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1 Wadi Hadramaut
Wadi Hadramaut Souvenir seller in the square of Shibam
2 Wadi Hadramaut
DESCRIPTION
HYDROGRAPHY AND VIABILITY SIQAYES
HISTORICAL SETTLEMENTS
ANCIENT SETTLEMENTS
RISKS
ABANDONMENT
CONCRETE AND ASPHALT
SAFEGUARD
PROTECTION AREAS
EXPLOITATION CONSERVATION OF THE ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE
SUGGESTIONS FOR A PLAN OF EXPLOITATION OF THE CULTURAL HERITAGE Adjoining sheets of the cartography scale 1:100.000 (D-39-3…) and scale 1:25.000 (D-39-3-A-a…)
3 Wadi Hadramaut
4 Wadi Hadramaut
DESCRIPTION
HYDROGRAPHY AND VIABILITY Wadi Hadramaut1 (also traslated: Hadramawt, Hadhramawt, Hadhramout,
Hadramut, Hadhramout and Hadhramut), along its path from the West to the East, before turning into Wadi Masila, gathers 6 main affluents, so considered by
the project as they have been separately described:
Wadi Sar (from the North) Wadi ‘Adm (from the South)
Wadi Daw’an (from the South) Wadi Al’Ain (from the South) Wadi Bin ‘Ali (from the South)
Wadi ‘Amd (from the South) It also gathers many other affluents, mainly from the south:
Wadi Hainin (from the West) Wadi Na’am (from the West) Wadi Go’eima (from the North-East)
Wadi Tha’aleb (from the South) Wadi Tareba (from the South)
Wadi Bin Yamani (from the South) Wadi Hadhya (from the South) Wadi Nuqub (from the South)
Wadi Al Hariya (from the South)
One approaches wadi Hadramaut from the west, on the road that goes from
Sana’a to Ma’rib. From the sea, one can come by wadi Masila, by wadi ‘Adm or by wadi Daw'an. Near Maduda, the siqaya n.33 marks the beginning of the trail to
the north. Wadi Hadramaut can be crossed on a completely asphalted road. Sleeping
facilities are available mainly in the central area (Say’un, Al Hauta, Shibam) and there are food stands in many places, offering international type cuisine as well
as local food.
HISTORICAL SETTLEMENTS The wadi is currently evenly quite populated, from East to West. The main towns
are SHIBAM and SAIUN; along the principal wadi and its tributaries, there are about 149 villages, some are of relevant dimension, for a total sum of about 6.670 buildings (1975)5.
1 “Tourist map”. Scale 1: 1.250.000 – year 2000. Map produced and published by IGN France
5 Wadi Hadramaut
WADI MAIN AND TRIBUTARIES INHABITED CENTER
IDIOMS AND OTHER
FORMS
MAP’S SHEET
Hadramaut - SHIBAM D-39-2-A-b
Hadramaut Yathma SAIUN D-39-2-B-a
Hadramaut - Maryama D-39-2-B-a
Hadramaut - Al Hauta D-39-2-B-a
Hadramaut Tareba Suheil al Qabli D-39-2-B-b
Hadramaut - Ard as Sagir D-39-2-B-a
Hadramaut - Husn al Muneibari D-39-2-A-b
Hadramaut - Salila D-39-2-B-a
Hadramaut - Al Hariya D-39-2-B-a
Hadramaut - Maduda D-39-2-B-a
Hadramaut - Makan Ga'far Umm Badr D-39-2-A-b
Hadramaut - Ard Al Ba Hartha D-39-2-A-b
Hadramaut - Haddama D-39-2-A-b
Hadramaut - Buheira D-39-2-A-b
Hadramaut - Al Hawi D-39-2-A-b
Hadramaut Go'eima Makan Al Ali (Al Qofl) D-39-2-A-b
Hadramaut Go'eima Suheil Go'eima D-39-2-A-b
Hadramaut Na'am Al Mahgar D-39-2-A-b
Hadramaut Bin Tha'aleb
Taris D-39-2-A-b
Hadramaut - Husn Al `Awanez D-39-2-A-b
Hadramaut - Husn Al Mahri D-39-2-A-b
Hadramaut - Husn Al Fas D-39-2-A-b
Hadramaut - Husn Bin Aun D-39-2-A-b
Hadramaut - Husn Ba Matina D-39-2-A-b
Hadramaut Madar Bor E-39-134-D-c
Hadramaut - Al Ghurfa D-39-2-A-b
Hadramaut - Ba Bakr D-39-2-A-b
Hadramaut - Al Gheil D-39-2-A-b
Hadramaut - Al Qara D-39-2-B-b
Hadramaut Na'am Al Qarya D-39-2-A-a
Hadramaut Na'am /Soheiba
Soheiba D-39-2-A-a
Hadramaut - Al Qara D-39-2-A-a
Hadramaut Na'am Sarig D-39-2-A-a
Hadramaut - Yuya D-39-2-A-a
Hadramaut Tareba Harad D-39-2-B-b
Hadramaut Tareba Wadi Ben Salman D-39-2-B-b
Hadramaut Tareba Ghanima D-39-2-B-b
Hadramaut Tareba Soheil Mohsen D-39-2-B-b
6 Wadi Hadramaut
Hadramaut Tareba Tareba D-39-2-B-b
Hadramaut Tareba Diyar Al Motraf D-39-2-B-b
Hadramaut Tareba Diyar Al Kartib D-39-2-B-b
Hadramaut Tareba Shitah D-39-2-B-b
Hadramaut - Sherma D-39-2-B-b
Hadramaut - Al 'Ard D-39-2-B-b
Hadramaut Madar Shaqih E-39-134-D-c
Hadramaut Madar Al 'Ard E-39-134-D-c
Hadramaut Madar Bir Al Madini E-39-134-D-c
Hadramaut Madar Al Qafl E-39-134-D-d
Hadramaut Madar Suheil Abd Allah E-39-134-D-d
Hadramaut Madar Ar Raheiya E-39-134-D-c
Hadramaut Madar Ar Rieida E-39-134-D-c
Hadramaut - AL QATN D-39-1-B-d
Hadramaut - Huwaila D-39-2-A-a
Hadramaut Go'eima /Ad Dayra
Al Aqiqa E-39-135
Hadramaut Go'eima Qadfart Al Masamir E-39-135
Hadramaut Go'eima Tukheri E-39-135
Hadramaut Go'eima / Lasaf
Lasaf E-39-135
Hadramaut Go'eima Al Qattar E-39-135
Hadramaut Go'eima Makan Al Husn E-39-135
Hadramaut Go'eima / Matareh
Matareh E-39-135
Hadramaut Go'eima Husi E-39-135
Hadramaut Go'eima Shary Ahl Qahum E-39-135
Hadramaut Go'eima Gohuri E-39-135
Hadramaut Go'eima Azh Zhahira D-39-2-A-b
Hadramaut - Ghanima D-39-2-A-a
Hadramaut - Al Masna'a D-39-2-A-a
Hadramaut - Husn Al Madashina D-39-1-B-d
Hadramaut - Ad Darish D-39-2-A-b
Hadramaut - Al Barqi D-39-2-A-b
Hadramaut - Al Mar'i D-39-2-A-b
Hadramaut - Ba 'Aira D-39-2-A-b
Hadramaut - Ba Amer D-39-2-A-b
Hadramaut - Dhi Sobah D-39-2-A-b
Hadramaut - Qariu D-39-2-A-d
Hadramaut Yab Husn Salama D-39-2-A-d
Hadramaut - Al Faghwa D-39-2-A-d
Hadramaut Yab Al Wuyaib D-39-2-A-d
Hadramaut - Al Masila (Dyar Al Hamud) D-39-2-A-b
Hadramaut - Ba Raf'a D-39-2-A-d
Hadramaut - Suheil Shibam D-39-2-A-b
Hadramaut - Khamur D-39-2-A-c
Hadramaut - Al 'Aqad D-39-2-A-c
Hadramaut - Diyar Ar Rak D-39-2-A-c
Hadramaut - Khashamer D-39-2-A-c
7 Wadi Hadramaut
Hadramaut - Sahat Al Hazeb D-39-2-A-c
Hadramaut - 'Oqran D-39-2-A-c
Hadramaut - Hadhya D-39-2-A-c
Hadramaut Nuqub Al Masna'a D-39-2-A-c
Hadramaut Nuqub Bin Naser D-39-2-A-c
Hadramaut Hadhya Lasraba D-39-2-A-c
Hadramaut Hadhya Al Ard D-39-2-A-c
Hadramaut Hadhya Al Kharaba D-39-2-A-c
Hadramaut Hadhya Al 'Aqda D-39-2-A-c
Hadramaut Hadhya Al Kut D-39-2-A-c
Hadramaut - Husn Al Ahmed D-39-1-B-d
Hadramaut - Al 'Anin D-39-1-B-d
Hadramaut Hadhya Husn Al Hamzhan D-39-1-B-d
Hadramaut Hadhya Hautat An Nur D-39-1-B-d
Hadramaut - Sahat al Gahaura D-39-1-B-d
Hadramaut - Sahat Al 'Ali al Hag D-39-1-B-d
Hadramaut - Husn Az Zow'a D-39-1-B-d
Hadramaut - Al Khaiyam D-39-2-A-b
Hadramaut - Al Fort D-39-1-B-d
Hadramaut - Kurus al Qa'ata D-39-1-B-d
Hadramaut - Sahat al Hazharem D-39-1-B-d
Hadramaut - Ard Al Rasam D-39-2-A-c
Hadramaut - Al Muraqqada D-39-1-B-d
Hadramaut - Zhab'an D-39-1-B-d
Hadramaut - Al Batina D-39-1-D-b
Hadramaut Al Qeit Madhar D-39-1-D-b
Hadramaut - Al Khodeid D-39-1-D-a
Hadramaut - Nasriya D-39-1-D-a
Hadramaut Menwab Ash Shkeilan D-39-1-D-b
Hadramaut Harsa Al 'Aqida D-39-1-D-b
Hadramaut Menwab Quseiba D-39-1-D-b
Hadramaut Menwab Dhakariya D-39-1-D-b
Hadramaut Al Qeit Al Fida D-39-1-D-b
Hadramaut - 'Ard Al Habu' D-39-1-B-d
Hadramaut - Qoseis D-39-1-B-d
Hadramaut - Zukeik D-39-1-B-d
Hadramaut Menwab Al Kharaba D-39-1-D-b
Hadramaut - Wu'aila D-39-1-B-d
Hadramaut - 'Aniybeda D-39-1-B-d
Hadramaut - Shi'b Al Nuheid D-39-1-B-c
Hadramaut - Al Guwat Al Muhanna D-39-1-B-c
Hadramaut Hainin Shurug Hainin D-39-1-B-c
Hadramaut Hainin Hainin D-39-1-B-c
Hadramaut Menwab Al Bilad D-39-1-D-b
Hadramaut - Al Haten D-39-1-B-d
Hadramaut Bin Tha'aleb
Al Hemrat D-39-2-B-a
8 Wadi Hadramaut
Hadramaut Hainin Al Hogeila D-39-1-A-d
Hadramaut Hainin Al Hozeim D-39-1-A-d
Hadramaut Menwab Al Husn D-39-1-D-d
Hadramaut Hadhya Al Qeibr D-39-2-C-a
Hadramaut Bin Tha'aleb
Al Qorein D-39-2-B-a
Hadramaut Bin Tha'aleb
Ar Rouda D-39-2-B-c
Hadramaut Menwab Ar Rowda D-39-1-D-d
Hadramaut - Ard al Huwei D-39-1-B-c
Hadramaut Hainin As Saila D-39-1-B-c
Hadramaut Bin Tha'aleb
At Tarha D-39-2-B-a
Hadramaut - Ba Ruweid D-39-1-B-d
Hadramaut - Bir Saleh D-39-1-B-d
Hadramaut - Diyar Al Mar'i D-39-2-A-b
Hadramaut - Finda D-39-1-B-c
Hadramaut Menwab Gahlan D-39-1-D-d
Hadramaut Bin Tha'aleb
Ghanima D-39-2-B-a
Hadramaut - Guwat Al Khanaq D-39-1-B-c
Hadramaut Hainin Hadbat Ash Sharman D-39-1-A-d
Hadramaut - Mureighat D-39-1-D-a
Hadramaut - Sahat An Nur D-39-2-A-d
Hadramaut - Suweid al Ma D-39-1-B-d
wadi HADRAMAUT 1975
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 50 100 150 200
villages n° 149
bu
ild
ing
s n
° 6
67
0
Serie1
9 Wadi Hadramaut
All the centers were visited and 125 villages and the small towns of SHIBAM,
SAIUN and AL QATN were catalogued, since considered to be of historic-artistic value.
INHABITED CENTER
NUMBER OF BUILDINGS IN
1975
CATALOGUE
historical
settlements
SHIBAM - H 2
SAIUN - S 3
Maryama 55 S 4
Al Hauta 67 H 5
Suheil al Qabli 75 H 7
Ard as Sagir 32 H 11
Husn al Muneibari 59 H 13
Salila 26 HP 14
Al Hariya 73 HP 15
Maduda 227 H 16
Makan Ga'far Umm Badr 72 S 18
Ard Al Ba Hartha 15 HP 19
Haddama 7 HP 20
Buheira 117 S 21
Al Hawi 47 HP 22
Makan Al Ali (Al Qofl) 18 H 23
Suheil Go'eima 80 H 24
Al Mahgar 36 HP 26
Taris 230 S 27
Husn Al `Awanez 44 H 28
Husn Al Mahri 13 HP 29
Husn Al Fas 42 H 30
Husn Bin Aun 28 H 31
Husn Ba Matina 5 H 32
Bor 115 S 33
Al Ghurfa 350 H 34
Ba Bakr 84 H 35
Al Gheil 20 H 36
Al Qara 43 S 37
Al Qarya 23 HP 38
Soheiba 5 HP 39
Al Qara 198 S 40
Sarig 23 HP 41
Yuya 33 HP 42
Harad 35 H 43
Wadi Ben Salman 68 HP 44
Ghanima 16 H 45
10 Wadi Hadramaut
Soheil Mohsen 117 H 46
Tareba 154 H 47
Diyar Al Motraf 27 HP 48
Diyar Al Kartib 25 HP 49
Shitah 15 HP 50
Sherma 83 H 51
Al 'Ard 14 HP 52
Shaqih 47 HP 53
Al 'Ard 25 HP 54
Bir Al Madini 25 H 55
Al Qafl 8 H 56
Suheil Abd Allah 114 H 57
Ar Raheiya 25 HP 58
Ar Rieida 27 HP 59
AL QATN - H 99
Huwaila 38 HP 125
Al Aqiqa 14 SP 127
Qadfart Al Masamir 37 HP 128
Tukheri 49 H 129
Lasaf 49 H 130
Al Qattar 20 H 131
Makan Al Husn 11 HP 132
Matareh 49 H 133
Husi 22 H 134
Shary Ahl Qahum 12 HP 135
Gohuri 65 H 136
Azh Zhahira 11 H 137
Ghanima 32 H 138
Al Masna'a 19 H 139
- - H 143
Husn Al Madashina 17 S 144
Ad Darish 20 H 169
Al Barqi 36 H 170
Al Mar'i 12 H 171
Ba 'Aira 18 H 172
Ba Amer 15 HP 173
Dhi Sobah 38 H 174
Qariu 35 H 175
Husn Salama 40 HP 176
Al Faghwa 10 HP 177
Al Wuyaib 40 HP 178
Al Masila (Dyar Al Hamud) 40 H 179
Ba Raf'a 34 H 184
Suheil Shibam 233 H 187
Khamur 32 H 188
Al 'Aqad 125 HP 190
Diyar Ar Rak 26 HP 191
Khashamer 128 H 192
11 Wadi Hadramaut
Sahat Al Hazeb 30 HP 193
'Oqran 45 H 194
Hadhya 62 H 195
Al Masna'a 16 HP 196
Bin Naser 20 HP 197
Lasraba 41 H 198
Al Ard 12 HP 199
Al Kharaba 32 H 200
Al 'Aqda 21 H 201
Al Kut 14 HP 202
Husn Al Ahmed 25 HP 203
Al 'Anin 218 HP 204
Husn Al Hamzhan 27 HP 205
Hautat An Nur - H 206
Sahat al Gahaura 82 H 207
Sahat Al 'Ali al Hag 60 H 208
Husn Az Zow'a 60 HP 209
Al Khaiyam 50 H 226
Al Fort 160 H 227
Kurus al Qa'ata 50 HP 228
Sahat al Hazharem 42 HP 229
Ard Al Rasam 15 H 240
Al Muraqqada 50 HP 241
Zhab'an 25 H 242
Al Batina 55 HP 243
Madhar 30 H 244
Al Khodeid 60 HP 245
Nasriya 22 HP 246
Ash Shkeilan 16 HP 247
Al 'Aqida 18 HP 248
Quseiba 10 HP 249
Dhakariya 6 HP 250
Al Fida 40 HP 251
'Ard Al Habu' 7 H 252
Qoseis 126 H 253
Zukeik 50 HP 254
Al Kharaba 17 HP 255
Wu'aila 26 HP 256
'Aniybeda 30 H 257
Shi'b Al Nuheid 22 H 258
Al Guwat Al Muhanna 30 H 259
Shurug Hainin 30 H 260
Hainin 194 S 261
Al Bilad 21 H 281
12 Wadi Hadramaut
SIQAYES The siqayes 3 are quite numerous. 60 have been registered, that once flanked the ancient caravan trails of the wadi, and many are still in decent condition.
Here practically all the typologies are represented: with wells, with a prayer area, with a drinking trough. Some have fallen into ruin, while others are still in use, having recently been connected to the reservoir (one of the loveliest – n. 26 – has
actually been transformed into a kind of barrad: perhaps this idea, if carried out in a non-destructive way, could be applied to many other siqaya). We feel, from
our analysis of the documentation that the remaining part is in good condition and can be saved from destruction by means of simple maintenance interventions. Following is a representative selection:
Siqaya n.2, with prayer area
Siqaya n.4
Siqaya n.5
Siqaya n.7, close to the enclosure
3 Arabic pl.: siqayat
13 Wadi Hadramaut
Siqaya n.8, with well
Siqaya n.18, in very bad conditions
Siqaya n.26, with electric cooler
Siqaya n.27
Siqaya n.28
14 Wadi Hadramaut
Siqaya n.29
Siqaya n.30
Siqaya n.33
Siqaya n.34, with well
Siqaya n.47
15 Wadi Hadramaut
Siqaya n.54
Siqaya n.61
Siqaya n.65, with well
Siqaya n.66
Siqaya n.68
16 Wadi Hadramaut
Siqaya n.72
Siqaya n.73, spoiled by a small cement building
Siqaya n.82
Siqaya n.96
Siqaya n.97
17 Wadi Hadramaut
Siqaya n.98, made of stones , one of the most ancient
Siqaya n.103
Siqaya n.105
Siqaya n.183
18 Wadi Hadramaut
Two complexes outside the populated centers were located and catalogued.
WADI
main and tributaries
LOCALITY
CATALOGUE
historical settlements
Hadramaut Husn Al 'Err HP0143
Hadramaut Husn al Muneibari HP0017
Husn Al 'Err
ANCIENT SETTLEMENTS
38 archaeological sites were catalogued
WADI
main and tributaries
LOCALITY
SITE TYPE
CATALOGUE archaeology
MAP’S
sheet
Go'eima LASAF TERRITORIAL CONTROL
POINT
A00036 E 39 134
Go'eima SUHEIL GO'EIMA FORTIFIED
SETTLEMENT
A00037 E 39 134
Go'eima SUHEIL GO'EIMA 2 SETTLEMENT A00039 E 39 134
Go'eima WADI ZHA'N MEGALITH A00041 E 39 134
Hadramaut QARAT AL'OR FORTIFIED
SETTLEMENT
A00009 D 39 2 B a
Hadramaut TOMBS OF THE PROPHET
HANZHALA BIN SAFWAN
CEMETERY A00013 E 39 134
Hadramaut QARAT GUSHEYB FORTIFIED
SETTLEMENT
A00014 E 39 134 D d
Hadramaut QARAT AL-HABUZHI FORTIFIED
SETTLEMENT
A00015 D 39 2 B a
Hadramaut AL MUTAIWAL UPRIGHT STONES IN
CIRCLE
A00016 D 39 2 B a
Hadramaut YUYA 1 SETTLEMENT A00018 D 39 2 A a
Hadramaut YUYA 2 MEGALITHS A00019 D 39 2 A a
Hadramaut QARAT ABDEL 'AZIZ MEGALITH A00042 D 39 2 A a
Hadramaut YUYA 3 RELIGIOUS A00043 D 39 2 A a
19 Wadi Hadramaut
SETTLEMENT
Hadramaut YUYA 4 MEGALITH A00044 D 39 2 A a
Hadramaut AL QATN CAVES A00045 D 39 1 B d
Hadramaut RAVINE AS SARAB RELIGIOUS
SETTLEMENT
A00046 D 39 1 D b
Hadramaut HUSN AL HAMZHAN RELIGIOUS
SETTLEMENT
A00047 D 39 1 B d
Hadramaut OQRAN MEGALITH A00048 D 39 2 A c
Hadramaut GABER ABD ALLAH CASTLE A00049 D 39 2 A c
Hadramaut OMM AL 'ARD RELIGIOUS
SETTLEMENT
A00050 D 39 2 A c
Hadramaut KHASHAMER RELIGIOUS
SETTLEMENT
A00051 D 39 2 A c
Hadramaut SHARG HEBRI TERRITORIAL CONTROL
SYSTEM
A00109 D 39 1 D a
Hadramaut AL MAKHANIQ FORTIFIED SETTLEMENT
A00110 D 39 1 D a
Hadramaut HUSN 'IWADH BIN 'ALI FORTIFIED
SETTLEMENT
S00040EA01 D 39 2 A a
Hadramaut QARAT 'ABDEL 'AZIZ FORTIFIED
SETTLEMENT
S00040EA02 D 39 2 A a
Hadramaut AL FALAS (SAIUN) FORTIFIED
SETTLEMENT
S00003EA01 D 39 2 B a
Hadramaut QARAT ASH SHEIKH 'ALI FORTIFIED
SETTLEMENT
S00003EA02 D 39 2 B a
Hadramaut MARYAMA FORTIFIED
SETTLEMENT
S00004 D 39 2 B a
Hadramaut MAKAN GA'FAR UMM
BADR
WESTERN FORTIFIED
SETTLEMENT
S00018EA01 D 39 2 A b
Hadramaut MAKAN GA'FAR UMM
BADR
EASTERN FORTIFIED
SETTLEMENT
S00018EA02 D 39 2 A b
Hadramaut BUHEIRA FORTIFIED
SETTLEMENT
S00021EA01 D 39 2 A b
Hadramaut TARIS FORTIFIED SETTLEMENT
S00027EA01 D 39 2 A b
Hadramaut ALAWI BIN ABDELLAH
MOSQUE
MOSQUE S00033MA001 E 39 134 D c
Hadramaut AL QARA SETTLEMENT S00037 D 39 2 B b
Hadramaut HUSN AL MADASHINA CASTLE S00144MA001 D 39 1 B d
Hadramaut HAININ FORTIFIED
SETTLEMENT
S00261EA01 D 39 1 B c
Hadramaut 'AMIRIYA MOSQUE MOSQUE OF THE
MIXED SITE OF HAININ
S00261MA001 D 39 1 B c
Hadramaut AL GAME' MOSQUE MOSQUE OF THE MIXED SITE OF HAININ
S00261MA002 D 39 1 B c
A14M1 – Castle of Qarat Gusheyb: frontal view
20 Wadi Hadramaut
A16 – Upright stones in circle in Al Mutaiwal
A18 – Yuya 1 settlement: general view
A19M002 – engravings on the megaliths of Yuya 2: detail (hand)
A19M002 – engravings on the megaliths of Yuya 2: detail (breast-feeding)
21 Wadi Hadramaut
A19M002 – reproduction of the engravings on the megaliths of Yuya 2 (by Hussein Al Aidarous)
A43 – religious settlement of Yuya 3: detail of the structures
A44 – megalith of Yuya 4
A49 – Castle of Gaber Abd Allah: general view
A49 – Castle of Gaber ‘Abd Allah: detail of a corner-tower
22 Wadi Hadramaut
A110 – mihrab of a mosque in the fortified settlement of Al Makhaniq
A100 – fortified settlement of Al Makhaniq: general view
S3EA01 – Husn Al Falas in Saiun: general view
S3EA01 – interior decoration of the Husn Al Falas in Saiun
S18EA02 – fortified settlement of Makan Ga’Far Umm Badr
23 Wadi Hadramaut
S18EA01 – fortified settlement of Makan Ga’Far Umm Badr
S21EA01 – fortified settlement of Buheira: general view
S27EA01 – fortified settlement of Taris: general view
S27EA01 – fortified settlement of Taris: detail of the interior decoration of the castle
S33MA001 – Mosque of Alawi Bin ‘Abdellah: general view
24 Wadi Hadramaut
S37MA001 – mosque of Al Qara: detail of the inside
S37 – Al Qara: ruins of a house
S37EA01M001 – Al Qara: sepulchral tombstones
S37EA01M001 – sepulchral tombstone
S144MA001 – castle of Al Madashina
25 Wadi Hadramaut
S261MA001 – ‘Amiriya mosque in Hainin: general view
S261MA001 – ‘Amiriya mosque in Hainin: minaret
S261MA002 – Al Game’ mosque in Hainin: general view
S261MA002 – Al Game’ mosque in Hainin: arcade
26 Wadi Hadramaut
RISKS
ABANDONMENT The abandonment of the older residential structures in the entire area is linked mainly to the process of total reconstruction at the expense of their recuperation.
The phenomenon is also present in this part of the territory, though it is certainly less marked than elsewhere because of the very “centrality” of this wadi. Our
research has revealed that, here, the phenomenon especially concerns certain villages, for specific reasons, as in some cases the repeated occurrence of floods:
Shibam
Saiun Makan Al ‘Ali Dhi Sobah
Al Masila Al ‘Aqda
Suheil Shibam Al Batina
Here most of the old housing, no longer extensible, has been abandoned. We believe that only limited interventions are possible in this wadi, i.e. saving from complete destruction only certain buildings of particular artistic and
documentary value. Priority could be given to the system of fortifications.
CONCRETE AND ASPHALT Here concrete is present more than elsewhere, scattered a little all over. The first unpleasant impression is that by, now, it is unstoppable. All the new buildings display their concrete blocks rigorously to view, with their pillars and iron
reinforcement rods projecting upwards, even when the building is inhabited. On a closer analysis one discovers, with a certain relief, that the horror is concentrated within a few km along the road in only three localities, in addition to
a fourth in wadi Al ‘Ain:
27 Wadi Hadramaut
Some km west from Saiun.
From Al Hauta to the suburbs of Shibam
Suburbs of Al Qatn, from the east to the west.
28 Wadi Hadramaut
To show the entire situation regarding the concrete all over the area: in wadi Al
‘Ain, the stretch of road in front of the Castle of Al ‘Aglaniya.
If by human intervention or by some miracle the incursion of concrete should now be halted, it would only be necessary to plaster a score of buildings and to
eliminate only a half-dozen buildings which have a particularly devastating effect due to their position and form. so the valley would be substantially saved. The beauty of this territory could be consigned first to the legitimate pride of the
population of Hadramaut and then to the admiration of visitors. If no intervention is made, it is likely that the entire stretch from Say’un to al Qatn will be devastated.
Asphalt has already completed its cycle and no further threats are foreseen for
this element in the secondary wadis.
SAFEGUARD
PROTECTION AREAS The main wadi and its tributaries make up a unique environment of great interest, in which however certain places in the territory definitely need greater
attention to avoid construction or, as in some cases, construction that does not respect the homogeneity with milieu. We have identified around certain villages a few EXTRA-URBAN AREAS of
PARTICULAR ENVIRONMENTAL VALUE.
- Al Masna‘a and Al Ghanima, West of Shibam, two villages very close to one
another - Azh Zhahira e Makan al ‘Âli, Northeast of Shibam, two villages very close
to one another.
- Al ‘Aqda, a tiny nucleus of palm groves. - Husn al Muneibâri, a small nucleus on the northern slope of the wadi. - ‘Ard as Sagir, a small nucleus on the northern slope of the wadi
- Madûda, North of Saiun
An archeological site composed of the ruins of an ancient village. - Al Qara,
Some castles - Hadhya, a castle.
29 Wadi Hadramaut
- Husn Al 'Err, a castle defending the border between wadi Hadramaut and
wadi Masila
The sum of many villages, from the eastern outskirts of Say’un to the city of Shibam: - the PALM GROVES: the whole strip of palm cultivation, delimited by the
asphalted road and by the parallel earth road further north. It is a very vast area: the heartland of the valley between two of the most important cities.
EXPLOITATION
CONSERVATION OF THE ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE
Let us save the fortresses The entire area is full of castles, small forts and watchtowers. In the only wadi Hadramaut, there are more than 40, almost all in bad conditions.
These imposing mud brick building were inhabited by locals until just a few years ago, who gathered inside to defend themselves. Now that there is no longer any
such danger, the inhabitants live in the buildings constructed all around the fortress which, having been abandoned some time ago, is slowly falling into ruin. Can the fortress be recuperated and reused by the local people? We expect on the
consultation and the work management skills of SALEM SAIED BREK, a restorer-craftsman of Tarim. How can this building be exploited into cultural and tourist purposes, even in the salvage phase, including it in the valley's tourist trip?
The Program must develop a feasibility study for the salvage of this building with the involving of the local inhabitants and under the direction of an expert and
talented artisan, and without the involving of architects and firms « specialized » in restoration.
INHABITED
CENTER
OTHER
LOCALITIES
PHOTO SIGNS
architectural and
environmental
structures
- Husn Ba
Mushega
CASTLE of Ba Mushega (abandoned)
30 Wadi Hadramaut
Husn Al 'Awânez
CASTLE of Husn Al `Awanez (abandoned)
Husn Al Fâs
CASTLE of Husn Al Fas (ruins)
Bâ Bakr
FORTRESS of Ba Bakr
Harâd
CASTLE of Harad (abandoned)
Sherma
CASTLE of Sherma (abandoned)
Bir Al
Madini
CASTLE Bir Al Madini
(abandoned)
31 Wadi Hadramaut
Al Qafl
CASTLE of Al Qafl (abandoned)
- Husn
CASTLE
(abandoned)
Al Qattâr
FORT of Benzima (neglected)
Matâreh
Castle of Matareh (abandoned)
Husy
Castle of Husi (abandoned)
- Husn Al 'Err
CASTLE of Al ‘Err
(abandoned)
Husn Al Madâshina
CASTLE of Al Madashina (abandoned)
32 Wadi Hadramaut
Qarîu
CASTLE of Husn ‘Azzan (abandoned)
CASTLE of Husn Al Mar'i (abandoned)
Al Masîla
Castle of Al Masila (ruins)
Suheil Shibâm
CASTLE of Husn Sa ‘Idia
(inhabited)
Hadhya
CASTLE of Hedhya (lived in till 2000,
currently abandoned)
33 Wadi Hadramaut
Al Kharâba
Castle of Al Kharaba
Al 'Aqda
CASTLE of Al Y Af'e
(inhabited) CASTLE of Al Musalli
(inhabited)
Sâhat Al
Gahaûra
fort (ruins)
´Ard Âl Habû
CASTLE of 'Ard Al Habu' (abandoned)
'Aniybeda
CASTLE of ‘Aniybeda
(abandoned)
Guwât Âl Muhannâ
CASTLE (abandoned)
34 Wadi Hadramaut
FORT (abandoned)
Hainin
castle of Masna'at Hainin (ruins)
SUHEIL
GO'EIMA
castle (ruins)
QARAT AL'OR
fortified village (ruins)
QARAT
GUSHEYB
castle (ruins)
QARAT AL-HABUZHI
castle (ruins)
GABER ABD ALLAH
castle (ruins)
35 Wadi Hadramaut
SHARG
HEBRI
territorial control system
(ruins)
AL
MAKHANIQ
fortified village (ruins)
AL FALAS (SAIUN)
castle (ruins)
QARAT ASH SHEIKH 'ALI
fortified area (ruins)
MARYAMA
castle (ruins)
36 Wadi Hadramaut
MAKAN GA'FAR UMM BADR
castle (ruins)
MAKAN
GA'FAR UMM BADR
castle (ruins)
BUHEIRA
castle (ruins)
AL QARA
castle (ruins)
HUSN
'IWADH BIN 'ALI
castle (ruins)
QARAT 'ABDEL 'AZIZ
castle (abandoned)
37 Wadi Hadramaut
These imposing mud brick building were inhabited by locals until just a few years ago, who gathered inside to defend themselves. Now that there is no longer any such danger, the inhabitants live in the buildings constructed all around the
fortress which, having been abandoned some time ago, is slowly falling into ruin. Can the fortress be recuperated and reused by the local people? We expect on the
consultation and the work management skills of SALEM SAIED BREK, a restorer-craftsman of Tarim. How can this building be exploited into cultural and tourist purposes, even in the salvage phase, including it in the valley's tourist trip?
The Program must develop a feasibility study for the salvage of this building with the involving of the local inhabitants and under the direction of an expert and talented artisan, and without the involving of architects and firms « specialized »
in restoration.
38 Wadi Hadramaut
« Traditional TECHNIQUES and MATERIALS » In the valley a lively construction activity is taking place. It is fortunately,
adopting often a traditional technology. Nevertheless various habitations recently built or under construction present, besides the use of concrete blocks, also distort the traditional buildings’ type which become especially ungainly in this
context. Further, we notice that most of the public buildings make no reference whatsoever to traditional styles and techniques. Private subsidies could incentive their utilization in maintenance and new construction, in the realization of
PRIVATE ACTIVITIES for the production and/or importation into the valley of lumber for construction purposes. The project, which realization will take place
for over a 5-years period, will be headed by SHIBAM, will contribute at revitalizing the urban center.
Plaster production in Hadramaut. All the parts of dry palm trees are burned as fuel. Remains of a castle are visible beyond the smoke.
39 Wadi Hadramaut
The SIQAYA «the most important structure in Hadramaut»
By means of the siqāya4, the communities in the valley of the Hadramaut provide water for their inhabitants and fulfil their obligation of offering hospitality to strangers2. Indeed, of the monuments of the valley, the siqāya are the most
important. These structures are prominent everywhere in the area and are architecturally similar to each other, yet the impression is that no two siqaya are alike. The architecture is typical of the Hadramaut: in the part of the territory
where a census has been carried out, more than 180 siqaya were counted, many of which are still in use.
Siqaya provide small and precious water rations for wayfarers and are well protected against animals. The water is drawn through narrow windows or apertures by means of a bucket attached to the wall with a chain or rope. The
structure of the siqaya is such that it allows for airing of the water so that it remains relatively cool and always a pleasure.
A siqaya with openings and bucket.
There are various types of siqaya. We find simple structures with a well, for
example, sometimes with a musalla, a small closed-off area for saying prayers. Many carved inscriptions with the date of the structure and the most recent
restoration work. New ones are no longer being built and maintenance of those existing leaves much to be desired. Barrads, water refrigerators powered by electricity covered
with non-plastered concrete blocks, are now being built to replace the siqaya. Siqaya are everywhere, but may pass unnoticed by inattentive visitors.
The construction of a barrad
4 Saqqāya may be the more accurate pronunciation, but the people of Hadramaut call it siqāya.
2 In Mecca the prophet Mohammed had the role of the siqaya, he who gave to drink the sacred waters of the Zemzem, the spring near the sacred building of the town, Ka‘ba, to pilgrims. See Claudio Corvino, Correva l’anno dell’Elefante, in
“Medioevo”, September 2001
40 Wadi Hadramaut
SUGGESTIONS FOR A PLAN OF EXPLOITATION OF THE CULTURAL
HERITAGE
We suggest recuperating, on an experimental basis an architectural monument of particular value by choosing one of the many castles that are in bad condition. It
will be necessary then to compile a priority list of ten monuments. We should indicate monuments, most interesting villages, archeological sites, and illustrative panels should be installed. The surviving siqaya should not be
overlooked. Lastly: a convenient guide deduced directly from the Cultural Atlas of
Hadramaut. We consider it indispensable to train the local chauffeurs and guides to the landmarks present on the content of the guide.
INTERVENTION TYPE
COST US$
RESTORATION
MOSQUE of ‘IDID (Maduda),
MOSQUE AL ‘AMIRIYA (Hainin), PALACE of As Sultan Al Kathiri.
50.000
CONSOLIDATION
To choose: Castles, Palaces,.…
80.000
MAINTENANCE
40 SIQAYA
20.000
ROAD SIGNS AND ILLUSTRATOR PANELS
100 MONUMENTS
mosques, castles, qubbes
100 VILLAGES
20 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES
35.000
GUIDE – TRAINING OF LOCAL OPERATIVES 5.000
total 190.000
After the completion of the first interventions on the part of the international sponsors, the management of the PLAN should be entrusted to a local government office, which should necessarily be at the level of the Mudiriya of Shibam, the
Mudiriya of Say’un and the Mudiriya of Al Qatn. The Yemeni government should provide resources for the continuation of the PLAN ordinary through maintenance and management of its activities.
41 Wadi Hadramaut
WADI HADRAMAUT ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEALOGICAL
HERITAGE
A visit to the principal wadi and its tributaries, to its three cities, its many
villages, its isolated monuments and its archaeological sites, will take from two to four days. Accommodation for the night is also available in four-star hotels as well as in funduqs. Yemeni cooking can be sampled in many places (SHIBAM,
SAIUN, AL QATN and AL HAUTA). In addition to a visit to the towns of SAIUN and SHIBAM, at least three itineraries can be singled out:
1. from SAIUN to the entrance of the wadi Masila,
2. from SHIBAM to AL QATN, 3. the palm groves, between SHIBAM and SAIUN, and the North side of the
wadi.
First itinerary. A few kilometers from Saiun, not far from the road, but plainly
visible, is the Mausoleum of Ahmed Bin ‘Isa Al Muhajir (“the immigrant”) to be reached by means of a long flight of steps, upstream, and the tomb of Ahmed Al
Habashi, downstream. Although it was rebuilt at the end of the 1990’s following considerable damage inflicted by the hands of the Wahabi sect, the attraction of the site remains intact. A visit to the extensive and fascinating archaeological site
built upon the ruins of the old village of Al Qara is recommended. The trip to the east takes us to the castle, Husn Al ‘Err, built to defend the boundary between
the wadi Hadramaut and the wadi Masila. Second itinerary. West of SHIBAM, there are two neighboring villages: Al Masna‘a and Al Ghanima. The village of Hadhya, which castle, lies beyond the road to Al
Qatn. A stop in the small settlement of Al ‘Aqda (two castles and two buildings on a small plot of land) is highly recommended. The journey west terminates at AL
QATN, where it is recommended you arrive by leaving the asphalt-surfaced road and by following the old track into the ancient qu'ayta city from the north. The market is one of the busiest in the valley.
Third itinerary. We suggest setting out from Qarīu, with its magnificent castle. This is the only village in which some of the streets are paved, plastered and
painted white. The palm grove extends beyond the asphalt road for many kilometers. You can cross it on foot from south to north, from east to west, in few hours. The wadi can be traversed by car near Al Hauta (the road goes east
towards Buheira and beyond). The palm groves here are not so dense. Its jagged boundary is made up of very small oases with irrigation water flowing along small
ditches. Don’t be surprised if, once you reach this place, you won’t want to leave! With time to spare you may wish to venture deep into the wadi Go’eima.