scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de
TRANSCRIPT
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Scalar implicature processing: slowly accepting the truth (literally)
Florian Schwarz, Jacopo Romoli, and Cory Bill
Sinn und Bedeutung 19 - September 15-17, Göttingen
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The overall project
• Comparing
• Scalar implicatures
• Presuppositions
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The overall project
• Three perspectives
• Processing
• Acquisition
• Language disorders
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Today
• Zooming in on
• Scalar Implicatures
• Processing
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Today
•Measure: Reaction Time
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Today
• Investigating the processing of
•Direct Scalar Implicatures (DSIs)
• Indirect Scalar Implicatures (ISIs)
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Today
• Comparing processing of
•Direct Scalar Implicatures (DSIs)
• Indirect Scalar Implicatures (ISIs)
• terminological distinction treated uniformly
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Direct SIs
(1) John sometimes went to the movies ⤳ John didn’t always go to the movies
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Indirect SIs
(2) John didn’t always go to the movies ⤳ John sometimes went to the movies
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The processing of SIs
• SIs and the 'experimental turn' (See Chemla and Singh 2014)
• Processing in particular
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The processing of DSIs
• The literature has mostly focused on DSIs
• Reaction Time experiments
•DSIs found to be associated with a delay (Bott and Noveck 2004, Bott et al 2012, Chemla and Bott 2013, Cremers and Chemla 2014)
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The processing of ISIs
• ISIs have been studied less
• Two studies with contrasting results
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The processing of ISIs
• ISIs associated with a delay in RTs (Cremers and Chemla 2014 - C&C)
• ISIs not associated with a delay (Romoli and Schwarz 2014 - R&S)
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Questions for today
(A) Do RTs yield uniform evidence for a delay of SIs?
(B) Are DSIs and ISIs uniform in processing?
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Our experiment
• Investigating these two questions
• Comparing the processing of DSIs and ISIs
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Our answers
(A) Do RTs yield uniform evidence for a delay of SIs?
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Our answers
(A) Do RTs yield uniform evidence for a delay of SIs?
•NO!
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Our answers
(A) Do RTs yield uniform evidence for a delay of SIs?
•NO!
• it depends on whether we look at acceptance or rejection responses
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Implications
This undermines the idea of SIs being associated with a delay in RTs
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Our answers
(B) Are DSIs and ISIs uniform in processing?
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Our answers
(B) Are DSIs and ISIs uniform in processing?
• YES!
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Our answers
(B) Are DSIs and ISIs uniform in processing?
• YES!
• they yield the same pattern of responses
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Implications
This supports uniform accounts of DSIs and ISIs
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Today
• Scalar implicatures and their derivation
• Processing of DSIs and ISIs
• The contrasting results on ISIs
• Experiment
• Results, Implications, Further directions
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Direct and Indirect Scalar Implicatures
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Direct and indirect scalar implicatures
• (1) John sometimes went to the movies ⤳ John didn’t always go
• (2) John didn’t always go to the movies ⤳ John sometimes went
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Cancellation
• Scalar implicatures can be cancelled
•One of the hallmarks of SIs
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Cancellation
(1) John sometimes went to the movies... In fact, he always did!
(2) John didn’t always go to the movies... In fact, he never went!
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Compare with entailments
(4) John and Mary went to the movies last week
⤳ John went to the movies last week
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Compare with entailments
(4) John and Mary went to the movies last week...#In fact John didn’t go!
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In sum
• Theoretical Goals:
• explain how DSIs and ISIs arise
• predict in what circumstancesthese inferences occur
• Allow for cancellation
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A sketch of SI derivation
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Deriving SIs: the Gricean algorithm
•Hear an utterance
•Compare with an alternative utterance
•If competitor is stronger than the assertion, conclude that competitor is false
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How do we obtain competitors?
•replace certain words in the assertion
•<some, all>
•<sometimes, always >
•...
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Deriving direct SIs
• (1) John sometimes went to the movies
• (2) John always went to the movies
⤳ John didn’t always go to the movies
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Deriving indirect SIs
• (1) John didn’t always go to the movies
• (2) John didn’t sometimes go to the movies
⤳ It’s false that John didn’t sometimes go to the movies = John went sometimes
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A unified approach
• A scalar implicature algorithm
• A theory of competitors
• A unified account of direct and indirect SIs
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Cancellation
• How do we allow for cancellation of SIs?
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Cancellation
• The data again
• (1) John went to the movies sometimes...in fact he always went!
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Cancellation
• The speaker uttered the competitor
• She cannot think that the competitor is false
• The scalar implicature is cancelled/not derived
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In sum
• A unified account of direct and indirect SIs
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In sum
• A unified account of direct and indirect
• How SIs can be absent
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In sum
• A unified account of direct and indirect
• How SIs can be absent
• Expectation of uniformity
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Processing
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The processing of SIs
• Processing of SIs studied extensively
•DSIs found to be associated with a delay in Reaction Times (Bott and Noveck 2004, Chemla and Bott 2013, Bott et al 2012, Cremers and Chemla 2014)
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Parenthesis
•Other methodologies (e.g., eye-tracking, self-paced reading) have given rise to more mixed results (Huang and Snedeker 2009, Breheny et al. 2006 vs. Grodner et al 2012, Degen and Tanenhaus 2011, Breheny et al 2013)
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Parenthesis
•Other methodologies (e.g., eye-tracking, self-paced reading) have given rise to conflicting results (Huang and Snedeker 2009, Breheny et al. 2006 vs. Grodner et al 2012, Degen and Tanenhaus 2011, Breheny et al 2013)
• We focus on RTs for today
• Ultimately the question is how to integrate results from different methodologies
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The processing of ISIs
• Two studies with RTs on ISIs
• Two (seemingly) contrasting results
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The processing of ISIs
• ISIs associated with a delay in RTs (C&C)
• ISIs not associated with a delay (R&S)
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What’s coming next
• Briefly review these two experiments
• Point to a crucial difference motivating the present experiment
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Cremers and Chemla 2014
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Goal
• Comparing RTs of ISIs vs. DSIs
• Using and refining the classical Bott and Noveck 2004’s paradigm
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Their main point
•Differences between DSIs and ISIs could be due to superficial differences
• The presence of negation
•Other confounds
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First experiment
• Some elephants are mammals ⤳ not all elephants are mammals
• SI reading = False
•No SI/Literal reading = True
• Same methodologies as Bott and Noveck (2004) exp 3; also Chemla and Bott 2013, Bott et al 2012
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First experiment
• False associated with a SI interpretation
• True associated with a Literal interpretation
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First experiment
Comparing RTs of True/Literal vs False/SI responses
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Results
Replicate previous B&N’s finding that false responses are slower than true
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Results
Interpretation: DSIs are associated with a delay
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Results
However - they find the opposite pattern with ISIs
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Results
Interpretation: ISIs are not associated with a delay?
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Discussion
• A potential conclusion
•DSIs and ISIs’ processing profiles are different
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Discussion
• C&C’s
• The difference might have some other source
• Go on to explore this in Experiment two
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Second experiment
• Same type of sentences
• Effect of training of participants
• Bott and Noveck 2004 experiment 1
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Second experiment
• A group of participants trained to literal interpretations (Literal/true)
• The other trained scalar interpretations (SI/false)
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Second experiment
Literal Participants were faster than SI ones
Interpretation: SIs associated with a delay
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Results
Replicating B&N’s effect for DSIs
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Results
This time, same pattern for ISIs
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Discussion
The effect of training is the same for DSIs and ISIs
ISIs have the same processing profile as DSIs
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Discussion
Both DSIs and ISIs associated with a delay
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Romoli and Schwarz 2014
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Goal
• Comparing RTs of
• ISIs
• Presuppositions
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Participants, material and Procedure
• Sentence picture matching task
• Pictures representing a character and her schedule
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Participants, material and Procedure
• Participants chose among three pictures
• One target, one distractor, and one covered (Huang et al 2013, Romoli et al 2011)
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Instruction
one and only one picture matches the sentence
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Design
• 2 x 2
• Type of trigger
• stop vs. always
• Inference?
• SI/Ps or Literal
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Design
• 2 x 2
• Type of trigger
• stop vs. always
• Inference?
• SI/Ps or Literal
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Always-SI condition
•
Distractor Target
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Always-Literal condition
DistractorTarget
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Comparison
• Comparison
•Target choices in SI condition
•Target choices in Literal condition
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Comparison
John didn’t always go to the movies
vs.
Literal SI
⤳ John sometimes went
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Results and discussion
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Dependent variables
• Response rate
• Reaction times of target choices
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•Main effect of inference
• (No interaction)
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
always:Inf always:NoInf stop:Inf stop:NoInfInference
%
Loc
Inf
NoInf
% of Target Choices
Response Data
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•Main effect of inference
• (No interaction)
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
always:Inf always:NoInf stop:Inf stop:NoInfInference
%
Loc
Inf
NoInf
% of Target Choices
Response Data
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• Target choices much higher for SI targets
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
always:Inf always:NoInf stop:Inf stop:NoInfInference
%
Loc
Inf
NoInf
% of Target Choices
Response Data
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0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
always:Inf always:NoInf stop:Inf stop:NoInfInference
%
Loc
Inf
NoInf
% of Target Choices
Response Data
SI
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0.00
0.25
0.50
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1.00
always:Inf always:NoInf stop:Inf stop:NoInfInference
%
Loc
Inf
NoInf
% of Target Choices
Response Data
Literal
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• Comparing RTs of Target choices
RTs
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•Main effect of Inference
• (no interaction)
RT for Target Choices
Inference
ms 5000
10000
Inf NoInf
expression
always
stop
RTs
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RT for Target Choices
Inference
ms 5000
10000
Inf NoInf
expression
always
stop
SI
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RT for Target Choices
Inference
ms 5000
10000
Inf NoInf
expression
always
stop
Literal
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• Target choice in the SI condition was faster
RT for Target Choices
Inference
ms 5000
10000
Inf NoInf
expression
always
stop
RTs
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Results
• Computing ISIs does not appear to be associated with a delay
• (Same pattern for ISIs and Presuppositions)
![Page 94: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Discussion
• C&C’s results
• ISIs, like DSIs, associated with a delay
• R&S’s result:
• ISIs not associated with a delay
![Page 95: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Discussion
• How do we reconcile these results?
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A difference
• C&C focuses on RTs for rejection responses based on SIs
• as compared to acceptance of the literal
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A difference
• R&S focuses on acceptance responses consistent with SIs
• as compared to acceptance of literal
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Next step
• Comparing DSIs and ISIs on both acceptance and rejection responses
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Parenthesis
• In R&S and present experimental paradigm:
• Rejection = Covered Picture
• Acceptance = Target Picture
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Acceptances comparison
John didn’t always go to the movies
>
Literal SI
⤳ John sometimes went
![Page 101: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Rejections comparison
• A comparison related to B&N/C&C’s one
• Rejection responses in Literal
• Rejection responses in False
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Rejections comparison
John didn’t always go to the movies
Literal False
⤳ John sometimes went
![Page 103: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Rejections comparison
Expectation based on B&N and C&C
Literal False
>
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In sum
• A novel set of comparisons
• Acceptances comparison
• Rejections comparison
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Experiment
![Page 106: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Goal
• Comparing ISIs and DSIs
• Both Target and Covered box choices
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Participants
• 35 native speaker of English
•Macquarie University Undergraduates
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Material and Procedure
• Similar design as R&S 2014
• But this time comparing ISIs and DSIs
• Looking at SI, Literal conditions and also false
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Material and Procedure
• Participants chose among two pictures
• One target and one covered
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Test trials
• 36 test trials
• (18 always; 18 sometimes)
• 18 controls with always and no negation
• 6 simple negation controls
• 12 fillers from another experiment
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Design
• 2 x 3
• Type of scalar item
• sometimes vs. always
• Status
• SI vs Literal vs False
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Sometimes-SI
John sometimes went to the movies
⤳ John didn’t always go
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Sometimes-Literal
John sometimes went to the movies
⤳ John didn’t always go
![Page 114: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Sometimes-false
John sometimes went to the movies
⤳ John didn’t always go
![Page 115: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Always-SI
John didn’t always go to the movies
⤳ John sometimes went
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Always-Literal
John didn’t always go to the movies
⤳ John sometimes went
![Page 117: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Always-false
John didn’t always go to the movies
⤳ John sometimes went
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Results and discussion
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Data Analysis
• Responses were coded as:
• Literal: response justifiable based on literal meaning alone
• Scalar: response compatible with the scalar implicature
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Data Analysis
• This cuts across rejection (covered box) and acceptance (overt picture) responses
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Sometimes Literalacceptance
John sometimes went to the movies
⤳ John didn’t always go
![Page 122: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Sometimes Literalacceptance
John sometimes went to the movies
⤳ John didn’t always go
![Page 123: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Sometimes Literalrejection
John sometimes went to the movies
⤳ John didn’t always go
![Page 124: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Sometimes Literalrejection
John sometimes went to the movies
⤳ John didn’t always go
![Page 125: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Sometimes scalar acceptance
John sometimes went to the movies
⤳ John didn’t always go
![Page 126: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Sometimes scalar acceptance
John sometimes went to the movies
⤳ John didn’t always go
![Page 127: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Sometimes scalarrejection
John sometimes went to the movies
⤳ John didn’t always go
![Page 128: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Sometimes scalarrejection
John sometimes went to the movies
⤳ John didn’t always go
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Always Literalacceptance
John didn’t always go to the movies
⤳ John sometimes went
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Always Literalacceptance
John didn’t always go to the movies
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Always scalaracceptance
John didn’t always go to the movies
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Always scalaracceptance
John didn’t always go to the movies
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Always Literalrejection
John didn’t always go to the movies
![Page 134: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
Always Literalrejection
John didn’t always go to the movies
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Always scalar rejection
John didn’t always go to the movies
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Always scalar rejection
John didn’t always go to the movies
![Page 137: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
Dependent variables
• for both DSI and ISI:
• Choice of Literal vs Scalar responses
• RTs of Literal vs. Scalar responses
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• Scalar responses for DSI = 77% of the time
• Scalar responses for ISI = 49% of the time
• Significant: DSI > ISI
Response rate
![Page 139: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
A difference
•Overall proportion of Scalar interpretations lower for ISIs
• This replicates a similar effect found in R&S
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• Main effect of implicature type
• 2x2 Interactions
• Simple effects of Rejection vs Acceptance
RTsalways sometimes
3000
4000
5000
6000
CB Target CB TargetPicChoice
ms
StatusSI
Literal
![Page 141: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
always sometimes
3000
4000
5000
6000
CB Target CB TargetPicChoice
ms
StatusSI
Literal
• Rejection based on ISIs and DSIs were slower
RTs
![Page 142: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
always sometimes
3000
4000
5000
6000
CB Target CB TargetPicChoice
ms
StatusSI
Literal
Rejection LiteralJohn didn’t always go to the movies
Literal
![Page 143: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
always sometimes
3000
4000
5000
6000
CB Target CB TargetPicChoice
ms
StatusSI
Literal
Rejection FalseJohn didn’t always go to the movies
False
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always sometimes
3000
4000
5000
6000
CB Target CB TargetPicChoice
ms
StatusSI
Literal
• Rejection based on ISIs and DSIs were slower
• consistent with C&C and previous results
RTs
![Page 145: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
always sometimes
3000
4000
5000
6000
CB Target CB TargetPicChoice
ms
StatusSI
Literal
• Acceptance responses based on scalar were faster for both ISIs and DSIs
RTs
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always sometimes
3000
4000
5000
6000
CB Target CB TargetPicChoice
ms
StatusSI
Literal
Acceptance SIJohn didn’t always go to the movies
SI
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always sometimes
3000
4000
5000
6000
CB Target CB TargetPicChoice
ms
StatusSI
Literal
Acceptance LiteralJohn didn’t always go to the movies
Literal
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• For ISIs: same result as R&S
• For DSIs: novel result
always sometimes
3000
4000
5000
6000
CB Target CB TargetPicChoice
ms
StatusPrag
Lit
RTs
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In sum - the patternSI acceptance Literal acceptance
<
John didn’t always go to the movies
![Page 150: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
In sum - the patternSI acceptance Literal acceptance
<
<
False rejection Literal rejection
John didn’t always go to the movies
![Page 151: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
Discussion
• Reconciling C&C and R&S
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Discussion
First result: rejection choices in Literal conditions were slower than those in false condition
![Page 153: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
Discussion
First result: rejection choices in Literal conditions were slower than those in false condition
Second result: acceptance choices compatible with SI are faster than those only compatible with the literal meaning
![Page 154: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
Discussion
We agree with C&C’s methodological point
Rather than playing with regressing factors
We look at the comparison between ISIs and DSIs from a different angle
![Page 155: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
Implications
Same pattern of delay/non-delay depending on whether we look at acceptance or rejection
![Page 156: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
Implications
However it is not clear that a SIs are delayed story can explain the full pattern of results
![Page 157: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
Discussion
First result: rejection choices in Literal conditions were slower than those in false condition
Second result: acceptance choices compatible with SI are faster than those only compatible with the literal meaning
![Page 158: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
Discussion
The second result appears incompatible with an account of the first result based on delay in the availability of the SI
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John didn’t always go to the movies
In both cases the literal meaning is true so why should you be faster in the SI-condition?
![Page 160: Scalar implicature processing - uni-goettingen.de](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012810/61c085c1248639423b23115d/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
Back to the questions
(A) Do RTs yield uniform evidence for a delay of SIs?
(B) Are DSIs and ISIs uniform in processing?
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Back to the questions
(A) Do RTs yield uniform evidence for a delay of SIs?
NO! - it depends on whether you look at acceptance or rejection responses
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Back to the questions
(B) Are DSIs and ISIs uniform in processing?
YES! - they exhibit the same pattern of responses
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Back to the questions
The uniformity between DSIs and ISIs consistent with uniform treatments
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Back to the questions
But we need a different story than SIs are delayed for explaining the pattern in acceptance and rejection responses
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Explaining the result
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Two pragmatic principles
• Interaction between two pragmatic principles
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Two pragmatic principles
• (Some version of a) Principle of charity: Construe utterances as true if possible
• Preference for scalar meanings
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Hypothesis
•Delay occurs when these two principles conflict
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The patternSI acceptance Literal acceptance
<
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The patternLiteral acceptance
In the Literal condition the charity principle is in conflict with the preference for the scalar interpretation
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The patternSI acceptance
In the SI condition no conflict between the two principles
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The pattern
<
False rejection Literal rejection
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The pattern
Literal rejection
In the Literal condition the charity principle isin conflict with the preference for the scalar interpretation
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The pattern
False rejection
In the false condition no conflict between the two principles
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In sum
• The processing profile of SIs with RTs has to do more with a conflict between pragmatic principles
• Rather than a delay associated with SIs
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Conclusions
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The processing of SIs
• Processing of SIs studied extensively
•DSIs found to be associated with a delay in Reaction Times (Bott and Noveck 2004, Chemla and Bott 2013, Bott et al 2012, Cremers and Chemla 2014)
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The processing of ISIs
• ISIs have been studied less and with conflicting results
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Our experiment
• Comparing the processing of DSIs and that of ISIs
• looking at both acceptance and rejection responses
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Conclusions
• Reconciling the conflicting results
• the difference appears to be in term of acceptance and rejection
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Conclusions
• Acceptance consistent with SI is faster than acceptance consistent only with literal meaning
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Conclusions
• Rejection based on SI is slower than rejection based on the literal meaning alone
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Implication
•DSIs and ISIs behave uniformly as expected by standard accounts
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Implication
• But then no evidence that scalar implicatures are associated with a delay in RT
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Proposal
• The delay arises because of conflict between pragmatic principles
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Conclusions & further directions
• Remaining questions
• explaining B&N and C&C effects with the conflicts of principles story
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Conclusions & further directions
• Remaining questions
• integrating these results with results obtained with other methodologies
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Conclusions & further directions
• Comparing DSIs vs. ISIs
•Other processing measures
• acquisition
• language disorders
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Conclusions & further directions
• Add back presuppositions to the comparison
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Thanks! COLLABORATORS
Others Rosalind Thornton, Kelly Rombough, Dorothy Ann, Emmanuel Chemla, Stephen Crain, Danny Fox, Lynda Kennedy, Clemens Mayr, Raj Singh, Benjamin Spector, Yasutada Sudo, Lyn Tieu