scada-networking protocol for data exchange
TRANSCRIPT
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SCADA-Networking Protocol for
data exchangeByM K Ramesh
Manager(Grid Management),SRLDC, Bangalore.
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Presentation covers SCADA
Major Sub-Division SCADA Hardware
SCADA Software
Communication
Field Instrumentation
* RTU
* ADAPTATION WORK
Networking Protocol- IEC 870-5-101
- ICCP
- TCP/IP
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Supervisory Control And Data
Acquisition System
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THREE MAJOR SUB-DIVISION OF SCADA
COMMUNICATIONHARDWARE SOFTWARE
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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A TYPICAL
SCADA SYSTEM
SCADA
H/W &S/W
MEDIA
C TX
O RX
M E
M Q
N P
T
C TX
O Rx
M E
M Q
N P
T
R
T
U
T P
R A
A N
N E
S L
D
U
C
ER
C & R
PANEL
CONTROL
CENTRE
SUBSTATION / GENERATNG
STATIONCOMMN
MEDIA
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SRLDC BANGALORE
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FUNCTIONS OF SCADA
DATA ACQUISITION.
PROCESSING OF ACQUIRED DATA.
DATA EXCHANGE.
LIMIT / STATUS MONITORING & ALARMING.
NETWORK STATUS PROCESSOR.
SEQUENCE OF EVENT RECORDING.
INFORMATION STORAGE & RETRIEVAL.
SUPERVISORY CONTROL.
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GUI FACILITIES
PAN, ZOOM, DECLUTTER, NAVIGATOR
ALARM FEATURES LISTING
SETTING
ACKNOWLEDGING
ENABLE/DISABLE AUDIO ON/OFF
EVENT LIST OPERATOR CONTROLS
CHANGE TO/FROM ALARM CONDITIONS
NON-ALARM CHANGE OF STATE
SOE ADD/REMOVE CONTROL/INFO TAG
ADD/REMOVE MANUAL OVERRIDE
APPLY/REMOVE ALARM DISABLE
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Data Acquisition Parameters
Circuit Breaker Status
Isolator Status
SOE data
Voltage Frequency
Current
Active Power
Reactive Power
OLTC tap position
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Weather Station data
( for EMS functions ) Temperature
Atmospheric Pressure
Wind direction Wind Speed
Humidity
Rainfall
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MAJOR ELEMENTS OF
SCADA SYSTEM
SCADA Hardware and Software.
Communication System. RTU
Adaptation Work
Auxilliary Power Supply Unit
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SCADA HARD WARE ELEMENTS IN CONTROL
CENTRE
MAIN SERVERS (Acquisition, Backup, EMS,DTS
Front End Processors (FEP)
Routers, Hubs, LAN Network.
Workstations for Man Machine Interface (MMI)Video Projection Displays (VPD)
Optical Disk, Cartridge Magnetic Tapes.
Loggers, Line Printers, Laser Printers (colour /b/w)
Time and Frequency system
Weather station Equipments.
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SERVERS
High End Computers with RISC capabilities
With ASCII Terminal
Data Acquisition Servers(FEP)
RT Data Server
AGC ServerNetwork Study Server
ICCP Server
Data Base Management Server
Historical Data Server
DTS Server
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CLIENTS
Display Computers with High Graphics capabilities
Machines used for Interface between Operators, Engineers,Managers with the Servers and have GUI facility.
The functions areReal Time Displays (Data, Graphs, Trends,SLDs, Grid ..)
Data Base Design Interface
Historical Data Analysis Interface
AGC Interface
PNA Interface
ICCP Interface
Programming Interface
DTS Interface
Playback Interface
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CONTROL CENTRE HARDWARE
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CONTROL CENTRE HARDWARE
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FRONT END PROCESSOR(FEP)
HDD 10GB
CD ROM
1
-8
9-
1617-
24
25-3233-
4041-
48
ESD BOND POINTM
V
M
E3600-1
PM
604
Dual
M
V
M
E
162
410
M
V
M
E
162
410
1 16
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FRONT PANEL INDICATOR
CHS(YELLOW)-C HECKSTOP-L ights when halt condition from
processor is detected. BFL(yellow)-B oard Failure-L ights when the board fail.
CPU(green)-C PU activity-Lights when data bus busy(DBB).
PCI(green)-P CI activity-T his indicates that the PCI mezzanine
is active. FUS(green)-F u se OK-Lights when =5Vdc,+12Vdc and12Vdc
power is available from base board to the transition moduleand remote devices.
SYS(green) System ControllerLights when the system ishealthy.
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CISCO ROUTER 7200
V.35 200PIN
V.35 200PIN
V.35 200PIN
V.35 200PIN
V.35 200PIN
LAN
FLASH MEMORY AUX MONITOR
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7200 SERIES ROUTER
CISSCO 7200 SERIES ROUTER MODEL 7206.
NPE 200 ( NETWORK PROCESSING ENGINE)
V.35 INTER FACE FOR WIDE BAND COMMUNICATION
10 BASE T ETHERNET INTERFACE WITH 4 PORTS FOR
LAN CONSOLE / MONITOR SERIAL 25 PIN PORT
FLASH CARD FOR IOS LOADING
IOS (INTER OPERATING SYSTEM) VER 11.
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ETHERNETSWITCH / HUB
SMART STACT MAKE INTELLIGENT SWITCH
WITH 24 PORTS.
HIGH SPEED PORTS 2 NOS
10-BASET PORTS ARE 20NOS
ALL PORTS ARE PROGRAMMABLE.
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SCADA SYSTEM S/W
1. OPERATING SYSTEM: -
Should be highly reliable because of ROUND the clockoperation on Real Time System-UNIX,MVS,NT
2. DATA BASE
Relational Data Base Management System (RDBMS)There will be multiple and independent DB ( Depends uponthe software design & operation)
SCADA Data Base
Historical Data Base
Real Time Data BasePSA Data Base
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3. APPLICATIONSData Acquisition and Displays
Data Recording for Historical Analysis
Picture EditorData Base Management ( All Modeling )
Automatic Generation Control
Power Network Analysis
Generation Scheduling
Load Fore Casting
5. Programming Languages
FORTRAN,C,C++,Sybase,Oracle,Visual C
6. communication protocols
Inter Control Centre Protocol
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COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
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COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
BASED ON MEDIA COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AS
FOLLOWS.
PLCC ( POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION)
BSNL LEASED LINE
RADIO COMMUNICATION - VHF / UHF COMMUNICATION
- MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION
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VIJAYAWADATALLAPALLI
GAJUWAKA
VIDYUTH SOUDHA
GOOTY
SALEM400
UDUMALPETTRICHUR NORTH
MADURAI
TRICHY
SRIPERUMBUDUR
NEYVELI
CHINAKAMPALLYDAVANAGERE
RAMAGUNDAM
PONDY
SOMANAHALLI
P
N
PALLOM
KAYANKULAM
RSCC (1)
CPCC (1)
SLDC (4)
SUB-LDC / SCC (14)
FIBRE OPTIC LINK 110/132kv
FIBRE OPTIC LINK (220kv)
FIBRE OPTIC LINK (400kv)
FIBRE OPTIC LINK (SEB)
MICROWAVE LINK (35 links)
SATELLITE LINK (KEB)
RTU LOCATIONS 201
WARANGAL
PEDAPALLIDURSHED
JAMMIKUNTA
VTPS
VIZAG SWS
KAKINADA
BOMMUR
BHIMADOLE
NSAGARPH
SRISAILAM PH
SRISAILAM LBPHKURNOOL
SOMAYAJULAPALLI
MUDDANOOR RTPP
ANANTHAPUR
SHAPURNAGAR
GHANAPUR
CH.GUTTA
HYDERABAD 400
LEGENDLEGEND
CHALAKUDI
KALAMASSERY
VIAKKAM
KUNDRAPARIPALLI
TRIVANDRUM NORTH
VYDYUTHI BHAVANAM
KOZHIKODE
KANNUR-B
MADURAI400
CHENNAI
CHIDAMBARAM
MYLADUTURAI
SALEM230
ERODE
SIVAGANGA
KARAIKUDI
THIRUMAYAMPUDUKOTTAI
THIRUVARURORTHANADU
KOVILVENNI
ADANIKOTTAI
INGUR
PONGALORE
PANRUTI
VILLIANUR
SP.KOVIL
BANGALORE
KUMBALGODI
HUBLI
APSEB
RTUS
82
TNEB
RTUS
40
KSEB
RTUS
30
KEB
RTUS
22
PONDY
RTUS
05
CENTRAL
SECTOR RTUS
22
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Communication Channel for Information flow
Sub-LDC
SLDC
RLDC
SLDC
Sub-LDC
RTU RTU
Wide Band /
PLCC Commn
Wide Band
Commn
Wide Band
Commn
(MW / FO)
RTU
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Sub-LDC
Sub-LDC
Sub-LDC
Sub-LDC
Info. From RTUs
SLDC
Info. From RTUs
Info. From RTUs
Info. From RTUs
Nodal centre for despatch operation in the State - SLDC
(Intermediate in the Hierarchy)
Wide band network
Data from Sub-LDCs under its control is gathered through Digital Microwave
/ Fibre optic network and processed by the SLDC for effective monitoring andcontrol. Data is further processed to the next level viz., the Regional level
Regional Load Despatch Centre at Bangalore
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Wide Band Network
Data from the SLDCs is passed on to the Regional Load Despatch Centre(RLDC) through Digital Microwave / Fibre optic system
APTRANSCO-SLDC
TNEB-SLDC
KPTCL-SLDCRLDC
KSEB-SLDC
PONDY-SCC
CS-RTUs
Regional Load Despatch Centre at Bangalore
(The Highest in Hierarchy)
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SCADA HARDWARE CONNECTIVITY WITH COMMUNICATION SYSTEM(PLCC) AT
SUB-STN/GEN ST
RTU
N
S
K
5
PLCC T x / R x
SPEECH / DATA
PANEL
RS 232 CONNECTIVITY
PLCC
INDOOR EQUIMENT
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SCADA HARDWARE CONNECTIVITY WITH COMMUNICATION SYSTEM(WIDE BAND)
RTU
MUX
RADIO
TX / RX
OLTEOLTE
RADIO
TX / RX
MUX
MUXMUX
FEP
FEP
RTU
DIGITAL MICROWAVE
FIBER OPTIC SYSTEM
SUBSTATION/ GEN STN SIDECONTROL CENTRE
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Auxiliary Power Supply System
Uninterruptible power supply ( UPS ) systems for allSCADA/EMS computers and support equipment atcontrol centres
Emergency standby diesel electric generator sets tosupplement the normal power sources at controlcentres
Redundant 48V DC power supply systems for RTUs,communication equipment, PABX, emergencylighting, miscellaneous support equipment at controlcentres and field sites
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FIELD INSTRUMENTATION
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MAJOR COMPONENTS OF FIELD
INSTRUMENTATION
OUT DOOR EQUIPMENTS
- CVTs / PTs
- CTs
LIGHTING ARRESTORS
CIRCUIT BREAKERS
ISOLATORS
INDOOR EQUIPMENTS
- CONTROL & RELAY PANELS
-TRANSDUCERS
- RTUs
AUXILLIARY POWER SUPPLY
OUT DOOR EQUIPMENTS
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OUT DOOR EQUIPMENTS
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
CT CONSIST OF TOROIDAL AND HAVE SINGLE PRIMARY TURN, THE POWERR
CONDUCTOR WHICH PASSES THROUGH THE CENTRE.CT RATIO RESULTS FROM NO OF TURNS WOUND ON THE CORE TO MAKE UP
THE SECONDARY WINDING.
PERFORMANCE OF CT BASED ON FOLLOWING:
1) CORE CROSS SECTIONAL AREA
2) DIAMETER
3) MAGNETIC PROPERTIES.MAIN FUNCTIONS OF CT:
1)TO MEASURE THE CURRENT(METERING)
2)FOR PROTECTION
3) IT PROVIDES CURRENT REPLICA FOR METERING, CONTROL & PROTECTIVE
RELAY.CT PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISED BY RATIO CORRECTION FACTORS,
SATURATION VOLTAGE, PHASE ANGLE ERROR AND RATED BURDENS.
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TYPES OF CTs
METERING CT:IT WILL HAVE SMALL CORE CROSS SECTION TOMINIMIZE EXCITING CURRENT EFFECTS. It ALLOW TOSATURATE AT FAULT CURRENT LEVEL.
PROTECTION CT:EXCITING CURRENT AT LOW LOAD IS NOTCONSIDERED IMPORTANT.
RELAYING CTS:IT IS DESIGNED TO FAITHFULLY REPRODUCETHE CURRENT AT MANY TIME. THEIR THERMAL RATING TOALLOW ACCURATE SENSING OF FAULTS.
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POTENTIAL SOURCE
POTENTIAL SOURCE ARE
1) Potential Transformers : It is wound Transformer which provide the best performance with ratio &
phase angle suitable for billing.
2) Capacitive Voltage Transformer: It Use capacitor stack diver to obtain a primary voltage replica and itis not much accurate.
-Metering grade CVTs are Less stable and Less Accurate than PTs.
It is affected by Load & Ambient Temp.
In the field these can be calibrated indiviually to bring ratio error with in 1% and it can be recalibratedwhen the load has changed.
Older CVTs can be expected to change ratio upto +/- 5% with Ambient Temp variation.
SCADA system metering have to consider all criteria.
Periodic calibration program for CVTs can also help to maintain their performance at satisefactorly.
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INDOOR EQUIPMENTS
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TRANSDUCERS
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TRANSDUCERS
TRANSDUCER IS A DEVICE WHICH CAN CONVERT ONE FORM OF ENERGYTO ANOTHER FORM OF ENERGY WITHOUT ANY CHANGE IN PHYSICALQUANTITY.
TYPES OF TRANSDUCERS:
- VOLTAGE TRANSDUCER - CURRENT TRANSDUCER
- FREQUENCY TRANSDUCER
- ACTIVE / REACTIVE POWER TRANSDUCER.
RESPONSE TIME:
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TRANSDUCERS
CLASSIFICATION
SELF POWERED/AUXILARY POWERED
INPUT
VOLTAGE/CURRENT/POWER/POSITION
OUTPUT
0-10mA, 420mA, 0--5mA 0-5v,0-10v
OUTPUT IMPEDANCE
500,1000,2000 ACCURACY
0.2 CLASS, 0.5 CLASS, CLASS 2 AND ABOVE
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Voltage Transducers
Measures any phase to phase voltage providing an output tothe RTU analog input point.
Rated Quantities
- Rated Voltage 110V phase to phase or 115v phase to phase
- Measured range 0 to 120 % of the rated voltage
- Frequency 50 Hz, Range 45 to 55 Hz
- 4-20 ma dc output signal, +/- 0.5 % accuracy class, IEC 688
- 48 volts external DC Power supply
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Frequency Transducers
Measures the line frequency providing an output to the RTUanalog input point.
Rated input Quantities
- Rated Voltage 110V phase to phase or 115v phase to phase
- Measuring range 4555 Hz- 4-20 ma dc output signal, +/- 0.5 % accuracy class, IEC 688
- External 48 volts DC power supply
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Current Transducers
Measures the single phase current providing an output to theRTU analog input point.
Rated Quantities
- Rated Current 1A or 5A
- Measured range 0 to 120 % of the rated current- Frequency 50 Hz, Range 45 to 55 Hz
- 4-20 ma dc output signal, +/- 0.5 % accuracy class, IEC 688
- External 48 volts DC power supply
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Active Power Transducers
Measures 3 phase active power either balanced or unbalanced
2 wattmeter method measuring bi-directional power flow
Rated Quantities
- Voltage 110V phase to phase or 115V phase to phase
- Current 1A or 5A
- Frequency 50 Hz, range 45-55 Hz
- 4-20 ma dc output signal, +/- 0.5 % accuracy class, IEC 688
- External 48 volts DC power supply
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TYPES OF RTU
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TYPES OF RTU
SINGLE BOARD RTU
MODULAR RTU
SINGLE BOARD RTU
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SINGLE BOARD RTU
COMPACT,
CONTAINS ALL I/O ON A SINGLE BOARD.
NORMALLY HAS FIXED I/O
16 DIGITAL INPUTS, 8 DIGITAL OUTPUTS
8 ANALOGUE INPUTS, AND 4 ANALOGUE OUTPUTS.
NORMALLY NOT POSSIBLE TO EXPAND.
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d f i li i
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Hardware functionality in an RTU
CPU
VOLATILE MEMORY NON VOLATILE MEMORY FOR STORING PROGRAMS AND DATA.
COMMUNICATIONS CAPABILITY
EITHER THROUGH SERIAL PORT(S)
SOMETIMES WITH AN ON BOARD MODEM.
SECURE POWER SUPPLY (WITH BATTERY BACKUP).
WATCHDOG TIMER (TO ENSURE THE RTU RESTARTS IF SOMETHING FAILS).
ELECTRICAL PROTECTION AGAINST "SPIKES".FOR INPUT OUTPUT CARDS
REAL TIME CLOCK.
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Software functionality in an RTU.
Real time operating system.
scanning the inputs,
monitoring the communications ports.
Driver for the communications system
Device drivers for the I/O system (field devices)
SCADA application
scanning of inputs
processing and storing of data responding to requests from the SCADA master
S ft f ti lit i RTU
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Software functionality in an RTU.
CONTD..
Some RTU's may have a file system with
support for file downloads. This supports user
programs, and configuration files. All RTU's
require the above functionality. In many RTU'sthese may be intermingled and may not be
identifiable as separate modules
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INPUT
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A/D CONVERSION AT RTU LEVEL(16 BIT ADC).
FOR MW / MVAR TRANSDUCER:INPUT:PT SEC PHASE TO PHASE : 110VAC
CT SEC TWO PHASE CURRENT (R & B): 1 AMPS.
OUTPUT :420mA(TRANSDUCER OUTPUT)
IN ADC:
AT 4mA = 6553 Count
AT 20mA = 32767 Count
12mA IS THE CENTRE POINT.
(+/- 0.1% IS THE ACCEPTABLE RANGE OF ERROR ON FULL SCALE)
( Ref Calculation Sheet for all type of Measurand)
Basic operation
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Basic operation
THE RTU WILL OPERATE SCANNING ITS INPUTS,NORMALLY AT A FAIRLY FAST RATE.
SOME PROCESSING SUCH AS
CHANGE OF STATE
TIME STAMPING OF CHANGES,
STORAGE OF THE DATA AWAITING POLLING FROM THE SCADAMASTER.
REPORTING TO THE SCADA MASTER
SOME ALARM PROCESSING
GENERALLY SCADA MASTER POLLS THE RTU'S ASKINGFOR CHANGES.
RESPOND TO MASTER WHEN POLLED MASTER, THE RTU
HARDWARE CONNECTIVITY DIAGRAM FOR SCADA AT SUBSTATION / GEN.STATION
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MAINCPU
BOARD
PSUCOMMNBOARD
A
N
A
L
O
G
I / P
D
I
G
T
A
L
I / P
C
O
N
T
R
O
LO/P
TERMINAL
BLOCK
TERMINAL
BLOCK
TERMINAL
BLOCK
REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT
TRANSDUCER O/P TERMINAL
MVAR VOLTMW
TRANSDUCER I/P TERMINAL P T
SEC
110VAC
CT SEC
1 AMPS
FR
O
M
S
W
I
TC
H
Y
A
R
D
-F
I
E
L
D
EVENT LOGGER
PANEL
D
R
I
V
E
R
R
E
L
A
Y
TRANSDUCER PANEL
RS232 PORT
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Principles for data acquisition
Busbar Section A) Voltage
- 400, 230-220 and 132-110 Kv; one value per bus bar
- 66-78 Kv; one value per station
- 33 Kv; no value
B) Frequency- 400 Kv; one value per busbar
- 230-220 Kv; one value per station except for stations where power units areconnected to or having inter state feeders
- 132-110, 78-66 KV; one value per station where power units are connected to
- 33 KV; no value
C) SS
- 1 SS for loss of voltage per bus bar ( bus bar disconnectors are countedseparately )
Principles for data acquisition Contd
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Principles for data acquisitionContd..
Busbar Couplers
- 2 DS per Circuit breaker
- 1 SS for only one out of the 2 disconnectors
Bus Transfers- 1 DS per circuit breaker
- 1 SS for each disconnector on both sides of the CB
Busbar Disconnectors
- 1 SS for each busbar disconnector
Capacitor
- 1 SS for each bus selector disconnector
- DS per circuit breaker
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Principles for data acquisitionContd..
Bus Reactor- Reactive Power1 value
- 1 DS per circuit breaker
- 1 SS for each bus selector disconnector
Gas/Hydro/Thermal Generators
- Active Power1 value
- Reactive Power1 value
- DS per Circuit breaker
- 1 SS for each bus selector disconnector in case of single breakerarrangement.
- 3 SS per bus bar connection for one and half breaker scheme
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Principles for data acquisitionContd..
Overhead line- Active & Reactive Power1 value
- 400, 230-220 and 132-110KV; one value for each outgoing line
- 78-62 Kv; one value of P&Q only for outgoing inter systems tie-line
- 33kv; no value
Current- 78-62 KV; one value for each outgoing line ( if it is not an outgoing inter system tie-line )
- 33 KV ; one value for each outgoing line
DS
- 1 DS per substation circuit breaker
SS
- 1 SS for each bus selector disconnector in case of single breaker arrangement- 3 SS for 3 disconnectors for each out going line in case of one and half scheme
- 1 SS for each by pass disconnector in case of single breaker + by pass arrangements
- 1 DC for each 78-66 and 132-110 KV out going line ( for quick switching operation requirements under loadshedding and emergency actions )
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Principles for data acquisitionContd..
TransformersActive & Reactive Power
- One value for P and one value for Q measured on the secondary level for the 400/220 KV or 220/132 KVtransformers or on the primary level for the 132/66, 132/33 or 132/11 KV transformers.( if thesecondary level does not belong to the same constituent as the primary level, P & Q are measured onthe primary level.
Current
- One current value measured on the primary level for the 66/33 KV, 66/22 KV, 66/11 KV or 33/11 KVtransformers
OLTC
- 1 value per transformer for 400/220 Kv, 400/110 Kv, 230-220/110 Kv transformers ( if on load tap changer isavailable )
DS
- 1 DS per CB. If the secondary level does not belong to the same network ( in case of central sector), one DS
shall also be collected for the secondary circuit breakerSS
- 1 SS for each bus selector disconnector in case of single breaker arrangement
- 3 SS for 3 disconnectors for one and half breaker scheme
- 1 SS for each by pass disconnector in case of single breaker + by pass arrangements
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IMPORTANT FEATURES OF ULDC RTU
Distributed Intelligent Technology ,Main processor is 32-Bit 16Mhz,submodules are 8-bit.
View Data and Communications specific to each peripheral board.
Troubleshooting Aid
S/W downloaded to and stored on each peripheral.
Access via PC-Based Configuration.
Password Protected.
32 Analog inputs per module ,14bit resolution.
Synchronous VFC provides conversion rate 660ns for all 32 inputs.
64 status inputs per module,1ms scan time for 64inputs,1ms SOEresolution.
32 control output per module. Display Local Real-Time Data.
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Networking Protocol
Transmission Methods
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Based on Sequence in Time
Serial vs Parallel
Based on Synchronization
Asynchronous
Synchronous
Based on Direction
Simplex, Duplex: Half and Full
S h i i P bl Si l Ill i
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Synchronization ProblemSimple Illustration
Transmitted data stream
Transmitter side clock
Receiver Side
1 12 1 23 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Receiver side clock
1 12 1 23 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
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Error Detection and Control
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Error Control involves
Error Detection
Error Correction
Forward Error Correction
Automatic Repeat Request
Error Detection
Parity
Cyclic Redundancy Code
For a CRC of length N the rate of undetected errors isnearly 2
-N
Flow Control
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The Need for Flow Control
Flow Control under Error Free Conditions Stop and Wait Flow Control
Sliding Window Flow Control
Flow Control in the Presence of Error Automatic Repeat Request (ACK & NAK)
Go-Back N ARQ
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ACK
DATA FRAME
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Interfacing
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Interfacing
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A Complete Protocol (HDLC)
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Introducing the protocol architecture
Physical Layerinvolves the medium specificationsand interfacing considerations including
synchronization
Data Link Layerprovides the protocol
specifications for controlling point to point,multipoint and local networks
A comprehensive data link protocol is the HDLC
(High Level Data Link Control) that provides
Flow Control
Error Control
Addressing schemes to accommodate multiple devices
A Complete Protocol (HDLC)
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FlagUsed for Synchronization
Address: Needed for multidrop lines and is
extendable to 16 bits
Control: Purpose and functions of the frame are
specified in this field, eg. Supervisory frame, dataframe, flow control bits
FCS: Frame Check Sequence (16 or 32 bit CRC)
A Complete Protocol (HDLC)
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Three phases:
Initialization: Transmitting device initiatesoperation by sending out a message, agrees
who is primary control or peer, number of flow
control bits
Transfer of Data: Exchanges Data Frames,
Control frames for Flow or error control
Disconnect: Sends a disconnect frame and the
other side accepts the disconnect by sendingan Acknowledgement