PowerPoint Presentation

Schedule

March 6: The Cold War Foundation

March 20: Beyond the Cold War

April 3: Afghanistan & International Terrorism

April 17: The U.S. & the Middle East after the Arab Spring

May 1: The Constitution & the U.S. Role in the Current World

May 15: The United States and Transnational Matters

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National Security Act (1947 and amendments)

Creation of:

--Department of Defense--Joint Chiefs of Staff--Central Intelligence Agency--National Security Agency--National Security Council

Congress: Legislative Reorganization Act

--creation of Armed Services Committee--strengthening international affairs powers of Appropriations Committee

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25Undersecretary of State George Ball: . . . Turkey creates more of a problem. We would have to work it out with the Turks on the basis of putting a Polaris in the water, and even that might not be enough, according to the judgments that weve had on the spot. Weve got one paper on it already and were having more work done right now. It is a complicated problem because these [Jupiter missiles] were put in under a NATO decision and to the extent they really now are . . .Asst Secretary of Defense Paul Nitze: The NATO requirement involves the whole question of whether we are going to denuclearize NATO. I would suggest that what you do is to say that were prepared only to discuss Cuba at this time. After the Cuban thing is settled and these things are out, were prepared to discuss anything.President Kennedy: No, I dont think we can . . .How much negotiations have we had with the Turks this week? Whos done it?Unidentified: No, we have not.Secretary of State Dean Rusk: We havent talked with the Turks. The Turks have talked with us.President Kennedy: Where have they talked with us?Rusk: In NATO.26President Kennedy: Yeah, but have we gone to the Turkish government before this came out this week? Ive talked about it now [in ExComm meetings] for a week. Have we had any conversations in Turkey, with the Turks?Rusk: Well, weve asked [US ambassador to Italy Thomas] Finletter and [US ambassador to Turkey Douglas] Hare to give us their judgments on it. Weve not actually talked with the Turks.Ball: We did it on a basis where, if we talked to the Turks, I mean, this would be an extremely unsettling business.President Kennedy: Well, this is unsettling now, George, because hes [Khrushchevs] got us in a pretty good spot here. Because most people would regard this as not an unreasonable proposal. Ill just tell you that. In fact, in many waysMcGeorge Bundy: But what most people, Mr. President?President Kennedy: I think youre going to have it very difficult to explain why we are going to take hostile military action in Cuba, against these sites, which is what were thinking about, when hes [Khrushchevs] saying, If youll get yours out of Turkey, well get ours out of Cuba. I think youve got a very touchy point here . . .Bundy: It isnt as if wed got the [Jupiter] missiles out, Mr. President. It would be different. Or if we had any understanding with the Turks that they ought to come out, it would be different. Neither of these is the case.President Kennedy: Well, Id just like to know how much weve done about it; because, as I say, we talked about itBundy: We decided not to, Mr. President. We decided not to play this directly with the Turks.

27Rusk: Our own representative isBall: If we talked to the Turks, they would bring it up in NATO. This thing would be all over Western Europe, and our position would have been undermined.Bundy: Thats right.Ball: Because immediately the Soviet Union would know that this thing was being discussed. The Turks feel very strongly about this. We persuaded them that this [stationing of missiles, in 1959] was an essential requirement, and they feel that its a matter of prestige and a matter of realBundy: If we had talked to the Turks, it would already be clear that we were trying to sell our allies for our interests. That would be the view in all of NATO. Now, thats irrational and its crazy, but its a terribly powerful fact.Former ambassador to the USSR Tommy Thompson: Particularly in the case that this is a [Soviet] message to you and [UN General Secretary] U Thant.Asst Secretary of State U. Alexis Johnson: It seems to me we ought to get word to [UN ambassador Adlai] Stevenson that, if this is put out up there, he should immediately saw we will not discuss this question of the Turkish bases.Bundy: The problem is Cuba. The Turks are not a threat to the peace. Nobody tells the Turks asPresident Kennedy: I think it would be better, rather than saying that, until we get some time to think about it, just saying: Well, the fact of the matter is that we received a letter last night from Khrushchev and its an entirely different proposal. So, therefore, we first ought to get clarification from the Soviet Union of what theyre talking, at least to give us a . . .As I say, youre going to find a lot of people who will find this is a rather reasonable position.Bundy: Thats true.President Kennedy: Lets not kid ourselves.28

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Big minh right after coup30

thomas31President Johnson:I dont want to debate it with you, my friend. I love you. But you know goddamn well when I ask them not to make me notify them publicly so it wouldnt be in the papers . . .Albert Thomas:Well . . . President Johnson:You know that I know what Im doing. Thomas:Frankly, I President Johnson:You know, and we screwed it up. This damn fool [Minnesota senator Hubert] Humphrey put that paragraph on. Thomas:Thats right President Johnson:I told [House Majority Leader Carl] Albert to get it off, cut it off. Thomas:I think its your partners over on the Senate side. Now, old Otto [Passman] played ball. He told me he was going to do his damnedest to take it out. Have you got the language in front of you? President Johnson:Yes, sir, Ive got it front of me. And it oughtnt to be in there. Its just a damn Thomas:[hurriedly reading] Agency or national in connection with the purchase. . .[etc.]. President Johnson:Thats right. Thomas:Or nationalexceptwhenthe President determines that such guarantees would be in the national interest.32 President Johnson:Thats all rightperiod. Thomas:And reports each President Johnson:No, no! No! Period, after national interest. Thomas:I know, but read your language further. And reports each determination. President Johnson:[loudly] Why should I want to report to everybody that I screwed a girl? You screwed one last night, but you dont want to report it. Thomas:[slyly] I wish I did. President Johnson:Well, you know what Im talking about. That made it come home to you, didnt it? Thomas:Well, it aint going to President Johnson:Dont you think Im a damned idiot, now. Thomas:Now, now President Johnson:Well Thomas:Now, now, now, now. Of course not. But I dont think its going to hamstring you a bit on President Johnson:It doesnt hamstring me. It just publicizes that Im pro-Russian right when [Richard] Nixons running against me. Thats all it does.33 Thomas:Well, he aint going to run, because he aint going to President Johnson:Well, listen, Albert Thomas: he aint going to get two or three President Johnson:Listen, Albert. You and I are buddies now. You understand politics, and I do, too. Im telling you that were working with the Republicans up there 100 percent. Thomas:Well, Im on your side. President Johnson:Well, all right. You just dont ever agree that thats a good clause, because you know goddamn well it aint. Dont try to shit me, because I know better. Thomas:Heres the Speaker. Well, Ive worked with it in the President Johnson:Yeah, youve worked with it, but youve been working with it under Republican presidents, not under Democrats. When a Democratic President has to report that he makes a determination that its in his interest to go with Russia, its not good when youre running for office. Now, you know that, dont you?34

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President Johnson: I would say, in fairness, as a teacher, I would grade him about a B+ on discussions on armsthat is, offensive, defensive missiles, the ABM. He made one or two passes [that] I dont want to discuss with anyone but you.But he said, I want you to know that if you do not deliver Israel here on this [UN] resolution[immediate] withdrawaland you cannot pull these fighters back like you do two boxing men in the ring, separate the combatants, and you pull them back to where they were before this war started, then I want you to know theres going to be a big war, and theres going to be a great war, and its coming soon.And I said, Well, now, Mr. Chairman, I hope that theres not going toAnd he said, Theyll fight with their fists and theyll fight with arms. And I said, Now, if youre saying that the Israels [sic] and the Arabs are going to have some further difficulties, I hope they dont. Im going to do everything I can to keep em from fighting, and I hope you do everything you can to keep em from fighting. But if youre saying that it goes beyond that area, and others will be fighting, then youre speaking very serious business, and something that concerns me greatly. And I think it should concern you.And he backed away from it, and said, Well, I said that they would be fighting out there. And I said, Well, Ill do all that I can to keep em from fighting; hope you do, too.Eisenhower: Mm. Mr. PresidentPresident Johnson: He made another pass this afternoon along the same line, and I met him the same way, and he backed off from it again.

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39President Nixon: Henry, let me tell you about the Ivy League presidents. And Time, Newsweek, the New York Times, the Washington Post, and the [TV] network leaders.Theyre finished.And, incidentally, that includes the business elite.Henry Kissinger: Time has been a little betterPresident Nixon: [unclear] yeah, but thatsKissinger: [Editor Hugh] Sidey has been a disaster.President Nixon: Thats right. HesKissinger: Life is a disaster.President Nixon: Thats right. But my point that Im making is this: theyre finished for this reason. That if, when its tough, they arent there, we dont want them. Now, weve got to build a new Establishment. Were going to. And it isnt going to come out of the Ivy League, you know. Let me sayIve already given instructions: you know, theres never going to be another Harvard man hired in our staff? Not any new ones. Weve got plenty already. No more.Its too badsome good men will be missed. But why do we take people that have had their minds poisoned by the . . .?Kissinger: We cant.President Nixon: Never, never, never.Kissinger: Weve got to put them to the sword, Mr. President.President Nixon: Im going to.Kissinger: Its just notPresident Nixon: I dont mean that wed get much better out of Ohio State. But, God, theres a chance. At Harvard, theres no chance.Kissinger: Youll get better out ofPresident Nixon: [continuing] Yale! The same. ColumbiaKissinger: Yale is worse than Harvard.President Nixon: Much worse. Princeton. But, you see, the whole bunch of people have no courage, no guts.

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Carter late 77 teheran state visitshah as oasis of stability44

State visit to US45

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