardariki, 2002, internetSi ix. saitze http://poli.vub.ac.be/);Contextualizing Secession: Normative Studies in Comparative perspective(secesia konteqstSi: normatiuli gamokvleva SedarebiTperspeqtivaSi, 2003); iyo erT-erTi avtori (bruno kopitersi,maikl emersoni, miSel hioiseni, Tamar kovziriZe, gergannuTCevi, natali toCi, marius vali) gamocemis “evropeizaciada konfliqtebis gadawyveta: evropuli periferiis konkre-tuli gamokvleva” (M.: mTeli msoflio, 2005, aseve misamarTze:http://poli.vub.ac.be/).

robert legvoldi _ kolumbiis universitetis poli-tologiis profesori, romelic ruseTisa da yofili sabWoTakavSiris sxva respublikebis, amJamad ukve damoukidebelisaxelmwifoebis sagareo politikaSi, postsabWoTa saxelm-wifoebTan aSS-is damokidebulebasa da aziisa da evropissaerTaSoriso politikaze postsabWoTa regionis zemoq-medebaSi specializdeba. humanitaruli da zusti mecnierebebisamerikuli akademiis saerTaSsoriso usafrTxoebis prob-lemebis komitetis wevri da postsabWoTa sivrcis saerTaSorisousafrTxoebis proeqtis direqtori. 1986-1992 wlebSi kolum-biis universitetTan arsebuli harimanovskis institutisdireqtori. mis bolo publikaciebs Sorisaa _ Swords andSustenanse: The Economics of National Security in Belarus and Ukraine

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(maxvilebi da horolebi: belorusiisa da ukrainis erovnuliusafrTxoebis ekonomika, 2004), Thinking Strategically: The MajorPowers, Kazakhstan, and the Central Asian Nexus (strategiuliperspeqtivebi: wamyvani saxelmwifoebi, yazaxeTi da cent-raluraziuri kvanZi, 2003) da Belarus at the Crossroads (belorusiagzajvaredinze, 1999).

gia nodia _ mSvidobis, demokratiisa da ganviTarebiskavkasiis institutis Tavmjdomare, damoukidebeli samecnierodawesebuleba, Tbilisi, saqarTvelo da ilia WavWavaZis saxelobisenisa da kulturis universitetis politologiis profesori.saerTaSoriso stipendiebi: vudro vilsonis centri, vaSingtoni,kolumbiis federaluri olqi; kaliforniis universiteti,berkli; berlinis samecniero sazogadoeba; emil frankos kaTedrabelgiaSi. metwilad wers regionul usafrTxoebaze, kavkasiaSisaxelmwifo mSeneblobaze da demokratizaciaze, aseve nacio-nalizmsa da civi omis damTavrebis Semdeg demokratiazegadasvlis Sesaxeb. aris erT-erTi avtori wignisa Georgia Lurching toDemocracy. From Agnostic Tolerance to Pious Jacobinism: Societal Change andPeople’s Reaqtions (saqarTvelo demokratiisaken ixreba: agnos-tikuri Tmenidan iakobinelTa keTildReobisaken: sazogadoebrivicvlilebebi da xalxis reaqcia, 2000); aris mTeli rigi publi-kaciebis avtori JurnalSi Journal of Ddemocracy.

qristof ciurxeri _ berlinis Tavisufali universitetisoto zuras saxelobis politologiis institutis pedagogi damecnier-muSaki. berlinis Tavisufali universitetis aRmo-savleT-evropuli gamokvlevebis institutis kaTedris gamge.rogorc mecnieri, mSvidobisa da konfliqtebis sakiTxebisSeswavlaSi specializdeba.

ganaTleba miiRo bernSi, Sveicaria; swavlobda moskovSi,vilniusSi, xabarovsksa da lvovSi. erT-erTi redaqtori wignisPotentials of Disorder: Explaining Violense in the Caucasus and in the FormerYgoslavia (areulobis potenciali: riT SeiZleba aixsnas ZaladobakavkasiaSi da yofil iugoslaviaSi, 2003).

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damien eli _ parizis politikur mecnierebaTa institutSidaicva sadoqtoro disertacia politologiaSi. iyo krizisebisacilebis saerTaSoriso jgufis kavkasiuri proeqtis direq-tori. misi kvlevebis ZiriTad sferos warmoadgens: evropulisagareo politika, konfliqtebis Tavidan acileba da dare-gulireba, aseve ucxouri daxmareba. mis bolo publikaciebsSorisaa: L’Union europeenne, acteur international (evropuli kavSiri_ moTamaSe saerTaSoriso arenaze, 2005), aseve Georgia: What Now?(saqarTvelo: axla ra? 2003), Azerbaijan: Turning over a New Leaf?(azerbaijani: gverdis gadaSla, 2004), Moldova and Transdniestria:Democracy at Stake (moldaveTi da dnestrispireTi: kartzedadebuli demokratia. mzaddeba gamosacemad, 2005). bolo samiSesrulebulia krizisebis Tavidan acilebis saerTaSorisojgufisTvis.

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saZiebeli

abaSiZe, aslan, 72-75, 152, 170, 248-249, 253, 441, 457sq.15, 471-472,475sq.28

abiev, safar, 427,

adamia, vaJa, 163, 167

adamia, revaz, 175, 344

adams, teri, 423

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisevropis qartia, 482

“ademon nixas”, 121

adenauer, konrad, 455

adiRea, 143, 298, 338

adiReuri eTno-lingvisturijgufi, 69, 115, 279, 338

avRaneTi, 1, 233, 363, 399, 415, 416,508

azerbaijanis saerTaSorisooperaciuli korporacia, 336,422

azerbaijani, 3, 27, 29-30, 32-33, 35,40, 45, 45sq..26, 52, 58, 72, 77-78,112, 131, 138, 140sq.24, 147, 149,203, 213sq.2, 216, 218, 223, 229,259-260, 323, 328-329, 364-371,390-391, 393, 398, 403-410, 412-413, 415-420, 422, 424-427, 429-432, 434-435, 437-438, 440, 442,

445, 458 ix. agreTve kavkasiisregioni; kaspiis regioni;suuami; mTiani yarabaxi; dasamxreTi kavkasia

azerbaijanelebi saqarTveloSi,13, 31-32, 76-78, 82, 108, 131,150, 223, 408, 430, 458

aTaswleulis gamowvevisprograma, 391

aksam, 441

aleqsandre I, 9

aliev, ilham, 413

aliev, heidar, 216, 366, 410, 412,422

alioSin, boris, 443sq.32

al-qaida, 81, 242, 306, 416, 428

amierkavkasia ix. samxreTikavkasia

amierkavkasiis federacia, 408

amierkavkasiis samxedro olqi, 23,278, 280

amierkavkasiis rusuli jarebisjgufi, 165

antikorufciuli sakoordinaciosabWo, 181

515

antonenko, oqsana, 23-25, 51, 270,400, 477, 478, 488, 493-494, 497

aruTinovi, sergei, 268

anqvab, aleqsandr, 344, 348

arSba, valeri, 335

anCabaZe, iuri, 275

arZinba, vladislav, 294, 297, 307,341-343, 345-346, 348, 377, 493,

afrasiZeebis kriminaluri banda,198

afxazeTi da afxazebi, 3-4, 11, 16,19, 21-25, 28, 39, 40, 42, 51, 53,59, 61, 63-64, 68-73, 76-77, 80-82,85, 88, 107, 113-120, 122-134,137, 140, 142-151, 153, 164, 169,170-171, 176, 181, 209, 214-216,218, 220-221, 223, 227-228, 233,235, 241, 243, 247, 250-252, 255,264, 268-305, 307-308, 311-315,319-321, 325-326, 331, 333, 341,349, 352, 376, 379-380, 382, 416,477, 493-497, 500-501, 503-508

afxazeTis konstitucia, 127

afxazeTis erovnuli gvardia, 143

afxazeTis parlamenti, 126, 273

afxazeTis uzenaesi sabWo, 122,126

afxazi kazakebis sazogadoeba, 335

afxazuri batalioni, 146

aRorZineba, partia,

aSS specialuri daniSnulebisZalebi, 47, 81

axalqalaqis raioni, 77, 411, 432,458

axalqalaqis samxedro baza, 78,128, 176, 248, 252-254, 264, 287,400, 412, 431

axba, igor, 333

axmeTa, 80

aWara da aWarlebi, 4, 21, 53, 61, 68,71-76, 81, 86, 94, 107, 152, 170,176, 228, 248-249, 253, 324, 354,356, 359, 384, 413, 415, 417, 441,457, 457sq.15, 426, 463, 469, 471,472, 473, 473sq.27, 474-475, 481-483, 492, 498, 504

babaian, samvel, 429-430

baburin, sergei, 350

bagafS, sergei, 330, 343-348, 352

bagratovanTa dinastia, 9

baev, pavel, 15, 235

baTumis samxedro baza, 128, 176,248, 252-254, 264, 287, 400, 412

baTumi, 73-74, 249, 261, 403-404,407, 411, 472

saZiebeli

516

balkaneTis saxelmwifoebi, 63,225 359, 372sq.32, 416, 487

baltiis qveynebi, 7, 46, 59, 92, 112,114, 138, 148-149, 175, 203,215sq.19, 217, 227, 255, 405, 433,488, 506

basaev, Samil, 146, 280

baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanisnavTobsadeni, 34, 223, 258, 327,364-365, 367, 387, 412, 419, 421,423, 425, 427, 431-432, 490-491

baqo-Tbilisi-erzrumisnavTobsadeni, 369, 419-420, 440

baqo-sufsas navTobsadeni, 223,227, 365

beiker, jeims, 366

beisinjer, mark, 147

beJuaSvili, gela, 200

belorusia, 1, 2sq.1, 16, 39, 44,45sq.26, 46, 140sq.24, 165, 334

belkovski, stanislav, 336, 353

benduqiZe, kaxa, 262, 498

berezovski, boris, 297, 324

beslan (ruseTi), 268

beChofer, s.i., 403

biWvinTa, 284

blank, stiven, 233

bodenis dokumenti, 313-316, 320,378, 508

bodenis iniciativa, ix. bodenisdokumenti

boden, diter, 314-315, 378 ix.agreTve bodenis dokumenti

bolSevikuri revolucia, 161

borjomi, 367, 430-432, 508

bosnia-hercegovina, 131, 233, 269,378

bosforis srute, 327, 366, 421

bota, liviu, 378,

bp (britiS petroleumi), 259, 365-366 ix. agreTxve bp amoko

bp amoko, 423, 427

bJezinski, zbignev, 366,

brubeiker, rojers, 131

bukaev, genadi, 347

bulgareTi, 40, 365, 389, 508

bunebrivi gazi, ix. energetikisganviTareba da usafrTxoeba

burjanaZe, nino, 3,

saZiebeli

517

buS, jorj u., 35, 42, 236, 246, 259-260, 307, 392, 438, 499

gagra, 142, 279

gagulia, genadi, 317

“gaerTianebulienergosistemebi”, 232, 259,260

gaidar, egor, 211

gaerTianebuli qarTuli banki,262

gaerTianebuli samefo, 57, 195,224, 293, 308sq.55, 363, 365-366,375-376, 385, 388, 392, 403-404,454

gaerTianebuli erebi (gaero), 25,56, 220, 227, 238, 245-246, 273,286, 288-290, 293-296, 308, 310,313-314, 316-320, 341, 344-345,349, 351, 373-377, 380, 382-383,392, 394, 398

gaeros generaluri mdivnismegobarTa jgufi(saqarTvelo), 293, 313-314,318-319, 376, 379, 389

gaeros ganviTarebis programa,95, 396

gaeros generaluri mdivnismegobarTa jgufi(saqarTvelo), 293, 313-314,318-319, 376, 379, 389

gaeros konvencia ltolvilTastatusis Sesaxeb, 238

gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesikomisariati, 319

gaeros rezolucia 1255, 341

gaeros samoqalaqo policia, 379

gaeros samxedrodamkvirvebelTa misiasaqarTveloSi, 227, 282, 289-291, 303, 313, 319, 374-375, 377,379

gaeros uSiSroebis sabWosrezolucia 1378, 246

gazpromi, 232, 235, 259-260, 420,443sq.32

galis raioni, 127, 269, 291, 294-296, 316, 320-321, 343, 345, 377,379-380, 398, 436

gamsaxurdia, zviad, 16-17, 22, 29-30, 63-64, 78, 85-86, 88, 93, 109,112-113, 119, 121-130, 136-137,139-142, 143, 150, 153, 162-163,165-168, 170-171, 213-216, 222,271, 286, 405, 448, 451, 461, 463,466-468, 474-475, 479, 486-488,502-503

gaxokiZe, jemal, 175

gegeWkori, evgeni, 403, 405

gelaevis operacia, 303, 387, 416,496, 502

saZiebeli

518

gelaevi, ruslan, 303, 416

gelaTis taZari, 105

generaluri Stabi (Tavdacvissaministro), 176

germania, 105, 254, 262, 293, 363,375-376, 388, 392, 404, 455

giorgaZe igor, 171-172, 428

gogia, giorgi, 34, 38, 40-42, 51,356, 476, 489, 492, 496-497, 499-500

gogoxia, ruzgen, 151

gorbaCov, mixail, 110, 125, 209-210, 412, 433, 485

goregliad, valeri, 353

graCov, pavel, 218, 278-280, 284-285, 287-288

gref, german, 261

gudauTis samxedro baza, 128, 252,281, 287, 311-312

gudauTa, 142, 252

gudkov, genadi, 310sq.60

gumbariZe, givi, 119, 163

gumris samxedro baza (somxeTi),411

guria, 84

gustov, aleqsandre, 329

dagomisis SeTanxmeba, 383sq.56

dagomisis samiti, 278sq.9

damoukidebel saxelmwifoTaTanamegobrobis (dsT)xelSekruleba koleqtiuriusafrTxoebis Sesaxeb, 175,296, 434

damoukidebel saxelmwifoTaTanamegobroba (dsT), 25, 125,128, 137, 175, 221, 225-227, 232,235, 260, 265-266, 274, 286-293,295-300, 308-313, 316-317, 322,325-327, 334, 340, 350, 372, 374-375, 398, 434-436, 439, 489sq.43,490, 493, 497

damoukidebel saxelmwifoTaTanamegobrobis (dsT)samSvidobo Zalebi, 24, 252,269, 273-274, 289-292, 294-296,300, 303, 308-310, 312-313, 318,322, 374

darCiaSvili, daviT, 5, 14-17, 19,36-38, 51, 155, 467, 471, 477, 480,485, 490-491, 496-497, 499

daRestani, 219, 237, 301, 323, 383

de vaal, Tomas, 10, 29-30, 51, 372,403, 467, 491, 496

devdariani, jaba, 10, 20-22, 25-27,51, 203, 283sq.24, 485-487, 494-497, 499, 501

saZiebeli

519

demireli, suleiman, 366

derJava, 210, 212, 217-218, 220,234, 487

de huup sxefer, iap, 255

didi britaneTi, ix.gaerTianebuli samefo

didi axlo aRmosavleTi, 363, 436,496

dnestrispireTi, 334, 434

dubin, boris, 210

dudaev, johar, 292

ebel, robert, 426

evraziis ekonomikuriTanamSromlobis organizacia,263

evrazholdingi, 262

evropa-kavkasia-aziissatransporto koridori(TRACECA), 369

evropaSi navTobisa da gazistransportirebissamTavroboTaSorisoprograma (INOGATE), 369

evropaSi CveulebriviSeiaraRebis SesaxebxelSekruleba, 140sq.24, 255,296, 489

evropis parlamenti, 362, 393

evropis sabWo, 106, 175, 227, 230,438, 442 ix. agreTve evropissabWos saparlamentoasamblea

evropis sabWos saparlamentoasamblea, 31, 483sq.39

evropis samezoblo politika, 93,267, 359, 360, 393-394, 502

evropis uSiSroebisa daTanamSromlobis konferencia(euTk), 217, 286, 382 ix.agreTve evropis uSiSroebisada TanamSromlobisorganizacia (euTo)

evropis uSiSroebisa daTanamSromlobis organizacia(euTo), 25, 30-31, 41, 176, 192,221, 225, 227-228, 242, 244, 246,252, 254-255, 293, 295-296, 310-311, 313, 341, 372, 375, 380-384,399, 402, 438, 442, 462, 480sq.32,484, 500 ix. agreTve evropisuSiSroebisa daTanamSromlobis konferencia

evropuli kavSiri, 1, 27, 33, 40-42,43, 46, 48, 58, 70, 89, 93, 104,106, 147, 189, 192, 195, 197, 235,246, 255, 263, 267-269, 356-359,360-362, 365-366, 368-369, 372,382, 384-385, 389, 392-394, 398-399, 401, 405, 438, 440, 459-460,490-491, 498-499, 501, 503-504,506

saZiebeli

520

evropuli komisia, 362, 368-369,383, 392-393, 499sq.48

eTnikuri identuroba dakonfliqti, 13-14, 50, 54, 56,59, 61-64, 66, 68, 73, 76-78, 81-83, 87, 92, 107-108, 126, 131, 157,160, 172, 187, 197, 219, 227, 238,271, 301, 345, 402 ix. agreTveafxazebi da afxazeTi; osebi;samxreTi oseTi

eTno-federalizmi,ix.federalizmi

elCibei, abulfaz, 391

enaTa qarTveluri ojaxi, 115

engutis hidroeleqtrosadguri,317, 321, 327, 380

energetikis ganviTareba dapolitika, 32, 34, 41, 51, 148,150, 200, 204, 222, 224, 232, 235,248, 258-261, 317, 323, 327, 338,344, 360, 361, 364-371, 390, 392,401, 406, 414, 418-421, 423-427,429, 443, 484, 489-490, 501-502,504 ix. agreTve azerbaijani;baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanisnavTobsadeni; kaspiis zRvisregioni; ruseTi

erayi, 1, 225, 227, 255, 363, 387-388,399, 421, 437

ergneTis bazroba, 152, 396, 476,

erekle II, 9

erovnul-demokratiuli partia,115, 123

erovnuli demokratiuliinstituti, 390

erovnuli damoukideblobispartia, 123

erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWo(saqarTvelo), 188, 191, 198

esoian, ararat, 432

espaneTi, 58

estoneTi, 62, 389

euTo, ix. evropis uSiSroebisa daTanamSromlobis organizacia

euTos minskis jgufi, 31, 227, 426

eqson mobili, 365

eqton, lord edvard dalberg,61sq.6

eweri, 198

exo moskvi, 247

vazianis samxedro baza, 128, 252,287

vardebis revolucia, 8, 74, 86, 93,109, 161, 247, 389-390, 402, 441,474, 482, 498-499, 502-503,507sq.49

varSalomiZe, levan, 76

saZiebeli

521

veneciis komisia, 481

virq, 78

vneStorgbank, 262

volgodonsk, 301

voronin, vladimer, 266

vo, toni, 415

zaitsev, anatoli, 312

zaqaTalas raiioni, 412

zaqareiSvili, paata, 284

zatulin, konstantin, 337

zverev, aleqsei, 280-281

zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi(saqarTvelo), 174

zugdidi, 320, 379

zurabiSvili, salome, 256, 498,

TabaRua, batal, 348sq.117

Tavdacvis resursebis marTviscentri, 176

Tavdacvis saministro(saqarTvelo), 166, 168-169,171, 174, 176, 179-180, 181-182,184-186, 190-191, 195-196

Tavdacvis saministro (ruseTi),278, 281, 288, 312, 323

Tavdacvis, erovnuliuSiSroebisa damarTlwesrigis komisia, 167

TaTrebi, 403

TaTarstani, 298

TanamemamuleTa sabWo, 298

Tbilisis saartileriosaswavlebeli, 165

Tbilisi, 112-113, 115, 140, 208

TevzaZe, daviT, 175, 181-182, 189

TurqeTi, 25, 31-34, 38, 40, 46, 51,58, 72, 75, 78-79, 146-147, 175,204, 213, 223, 226, 228-229, 253,259, 327, 338, 362sq.10, 364-366,369-370, 372, 388, 390, 399, 403-405, 407, 419-421, 425, 427, 430,433, 436-442, 446, 461, 471 ix.agreTve otomanTa imperia

TurqmeneTi, 44, 416 ix. agreTvecentraluri azia

TeTri arwivi, 163, 165

TeTri legioni, 151, 294

iakobiZe, daviT, 11sq.4

iaponia, 47, 49, 336

iakovenko, aleqsandr, 351sq.119

iazkova, ala, 353

saZiebeli

522

ieRovas mowmeebi, 102

ivanov, igor, 75, 226, 248-249, 441

ivanov, sergei, 239, 254-255, 311,494

“imedi”, 163, 165

imereTis regioni, 84, 472

indoeTi, 46

inguSeTi, 219, 383

inozemcev, vladislav, 337sq.101

ioseliani, jaba, 125, 129, 138, 140,145, 162-163, 169-170, 172-173,222

irani, 1, 31-34, 38, 40, 46, 52, 120,147, 225, 260sq.101, 327, 364-365, 370, 372, 399, 405, 410, 416,420-424, 426, 436-438, 440, 442,446, 462, 491

iricin, nairi, 432

iskanderov, fuad, 427

israeli, 27, 33, 437

ister, jerald, 135

“itera”, 232, 235, 260

iukos, 251

iunusov, arif, 32

kavkasiis mTis xalxTakonfederacia, 143, 279

kavkasiis regioni, 1-2, 8-10, 22, 25,27-35, 38-40, 45-46, 48-51, 63, 74,110, 135, 143-144, 146-148, 203,212-213, 216, 218-220, 224, 226-227, 232, 233, 246, 249, 265, 275,277, 287, 299, 306, 336-337, 355,359, 365, 368-371, 389, 399, 400-405, 407-409, 411, 413, 418, 422,428-429, 441-443, 446, 458, 460-461, 472, 486, 499 ix. agreTveCrdilo kavkasia; samxreTikavkasia

kavkasiis qedi, 146, 407

kavkasiis xalxTa konfederacia,143sq.28, 279

kazakebi, 219-220, 335, 338

kaTolikeebi saqarTveloSi, 102

kamrani (vietnami), 233

kanoni aWaris avtonomiurirespublikis statusisSesaxeb, 481

karaganov, sergei, 250

kaspiis zRvis regioni, 32, 34,362sq.8, 364, 416, 484,

ix. agreTve kaspiis regioni;energetikis ganviTareba dausafrTxoeba; azerbaijani;irani; yazaxeTi; TurqmeneTi

kaspiis navTobsadeni, 34

saZiebeli

523

kastels, manuel, 207, 214

kaxeTi, 84, 471sq.26

kenWaZe, giorgi, 198

kvaSnin, anatoli, 239

kitovani, Tengiz, 124-125, 129,138-139, 142, 167, 169-170, 222,278

koalicia mrgvali magida/Tavisufali saqarTvelo, 136,164

kodoris xeoba, 243, 290-291, 303,308, 311, 314, 320, 374-375, 387,416, 496

kozirev, andrei, 217, 225, 278

kokoiti, eduard, 43, 152, 384

kolesnikov, vladimer, 345, 347,348sq.116

koleqtiuri TviTSegneba, 206,210

kolier, pol, 144

komunisturi partia (afxazeTi),116, 118, 133

komunisturi partia(saqarTvelo), 91, 99, 119, 120,121, 157

komunisturi partia (moldova),266

komunisturi partia (ruseTi),213, 334

komunisturi partia (samxreTioseTi), 133

komunisturi partia (sanWoTakavSiri), 66-67, 118, 130, 464,485-486

konkordati, 104

kontrolis palata, 180

kopitersi, bruno, 28, 52, 445

kornel, svante, 416

korufcia, 4, 15-18, 41-42, 89-91,94-95, 108, 157-159, 161, 180-183, 187, 193, 201-202, 263, 342,344, 356, 388, 390-391, 394-395,402, 406, 415-417, 447-448, 458,474, 491, 496, 500, 508

kosaCev, konstantin, 333

kosovo, 226-227, 233, 378, 388, 492

kostava, merab, 119

krasnodaris mxare, 298, 316, 335,338, 346, 350

“kubiki”,195

kurilis kunZulebi, 336

lavrov, sergei, 256

lakoba, stanislav, 281, 285

saZiebeli

524

latvia, 62, 389

lebed, aleqsandr, 280

legvold, robert, 449, 487, 490,500, 506

lekebis eTnikuri jgufi, 407

liberalur-demokratiulipartia, 249, 332

liklikaZe, koba, 239

“linqsi”, 381

linC, dov, 28, 322

lixni, 118

lixnis deklaracia, 118

lores regioni, 411

loSCinin, valeri, 312, 325

ltolvilebi, 79, 224, 234, 238-239,244, 270sq.1, 286, 291, 300-301,317, 319, 321-322, 375 ix.agtreTve Sidagadaadgilebuli pirebi

“lukoili”, 367

lurdesi (kuba), 233

luJkov, iuri, 298, 323, 338

mails, riCard, 65sq.10, 391

malaSenko, aleqsei, 232sq.49, 250,353

man, stiven, 259-260, 390

manukian, andranik, 329

mareska, jon, 426

marTlmadidebeli eklesia, 14, 62,76, 102, 103sq.56, 104-105, 109,115, 120, 156-157, 193

markov, sergei, 353

maSvelTa korpusi, 165, 168

mahmadianebi saqarTveloSi, 72,76, 79, 102

mdinare araqsi, 425

mdinare gumista, 143, 471sq.26

mdinare enguri, 294, 317, 320, 374

mdinare fsou, 292, 297, 322

megobrobis, TanamSromlobisa daurTierTdaxmarebisSeTanxmeba (ruseTi dasomxeTi), 411

megrelebi, 85-86, 116

meliqaZe, niko, 11sq.4

merab kostavas sazogadoeba, 142,163, 167

merabiSvili, vano, 199

saZiebeli

525

meri, vuein, 421

mesxeTeli Turqebi, 235sq.54

mecxramete partiulikonferencia (sabWoTakavSiri), 118

mTiani yarabaxi, 3, 28, 30, 32-33,50-51, 71, 77, 118-119, 218, 227,288, 408-410, 417, 426-427, 429-430, 434, 442, 446

migdal, joel, 87sq.36

miloSeviC, slobodan, 59, 391

mkalaviSvili, basil, 157, 159

moldova, 1, 27, 46, 52, 140sq.24,229, 254-255, 266, 433, 434

monet, jan, 455

morninstar, riCard, 421

moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanoni(ruseTi), 316

msoflio banki, 217

msoflio savaWro organizacia,263

mujahedebi saqarTveloSi, 416

mwvane alternativa, 425

mxareebi, 84

mxedrioni, dajgufeba, 16, 88, 124-125, 129, 138-142, 145, 162-163,165, 168-169, 172, 222

nadibaidze, vardiko, 129, 173, 175,222

navTobi, ix. energetikisganviTareba da politika

nazarbaevi, nursultan, 410

narinji feris revolucia, 43-44,352

nacionalizmi, 14, 15, 18, 54, 62-65,67-68, 77-79, 85, 99-102, 104,108-109, 112, 115, 120-121, 124,130-131, 134, 135-136, 138-139,142-144, 146-147, 150, 157-159,163-165, 168, 204, 208, 213, 219,249, 268, 271-272, 306, 332, 337,345, 350, 358, 400, 402, 430, 464-468, 478-480, 483, 487, 497-498

nacionaluri moZraoba, 105

nacionaluri moZraoba –demokratebi, 200

nato, ix. Crdilo antantikisxelSekrulebis organizacia

nato, individualuripartnioribis samoqmedogegma, 197, 199, 359, 389, 394

nato, programa partniorobamSvidobisaTvis, 47, 187, 226,236, 267, 388

saZiebeli

526

nato, specialuriwarmomadgeneli kavkasiasa dacentralur aziaSi, 389, 499

naxCevani, 425

ndobis jgufi (saqarTvelosparlamenti), 174, 180

nikitini, aleqsandre, 310

nikolaiSvili, levan, 199

ninowmindis raioni, 77

nodia, gia, 12-14, 22, 50, 53,209sq.8, 214, 283, 461-462, 464,466 471, 480, 482, 496, 499

novorosiiski, 328, 421

nures, nurver, 438

ozal, turgut, 438

ozkan, Tunjai, 441

ozkok, hilmi, 440

osuri eTnikuri jgufi, 68-69, 71-72, 76 81-82, 120-121, 130-131,133, 141-142, 145-146, 150, 152,209, 397-398, 407-408, 465-466,470, 476 507 ix. agreTveCrdilo oseTi; samxreTioseTi

osmaleTis imperia, 9, 31, 92, 147,207, 436 ix. agreTve TurqeTi

oCamCira, 374sq.34

pakistani, 46

palmerston, lord, 57

pankisis xeoba, 54, 79-81, 88, 176-177, 237-247, 250, 255, 301, 303,306, 308, 311, 387, 416, 428-429,436, 458, 496, 502-503

patiaSvili, jumber, 119

patronaJis qselebi, 84, 90-91, 98,114, 135-136, 181, 183, 276

pauel, qolin, 236

pena, federiko, 421

perestroika, 110

poloneTi, 59, 389

politbiuro (sabWoTa kavSiri),409

policiisa da sazogadoebriviusafrTxoebis saministro(saqarTvelo), 196

portugalia, 58

primakov, evgeni, 225, 280sq.15,284, 294-295, 342, 492, 493

prizemlin, vasili, 244

putin, vladimer, 24, 26-27, 39, 47-48, 230-233, 240, 243, 245-246,249, 251, 254, 258, 263, 268, 273,301-307, 313, 316, 318, 321, 323,325-327, 332, 334, 338, 340, 343-

saZiebeli

527

344, 347, 350, 352, 380, 413, 435,484, 492-494

pfaf, uiliam, 106sq.60

Jvania, zurab, 3, 98, 222, 414

Jirinovski, vladimer, 249, 332,334, 336, 345

raionistebi, 473

ramsfeld, donald, 106

regionalistebi, 473

remler, filif, 80

riCardson, bil, 421

roberts, jon, 423, 427, 429

rogozin, dmitri, 332, 337

rodina, partia (ruseTi), 249, 332,334

rokis uReltexili, 152, 383

rostovis olqi (ruseTi), 298, 323

rubin, jefri, 205

rumineTi, 40, 365, 389

ruseTi, 1-5, 7-9, 11, 14, 19-28, 30-32, 34-36, 39-43, 45-49, 51, 54-56,60, 68, 70, 74-75, 78-82, 84, 91-92, 97, 100, 106-107, 116, 120,125-128, 139, 141-144, 147-148,150, 152-153, 161, 166, 168, 171-

173, 175, 177, 187, 189, 191-193,200, 203-355, 357, 360, 363-367,370-380, 382-384, 388-390, 392,397-401, 404-405, 407-413, 417,419-425, 428-432, 434-436, 439-444, 446-448, 450, 461-462, 468-471, 474-478, 480-481, 484-498,500-506, 508 ix. agreTvedamoukidebel saxelmwifoTaTanamegobroba; sabWoTakavSiri

ruseTis duma, 249, 255, 287-289,298-301, 307, 311, 313, 323, 329,332-334, 343, 345, 350

ruseTis saxalxo partia, ix.narodnaia partia

rusTavelis sazogadoeba, 115

rusuli Temebis kongresi, 298

saakaSvili, mixeil, 3, 5-6, 10, 21,25-26, 30-31, 37, 45, 70-71, 75,83, 86, 94, 96, 98, 103-106, 108,151-153, 158, 195-197, 203, 248-251, 253, 258, 261-262, 264-266,270sq.1, 271, 320, 324-326, 329-330, 332, 340, 353-354, 356, 358,384-385, 385sq.61, 388sq.69, 389,391, 394, 402, 406, 413, 417, 420,430, 442, 449, 451, 461, 463, 474-479, 480sq.32, 481-482, 498, 500

saarCevno sistemebissaerTaSoriso fondi, 390-391

saberZneTi, 33, 262, 365, 369, 392,437

saZiebeli

528

sabWoTa konstitucia, 67

sabWoTa SeiaraRebuli Zalebi(armia), 118, 121, 123-124, 139,162, 165, 168, 208-209, 216

sabWoTa Sinagan saqmeTasaministro, 124, 209, 409

sabWoTa kavSiri, 1, 7, 16, 28, 38,43-44, 46-48, 54, 59, 61-62, 65,67-68, 110, 112, 114, 117, 121-122, 124-126, 132-133, 135, 147-149, 165, 203, 205-206, 210-212,216-218, 224, 251, 254, 266, 270,272, 275, 277-278, 328, 340, 357,370, 407, 409, 413, 415, 422, 425,433, 435-437, 445, 464, 481, 484-487, 499, 501-502, 504 ix.agreTve ruseTi

sagangebo mdgomageobissaxelmwifo komiteti, 166

sagareo saqmeTa saministro(saqarTvelo), 189, 236, 278

sagareo saqmeTa saministro(ruseTi), 35, 252, 254, 278, 297,299, 311-313, 315, 326, 351

saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba, 89

saerTaSoriso krizisis jgufi,475

saerTaSoriso respublikuriinstituti, 390

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi,217

saerTaSoriso safinansokorporacia, 367

saerTaSoriso wiTeli jvari, 382

sazRvris dacvis departamenti,196

sakoordinacio sabWi(saqarTvelo-afxazeTi), 293,219, 319sq.71, 375, 378, 382

samarTliani arCevnebisa dademokratiis saerTaSorisosazogadoeba, 391

samegrelo, 70, 84-86, 88, 94, 285,396, 417

samcxe-javaxeTi, 77, 458

samuSia, zurab, 151

samxedro sazRvaoTanamSromlobis Savi zRvisjgufi, 313, 440

samxreTi kavkasia, 8, 23, 25, 28-29,36, 41, 74, 93, 135, 147, 203-204,218, 221, 223-225, 227-228, 233,242, 267, 278, 296, 299, 305, 307,316, 330, 356-357, 359, 362-363,366, 369-373, 378, 385-386, 388,390, 393, 398-401, 404, 405-408,410, 412-419, 427, 430, 436-437,439, 442, 444-447, 459, 484, 489,491-492, 494, 496, 499, 502 ix.agreTve kavkasiis regioni

samxreTi oseTi, 3-4, 11, 19, 22, 25,28, 31, 39-42, 51, 53, 61, 63-64,

saZiebeli

529

68, 70-73, 77, 81-82, 107, 112-114, 119-126, 129-130, 132-134,136, 141, 142, 149, 151-153, 160,164, 214, 220-221, 223, 228, 233,235, 243, 247, 250-251, 255, 264-265, 267-268, 270, 287-289, 300,302, 305, 323, 329, 333-335, 339,354, 356, 359, 370, 373, 382-385,396-398, 410, 417, 434, 446, 448,457-459, 462-465, 467-470, 472-473, 475-477, 480-481, 483, 491,498, 500-501, 503-505, 508

sanqciebi, 285, 293, 298, 322, 324-327, 351, 421, 493

sariSvili, irina, 65sq.10

sasazRvro dacva (saqarTvelo),168, 174, 185, 189, 193, 386, 416

safrangeTi, 61sq.6, 293, 363, 365,375-376, 385, 392, 455, 498

saqarTvelo da msoflio:momavlis xedva da strategia,5, 189

“saqarTvelos axal megobarTa”jgufi, 389

saqarTvelos demokratiulirespublika (1918-1921), 208

saqarTvelos erovnuli gvardia,16, 88, 122, 124-125, 127, 129-130, 137-143, 145, 164-170, 173-174, 183, 196, 222, 275, 278, 485

saqarTvelos erovnuliuSiSroebis koncefcia, 11

saqarTvelos konstitucia, 36,72, 75, 85, 101, 128, 174, 178-179,457, 472

saqarTvelos minisa damineraluri wylebis kompania,431

saqarTvelos moqalaqeTakavSiri, 98, 222, 241,

saqarTvelos parlamenti, 36, 65,74, 83, 105, 122, 123-124, 128,136, 178-179, 183-185, 198, 220,228, 231, 245, 256-257, 308, 471-472, 481-482

saqarTvelos parlamentisTavdacvisa da uSiSroebiskomiteti, 175, 179

saqarTvelos samxedro-sazRvaofloti, 174

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuliZalebi, 16, 17, 37-38, 71, 88,112, 119, 128, 138, 140, 144, 153,161, 164, 166-179, 183-184, 189-190, 194-195, 198-199, 201, 239,243-245, 264, 278, 282, 283, 285,287, 306-307, 387-388, 447, 488,490, 496

saqarTvelos wvrTnisa daaRWurvis programa, 81, 176,242, 244, 306, 387, 494, 496

saqarTveloSi gaerosgeneraluri mdivnisspecialuri warmomadgeneli,293, 314, 321-322

saZiebeli

530

saxalxo partia, 432

saxalxo frontis partia, 163, 432

saxelmwifo uSiSroebiskomiteti, 119

saxelmwifo dacvis specialurisamsaxuri, 174, 185

saxelmwifo sabWo (saqarTvelo),125, 168

saxelmwifo dumis dsT-is saqmeTada sazRvargareT mcxovrebTanamemamuleebTankavSirebis komiteti (ruseTi),287, 298-299

saxokia, naTela, 11sq.4

seljukebi, 9

separatizmi, 3, 5, 7, 10, 19, 22, 50,71-73, 77, 83, 86, 94, 108, 112-115, 130-134, 146, 149-150, 153,164, 187, 221, 232, 235, 250, 255,265-266, 268, 272, 275, 277-278,292, 301, 304, 307, 326, 334, 363,373, 386, 397, 400, 402, 410, 434,446-447, 455-456, 459-460, 464,469, 471, 473, 492, 494, 498, 505ix. agreTve afxazeTi; aWara;samxreTi oseTi

serbeTi, 59, 391

sestanoviC, stiv, 421

secesia, ix. separatizmi

svanebi, regionuli identuroba,85

svaneTi, 198

sigua, Tengiz, 124-125, 129

siloviki ruseTSi, 340, 347, 350-351

simons, robert, 389

siria, 233, 437, 440

sitnin, aleqsei, 350sq.118

skoukroft, brent, 366

smirnov, l.n., 298

solana, havier, 268

somxebi saqarTveloSi, 33, 76-77,79, 82, 126, 131, 132sq.14, 149,271-272, 408, 411-412, 417, 429-432, 438, 458

somxeTi, 3, 29, 32-33, 35-36, 77-78,112, 131, 132sq.14, 140sq.24,148-149, 259, 329, 380, 398, 404,406-407, 409, 411-412, 417, 420-421, 427, 429-430, 432, 437-438,440, 442-443, 445, 508

somxuri gregorianuli eklesia,102

soros, jorj, 95, 391, 396

soWi (ruseTi), 316-319, 321-322,325-326, 330-331, 344, 347, 380,498

saZiebeli

531

soWis Sexvedrebi daSeTanxmebebi, 284, 285, 301,317-322, 325, 344, 380

soxumi, 22, 116, 118, 127-128, 143-144, 221, 279, 284-285, 287, 289,291, 293-294, 302, 314, 316, 321-322, 326-327, 330, 332, 338, 344-346, 351, 353, 373, 378, 380, 459,505

sparseTis imperia, 9, 31, 92, 147,364, 436

ix. agreTve irani

“statoil”, 259

stefanakerti, 410

strategiuli kvlevis centri, 11,18

suamis aliansi, 27, 52, 229, 434-436, 439, 496

sununu, jon, 366

swrafi reagirebis korpusi, 168

talvitie, heiki, 385

taliavini, haidi, 320

taSkentis xelSekruleba,140sq.24

tajikeTi, 45sq.26 ix. agreTvecentraluri azia

telbot, stroub, 422

tkaCev, aleqsandr, 338, 346-347,350

transnacionaluri danaSaulisada korufciis kvlevis centri(TraCCC), 415

trapizoni, 407

tyis Zmebi, 151, 294

uzbekeTi, 27, 44, 48, 52sq.28, 434-435, ix. agreTve centraluriazia

ukraina, 1, 16, 21, 27, 39, 43, 45-46,48, 52, 56, 140sq.24, 165, 229,267, 295, 349, 352-353, 434 ix.agreTve suuami-s aliansi

urTierTobebi centri-periferia, 450-455, 459-461,463-464, 477-478, 482, 484-485,498, 500-501, 503-504, 507-508

usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSimrCevelTa saerTaSorisosabWo (ISAB), 175, 187-191, 193

uSiSroebis saministro(saqarTvelo), 81, 172, 193, 196,222, 241, 244

uSiSroebis saministrosspecialuri brigada, 172, 174,193

facacia, oTar, 287

federalizmi, 54, 66-68, 81, 83-84,113-114, 131-132, 134, 150, 238,

saZiebeli

532

294, 302, 351, 450-451, 455, 457,460, 464, 466, 469, 472, 479-481,485, 486, 507-508

felgenhauer, pavel, 246

feodorov, valentin, 335

foTi, 261, 411, 421

qarTvel SevardenTa legioni, 163

qerimli, ali, 432

qvemo qarTli, 76-78, 81, 458

qistebis eTnikuri jgufi, 79, 244,301, 458

qoen, ariel, 249

quTaisi, 105

Rlonti, giorgi, 414

yabardo-balyareTi, 298

yabardoelTa eTnikuri jgufi, 69

yazaxeTi, 16, 46, 48, 140sq.24, 306,365, ix. agreTve kaspiis zRvisregioni; centraluri azia

yaraCai-CerqezeTi, 143

yarsi, 72, 407

yarsis xelSekruleba, 72

yaryaraSvili, giorgi (gia), 129,163, 169

yirgizeTi, 44-46ix. agreTve centraluri azia

Savi zRvis ekonomikuriTanamSromlobis organizacia,372, 438-439

Samba, sergei, 309sq.58, 320

SaraZe, guram, 100sq.53

Sartava, Jiuli, 284

Safer, brenda, 35

“Sah-denizis” gazis sabado(azerbaijani), 259, 390

SeerTebuli Statebi, 5, 11, 17, 19-20, 25-28, 30, 33-36, 39, 41-44,46-49, 51, 78, 80-81, 92, 147, 152,175-177, 188, 192, 195, 223, 225-229, 231, 233, 236, 240-247, 251,254-255, 257-258, 260, 262, 267,293, 296, 305-307, 311, 333, 336,356-358, 360-361, 363-368, 370,375-376, 378, 380, 386-388, 390-392, 395, 399, 400-401, 405, 409,414, 420-421, 423, 426, 429, 435-437, 441, 443-444, 447, 484, 492-494, 496-497, 499, 501, 504, 506ix. agreTve wvrTnisa daaRWurvis programa

SevardnaZe, eduard, 3, 5, 16-17,19, 30, 42, 64-65, 73-75, 83-86,88-90, 93-95, 98, 103-104, 109,113, 125-129, 137-138, 140-142,145, 151-153, 157-159, 168-178,180-181, 183, 185-186, 189, 192-195, 197, 215-216, 221-223, 228-

saZiebeli

533

230, 234-237, 239-241, 243, 247-248, 250-251, 256, 258-260, 264,266-267, 271, 276-278, 285-286,292-294, 296-297, 308, 316, 318,321, 325, 357, 366, 377, 380, 389-392, 394-395, 402, 405, 409-410,412-413, 416, 420, 422, 424, 428,437, 441, 447-449, 451, 457, 461,463, 468-470, 472-476, 478-479,483, 487-493, 497, 502-503ix. agreTve saqarTvelosmoqalaqeTa kavSiri

SeTanxmeba cecxlis Sewyvetisada mxareTa daSoriSorebisSesaxeb, 374

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis statusisSesaxeb SeTanxmeba, 307

Seli, luiz, 415

SenarCunebisa da stabilurobisprograma, 388

Sengelia, daviT, 151

Sereuli sakontrolo komisia,382-383

Sereuli samSvidobo Zalebi, 382

Siraqis veli, 365

Sida gadaadgilebuli pirebi,270sq.1, 284, 286, 291-293, 295-296, 298, 309, 316-319, 321-322,325, 329, 343-344 ix. agreTveltolvilebi

Sinagan saqmeTa saministro(saqarTvelo), 124, 140, 142,160, 164, 166-168, 174, 179, 193,196, 241, 303, 387, 409

Smit, iurgen, 242

Soigu, sergei, 284, 346

SuSa, 438

Carkviani, gela, 424

Ceini, riCard, 366

Cekalin, aleqsandre, 347, 350

Cernomorenergo, 344

CerqezTa eTnikuri jgufi, 69, 279

CeCneTi da CeCneTiskonfliqtebi, 3, 8, 19, 21, 24,31, 39, 41, 79-80, 138, 143, 149,212, 219, 221, 223-224, 226-227,232, 234, 237-238, 240-244, 246,255, 277-278, 286, 292, 297, 299,301-304, 306, 311, 357, 383-384,446, 448, 484, 488, 491-495, 497,502

CeCnur-daRestnuri jgufi, 115

Ciler, tansu, 439

Cilingarov, artur, 345

CineTi, 34, 46

saZiebeli

534

Crdilo atlantikisxelSekrulebis organizacia

(nato), 17, 25, 41-43, 47, 56, 70,104, 175, 184, 187, 189-191, 195-197, 199, 204, 224-229, 236, 253,255, 258, 267, 296, 300, 310, 313,336, 359, 372, 378, 388-389, 394,399-400, 412, 434-435, 437-438,440, 459-460, 490, 492, 497, 499,506

Crdilo kavkkasia (ruseTi), 8, 23,30, 68, 69, 115, 127, 143-144, 146,207, 213, 219-221, 223, 276-280,282, 285, 288, 298, 304, 311, 316,331, 338, 340, 345, 349, 351, 354,461, 465, 468, 470, 506ix. agreTve CeCneTi;daRestani; inguSeTi; daCrdilo oseTi

Crdilo oseTi, 69, 120, 141-142,146, 219, 298, 465, 481

Cubais, anatoli, 260

CxaiZe, akaki, 198

CxeiZe, valeri, 189

CxikviSvili, vladimer, 310sq.59

centraluri azia, 1, 34, 39, 44, 46-48, 135, 306, 369, 389,ix. agreTve yazaxeTi;yirgizeTi; tajikeTi;TurqmeneTi; da uzbekeTi

ciurxer, qristof, 22-23, 51, 110,467-468, 485

cxinvali, 120-121

Wanturia, giorgi, 115, 119

xaburZania, valeri, 245

xakamada, irina, 353

xelSekruleba megobrobis,keTilmezobluriurTierTobebisa daTanamSromlobis Sexaseb(ruseTi-saqarTvelo), 287, 289

xarazi, kamal, 442

xaSba, nodar, 284sq.28, 346, 348

xaCiSvili, Temur, 129, 141

xajimba, raul, 343-349, 350

xruSCov, nikita, 162, 208-209

jabauri, ramaz, 431

javaxeTi, 78, 81, 411, 430, 432, 458

javaxk, 78

janjRava, nikoloz, 182

jafariZe, Tedo, 26, 253, 431, 439

jergenia, anri, 315sq.65

jefi, ami, 364sq.13

jeqson, brius, 372sq.33

hantington, semuel, 178

saZiebeli

535

heli, damien, 34, 38, 40-42, 51, 476,489, 492, 496-497, 499-500

hefler, anke, 144

hovard, glen, 224

“holandiuri avadmyofobis”sindromi, 418

Accion Contra el Hambre, 382

AES, 192,sq.39, 259

AES-Telasi, 192,sq.39

“ENI”, 365

Halo Trust, 382

Medecins Sans Frontieres, 382

“TotalFinaElf”, 365

saZiebeli

536

humanitaruli da zusti mecnierebebis amerikuli akademia

1780 wels daarsebuli humanitaruli da zusti mecnierebebisamerikuli akademia, romelSic msoflios wamyvani mecnierebi,xelovnebis moRvaweebi, biznesmenebi da politikuri liderebiSedian, saerTaSoriso samecniero sazogadoebaa. amJamad akademiis4000 wevri aSS-danaa, 600 sapatio wevri ki ucxoeTidan. mas aqvs oTxiZiriTadi mizani:

• kritikulad mniSvnelovani socialuri da inteleqtualuriproblemebis analizis saSualebiT kvlevebis Catareba dapraqtikuli politikis alternativis moZieba;

• sazogadoebrivi aqtivobis waxaliseba da ideebis gacvla,Sexvedrebis, konferenciebis, simpoziumebis Catareba, raTamoxdes sxvadasxva perspeqtivis ganxilva, im problemebisSeswavlisas, romelic sayovelTao interess iwvevs;

• mecnierebisa da moazrovneebis axali Taobis momzadeba swav-lulebis mowvevis programis CarCoebSi;

• akademiis wevrebad im pirebis arCeva, romlebmac did warmatebebsmiaRwies sxvadasxva samecniero disciplinebSi.

akademiis Stabbina mdebareobs masaCusetsis StatSi, q. kembrijSi.geografiuli mravalferovnebis wyalobiT akademiam gaxsnaregionuli centrebi Cikagos universitetsa da kaliforniisuniversitetis filialSi, irvainSi. akademia aqtiurad moRvaweobssazrvargareTsa da aSS-Si.

saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis kvlevis komiteti

1982 wels daarsebuli akademiis saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebisproblemebis komiteti gegmavs da, rogorc sponsori, mxars uWersarsebuli da axlad gaCenili globaluri mSvidobisa da usafrT-xoebis gamowvevis mravalprofilian Seswavlas. misi uaxlesi damimdinare proeqtebi eZRvneba kosmosuri sivrcis marTvas,usafrTxoebis sferoSi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs postsabWoTasivrceSi, erayis omis Sedegebsa da mniSvnelobas, raketul iaraRzeerTobliv dakvirvebas, rogorc globaluri usafrTxoebis nawilsda aSS-is nacionaluri usafrTxoebisTvis saerTaSoriso sisxlissamarTlis sasamarTlos mniSvnelobas. komitetis Sesaxeb dama-tebiTi informaciis misaRebad ewvieT Cvens veb-gverds internetSi:http://www.amacad.org/projects/ciss.aspx.

537

komitetis bolo publikaciebs Sorisaa:

United States Spase Policy: Challenjes and Opportunities, by George Abbey andNeal Lane (jorj ebi da nil leini. aSS-is kosmosuri politika:gamowveva da SesaZleblobebi, 2005).

The Phusics of Spase Security : A Reference Manual, by David Wright, LauraGrego, and Lisbeth Gronlund (devid raiti, lora grego, lisbetgronlendi kosmiuri usafrTxoebis fizikuri aspeqtebi: sacnobaroxelmZRvaneloba, 2005).

War With Iraq: Costs, Consequences, and alternatives, by Garl Kaysen, StevenE. Miller, Martin B. Malin, William D. Nordhaus, and John D. Steinbruner (karlkeizeni, stiven e. mileri, martin b. meilini, uiliam d. nordhausi dajon d. steinbriuneri omi eraySi: Rirebuleba, Sedegebi daalternativa, 2002).

The Significance of Joint Missile Surveillance, by John D. Steinbruner (jon d.steinbriuneri: saraketo danadgarebze erToblivi dakvirvebismniSvneloba, 2001).

The United States and the international Criminal Count, edited by Sarah Sewalland Carl Kaysen (aSS da saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlo.sara siuelisa da karl keizenis redaqciiT, 2000).

wignis SesakveTad da sxva informaciisTvis gTxovT mimarToThumanitaruli da zusti mecnierebebis amerikuli akademiiskomitets misamarTze:

136 Irving StreetCambridge, MA 02138.Tel.: 617-576-5024el. fosta: [email protected] internetSi: www.amacard.org