scaffolding thinking skills hk2
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Scaffolding Thinking Skills for Primary
StudentsBernie Dodge, PhD
San Diego State University
webquest.org/workshops/sts/
Overview
• A graphical model for thinking about WebQuests and any constructivist activity
• Examples of three points at which graphical scaffolding helps
• A taxonomy of scaffolding types• Introduction to a number of useful web sites• Practice at adding scaffolding to WebQuests
that need them
Beyond Blobmongering
Blob
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The Egyptologist Story
• Does magic happen when you give children access to an adult expert?
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What is Scaffolding?
Scaffolding is a temporary structure which provides help at specific points in the learning process.
It allows learners to complete a challenging task which they would not be able to accomplish without help.
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Why Scaffold?
• Because some learners are being left behind
• Because you can’t be everywhere at once, so it’s useful to capture some of the help you’d give and make it available for just-in-time learning.
Four Useful Resources
• ExploraTree
• Gliffy
• Read Write Think
• Graphic.org
Traditional
Teacher Student
Traditional
Teacher Student
Transmission
Inputs
Constructivist
Inputs
Transformation
Constructivist
Inputs
Transformation
OutputsConstructivist
Inputs
Transformation
OutputsConstructivist
ReceptionScaffolds
Inputs
Transformation
OutputsConstructivist
ReceptionScaffolds
TransformationScaffolds
Inputs
Transformation
OutputsConstructivist
ReceptionScaffolds
TransformationScaffolds
ProductionScaffolds
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How Do We Scaffold? by…• Providing
outlines, guides and templates
• Guiding thinking through visual and other means
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Key attributes of good scaffolding
• Available for Just-in-time learning
• Skippable by those who don’t need it
• Blends content and structure to an appropriate degree
• Fades like the Cheshire Cat smile as students become more adept
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Reception Scaffolds
• Guidance on how to interview an expert
• Reading guides• Dictionaries and
glossaries• Observation guides
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Reception Scaffold Example• Experiencing
India’s Caste System provides a glossary because much of the vocabulary will be new to the learners.
http://teachers.eusd.k12.ca.us/mguerena/castewebquest/index.htm
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Reception Scaffold Example• Experiencing India’s
Caste System provides a glossary because much of the vocabulary will be new to the learners.
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Reception Scaffold Example• Peyri Hamada provided a visual
organizer to help students gather information about the metric system.
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Reception Scaffold Example
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Reception Scaffold Example
• In the Early Jazz Wax Museum WebQuest, students capture the chronology and musicians.
A partly completed timeline would help them organize data as they find it.
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Reception Scaffold Example
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Reception Scaffold Example
http://www-ma.beth.k12.pa.us/jhoke/jhwebquest/jhwebquest.htm
http://www-ma.beth.k12.pa.us/jhoke/jhwebquest/themes.htm
Back to the Egyptologist Story
• Does magic happen when you give children access to an adult expert?
Some visual scaffolding would have helped!
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Scaffolding Your Own WebQuest
For every Input, ask yourself…
• Do all of my students know how to make sense of this source of information?
Inputs
Practice 1
Finding opportunities to add a reception scaffold
http://questgarden.com/63/89/1/080407200628/index.htm
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Transformation Scaffolds
• Guidance on applying specific transformations
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Transformation Scaffold Example
• How do the menus of two restaurants differ? Which one is healthier?
This calls for a Venn Diagram
http://questgarden.com/63/04/8/080329111217/
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Transformation Scaffold Example
• Solving a mystery involves building up to a conclusion through a foundation of inferences based on data.
This calls for an Inductive Tower!
ExploraTree
http://www.exploratree.org.uk/explore/
Knowing Tree
http://www.exploratree.org.uk/app/?document_id=955&permission_id=template
A knowing tree guides the user to construct an thesis based on evidence
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Transformation Scaffold Example
http://www-ma.beth.k12.pa.us/jhoke/jhwebquest/jhwebquest.htm
http://www-ma.beth.k12.pa.us/jhoke/jhwebquest/storymap.htm
Comparison Matrix
http://www.graphic.org/commat.html
Compare & Contrast
• This web design WebQuest includes an organizer to support this cognitive activity
http://macserver.independence.k12.ia.us/~rsheets/rjsheets/index.htm
http://macserver.independence.k12.ia.us/~rsheets/rjsheets/graphicorg.htm
Compare & Contrast
http://www.exploratree.org.uk/app/?document_id=956&permission_id=template
PMI
http://www.exploratree.org.uk/app/?document_id=7864&permission_id=template
PMI scaffolds the decision-making process by noting things that are positive, negative or just interesting
Reverse Planning
http://www.exploratree.org.uk/app/?document_id=966&permission_id=template
Start at the desired end result and then figure out how to get there.
S.C.A.M.P.E.R.
http://www.exploratree.org.uk/app/?document_id=968&permission_id=template
Generate ideas for improving a product or situation by changing things in various ways.
Read Write Think
http://www.readwritethink.org/
Venn Diagram
http://www.readwritethink.org/materials/venn/
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Production Scaffolds
• Guidance on organizing information in particular formats
• Prompted writing templates
• Multimedia templates
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Production Scaffold Example
http://home.austin.rr.com/anamc/ScottBoys/Scottsboro10th.html
This WebQuest contains a prompted writing guide to help students prepare their closing arguments.
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Production Scaffold Example
http://home.austin.rr.com/anamc/ScottBoys/ScottAessay.doc
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Production Scaffold Example
• Pinoy Pride asks students to create a short play about one of several stages in Filipino history.
Providing a diagram of the structure of a play would give the authors a place to compose their outline.
Drama Map
http://www.readwritethink.org/student_mat/student_material.asp?id=12
Letter Generator
http://www.readwritethink.org/student_mat/student_material.asp?id=5
Persuasion Map
http://www.readwritethink.org/student_mat/student_material.asp?id=34
Practice 2
Finding opportunities to add a transformation or production scaffold
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Scaffolding Your Own WebQuest
For every Input, ask yourself…
• Do all of my students know how to make sense of this source of information?
Inputs
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Scaffolding Your Own WebQuest
For every Transformation, ask yourself…
• Do all of my students know how to manipulate information in this way?
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Scaffolding Your Own WebQuest
For every Output, ask yourself…
• Do all of my students know how to produce information in this format?
Outputs
http://questgarden.com/62/91/3/080323072822/
Inputs
Transformation
OutputsConstructivist
ReceptionScaffolds
TransformationScaffolds
ProductionScaffolds
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Where Do Scaffolds Go?
PROCESS
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Degrees of Scaffolding
• There’s an appropriate balance point. It depends on your learners.
Spoon Feeding
Sink or Swim
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Degrees of Scaffolding
• Don’t scaffold everything… there isn’t time. Pick the 20% that solves 80% of your problems.
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Degrees of Scaffolding
• Encourage those who can skip or go beyond the scaffolds to do so. If all student products look the same, something’s wrong.
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Degrees of Scaffolding
• Over time, as your learners internalize the structures and skills you want them to have, scaffold less.
Four Useful Resources
• ExploraTree
• Read Write Think
• Gliffy
• Graphic.org
Gliffy
http://www.gliffy.com
Graphic.org
http://www.graphic.org/
Scaffolding Thinking Skills for Primary
StudentsBernie Dodge, PhD
San Diego State University
webquest.org/workshops/sts/