sbi3u: grade 11 biology. big ideas, ministry expectations genetic and genomic research can have...

SBI3U: Grade 11 Biology

Big Ideas, Ministry Expectations Genetic and genomic research can

have social and environmental implications

Variability and diversity of living organisms result from the distribution of genetic materials during the process of meiosis

Misconceptions – Topics

Genetic Technologies – greatest # of misconceptions

Genetic research works to cure disease, in reality the focus is in understanding to improve treatment

Misconceptions - Topics

Deterministic nature of genes – 1 gene is always responsible for 1 trait OR 1

mutation always causes 1 disease The discovery of genes that convey and determine

a specific phenotype is often displayed in the media

i.e. “Turning Off Suspect Gene Makes Mice Smarter”

However, it is rare for a single gene to have complete control over a phenotype. Instead, multiple factors contribute to phenotype. Multiple genes often work together with the environment to determine ultimate phenotype.

Misconceptions - Topics

Nature of Genes and Genetic Material –

Lower organisms, including bacteria and fungi, often do not carry DNA due to the hierarchical organization of genetic material

Unable to accurately define DNA, genes, & chromosomes (terms used interchangeably)


Genetic Basis of disease – Confusion of “heredity” and “genetic”

when describing diseases Students completely misrepresented

the genetic nature of specific illnesses i.e. calling HIV an inherited disorder In reality, while most illnesses have a

genetic component, this does not make them hereditary


Reproductive technologies –

In future, parents would have reproductive control to ‘improve’ and ‘design’ their offspring to create the ‘perfect child’

Reality is, this does not reflect the goals or ongoing work of genetics research

Misconceptions – Quotes from Students“If you were to have three chromosomes

instead of the normal two, that child will have Down syndrome.”

Correct conception: Humans have 23 pairs of

chromosomes. Only an extra copy of chromosome 21 causes Down Syndrome.

Misconceptions – Quotes from Students“Half of your DNA is determined by your

mother’s side, and half is by your father. So, say, if you seem to look exactly like your mother, and had gotten all phenotypes from her, perhaps some DNA that codes for your body and how your organs run was copied from your father’s genetic makeup.”

Correct conception: Each cell in the body contains two copies of

each chromosome, and therefore each gene, one copy from the mother and the other from the father. Both alleles may contribute to all attributes/traits that are generally controlled. Moreover, most gene products (proteins) interact with other genes and do not act in isolation.

Misconceptions – Quotes from Students“Genes determine everything from your

sex, and hair colour, to what diseases you may have and how high you will grow.”

Correct conception: Genes are not necessarily deterministic.

More frequently, environmental influences couples with genotype determined phenotype.

Misconceptions – Quotes from Students“If everyone on both sides of your family is

tall, you are going to be tall. If half are tall and half are short, you have a 50/50 chance of being either tall or short. You also have the possibility of being somewhere in the middle.”

Correct conception: This quotation appears to assume that

single genes (perhaps taken from a simple Punnet square idea) determine height. Indeed, multiple genes, nutrition and environment all play a role.

Misconceptions – Quotes from Students“All humans have DNA, as do animals,

plants, and most bacteria and fungi.”

Correct conception: All living organisms, including

bacteria and fungi, have DNA.

Misconceptions – Quotes from Students“In the future knowledge about genetics

could help stop deadly diseases and cancers. However this will only help with diseases that are hereditary”

Correct conception: Most illnesses have a genetic component

without being hereditary. Therefore, a knowledge of genetics could have much further reach than this student recognizes. Indeed, the knowledge of the genetics of different viruses, for example, has resulted in vaccines for strains of influenza.

Reference

Mills Shaw, K. R., Van Horne, K., Zhang, H., & Boughman, J. (2008). Genetics Education: Innovations in Teaching and Learning Genetics; Essay Contest Reveals Misconceptions of High School Students in Genetics Contest. The Genetics Society of America , 1157-1168.

Connections to other Units Diversity of Living Things

Genetics determine the variation/diversity of all living things

Evolution Genetic variances over periods of time

affect the phenotype of species Animals and Plants: structure and

function Amino acids and proteins determine the

structure and function of organelles

18 Day Unit Plan – Day 1

Topic 4.1 Introduction (T/F); Cell Division and Genetic MaterialCurriculum Expectations D2.1 use appropriate terminology related to

genetic processes, including, but not limited to: haploid, diploid, spindle, synapsis, gamete, zygote, heterozygous, homozygous, allele, plasmid, trisomy,

non-disjunction, and somatic cell [C] D3.2 explain the concepts of DNA, genes,

chromosomes, alleles, mitosis, and meiosis, and how they account for the transmission of hereditary characteristics according to Mendelian laws of inheritance


Topic 4.1 Cell Division and Genetic MaterialCurriculum Expectations D2.1 use appropriate terminology related to genetic

processes, including, but not limited to: haploid, diploid, spindle, synapsis, gamete, zygote, heterozygous, homozygous, allele, plasmid, trisomy,

non-disjunction, and somatic cell [C] D3.2 explain the concepts of DNA, genes,


Assessment Entry Ticket 4.1


Topic 4.2 Sexual ReproductionCurriculum Expectations D2.1 use appropriate terminology related to genetic

processes, including, but not limited to: haploid, diploid, spindle, synapsis, gamete, zygote, heterozygous, homozygous, allele, plasmid, trisomy,

non-disjunction, and somatic cell [C] D3.1 explain the phases in the process of meiosis in

terms of cell division, the movement of chromosomes, and crossing over of genetic material D3.2 explain the concepts of DNA, genes,



Topic 4.2 Sexual ReproductionCurriculum Expectations D1.2 evaluate, on the basis of research, the

importance of some recent contributions to knowledge, techniques, and technologies related to genetic processes [IP, PR, AI, C]

D3.4 describe some genetic disorders caused by chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., non-disjunction

of chromosomes during meiosis) or other genetic mutations in terms of chromosomes affected,

physical effects, and treatmentsAssessment Entry Ticket 4.2


Topic Activity 1 Wet Lab Kiwi CellsCurriculum Expectations D1.2 evaluate, on the basis of research, the

importance of some recent contributions to knowledge, techniques, and technologies related to genetic processes [IP, PR, AI, C]

D2.2 investigate the process of meiosis, using a microscope or similar instrument, or a computer simulation, and draw biological diagrams to help explain the main phases in the process [PR, AI, C]

Assessment Lab Assignment


Topic 5.1 Understanding InheritanceCurriculum Expectations D3.2 explain the concepts of DNA, genes,


D3.3 explain the concepts of genotype, phenotype, dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance, recessiveness, and sex linkage according to Mendelian laws of inheritance


Topic 5.2 Studying Genetic CrossesCurriculum Expectations D2.3 use the Punnett square method to solve

basic genetics problems involving monohybrid crosses, incomplete dominance, codominance, dihybrid crosses, and sex-linked genes [PR, AI, C]



Topic 5.2 Studying Genetic CrossesCurriculum Expectations D2.3 use the Punnett square method to solve



Assessment Entry Ticket 5.2


Topic 5.3 Following Patterns of Inheritance in HumansCurriculum Expectations D2.3 use the Punnett square method to solve



18 Day Unit Plan – Day 10Topic Activity 2

Dry Lab Dragon ActivityCurriculum Expectations D2.3 use the Punnett square method to solve basic genetics

problems involving monohybrid crosses, incomplete dominance, codominance, dihybrid crosses, and sex-linked genes [PR, AI, C]

D3.2 explain the concepts of DNA, genes, chromosomes, alleles, mitosis, and meiosis, and how they account for the transmission of hereditary characteristics according to Mendelian laws of inheritance


Assessment Dragon Activity

18 Day Unit Plan – Day 11Topic 4.3 Reproductive Strategies and TechnologiesCurriculum Expectations D1.1 analyse, on the basis of research, some of the

social and ethical implications of research in genetics and genomics (e.g., genetic screening, gene therapy, in vitro fertilization) [IP, PR, AI, C]

D1.2 evaluate, on the basis of research, the importance of some recent contributions to knowledge, techniques, and technologies related to genetic processes (e.g., research into the cystic fibrosis gene; the use of safflowers to produce insulin for human use) [IP, PR, AI, C]

AssessmentQuiz 5.1-5.3

18 Day Unit Plan – Day 12Topic 4.3 Reproductive Strategies and TechnologiesCurriculum Expectations D1.1 analyse, on the basis of research, some of the social

and ethical implications of research in genetics and genomics (e.g., genetic screening, gene therapy, in vitro fertilization) [IP, PR, AI, C]

D1.2 evaluate, on the basis of research, the importance of some recent contributions to knowledge, techniques, and technologies related to genetic processes (e.g., research into the cystic fibrosis gene; the use of safflowers to produce insulin for human use) [IP, PR, AI, C]

D3.5 describe some reproductive technologies (e.g., cloning, artificial insemination, in vitro

fertilization, recombinant DNA), and explain how their use can increase the genetic diversity of a species (e.g., farm animals, crops)

18 Day Unit Plan – Day 13Topic Computer Lab STSE – genetic technologies

18 Day Unit Plan – Day 14Topic In Class Activity GMO Debate; Work Period - STSE Project

Assessment Exit Ticket

18 Day Unit Plan – Day 15Topic REVIEW 4.1-5.3

18 Day Unit Plan – Day 16Topic Work Period

- STSE ProjectAssessment Unit Test 4.1-5.3

18 Day Unit Plan – Day 17/18

Topic

STSE Presentations

Curriculum Expectations

A1.1 formulate relevant scientific questions about observed relationships, ideas, problems, or issues, make informed predictions, and/or formulate educated hypotheses to focus inquiries or research

A1.3 identify and locate a variety of print and electronic sources that enable them to address research topics fully and appropriately

A1.7 select, organize, and record relevant information on research topics from a variety of appropriate sources, including electronic, print, and human sources, using suitable formats and an accepted form of academic documentation

A1.9 analyze the information gathered from research sources for logic, accuracy, reliability, adequacy, and bias

A1.10 draw conclusions based on inquiry results and research findings, and justify their conclusions with reference to scientific knowledge

A1.11 communicate ideas, plans, procedures, results, and conclusions orally, in writing, and/or in electronic presentations, using appropriate language and a variety of formats (e.g., data tables, laboratory reports, presentations, debates, simulations, models)

A1.12 use appropriate numeric, symbolic, and graphic modes of representation, and appropriate units of measurement (e.g., SI units, imperial units)

Assessment

STSE Assignment

Activity 1

OBJECTIVE

To extract DNA from kiwi fruit.

MATERIALS

¼ of a Kiwi Fruit (skinned) Ziploc Plastic bags 100mL Beaker (2) 1 tbsp. Transparent Liquid Dish Soap ¼ tsp. Salt 50mL Water Stirring Rods Filter 25mL Ethanol (Ice Cold) Pipette or Medicine Dropper Micro Centrifuge

PROCEDURE

1. Put ¼ of a Kiwi Fruit in a Ziploc Bag, seal the bag, and squish the kiwi with your fingers.

2. In a 100ml beaker, combine 1 tbsp. transparent liquid dish soap and ¼ tsp. Salt. Add 50ml water to the beaker and stir slowly to dissolve the salt and soap. Avoid making bubbles or foam.

3. Add this mixture to the kiwi fruit in the Ziploc bag.

4. Squish the kiwi and mixture together in the bag to combine.

5. Rinse out the beaker and put a filter across the top.

PROCEDURE continued7. Gently pour the kiwi solution through the

filter into the beaker until the beaker is ½ full of the solution.

8. Holding the beaker slightly on an angle, pour ethanol onto the wall of the beaker to add it to the kiwi solution. Add ethanol until the beaker is ¾ full.

9. Let the mixture sit for a couple minutes and observe. Record your observations below.

10.Using the pipette, extract the precipitate into the micro centrifuge. (One per person.)

11.Clean-up: Dispose of filters and Ziploc Bags Rinse beakers, pipettes, and stirring rods Return all materials to their original location

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

1. Where can DNA be found in the cell? The nucleus


2. Discuss the role of the soap on the cell. What is the purpose of soap in this lab? Soap breaks down the fatty lipid

bilayer of the cell membrane and nuclear membrane to release the DNA into the solution by disrupting the polar interactions that hold the cell membrane together. The soap forms compounds with the lipids which cause the, to precipitate out of the solution.


3. What is the purpose of salt in this lab? Salt shields the negative phosphate

ends of the DNA, allowing DNA to come together and precipitate our of the cold alcohol solution. Salt, when diluted in water, produces sodium chloride which precipitates the proteins and carbohydrates. This occurs because the sodium and chloride ions are more charged and much more polar than the proteins and carbohydrates, therefore they displace them out of the solution.


4. Why was the cold ethanol added to the kiwi solution? The ethanol precipitates the DNA

while leaving other substances in the solution.

Activity 2

Overview

In this activity, you will design a dragon using pre-determined genotypes and phenotypes.

Let’s get started!

Determine the biological sex of your dragon by flipping a coin. Heads is female and tails is male. _____________________________

What will my dragon look like? For the rest of the activity, you will

flip a coin to determine what characteristics your dragon will have.

The traits determined by Chromosome 1 and Chromosome 2 are dominant, recessive, incomplete dominance or co-dominance and are outlined in the tables on the next slide.

Flip a coin to determine if the allele is dominant or recessive. Heads is dominant and tails is recessive. You will need to flip the coin twice since the above traits are determined by two alleles. Fill in the chart below.

Chromosome 1 and Chromosome 2

Chromosome 1 and Chromosome 2

Fill in the chart below

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