schein organizational socialization
TRANSCRIPT
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ntroduion
Trd a Theo o Oizationa Soiaiation
John Van Maanen and dar H Sheiassahusetts Institute o Tehnooy
Oranizationa Soiaization
Work oranizations oer a erson ar ore tan rey a o. Indeed, ro
the time individuas irst enter a workpe to te tie tey eave their meer-
sh hin d , they eeri ene and o ten oit theeves to a dis tin t way o
ie ompe te with its own rhyths , rewards , reatonships , deds and potentia s
To e su re the dierenes to e ound witin nd etween raniz ations rane
rom the ary dis ernie to the starky drati . But , s a reseah has
et to disver a work set: in whih eaves peope narked y their partiipation
y and are , s tudies o work ehavor have , to date , o sed p riri y
upon e ahistoria or "here and now" ehavior and attitudes assued y indiviua
mees o an oranizati on that are asso iated with various ins titutiona , roup ,
iterationa , and si tuationa attriutes . Rativey ess attention has een
i ven to the nner in whih thes e respons es are touht to ars n part iu ar ,
the uesion o how it is that on ertain patterns o thouht and ation are
passed rom one enerationo orizationa meers to te next as een neeted
Sine suh a proess o soiaization neessari inoves the transmisson o
inoation and vaues , it is undnta a u tura tter
tion cutur coi rod l t ru
um om cial languag ad idol ta e dit a mem
rs vd expeience e stadads of levac as to e citical
t of te ok tat beig accoplis tte-of-fact pe die,
; s for ocia etiqette ad eeaor crt cusm ad ritals
uiv of o membe ae to elat o c os uordne , s
pe tors , nd outidr, a a ort of rdul tg o r tr
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pain "horse sense" reardi what is appropriate and ' 'sart" ehaior within
the oraniation and hat is not A o these c tura odes o thinkin
e ei , and doin are , o course , ranted to soe deree iin rise
within are oraniztions to arious "suutures" or "oraizaiona se
e n t s . "
Such utura ors ar so rooted in the recurrent proes and coon
eeriences o the eership in an oranizationa seent tat once earned
they ecoe viewed y insiders as perecty "natura" resonses to the rd
work they inhait. This i s e rey to say that orani zationa cu tures
arise and are aintained as a way o opin with and akin snse o a
i en proetic environent . That oranizatio ns suive the ieties
o their ounders is then to suest at the uure estaished y
the oriina ershi dispays at east se taiy toh
tie Metaphoricay , just as iooists soes arue that
"ene poos" eoit indiiduas n the interest o their own
8 oranzatons a socioulturl fo do t • u t
ut elie i the Chch ' way ensng th ial he Ch;
loal ctn the Stats of ur th vl of t a
t h 8ci entfic apprentce s Ph ysis' w y of esug t s�r ival of
Pcs; and the pduti ve e m ploy ee i th e Crporatin's way f enu g
th e 8u r v al of th e Cor poraion.
This is t t say
hweer that the tanser a a tic uar work
r from rati o nrton f gizol t
urs sthly
qcy, d withut euonry iffiulty. ew e
lays rng wth th a lest t ottia for chan Tey y
o
amle qutin d atins abut h he wok s to d ,
oant e ah ad innal cnni di
urty elationhi wihn the klace or al r ae-
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3
ciate t work ideooy or oranizationa mandate shared b the more ex
perienced meers prsent on the scene Novices brin with hem differ-
ent backrounds , fau ty precon ceptions of the jobs to be perormed within
the settin incn their own, d perhaps vaues and endsthat are at
odds with those of the workin ership.
The re eerienced meers must thereore find ways to insure that
the newcor oe s no dis rut the onoin activ ity on the scene , arras
or cas t a disparain iht on others , or ues tion too may of the est ab-
i sed cu tura soutos worked out previous Put b unty , new members
must be tauht to see the oranizationa word as do their moe experienced
coeagues i the traditions o he oranization are to survie. The manner
in whih this teahin/earnin occurs is referred to here as the oraniza-
iona sociaization rocess.
What Is Organizatina Sociaiation?
A t het, oranization sociaization is jejue hrase used by
socia scientists to reer to the process by which on is tauht and
ears the roes of a particuar oranizationa roe . In is most en
era sese , oranizationa socia ization is then the proces s by which an
individua acuires he socia knowede and skis necessary to
asse an oranizationa roe Acro ss the roes , the proces s may apear
i ny orms rain r m a re ativey uick se -uided , i aan
roces to f r mre elaborte one requr lh y'pepration
of eduai ad triig fllwed b n eall dra prid
ial appricsip fat , if e h"i
t earig ilf i a cis d liflg prcss ir
ritial areer f a iiidal ae hrctiz ialz-
tion proces s (S chein 1971a Van aanen , 1977a . At ay rate , ien a par-
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tcu lar role , oran atonal soca laton reer mnm l ly , houh , as
e shal l see , not maxmal ly , to te ashon n hch an nddual s
tauht and learns hat ehaors and ersectes are customary and desr
a le thn the ork setn as ell s hat ones are not
ofa a e iiial is conceed esl f gaizaa
ain pces incld , for inanc , a adinss sc ca
vt f a hs , a size sanc wa on's
acvs , s h ne's aibhaa ps
rc a a w by hs , and so n s ,
oiain enai he leanig of cua spci a cn bruht to ear on th coonlace and usual matters on n n the
ork lace. To come to kno a ranzatonal stuaton ad act thn
t es hat a ersn has deeled some coonsenscal e les , rn
c les , and understandn s , or n shorthand notaton , a erspectve
or nterretn ones eerences n a en shere the
ork old s Shutan ( 1962 sues ts , t rods
vdua i an deed vi of r f un a
de expic, s a haps psnal laihps i h w
ng and pois h ls ne ch eyay cc i
o e nag Onc lp a pspcive a sn wih h
ovenial ws ha paicla cx a ypia
eaue f yay .
o illsae h hhy cn a cxal pss , c
dr e fllwing ypohca , b cpe plasil exchang bw
eeienced al a a clleg i a plic pa W
a ab wha happ i n a shif , h an f fc
l epond by sayg , we din d an lice , j
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5
D bu , -u, ko . T a
cu oud rd o w of suh ths for he de riptio� g cly
rsues se l d of oe r b exeie ognizil
mbs as to te t fetures o ter wor nd ho suc kowg
e o bout d k bout tr jo Te rooe st
er o tese uertadis ny o ke u s of n
a nrel t-o-c e i to o nt ue a member of t ga
zaon . · A o ts s the utur ter g
zton s oerned.
& s o t, owe, t s ort to ote tt ot all oranza
a so zton cn e ssud to b uto or ete e dd
ua o te z Ozos re rted nd su snd y pp
often fo r t he r peo le an d ar e als e m dd ed d ee l w ithn a larg er and c o
tiy !g
ndvd olv r ulld . Ws leri
h r Diziona culue . lv. b te1y adj ustive for an
dal s ler
lldue
t s
o s
o
i
w
an unr suto , sc lea ng te lo r
D y e dve s er ll o rsi lng
e ve e to e of na va. osider for x
sve ra ti n re t v el te oraizatios of n cragg
d dde ne oes to r to h piton w t
orazation dest the fa ct re w ew p
pe a these eve. P dscontn of the o-aed
"u an te be se u o iz · tn pac
c v ts u se ess
Cder s tat at b ajs o t indivdl my n
ada tve e orizat n Su n h te ess
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sst o r lnd ncor to iiffrn dirnl ,
aively cantakous suvso y epnt su a ca wen
iv oluton sz uo by te new eb oleave onza
o oon a e1nt lswe as bn ecu:ed Soalzaton
not theefoe b taenftd o, wo, oed on t
t all utual ann naentall unctonal _ T eve
itoy opeat n often cacou a adental wa and te
t eaon to bel tat all ets f a ltu tat are nua
urnd passd on b es o an oanzaton to ote inomng mb
eal ueu at t te ndvdual o o1 t lls
We must note lso t the poblems ofgniz-
ocialzaton to an and all paag uonb bs
of a oztion Fom beginig to en d , _4 p erso '. caeer
i orizio rprn poti ri f riio fr
poiton to anote Van anen, G 18 Hl, 1976;
i a Te tatin be fw in nube o ny, th y
t upwad, dowa, o lateal oveent, and dd elal d
o ve adjustens on t at of te ndiviual Of ous, te
nity, iotan and bilty o a given passae will y aoss
a ro ' cae It pobabl t obviou bot to t vdual
a to ote on te n) n a on fst nts te oanizaton
outide to nde passae It ea obvo wnan
iend embe of an oganzaton undoe a sml an of asn
t ft, o ob loaton Nevtl, a peod o oialzaton
opaes c p rom ti tpoin orizio ociliz
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t iquu, n and rver rblmati
. I Backgrud and· Underlyin Asto
7
Wih f eXos obseves of ogzs ha f to
sy c ato to th o of ho Cfi io t
a ttd ihi an oganato Th ic i t
o x·t a ttd idy cr a dci f i c
n ad c o h a n focu o a ar c ct
ord h cta t t, t uhd ti d o o
cializaton pras of ou�s, oran.ati bs oees
es d so foh ed o be e ofe h n doal o�
C rae d base upo etrose n un f th
p cess athe thn h e obeaio of h rcss in siu . Id
he, geea sts abu h n d ta
ges f oga z oaiat e gssy roti
In he wos, ol otua e ng th o y
d o b esy o-ex
n th ad the ec t ll we er he beg descriptive
ctua che which we eel will ueul in gudg uh
rarch hi crucal area Our er are drct tr u
therecal bae r the ud ranizainl at
tr rrg a t thr a th th t" r
tvene" any e rganizanal rm We are trtd
qul n genrain a e inerrelaed ereical rt aut
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the sru re n f r i4tin scilzaion prosss. Such
teor , to be nalti ly sod , mu t acomplish at at t tg .
F rs t , t st tel u were t ook thi rgaizato t bs
socializtion in it st salt ad crtica rm Secod, uc aI
tor must decibe i a fsho gne ay apable t9 a arge ub
of ofsanizAtal cext th vru ·utu fs r',aiztional so·
1z t ca tke. A d , , th ory mu f f sm exa
tn s t why a partcular orm of scilizatio n ccu at a give
cat in w th a g ato tds t ult i ce ta k ds of in
i vidu a r cctv utcm s ather tha ths. Oy n ths fao
rll i e pO.ibe to bu ild a test ble theor to direct r •rch in the
8
ar. 6 _.- •_So me Assu ptions
Thee ae, of couse, many assption that undegir 6u theoy buil
ing effots in thi regad. First, ad pehaps of ost iortance is the
w ell gunded assu m ption t hat indiv iu ls undergoing an gaizational
ansitin ae in an anxiey oducig situation. In t he m ain, t hey ae
mre or less mivaed o rdu e hs a nety b y le rnin he' i u nctoa I-"
ad soc requ ir ets f heir nwy sud ro s q ky posble.
Te ces of thi a iet r m ny T o wt. ps ycgial tsis e
pm ed o dou bt y the feeling of lo neliess ad isolation that are so
ntal wt ew lcat in n gzn s e s th
nxtes a prsn y hve w h ng nw ts . Gn
a lo is the le ed oci itu at wt h its lishd and omrtable
rou tin s fr hand ig i r t d dc t resnse f othes
t neself. T hus, sress is likely b cause w comrs to a
pcu l r rg niztion roe wl n itial y feel • a ck of id nt1f1ca -
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9
O w h heva r 10us ctiities obe d b ing on about hem. Nd
less o say� differnt kinds of tansitions wil invo k e different level s
of t bt om t a t lss fmlia ill
cee o difu ts po v g
S organizaioal socialiation a d the learnin g tha is asso
ciated wh it does o ocur in a socia l va cu strictl y on cthe basis
th e official and a vabl vrsin s of the n role requiemnts .
pso cog to a
zaoa rgion is lnabl
o o to rod t oignat t t nctinal n
at datl suonds i · ollgus urios, n,
cien ts� nd other associates suport and g ide the ndividual in learn-
ng the n ew role • . Ieed, they hep t itepet the events· one exei
e es u c ht one c e ventu ally ke acio in ne ' s lered situ aion .
Ult tel , te povde the i dividu th a ese of acco mplishmn an
comten c (r failu re nd i om te c)
Thi the tt ctvt f n t ee
ge ee
the w ewc t v t ce t evet
t te tk e te g f t get t
geet f cet cche th wt
t the ctt the gt'
te ett f the gt efce et t
g the gt evnet ea e te te vv
te gt e -- t et te t It e
tt te v ct cee ce t th g
t eeent the e whch h tethe the v teckg
t f �gg c ce
Fth the wh v jt t ve te
ek thg thee t gtvt e -
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10
ar contnt nd o ns ( achiv) In
so cases, shf into ne wok situon my re ut in a hrply altd
rgiation a so o n ndvdl s oftn ocs
hn facto or eoes on or sta nlst cos l
agr In ot ases , he sh est i on o nd ns
s a so s g d esa e as
hp s e ase he a s= od ·e dt nt o n
chges from wo k ing the ho o-dladder to a resu squad. Yet, in a ny
ts sifs hee e o t ls so surs o t
h es ) s se o via iove
n s eoes he okg o n sons ndo
traston eess he oo he osss bo he
n rol, a.pio eas o hat o ll ndodl hg n so rae eve, n sh lnn b colt ntl
a nwcor s ee eo i wn nw ol s
ard 938 d h hresi cl s no nsnt
pm s alwas a rod um
Fifth, the analysi ha follow mkes no so�clled fuciol ssmp-
tio abou the neceity of rgniztion to socilize idividls to
pariular kid of role. Indeed, we rejet ay implicit or expliit
otio that etain orgizaioally releva rule, vaue, or moiv-
tion u be iternalized by eole "bleprin for behvio" if they
are to artiiate ad otribute o the orgaizio's otued urvivl
Suh view leve litle room for idividul uiqees d igore he
lway roblemti onteual atue of he vrios wys orgitiol
role an be filled While, there are o doubt reo why ertai ocil-
ization tti are ued more freuetly by one orgaiztio rher tha
aoher these reao are o be locted the mn level o sis,
o a he trucural or funionl level From this erspecive, we
are ery uch coitted o yboli ierioi view of ocil life,
one that ugge h inul, no organiztio, crete d uti
belief abou wha i n i no funonal (tru, 15) Ad, i
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a tter nvdual what functna fr ne atr e fntna
fr anther.
Sx�h, and fnal we e here tht a the f ranatna a
atn ut nt allCw telf t ee t reued w da
haracert (ae kgrund eralt haratert t )
ef ratn ul rvate vntar ere et) r ar
tuar atnal re (dtr aer, rk anker et) T e f
ae t reearher and an alke the ter ut trnd the
partic ad ecliar d a1 fo he lner1 ical At lea
a t age i h :co �cn o ry hee a wl show,
e ahe 'recoiabe n pease sociaiaion poce u
vrt al ogaiaiona setig ad all id o i
erstod a more icl ad directl i we o no bo uv
d he exiion o eer dsio ha concevby nfun
,th tcome o a gie poces_ I ther words the eoy e kec u
oes not see o spei is o ppicaos o unqu. W eatt to ccomish ere is he eniction of e key ffe un
diias hae been rocesse ino a eera onn tn
thogh cen ient mens Or coce i efo- f
wt cn be clled "ople procesing" eve. Te fequy n
atie otce o e se o ese evices crs u y f
eoe onon n un e en ee u n
\conce an ppey en e sce of s p f e
�u"tons estnled b etaie erical d
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12
P of thi Pe
Gie thi athe egthy eettio of itoducto t he
foowig ectio, Pat , poide ode of the gee ig i
which ogiztioa ociaizati tke ce A uch i i h
tic deictio of ogaiztio withi which ceti udi
eit d thefoe deak ticu titio oit whee oci
iztio c be eected to occu Pat V a ye f idiidu
o oo o th eb
w beeve to b ot oz toy and h a r ant . t
1 , th es otco r o effects of a ge soalaon roess
d are consee lagely tems of how a idividual aually behaves
e ew orgzton ro , o i es of h ow a idividual may o
y not eel to e ew rol hoe oe o
on o f a ro h o in th tion and nt he titud
m v bef o alu t t m yor mynot be a citd wt
idiidu' hadig o a gie ogaizatio oe P V, we
peet the bic pooitio whic copie he coe aytic
teia of thi ae ad pecify et of ttegic o tactica
ea by which ogaizatioa ociitio i tyicay ccomihd
Ech tategy o tctic i dicued geeay ad the eed yem
icy to it pobbe bece o eece t gie boudy we
it obbe effect uo idiidu who e coig icu bud
Pat V cocue the pe with bief oeiew ad guide o futue
eech i thi e
The Organiztional Settin: Seens ad Budis
Pehp the bet way to iew a ogaizatio foow the athopoogic
ie uggetig that ay goup of peoe who iteact egulay oe a
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4
e he an base the e s un ew e , b nnua
bc o t t he r o b coect
nv.
Th ob fc concrns te mann c s ersons
what o to o oton n o - e ss on
n n on o oc cun t he n . T oweve
es a moe o he ontn such a mebe cn be ns
m oe oth n o ote n h bss s oanto
vrle a posib. Futh, nd �o
ao fo c t t s ob cos e
anto cot
hein (97a) a eve lzf pv
qt su eson an an za dn re n e
ee mon t t c rnb emca . The rs mnson s
nco o f to te as asks e b mrs o
nton ost ornan have eana srucus
etrrs oct n bu e e enm mht
e h c tos o rkt nce uon ansav
one c n eomn n so oh In he bc
e onto oc mn mht hve uncn
sns cors t o , ns a ns councns an
es to k ua e cn ma he nc on os n anto o ten n sbena s
as each unn an -funtion ce a a a ce ese
ige. unn hen ve a arcuar in iuer ee
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5
. f cle depeig po it prootiote ie thi the orizi
fo ex�pe the XZ Widet Coy epicted i Figre
T FIGU AOU E
E i the figiv epeetto i a fctiol dii
wth i vely dstinct bound ies su h th most p�rons in te rgz
tion d e sily oc te t he el ves nd ot hes wit n a ie of e e.
Cl�rlY o t w·og iztions oud e pesely t he sm bec ue eve i
he m t d subdep tm ent sttes w re idetica, t he nbers
pe e n taied w i n slic w uld' 10 t f.
T mnn dnife ShD cicl
f thi gio i i etilly a mtter
f epoile fo th ct of o. t eflet he
i ie of peiory hrity it ogitio bt de
D e tht c thoty tticy cie it it the poer
· th behvi of derig
g h odel vey dectd ogitio ill hve
fr e reltively fe iercic diictio ee vey cetled
ito il hve my. ig thi ieio o e it would
te il e (the tditio oriztiol rmd
te highet r e eld y etiey fe pol oted t te
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XYZ WET C.
PRSNNEL
- I / �:._- ,I:-
. �' -. /1 .
--- \ " . -
R ODUCTIO //
I ',. SALES,. / I \ " .
,. / I \ ' .. / 1 \ " I
\ I , 1 \ " 1 \ "
/ ' MARKETING '
\\
Fi"ue I: F nctioal Domns of rgnizios
6
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17
. le Figur 2 illustt phi eprenaion of e
erhia imenson n fve hpoetial bu poble ognztons.
RT FIGU 2 AU
ur 2 $uggss, a st nbr f hie l obles
XZ Wige Con (2-A)is pehaps te ot tl n
it ttbo moels of anagent s tue ween nesng
u by ereasig nes of peple i a ltel moot
rplitn Plie Deprmen (2B i reprsenae of lge numbe
i beauraes Tes agenies been t·ge "teet leel
atins cuse, n pa, ms thei eberp oue osons
t y lw an T wit , 5 peret of e emloee n o
rniations or ptrln inegtos te lwet ne
ns in tese oganaons Vn anen 97; Lik, 19 Ze
aes n 2 llustes oanaon w vry see uo
ny nk Pm le onzton n eeme mie e ood
x i this re Th Zro R rh In situ e (2-D) ds�lavs w a a
t hirhi u i i t � Hre
re few ans for membe o seek sen . F nall , th Sufe
M rss Coporaton (2- E)is inlue here t emonsae so hg of e
ge of posiblities available to des rie t he hierarc hical pread w ic
e tilly an c haracterize an org niation. A can be seen, e Sued
M Cony has a lng numbe of middle aes. In fac, t here
are ng tha workr in thi hyptticl i
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A XYZ Widget Co.
RANKhi
ow
: Z ro Reseah It u
B : Metro Pol ic Dep C: Z p per Sle s Inc.
Sufed s s C
Figure Herarica Domains of Oganizaion s
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9
td ini in Scens el s te t d:fft t n
lie an nes the ial fabi intesonal main f
aniatinal life his i famentall an inteat iona imeio
d efe s t a eson insio within the aiatin . t an be
te as if it wee a aial imension etenin fom the membeshi
e f a slie of oaniatioal mmbes in towa te mile of th
inal ile As Fie 3 iniates movement alo this imsion
ies hat a bes elatinshi with othes in sme sement f the
aiatin hanes O moves towa the "ente of th ins" o awa
the "eihe . en eaiin this imenson the eti o mt
e hw itant t thes on the ieiate sene i a iven membe
e the ws f a atila eatment anizatio?
us ts aial imenion mt involve the sal le ms a v
oug whih a esons wothines to a o is e b mbes of that
u It nens in a t then the shae otio of what the eawo
an anizatioal emet i at an iven time omve alo thi
ein is to beome aet b othes as ental an w meme
of he atila oaat ioaement an thi an nll no b e
lihe nle the ebeintanii entt tht e o he
t es te se ssumto oter t setti • to t is
aniatinall imtnt an what is nt
NS IG 3 O R)
Newcomrs to m st hierarhial leel an d fun tional area in
uall all gaizations in evitably ein on the ege" f ganiza�
tionl ffair fr som ti af ter ntrance for a b ost o . o They
-1 .ut et be deem d tst w orthy by oth "e on t a e. Tey my
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C enrl F g re
Conf d an
!1\/
\
Ler
Te nu e Ge
Permae M ember h ponfedea
/ Pro vs o Mj erAccpe Bu No
erm
1 \Outer
gre 3 I I lusionary Dom an of Orga i z a t i o n
'20
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21
not yet hve eel e f ffe, nia,
eas n, ha-ivin fnt ntaine an exete b iia
es i e setn whih mas eeshi in the atil sement
e aain t whh the newme has bee assi ne O , qite ta
ees s fis be tes eiheinfl f as t hi
e ves, an vaes befe bein ante insia ihs
e e te ) t shae aiatinal sees t saa
e esenatina heti se tses t sa f wat s n in
e sei f he eatia heti se b insies t niat
ne ah as t the atsathannd/or 3
t nesan hffia e nize asiate with the ata in n
ad e l n eete f ele e ila tinal
In oer wods, movement log he inclsiory dision is
ls t e enae f a te t f i we,
e s tane i ant me a in te s at ivties n is ivn
mre opportun ity to dispay his or her particular kill th bco m inq ' _ . �n e
ess e ental an eas vaab t th as a whe n
to crss inclusay bndes h cms
a the is an s tha wi h a sin
llustrate , given a par ticular f uncion ad hirarcca ee , pas n g
along th inclusionry di mnsion cn b charctrized going from an
e ia aee e , fee
wh assis ts the mmbes eai see e mattes , t a
fa iiate f ths wh fl ses in al he sia
al, an as elate affai s f the n eai eainal
n , e t f un t f
cognition of cosing ajo nclonay boundary as e or
obvios icicl paag.
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e dimnsions u hiehi, iion
a obne, h ode o e gaa b alyally
ueu ad intstig. Fo a Webea del-y voazaos a coical i shap and ona w the geni
e ondas acoss whch a y a Fiu 4A. Ad,
a e sgsts, hs boundas wil d w ad w ga
ons as o boh thi nub and eeably . o d
fuly associatd with a bouda asage . Rlvly al gazaio
(4-B) ay hav, o xapl, ay hiachcal bouda y lavy
fe ncioal a iclusioa e y lao ee vg u
do n sch ogaiaios ust ont elv to a an leel
ncios aog h bship han the itintion whih eul
h ucioal pcialization al au w a gv ak
lay ogaizaios ad th labo agay ha uud e
h ahical als wthi h a sa go eal ye
e oth hand, lat ogaizaions u as o ulg s
a w hiachical boudais bu ny ual an nsonay ons
I v ad f br a a o
ss ds to ass acoss t ey ngn beome ent d u te ozao Pgu
ohe good iusan wheri fuciol bud
e eedgy diicult o oa oug d uay ouda a
uded by h os igoous o eug e
NT FG 4 O
Ornizto lo d n o fi roe t ue
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O
L
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24
n lc, and oc ho l
a Hacia bondai co n in wa a
cad ally wih ilig o n nn ,
nl, and jdgd a oac, al n ln vc
n iizd og a o "an v wad
nizaion Fcioa bondai all il l n a
dad kll o a i anl l a
wn nioa odi a lavl al n
lng oc ay oa n h a l
anzaio who d o w dn w n
ll inlio�ay il, in h ain n vln ad
n h c a o aoh' "" o h O ,
valai ay b oal, iol, Cn nw al
n lag ba oi datn wh no nl v d
cal obaio ccly b alo a n ni
la-iiad t on h t b h in dan wil
ie l l n n q
thn that on) thn the oganzat (Va M, 973; Rubste
3
Given this m odel, some key postulates about he socializatio rocess i
oganaton an be tate.
Frt, ocazato, athough cotuou thoughout oe's carr
wthn an orgazaton, no oubt mor s ad poblmic for a
me m ber (an other) jut beor an ust afr a pricular bundary
paage. That , an nvua anx ety ad hc vulera to
oganatona nuene ae key to be hghst ug he a
atory an ntaton ae o an organzatona bouary asage.
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5
Si m arly, . h r boudaries are crod by a pe r at a on tim ,
th e u th eeiee is lil be e e. his i
eas hth utsie-tisie assae i whih iivia oe
al e aiaial boaies a e is s fee b
i haes i a es, hes f a st that ae ael he
i ui the ital asae f the i ivial ' s aee Va Maae
1976; Glase, 6 e ! al , 6 Huhes , .
es is liel have the st iat u thes i he
ri, ha ote, awle, a Ha all te iiva
ess a ha hei 6 efe as he iovati e a
s fuhes fo a a ssi the ws , he ilee
e iai u the iivial eas i asse heeas the
uals ifluee the oaiai eas well afe a well befoe
uhe vee
bease f the ial shae tiall ilae b aizato
aliati al the o imesi is liel o be oe tia.t e lae ebes tha hihe lae embes sie ao to the
el move e e at me
ovem
eiall shae izato wheei etal embes fom he o o
tom f th organizn l e u�hl he a s vales
I fact, as Figure 5-A shows, ogaizations may be
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2 6
e iclly skwed hs, hieaahi fi he eet p
os pesons oming om aul ftia ilusiory
ti Considr or xmple tose usiess s whse o eecive
ibly com fom only certi fia eas f he iin
lly orgnitos y lso e ie aicall t the ie 5B) .
In suh css crtn nsonr pereisies o aee mmes nd
eir ssote bon pssgs ve bee moe le atee becse
ders" t one levl e "otides" at the N e isies" i
ble posiion o move pwr i the
niz
n
h be e sei e siclly spd fis whee ei e ues e
ed by ll insidrs rgrdless o lee tae ele, cetin
itions d y rfom mie top oicils e "montin
bes" ot o som mmbs wo litrll le e veicl dimesion o
e orgniio fom n ots r s o no-inc1sion sii e, it
oly so tr tt dring sc a climb e cimb s litl fft
o ny of t vrios grops in wic e se y ve climd mmbsi
ce te clmber will nr ve dvelopd perssive o inlentil osto
1i es orgtiol sens.
NER FGU 5 ABOU H
e hve now r t stg wee i ks sense n o t
vidl lv of ss for time nd onsider wys in wic pol
espon to n ogtiol sociliion rocess d ate consr
i ts probm f w n proceed to e cenl tters o or
r r r o
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2
C-
�-(
0
"
<
0 .
-.
>
lC
�
'(
!�-
0
""< , .
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28
defned roles (consstng of herarccal, functiol d nclusiory
p rop ertes) are assed on from generaton to generton of orgaztonl
ees.
Indvdual Responses to rgaiztional Socalizato
R ole Co mp onents -- Knowledge, Stratey, nd M i o
Ay o ed ol incl w H (1958 clled
• "b of taks". Whethe n is l to dit, beu
ato, o ou , ac ole incl y sciic
ions t to fod ai f pehaps sweepig te
l t m u c olles , f illi fo
n bst cook o ut oe ' o sht sc ial and iqe
ills i th foa o a iv ts In gnl, hen, le is
eely th t of f se hvo that a oe less xpcted f
eso ho ou a d oo wti a paticla socal
stm, ths a oto (Psos, 15; Newcom, 152; S
) . Moo ualy follows that if tese eecta te mt o , o til ights a ewad e
th eo m h oe f not hwee, it sall folo
t cti � cto e tk o unhmets meted ot
All ols hch ae d su ta d , ad tasittd ol
cld both o hats i, what it is eole shold do) d
oc s cht how t is they hld do it The c ot o
a atu ol th i t of a eeal, lmost
deloil th h it ad in te o the ac tica t
ateuf tha supo t be fomed b th
le ocuat d ot thouht to hal th sick" by pec
e st f
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owld g Smlarl th procss aso ca th t pfc
• alo ha assocatd wth genral ae a scfc t .
e doco "does danss" takn a paien' 8 lo rssur eliitg
tor radng a n X-ra a · . i lnk o all hs
nerns ar scal ors d rul wich ugget for ex, th
risms, attuds, socal ra to e dlay h rform
rs parts of h "budl of ta al a rle Doo, to cot
iuraton hav "bsd n oe aume a pos of dstac
enss toard crta mot ona trn nt s in h ls
ei patnt s, an tk a cractrclly all owg" stac tor
e ng personnl w w e ino conac
Pin ee concptual tr ogete ganaonall df
ros can sn to posss frst, a cotn knowldge b ch,
eped the rol occupan ndia te ng of xstg soluos
iven prol ncounrd rlarl on e jo Engnrs o,
fo insanc hat lts to hc crtain eal can expos fr
e moeculs of th als rarrang helve Secon , an org
eind ol ncluds sratic as hc ugsts th groudruls r h
ig of prt cular soluos . Hnce enineer$ b ou o "cu "
a h comto" so oranato h dg a artur
c e o iner Th . oolly dind l r
iested historialy w ih somethg of a e3lic it and iliit missio ,
purpos e , or madate w hich is , in part , traceabl to t Jmf1 nd strtgy
bases of the role , ut als o is grounded i the tota l orgi zatol miss io
nd n the reltonshis that a particular role has w th other roes w ithin
outside th orgaizatio . Egneering roles , to wit , re efined an
suppo rted by o th er managr ia l, tecni cal support , and sals rols in bot or a-
izational and cli�nt contexts , and henc are influncd by hir reltve pos t o
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3 0
in t v ting While the prfessinalzation a: particular
ouatona o an b v a an attmpt to duc uc dpndn
though th am ma by o pattonr t n utonomu n a
nog ba uh oonazaton n an rnzatona oty uh
111
a ou 1S vy 1nom t At any at t ion aot t
oganzatonay n o v to tmt utfy n df th
n uu by o ouant an thu uppot to om dr t vaou
tatg and nom oow by to pnty prfrn t ol
s o ogzy role - ow
sray, ad ms o a nom a o of cors
ly irw A chn in t kowledge bas e of a givn ro my
e h mans a nd followd by pracition . I co i
ur o achiv givn nd my pove th eelopmen of nw know .
Sgic faiur a not unkow ihe a my lad he dis nchnm
a i mio owldg bs o aia ol Nvr
siuao i wc a wcomr i s a on ogiaioa
o nco n om shon
n
Ron to Soazaton
A. Cutoanh Contnt nnovaton an Rol Innovaton
Pha th at o ot xnt rpon f a wom to a vn
o to aum a utoa o ata tanc tow th knd ta
n on aat th th o (Shn 197b) n u a tan
he nwomer oe o qeio bt ep he status guo . Ceiy , h
e powfu o g·such cus todial or ofomig a .
F ad foros mog hm is he pai ac tht h iht a
ssmd by h wcom hav ch o rcod i i s of fuc ioal
hievmt . I the eepi h been successf , wy "rk the boat" ?
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31
O py leas te sbsntive requiren o f the ' j ob nd the cu tm
gi hat av bn dvloped t t t rquirmnts ( the norms
a surround them) a th succ s sful acc opli,snt of th mssion
i aured.
On the other hand, a a new or one may fee l fr ' a variety of reasons
omehat imatient with or uneay aout he knoledge ae of a particular
organizational role that is tranmitted nd hne , e unwi ll ing to
limit onese lf to the ue of suh knowledge in the perfrmane o the role
A newy promoed marketing manager may , for int ane , take i ue with the qua l
ity of ome of te reional report used by hi or her predee sor to inform
iion kin. 'e nw r tn riv sk out other
ion on hic to as his dcisions. A rs, n trategies
a prps vn n objcivs �vntually devlo in ti d epartmet .
Sial, tacicl altrntivs s to th mns to ctin s y be sought
by i ividuls aftr ssumng n rol. T n rkting agr y
id invov mor salsmn and nginr i gop mtings dvot to
developing new produt line intead of relying only on hi or her on
rketing people
Shein ( l97l) refer to thi respone a "content innovation. " It i
marked y the deveopment of stantive irovement or hange in the
o b or strtgic ctics of rticr role. Th "reformer
pi rvc genie , for exmpl e , rrely seeks to hange the sttd
jcti of the gecy miss bt rather seks to mproe , ke or
icint or le orpt the existig prties by whi give es are
civl souht In suc cas , traditional ens nd nos of prctce
ar cceptd by th e wcoe t th e person is trouble by the exis t
s tr or \oog-u or th civnt of es d �
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3 2
ps is rbled b e dege wi riina ns ae
eed pcce
sig e nalss ne r sep iivid see rdeie
he ene ole b y aackng and ae m p g to chage the mission assocae
aonally w h ha ole . Ths esose s chcezed b a co m lee
i f ms f he s vernin nd rfce a
icla re he "Rebe" r erilla r Insrg re pa
gs e c a a c e sc rense · f ele
p Nadrs eps cen cniies f s r r
eal gveen ceae nd ssai n rgnizinl defed
f cnsmer avcae, ndsrl safe ppnen, en wisee
s e he rece qesnng sed b l care is s he
prae a ecal pracce S crs a fa ared
igrsl n h ws a deed fr prfessinal ls are ave
evenave ceeed ahe ha isrcall fed reave ad
ram en ceere roles . Schein (l97lb) has called ths resp ose "rolenno
v ation" in that a genuine atte mpt is mde by a role holde to redefie the ens to
c e rle fcns.
s er ae ples rd wic nee ' s spnse n
gnii deed e ca avie ne xree is he caa
spne, ed b a ccepace e le s peened d adia
raced e cc. We w lael s resnse nd he vas
cn ae as "da" h her exee, e can e
nnvae" nae . rhas s eree re hse respnses whch
sla a ejeon an edefnon of he mjo emses oneg mssons
d e olowed t e t t e cca bh a
a j u s t i f y h e r p n t o l wt w "
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3
p equal iovive i ome ase ae se esoss
tive of ffort to oe new owledge on c t base the o-
ill def oe o roved mea o perform wt e lb
oet inovatio . " Of oue, u ew koldge if iscovred ,
l o ly to a further ratiol izato o the res pratcs and
.Ioals , b , etheless te search ilf , o diff ring degees , epresens
mig of a inovtv resnse . For ou puroses the, those ind vduals
wo er aumin g a give roe, eek ctively to ltr kowedge
rtegi ratie, or hitorial etabi di ay a erc
o te w lbel "ioative" and �c an be fur ter broke
do to roe iovaton nd coten iovio.
T rl ut til aggig queio rei of our e , a t he
o t provoke on or t other repone te Certa inly , i s
. var ei kground , vlu te a prio tion t cmy
g te are or o vioroul rive o ar te I t is
oo t hnge te larger enviroent iti i gazaoy
f role re ' ly out fore certi cges uon le ccus
ite erhps veemen rsitnce or whatevr patc backgrounds ,
o pespositos dene those ho prsty pfo a en
B , thee fc tor go l byond our intres ts ere fo tey
ess entially lie outsi de an organizational analysi s . Te cusal mechanism
we seek to examine hee is the organizational socialization process itsel f .
Terefore , te emn o flow suggests ha hee a pticulr
o f oclizaton hat can ehce or rar te lelhd of n
ovtve or td esnse an organizatonay fin r
DO m e wat the ttributs of the people being �ocess r ow the
particul nv o: s f4a te z ed N th wi he proces c u r .
Vt thse fos ar n hw· hey wk s te opc ow to be adssd .
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3 4
V. People Processing -- The Tatical D m nsios of Oranizational
Soialization and ir Effes·
The hrse, "is f rgizil silizi refers he wys
i whih he expeiee a iiiul i rsii frm e rle
ahe are suure r hi y hers i e rgizi. (V e,
8) These tai ay e seleed siusly y he geme f
gizai suh as he requiree h ll ewers aed frml
raiig sessi rieai rgr f sme kid efe ssumig e
uies f a priula e. Or, ey my e seleed usiusly y
geme, represeig erely reedes eslised i he dim s f
giza's hisry suh as he reril sik swim med f
sializai used erai s y whi idiiduls mus ler w
er he ew rle heir w. Frm he erspeie f hse lerig
he rle, he selei ehig mehds s fe de y perss f
hei w iuai ut ahe y se lg ge. Ye, ese ies my
ill id eary ees f he rgizi. Or, ehig mehds
ma arise siply fr erai e d uexmied prmises r ssumis
ueyig rese pries. Hweer, regrdless f e mr f ie, y
gie i represes disguisle se f es w flee he
iiul trt ich k innovati rspon$ frm tat
iviua ore ike ta ut oa (or viseversa . It is oibe
erefore t o eote te v arous ta ts u b oriato a te tolore te reta reut o er ue uo te eoe to o te
ire te .
aa resete i ts sct ore t tcts fro
r t tura ot . t we re itrste e rb
ious fo a reu o oato as te our we erso e
c s h i e l, f u n t ol ly bdare . T
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3 5
onsqtl pon th tal or strtral proprts pula to
id tt Th tts are sntll pros varabls akin to
b mor pc if ic tha such gnral trasitinal processs as ed ucato, ti
apprntshp, or sponsshp Frthmor, th poss vrabls
emsevs re not tie to an partulr tp of orgato. Teoretica est, thy can be ued in virtuly any setting in which iividual
eers ar pl out b th busnss arers shoo arrs� oltl
eers, see arrs, blu ht, or pnk ollar reers vl
ee rers o on. T nli folo, thn, th mos fndamental
ese that peopl repond to prtular orgatol defined roe
rent not on bece peope and organitons dr, bt ao
ese soaaton prosss dffr. d , lk a sptor s mold ,
ein os o ociization can prodce rrbl sar otcome no
tr wht indiid ingredient r usd to fll th m or no tter
ere th mold s tpll st d.
tt dic beow prats i a a that someat niquel
anize te leing eerience of a nor to a patula roe
Athough h of te eidence preented ere on th fft of a given
trat come from tdie coucted on th outsr-to-nsr paae
ern a peron irt become a member o th oranization, te aali
t o g beond tee tranition b xmiing te efect of eac
t acro te tree oraniational ondarie earate, reinforci
t t ame time, te popoition tat ocializaton occr periodial
o ghot the oranizatioa ceer o indivuae varos tactic we ll decribe are no tall exclive
, th are al combied i undr a ometime nvetive
The efe f
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36
sht su ton, w diss cic i r tin.
wv, h hou b a tt an t t n ga oa
stn o ous 11 th lsed tac tanusy dit,
a tct c du og th t na psing tac .In
h o ah an hoht of xstng n tiu h th
is a nsda h t
e t t h t sc t st pc ss
s h d to hch an on tac ic is by a gation ot
n sns a "ntua" o pquisit ntn ncssry f si
n t n t wo ocil il l a
at bouna tanition by ome mean o othe. An wheth th tactic
u ae lecte by eign o c cient th ae at least thortically
ubject to api an complete change at the iection of the
management o an oganization. n othe o the latie ue of a
patcula tactic upon peon coing gien organizational bounari
can be by an age a choice mae b oganizational ecision
k on functional economic technical hunitic exeient itna, s puy bty . s tant nt
t sus ha an fa o sfnsious bt mpo
poss h" tha w hav bn in th past In a t ,
j pupo o h o hhn an cutivt a bo
wht it is w o to o u th us of "bakin thm n" o an
gnatina o Puby, if w gan a gt n
tad and ppao o h omts nintndd nsqus f
a c , 3 1
t th iv h ogitn .
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3 7
V M (978) s idtifid t st six jr tctic disis
wc crctriz t structur sid f rizti sciizti. Ts
nin r prcs wr ddcd lcaly piical bsrs
d fr us fud i si si irur W d ssr
r tt tis ist is xustiv r t�t t prcss r prstd i
er f relenc t a particlar ganatn r ccpatin Ts
r ently mrcal qtin that a be anwe ny by furr
arc W d ert hweer attt t t the
r ite cn t gn bndry pge f btntil cnsu
ep in th rgnztn n t they partlly dtne t dr
c h rpn f t wcr wll b ctdal r nnatiLs w huld nt tt thre i mnly n lgicl r cus
a it f rnztnl liztn tt ic h lit y wl
inite fr the r entlly cultural fr ha are cny
e t ientn mdifct wel tbiliatin ntu
A eat at th junctr n dlpent f r, ss r
f nd cng n ru tctic f lzt r us
inning t b nwrd by rfly dsgnd rsr Our rss r si
ee prtclr s r mpy te ibl prs (r prs
a ctic acrss wat pprs t b wde ry f rnzs s
l a th m prtn a pwr f t ttc prss w r
ectd t t
ix dmnss yz r:
1 ll slz prs
2) Fl nfr sztn prcsss
Seqnt r sps n czn p
4) F s. r prsss
vs. di; : roce6) Instur s s s ocsss
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A. Co ete s nua Soa zaton Poesses
Defnton
3 8
Clctive ociiio rfrs aic king gru
rui o r ci a giv budar sag uig hrou
o of r ohr A b of good s of i
ss ar rdi i: bs i ing or bo
ir orio dg in in f rds di
a scoos or cry d on iiv grou
ing for s i sis f i , nag ag rss o
grus of roci or rcicig anagrs r n for
ndd riod of coo ducaio nd s r or r ociiai in iividu od rfrs o
ic of rci rcruis sigy d i isoion fro ohr
g a or or uiqu s of is Arnicsi ror
i ir or ri igns d ain ojob riig"
wheen a eut s eete to ean a gn oganzatona fne oe on
hs o he own ao ae tya exaes As Wheee (977) nots the ffeen
o cic for is ous c vrsus ui
s of roducio h bc o as roduio rcrui r
nd ogr h ous d cd rouh idi of
vns ih h ru i ri uifor In ui or do-
d c rcrui r roc idividu hrouh a rr dir
ri of ih h ru ig riv vri
Bckr (964 d ohr v rgud qui rusivy h
ndvidu ric ocii io rogr coc iv h houh
ings d cio of hos i h rci grou os rfc
i h ame boat" cns iou . Id dl prctv e
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3
eere bit pon n ndeting the prbe ed Py ll u
e Beker word " the grp res prob ious mms
et with possible stin n reprt bk t the grop. n t ous
etie diussion the eer rie t nitin o tei
8ttn an dlop consn "etie oiliation proee t pro intesiy t
th ociaia tion agent Indee rets iali ac
ys te od neer d o th te d not
be prttd to d Sr - e aof
a e r ro one othr tn r te t. whil t
8ti get y ae the pwer t dein te tre of te
te probem the rrit ten he re reor iable to m
ee th oton t exerene tition xertis n
pene r tre . n n e oleti tt ic sul t
n t prte ubword within te oiation coms
8e ert omplte with it rgot rs o sous a
qe ndertnding. A tr prpete is dpd tat c
ht t ber upn oon probms ced by t goup3
Dos 155)
eted or mpe tt a "nion o spty op amo euis
t Grd A c as ret o the oc imett assoc
h the trainin rom Shrin iilr difculis a o ou
etie oions lal atid to te cts t o a
en o oa lationsip.
Iniiu stts as uc psona hange But t is
ted by peope procssd niuay r ily to be fa ss
ene th th iews tse proed ollctily. n shanic
trini , fo exampe, h e vu o motivs a eci-pe d
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40
to iteet his o he situaio is quite pesoal ad specific oaed to the
l that lo goup th Lg 960 O o uh
lt ult vl t Bk (95)
to ula o t t l hg t ll u th tul t t tw t
t.
Ath o o wok a% qt ml
t tapt-tt ltoh. I t olt o tafomg
vdl to a v tat wth t ogzt dlgt to
l po a t vl-ot po t lkl
llow. Th t oo hv ol icuet is iewed b
t th ogt a b h o b pl o h th
t. Clow t th vl th at th
uut oto. S th lt
o o atol b th o gt t o
a l ol who thouht at o th t lt . Pol
tt t-lk ta ahttl ll ak xt
t vl olto ttg. tom th o-o-o
t a t l o th t v latoh hh o
t vlo tw th apt t . I o hh aff t
t w mb labl t qukl a ul aat ad
accet the skis
beiefs ad aues of his o he meto ad the pocess woks �elatie we .
wv , h th f ff t bo th l at o th h fo tto wll ot tk l.
th taot vul ot o ot lkl
to be associated ith comex oes. Futhe such modes ae most fequetl
foowe he thee ae eatie fe icuets compaed to ma asiats
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4 1
fr i rl d w cllci idi rcris is iwd
s lss impr rcrui s lri f pril scifics
f i rl
r d cllci scilizi prrms r usull
fud i rizis wr r r lr r f rcruis
cd in h i i ; conn
ol ca b fai cll cif id w h niaion
bi1d a colciv n of idni idi loal
in cho goup bing oclid ii poc
niv bo h in i nd mon Failu cnno b il ccd
cd b ign . wih gwi bauci uc
civ ociliaion acic bc f i c a fficinc
icili hav nd pc diion individu
f ciliion ch a ppnichip ono ining in
d gniion (S1aman 173 Pow 192 B1 nd Sconh 19)
n conidaion w cn now d iv o ppo ion bou
laionhip of hi ocialiaion dni o bou p a n
Proosiions
A l llci scilizi is ms likl b sscid wi
fucil budri wr w skills f cicl r fucil ur
b lrd r wi rl mr mr iclusir
bdr f i rizil sm (wr sm prid f rii
r rii is ruird bfr i is fl rcruis r cpbl f ri
i simpls f rl rlis sscid wi w rl .
A 2 Idiidul scilizi is ms likl b sscid wi
irrcicl budris wr prpri fr pmi ruirs clx
lri f skills iuds d lus d wr spcific judms f
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42
a gn indvidu b o n ognizon a o
ron f n" for romo ion o on . Sry on wou
ndvdua oaaon o r sg rog inn
nonary o whn n orgnizi sn. To b grnd n or vy nra oon n ny ogizion gmn ims
indvdu a n v by o on n o s
rworh nd radns o fn oon nrs of ohr
rs . ry uh Y8& oy b osd on a
y on and s-ya bs.
A . 3 . vr h oundary ng o sozon
y o rodu a soda o b onn nnov)
nion mong nwom. I is s iy o ro o nnovav
oms bau h grou riv wi os s r of ov
ozon a s as a onrin on nv. T hood
bon mnon owv b onsns rar of
oion o h oundary aag rob r o y grou y
o mmr o ovy d from ndrd y
gns n s o udr nii o of soaizon.
ov ro rovd hrfor ona ba for rri rsn.
C tton o the e e by the e o the oete
ra gy an b foun n oh du on an wor vron . In
iona ng b sudn o uy ard wh
udn oaro xho hm o r and hav good . In
ny wor ng urvor am o sur a moy wor u
o s of om n wh h o rs ry o mrs uon hm
no a u To g h ret e be
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4
t t pvbi c and c o bh ' d �t m
tie ·they ll tpi al ly ol low the di t o hose wh who they sped V
ost o their tie hus i olletive des the ongruee betee aget
jetiv and ua ctiv d pctc dd b t g
pbti Bng th " elcvly ignoing
beg c in gn nd i f oe kl t n c iv
lztin pc in n inddued ein agen uvia
e hand cct w· "n" n m b
A 4 Indivia c iaizatn i l y t pduc th fc
tm dd by c aiztin a ( . Bc i
te o n ant v t he ndvd md, these
c cn be cutdia, ent ivtve innvtv
he ipliton here is siply th i one is atte�tig to train or
cotent or ro le iovatio ( i .·e . , set up soilzation ituations whi ch w i ll
ze th lkeld f innvtv pne, it i bbl nia
m ch il n cllc ive pc tu vidg
tn f cuit gou n d cn d fat .
. thn vdua norms , group norms re likey t be " bo radiina ad
todal in rinaion (ofen reeced by the popur dims, "e
path least resi stane or the lowest on deoiato hih serve
to severly liit the ewoers potentia l responses to their vel work
t.
B Forl vs . Iormal Socali zatio Processes
Deiitio
Fol socialization refers to those proceses i which a newcomer
is ore or less segregated ro regular orgaizatioal eers while beig
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4
hgh set f experiences tai et th newcoer
Foma oee, hen eae no doub a o he eui eia oe
e sch eme f th ins or ganztil (We, 1966) Th ee pr ee are
sted by such ocialzatn pgms s plce emes , pr feioa ch
s s t of iterhp nd ppeneshps n whh · the c tities
e to be engaged in b the ppente e pese c nd
n sociaiz tion pces e n nst s nh the
e newcoer ' s re seci fica n s thee e de n ch ro ra
d dferentiate the rect m te e eerienced oranitioa
, es As sh nor tac ts pe s s sez a oc iaat ion
ets wheeby new res are eaned s sa hoh tria and
ncde e e nthe tnin a gnent
entceship progra i whh the appente s oe s nt tght pec if ie
e enera an sitatin whee he newe s cepted the
ts et s t eat prsina eb r op nd not fic
e nt recit e b the se sp e bes nfos iet
e sboic deices degned t snsh newcmes ther on
e ene
ensn s eted se t he etvendd
ensn bt t s in prncp e d een e st c ect ive oc ia
tn pcess s re a o nes thee e se whch re infra .
t there are thoe itatons whee chrt new epee rot
nt n ganizton toether where meetngs re hed periodica t ae
he gr up s co llectiv�y ettg alng but , wh ere the wrk assimes
ech eber o the coho r t ar e t d er ent depar tents wthin wh ic eac
e o
ne can o iie a er for ocaiato proam exitig or a
nd whch entai the abeing the peon as ecrt ad ao
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45
i quit · �tel a sri of act i _� b prm
pa of the trainig egme. Would-be parners n w fi often j c
ocializton acs herby th st ist 'hl h "it work"
of th i for som pei . Certaiy this so of "ledge cs of one"
D t uncoon in mny ccupatiol sphres .
rol ocaizao roeses ar ically b i ogiz
ific reparaon for nw status i involv�' a ere dmd
ant at a nwcome larn t "or aites, vues, p
ad it th ne ol . To put te m�ter bly, h forl
pocs, th mr concrn hr is likly to b how for he recruit ' s
tion o t porae demeano and stn associe wih h
at on bgins o hnk lik a Une Ste M
H cuti r a Catholic prist.
T a te searation of th rcit fo he day-o
rk sttig he less t neWQmr will be to r v
nraliz an abilities or skills leand in he cialzai
(Bll 1962 ; Schein ad nis, 1965) Fo pc cca
ro'r ore uon e han c Suc es ilici
tnded howee Cos o exle the esh whch u
oie recis , se nu , sles ri c
forl taiing s evn, ar, ull Pica
se xpig i hi id pil h
onents o th valed sulal ethos h caaciz hi pi
uation auono pat m, nd h coen f a
n Ma 4 h 175 ii 6 7
I p ' z
on y serv p· cui au ricu au i a orgnizao
wld9 they ao " v nv id i wic others
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46
ganiza in n raher se j uge he newmr ' s imen d
ene he rii aues f he uain Reuis in ie dmies
eame ssesse quie hrugh sff es s heir
n n he rganizin u he few reruis s
And tho ho do not adh to patiua nom hught uia t th
g he n ue are ushere s uneenius u f
poie depatment a they uhed eemniouy i (Manig ad Van Maann
19 is ue f urse ha ere assing hug a rigrus fr
ess sers s as a es o he rerui ' s wiingness ssume he
ne e f en s im he srifi e a hr wr i aes a erui
ee a er frm rss seres effeie fuse he newr
to the prepar�d-for role . Thu , g iven a lenthy a demdin frl e ss i is unie ha ne wi er ish j eri ze he ria
suh a urse quiing earing fge uin
sns ne earned
Lning hrugh eriene in he inf siizain me is n
e ifferen er is suh ais e euis in he
sin whee he mus se heir siaizain ages The aue
is me he newmer is hn deermine rge he reen
ege ssessd b n n nd f urse he gen ' s aii
nsfer suh wdg The fred f hie ffrdd reruis in h mr
resses hs herfre rie: he mus fre hers in he
5 ing eh hem Send is aes errrs mde reruis in
an na siizin ress us e regrde s e s nd serius
n isaes uri i rm eses Beuse rea wr is inrf ered
ith a it ho a a ita ay eat onidab toub fo both him-
and oth h ooi atoan ho " z" h an atne
ti to tt a tan ba on th tet ath than in an aadmy ay
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47
ex ercis e m fin hm el ostraciz e ro th i r circl e o i qud . Te
fgetul nvice beauicia wh prvkes a cUKmr· by dyeins h ha
the ng clr �y b ored t lk elsewhere for a rizatio
ch cplete he d a censing requiren f e ta . E
nz atia member ow fll ell at "itake p bt a
i ud er a special prse to perf ell ring an inol i
priod - or o a lest ask before acing.
With teae cnid erin in aM, folln l prpso
� D e ttd.
Pooii
B F iii i ik cied wi ie
cic d ii bd wi wco i eeced
w k i ii ( oe wi e vue ,
id d o wi w ) ol ocilzion ,
d i ik id wi cion budy
w w w ki od� o cicl
biiie owv w ki b d o euie ew
wled b ii id di ciicly wi uc
kw d d i d bd Sinc e ecing
o w d i ik o c i idi d " oil" iuion in
c i iiio deli wi e li
cio kwd wi i qid u e eci ' ence
ino e nw oe 16
c , i i i e unciol ce iy
o ciii i w xi cu g
bewe iio e b d b idividl o
xe coy di Ai ed oee
idiy oul bbly llow iod o ciliion
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4 8
ldg eas ngage g bg h w cl gie
t he aa an f A h s n h
ag f mn wh nws wa ss f e shks e i
t b ennt in th nsiin ch emns ae n imidte a hiahi in sina bnaies h ef t
t z f he a iffne es a n n In sm
gaizains a m fm nining saes ine as mh
hck an iniia a a min fm j a g io
anf fom taff an t in manag
B . 2 Fma siaiion tais e ms i b fnd wh
th a f h wo an/ h as snin th w
e in h a a sn in high s f is
th c cllg h wc h gz l an/
t f h gz
Thus the trang of otors, professoal ppoets, laers, an
arlne plots noles long peros of formal soalzatn largely beause
the wor nole n all these ases s omplex, ffult, an usually entals
a ery hgh pealty for the ang of a stae. ormal tranng for ele
trans, solers, an mahnsts s also preate on the ee to nze
the mnmzable rss suh as amagng exense equpment - huan r otherwse.
Where the ost of a mstae s relately low, nforal soalzaton proesse
are more lely to be foun.
3 ateer the bounary passage, formal soalzaton s most
lely to proue a ustoal orentaton.
As ple aboe, foral tats ten to emphasze the "proper" or " aete" way
to a omplsh thngs n an organzaton. en the fat that the target role an
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j
9
b pesented in isoation fo m its eveda pefonce iies that ther r
available various traditional means of accompl ishing the task . Heer
et is aproprae �or it i ften te cse ha one rerus ve
bgu to porm he ole n n ofic cpcty, hey "unlea" uh
wt tey earned he fo1 gi o ubsue "praccal"
·m ways of dong hing fo -t pp o "snd" sraees
e wee oc ug Fom his st ndp nt . fl so aizon rce ss es
pee equel ly he "s we o socaao re e
by scond wave" l socalzao e e ewomer s e
iua ogal slo ad n dscoe he aul res
go on hee Iees, 16 6 1 eeas he s a e sresses a b
ce oad e b , he se a ephas es se a s , ue
picaos o he geeral rules , d he o nuaes huh eesr b
n he scene o eo he oe n o se g e he
ag he o s o leag ahe large , dsl lus e
s e se in aus he necr o dsegr vru eve
eed he o lao ocess us , hle rl rs ses
ed o poue u res og eus, es orenao
o e all oo sble ess he lessos o he f press re res
congrunt with thos of the infoa pocess which y fol�ow.
B. 4. Infoal socialization, ik iniial socialition, cars wit t · te potentia for pocing m oe exte es ponses in tr t custod!a innoativ dircions t han fol socialiation
f, for ea m pl, a rcruit s assign in info l m od to 'a work grou or a 1Oss caacteried b an "oganization n" orintation, or s s likly to beco m e ey custoial in oientation -- at least n t sort run. the othe hnd, if that sa ecit is assigned to a work gr p o boss charactized by an innov atie oientation, or she m ight th bco m qut
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50
novaive too . W ha we are sa ying, in effec, is tha individual and informal
socialzton e ·ottlly moe powrfu thnq shapi, k
behvor than foa ad olletve d ce tey ne o-ej ob
cingenes as well as eahng people h e learl dog the work .
I cots , oa processe tlly dvde up ces tat mst be
ae simaosl on e j ob d re ofte e te otol of
intructos (ag en) whose crediblty lag . It woud ppear te ta
if forl d cletve procee ae t "succeed from a gnt ' perspeive ,
firs, they mus be long enough o almos foce recruis o learn heir lessons
well and perhaps practi ce them too and, second, they must be run by persons
wo he onsderable legiimay the eye of the reut .
c. Sequen tial vs . Random S tep s i th Szatn Press
Definition
Th egee of fomly d h dgre t t pre of soi l�
z s ollective are nced, a ated it mj or OWda ass ae
wit bic oietaio acivtes, d m t often wth the ntial 'e ry
of erut nto te rgaato . Hweve fo r me le s in a ora a i�
te alatin process may cover broa petrum f asges ad experi-
ences aking so m ei m es m an y years of reparation . T he person wis hing o beco m e
a edil speciais as r in tce o go tug n dergradate
me program media scool, intehp d reieny before eog
ib le t mply take te c od exnon . Sly, a
peon eg groed or a geera nager posio my ave o rotae ro
evel f positos as a alt, trog vro nca
n in oer t ea te "area of t e snes n trog arios
supervisory levels o build up experiences nd a so-calle "oo rack reord "
wic h would hen wrran he uli mate "goal j b" (Gordon, 1977 ) .
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51
Squtl scl t refer t th dear. t wic the rgiza ion
or uatn specfes givn seqence f dscrete � idenifibl
leag to the tre re . Rndo alizton crs when he eqn c
of st es eadn o the tret r e is kn w, bis , r cntiny
ching. In he cse f ms rfess nl trin n$ sch s edicne ,
hav a ver sequen i roce in ht the tp ledin g the ro feo l
rol mut be negied n specific rder. I he se f the genr
manager how ever e have sequenia l prcess only with respec t t superisry r
rank levels but the seuenc r tat ing thrugh functi nal positions and di vi sons
is ' o ften unfd nd In ome oanzaons le more or less o "rando"
vents Ts in rando processes , w hile there ay be a nber of stes or stages
leadng to he taing of ce rtain rgaiz ationa rol es there i s n n
order specified in terms of the steps that are to be taken .
Wh en mn g eqni rges t s cruci t n oe he dgre
to which eaC s ge bild r expd pon the preceding stge . Fr x ,
cour n mo ecn ic rning rorms re rrned in w i o
to be a smpe-o-cox rogrion. On he oer d o eqn
es ses e t f ow no ine ogc Mngn edcion or
is, qite on diSjond curric ming fro o
topi th e negrion cros sgs In sch ce s w i rnd
by a rr t n the rogr i dnden simpy on ' ikd t th
aqnce . If , hver, he l f c r crs hanis nd
cnnected unctional ly r logica lly in sme fashin w t may seem li ke
minor alteations required f n individul at each sequential stage w ill
accmlate so that at the end , per sons w ill "di scove " themsel ves to be
cnsi derably differnt · tan w hen they began ( e g . , in trai ning fr a
specific ski ll ) . One se es thi s effe ct most clearly in the qui sitin f
cmlex skill or in the formation of a compl ete "rofes sinal " perspecte
r in the value sys tems built up af ter many yers f grdut study 18
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ae f sever gns he arus prns f su
ess he egre whch he s f he agens re cn s ver y r
xpe in se fcer's rnng sch pe ry
ani ans he gens respnsbe fr psca an wepns rnn d
er fferen erecves wr heir jbs an ar he rcru
hse agens wh re n chrge f assr nsrucin sy 192
is quck sp uch cnfics when h exs ses ep
ng ges ff agns ne hr Such inruies e d
a e eaxe sun fr he recruis n n ch e en whg
r inrucrs y re nn each her h he pa
ang prgr
We should oe h of hese coces ppl o dom pocesses
a In b h rn euenia rrgens gens ay be u
er he y be ue fr pr spai hve rugy
ren ges f her rse ve sks h ern (9 nd er 1964
e rere up h dffcuy my scenss preny v vg
a vers ndusr seng prcce her rde rdaizn pce s he ae s seengy ue dsccr g y
nss whn ey dscr her cdec rng emd r
eren e f s ners us s ure rr
ironen s ver 1968 srv bee gd nusr
invu s e e nfu es sn h b e e d
a es s r vg ne in he frs ce
ah us crny e edd he s-c uven d
eives guc vrus es fr he pce rbn r udg
a wrers pschiiss nd crrecin fs Such rcss
qu bt tpicly rndom, av sug h pe
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len to be onl whteve the edte s tuton dends .
In sequentl poe ss thee s l kel to be stong bs n te
pese ntton b eh gent to ke the next s tge ppe ben gn . Thus
53
a ecut is ld hat f h l jst ·"buckle do ad pp hmslf" �hU n
Stage A , S ages B C D E ill b asy Agens usually unwig
or wittn gly, the true n ature of the sag to follow fo r i recruts l
tha h fuur s rgh rward g , and assured hy wl b os coo� v
at sag hy ar in n wshng risk he fuur they think awits them.
o wit, n he accs f hgh schl ahe cs achers wh ll r
ues h f h ll jus work hrd algera o ry wll e "cih . "
A xre case f hs squen l "be ryal" ccurs n sae exe cu n s wher
condeme p rs ns are usally ld by hr "cachs" n he s cen e h er
s b quck pan ess and ky to e hem on h r way o a
"bette ple" Esheln 1 9 2)
Gvn these snsitng defnitions nd the ulfiton tht l to
ths sol zton t t some theoetl popostons n no be stted
Proposi tions
C l . Sequentl solztn s ost lkel to be ssoted with
hehl boundes .
Hehe s e tpll ognzed fo the outse t on the ssuption
tht hghe level pstns nnot be fulfilled dequtel until oe level
ones hve fst been fulflled Suh n ssuption s not bult nto funtonl
nluson undies hee peson n deonstte edness fo pssge
n gven te. t les t n pt h ee s peseve squntl sol ito
poeses n ode to ntn the ge tht the hh tself s
vld bse fo te dstibton of uthot f one
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4
could skp levels te wole cocept of autort t s tougt would be
udeed f course some executve promotos skppg s accomp se
for all practcal purposes troug te extremel ra advacemet of someoe
vewed as uusuall taleted fast tracked fortuousl coected just
pla luck or all of tese attrbutos togeter
o pass cluso bouares ma take a log tme wle oe s provg
oesef to be trustwort to ma dfferet people but te process t call
does ot spec f a sequece wc suc a test ca or must be passe I
te case of fuctoal boudares tere be may sec fc steps assocated ·
wt e educato or trag actvtes volved preparg to cross te
boudar but sometmes at least oe ma be gve a job o te bass of
educato receved at a muc earler tme or o te bass of certa exer
eces wc are see as " equvalet to educato or trag Iclusoar
ad fuctoal boudary passages are terefore assocated more wt varous
sorts of radom socalzato processes
Sequetal socalzato s more lkel to produce custodal
oretatos amog recruts ta ovatve oretatos because te recruts
rema locked as t were to te coformg demads of oters te
orgazato for a log pero of tme before te target role s aceved
Eve te ablt of te orgazato to specf a sequece mles a set
of faly clear os about wat s requred to perform te target roe
Ad te clearer te role te more lkely t s tat te trag for tat
role wll produce a custodal resose
O te oer ad , recruits wo ecouter various socializatio
experieces i a · random fasio m fid te mselves exose to a
wde ad dverse varet of vews d perceptos of te target role wc woud
make t more lke ta s true of sequetal socalzato to ead to
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55
ve oientais . It would sem thrfore . that a compny ho wises
o Irom v a tiv genra ud d wel to av qntl prce e
ad crage oe ad ecisi mg prceues i the oran iz in
coneig m eil j �b ves d ai ig xperiens .'
D Fixd vs . V ria ble Salzati Processs .
Deto
hi m rfrs h re to th ss ve
l1'ztn rs s hv timtale st t t h is both
by te rgizti d cicte t t ecrt. ied scii
prceses rvie ecit the precis e of the i i wi
e· t cmpete gie ssge Ts ile oranizti
pecfy vris creer pths hvig fre timet bles , ll f these th
m r r less fixed i ts t dgre hic te ecrit t
oow deeed titble S mgt rees f instane
t n -clle "fst tcks" reired t accet ne roain sign
r r s desite their ishes. Similrly, tes si to e n
w" r "reglr" tks my be freed t t eect in i
for at est fr fie yers. C al ht rootin oii in
t iversities elicitly sey the be of er $ eron id
t gve k Tey ls sell pecisely en enre cii t e
rac give iiil e press c seties be eedd
rely c it be sowed dVarible sociaztion processes give a recuit fe ces t
xt a gvn bry ssge s, bth he risoner of war h i d
h captrs hat e ll be elese ly hn he has leaed te trh
e at i a schitric hosi o cot ret he ti i gi
d "l r i r vesis f h rible ss O ore udne
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ost wrdy oie creers busies raios ae a b
riabe soczon rocsses rher th fixed ones ese ny corod
atrs sch a h s of he econy the tuover raes in h p r
cl f agen y artiay detee ether nd when ny gi ron
w b promoted o he n ex highr l vl .
Futrmore, wat y b true for oe pero i ot rue for aoer i
ariabe ocializaio proc. Suc a iuaio reqie a rcruit to
earc ou clu a to te future To wit , appreticip program of e
pecify ol miimum umbr of year a peo mut remai i te appre
tice role ad leae ope te tim a pero ca be xpeced to be adaced ito
e ourema cla fic a io Howeer , ice te rate of pa age acroay orgaizatioal bouar are a mater of ome cocer to people rai
tioal imetable may b deelopd by recruit away o te mot fimy ad
fr agmta r iforma io . Rumor ad iudo about wo i goig were ad
we te are goig caraceize ituatio marked by e preece of te
ariabl rateg of ocializaio. Ieed , te woul-be geral maager of e
pue qui ar to dic oer t ig of a comig promo io ( or demoi6)
T iiiual lite cloel o tori cocg t time i ake oe o
adace i e orgaizatio, obere a carefully a poible te experece
o f oer a , i geeral , d eelop a age cocioe delieati g te rage
of appropriate age for gie po i io Ad weter or o ti age co
cioue i accurae, e iiiual will meaure i or er progre agai
uc belief.
atdy, Roh 193) sg tht si tory of
chroic
ak a e crd or crin ye o roe fi u h
ix scizon oce o ic schoos he retrdd r shd o
stnc csss here he noion of rogrss does not es lal,
i e po to me
artcry dug a poo o e oca p
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5 7
ae rcruits typicy thrgh he acaey t the pato diision e
e ng-te s si gnent a ct trf ntr s n
arn Sch assinnt ee a a th rcrui n oes i
ratin t te iniidu h e the career p. o the
t tht s oniztion Sieri exist n c e idenified i
aiy b thse in the se tin cnic track o ic tee is e
u i a dis inct pos sii itin fi ciaizt pocesse . e
r , sidetcking is suay or ube prbeaic ecit
ra i a aie sociiztion t rac Ide , peoe wo e
r i the idde eves f ent are fen e jdge s ee
a� here thy re ing, r h the are in Cnsequenty vie
are ike t crate uch anxiety perhap fustration or indi
h are ae to costuct eaonaby i taes t inf e o
rriteess f teir eent r ac f ent the gnizion.
hu e nte that vrie prcesses e vey pefu
tt t the foin of gop soidit on ptenti recs o
a rgizationy dfine res The ment f pepe t i een
a ccoring to difeent ptes es it virtuay iossie o
rt rup t rein ce e n oya t ne ther . Indeed in i ghy
etie ittions ecrui ein pcessed in a varie ode end o
rentiate theseves oth soci n pscogica fo ec oe.
utheore te en e seqius to utoit sspi cious o coeges
ad� mre eery dopt stegies of pae minimize isk T�eoe
rm the ogizion' s poin o vie peer goup soidi in eci
p i esireab l e , cre should be tken o use ony fixed timbes i he
aiatin pocesses
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5
We look now to ce rta n propost ons whch ar se on th e ba s s of th s
d iscussion of fixed and variable socialization tactc .
Proostons
D . I Fixed· timetables for socializat ion pr oces ses are most likely to be
as so ciated with hierarchical boundary pas sages and least l ikely to be use d
with inclusionary boundary passag es ; functional boundaries present a mixed
ase
Thus , n so orgn z aons , on c ot guar ha afer ri
ubr of yers o the dy, one will e promoed o a higher rnk . ons id r her
t mr n d rin vl see breucrce • . To onr , one
gurntee tt fter ertin length f tm ersn wll h ldat neessry o mke f ionl move or wll e qred he r nd
uppor reqred o move loser o he ore of e orzo Tho lr
r or kely o on h b of a or n s i ·
n t no ry lon or r hort pro o
D 2 Fxed soalzaton proesss are most lkely to produe nnovatve
responss; varabe soazaton proesses are most lkely to produe
ustodal responses
The log behnd ths proposton s smply that a varable stuaton
leads to maxmum anxty and ths anxety operats as a strong motvator
tward onformty ntu tvely, most managers ut l ze ths prn ple whe
they at tempt , for example , to ontrol ther most rebell ous or d ff ul t
subordnates by te llng them that th er next ar eer move "may or may
not happen" wthn a gven tme frame Dotor s too use ths ta t tou ens ge ell refsing rvde h knd o
t ele f r heir rlee fr he hi l . d f us, ntrogatos
e rgizatins d rin se h agn that surods o ' s
eee lengh o sntne to pessu risnr ke on ins and he
tde S hein , 9 Go , 9
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9
a n presse kp a rru ff ce
d er f sztn gens In ff he en ss t
u I pss u n t t n he u re red, r.w
Ect4� hn u re red
In fxe prces
such s furer dca
rgr, thre-nh b-p, a n r ppnesh, a set w-
a ur f d n nther gegrhc srt ·f usness f erson
c ua ger theseves n the stun ber th the vre ce
fr n p nnve tvte t f the tbe I hd ao
vr, fxe prces un te per f the nno
- he grup f hh e s prt hs s partcur the a nar
h n a vn sg sn hers n t n pc s ow hat
nvar s n n " duk per Cnsquen, fr he on o
he nnvtr n cern rs , s esreb e n s ton o
a u na hr n the
E Seria vs . D i sj unctiv e Socializaton Processs
Dnon
A sra so c alzaon procss s on n which xprnd mmb rs of the o r
gania io room necomrs are aou to assu imar knd of poiion n
rn n ff , hs xrn r r ds for
u s In h ce rd , fr exe , he ser de - where rook
ssgned n der vetern o c her t okg pt on
ar - s vrtu en fr gred nd o sers a s ha
s hs ec of o cin ha aons or h b nrgraioa
a o pto or ttes s e , 970; Rbt 97 3
nn nn, 1 9 8) . Ser d crete otg no t
s (1956 ntn f a s -f gurte uure . s s chden n a
oi� a= bl o sur n f h a�i ;
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0
eir rts rndrnts n i f thsvs r dr
iztis c i surr sns h utur sin i ir r
ind drs ig thsvs utr ng i � rgnizin.
ists f cus this i wi b itr ftring nr
b r th rsctiv f th cis d wcrs
itin rt th fc wh rs b gizin ur
usi sings wr wkr r i uv is hig sri
a f iitiig nwcrs it h aizti wud aini d r
plify r tutin.
wr r win th tsts idi r rssrs, d hn ds vi rcruts inr
th r rcd i t w r , h sciizin r i
sjuntiv n n xs c ci T , instc
a firir ring rv whi ngin cn r w
gri rk in fi tht ri n ccid n
I ts css , thr r w, i , rns t sn w
th niqu r s cd h rcrui . rti uc in
s xtr difi nd nxit rvkin r nwr.
rig irin is s rvidd b ric nd in
utur d rnd 1 . In vrin i
n is dir n w r hi nd d r r
sis f tris d rin i rdr t discr nw w in
but d dg ng . ic r d n d
svnturs t r is in s rt gic g d ri
s h sci s w rviizin it Sc di c i r
tr n w r hi 1 .
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atc distinton bten i d dsunctiv oil
cs sometime brought nt arp ocs hen ornii k
a ''se cening" eby ol d brs st ot bc doo
rs rougt in e font door to rpc te. n extre ce e
zation c be tro int a disi ciaiztion i
t t ornizion n sD it or elf I i
tr that occional th rson wo i psabl bin soili b
rgztionl ee ha �; ec d l e do
caizing To wit , n ce wr aclty mb
n d exitn , ong t studts xer t m conrl over e ttt
C, n oter orgnizions suc as prison d nta hoi
i often cnsirbl sae t taff tovr. I huld b
sing then tt te ranzation are ten iey by e t
S, wt aers t a pocs is ctualy ije
I wr rizis, it t ca tat 1f oon is ei
lood ad promoted o rojt r by age 25 tht s e b
xcnly miocr to in tat poiion e . B
c cctcs, he ge-ed sreotyp o he uful, ie
r ember of te i bin coached iely by re, ifo
r is frequntly flse h proces Y ve been es ie
, t, to th crui proes may b disjiv if e nwll
te te n or eiously. Rot (1963) bel his b em "
t ape o b a eis c ed wi i sg p
t hstoric , soial , o ideolog al dis tne be ween rei .
Ad, wn th pa t xprien, refnc rs , r valus of th g e
te moed fo o aside , the
juncve oe.
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6
In r s geerally te a recs repreet the first
l se e toe or te clae o olow. " ot ugges ted hat
tos e o ol are pagated eiatm, bu spl tat for those o come ,
eer t lea fro other aead o ad h t o lea o te o
a rtor . A ong a there are oter avla the ocazaton
setting wo the ecomer cosde r o e lke h" , the e other act as
es assn o coeual outos o e tyc proble faced by
. Metal patet , for example oen rpo tha te were oy able
to v e a ga her releae becaue o er , more e-1' pat�ents "st
t hem se" s to hat the pcatrc taf eeme approprite b ehavior d
iv e of prov ement (S tao d Schwarz , 195 9 ; Gof 196) .
We ca ow tte ome roosos w relate these above consderats
t th teorecl varables o ers
Propsitions
E l Seial socializatio is most likey to e associate wt ilusa
ouay pas saes .
This ssociati eslts becase to ecom a cental meme f a a-
i tioal semet oally eqies ha othe s onsi oe t e aff ale
tstorthy, and , of cose ,'
cetal as ell is ulikel t u
nless these othes pece ive te ecme to e , n ms t eset s s ma
to temseles. Rerut must at least seem to be tk tse it wm te
wo seiosly o k bein labelled eiant i te stuat a e
alloed acoss nclusoay onaes
E . 2 Sera socizo roceses are key to be od oy at tse-
ona or hie rarchial bouay paage whic ae see by tose
rol of the process as equiing a conuty o skillS , vales and d .
Di.'unst, procese ae mo likey to be foud at tho e fuctional and hier-- '
, hcal bo�nd y passage s which re see as o t requiring suc cotty .
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th ds, s no aprii ason w a disjntive roesses
would b found at of h w types o bund·is . Ornizons
l aag o seial o e at these ions
d o ta o m.
E . 3 , Sa saliza prcesses are mst ikely t produe
cusodial orntat in ; d sj nv ae mo lkel to prode
a Doative orientation .
ereas the seri roess risks snaion nd oiaio he s-
nive prcess risks picatn and onsion B he isjcie a
er as creates the pprtnit r a rerit o vive ad o iia
eriny newers et heir devies may y o iaoiae
oes fr defnt ins teir tasks . itt an od gad aod o hame
he deepent a res prspete e onoriy ad ocks eses
reated b te seria de are abent. Entrepreners ·o exame amos
atoatia a nt a isntve ress o soiio as do hose
who i newy reat ranizai res. n boh as es he ae fe
roe des avaiabe he individa o ave ad ia exe�eces
and cod herere oh the newoer in ih o h essos hey ha
earned. onseqen i innvation is o simad fo haee easo
h siaizion roess shd iniize he ossiiiy of aoi icm-
bents o o reionshis with their ike ccssos fo hese oe ic
bents wi ypiy eah te rerit he od ays of oi his Isea
he roes shod axiize either a ery brod age of oe moes sch
as mih be cad oh h s of idivida ifo ma a aom
is o soiizaion r deiberaey ea siaios ee as occ
beween roe de and rr or o ad oes o kee
ris oose in hei oin o
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F Invstitur vs . Divrtitur Soci li zation Prsses
Dt
4
The a $agy b du t ch
a ocaliz ce ccte ee cf dsnfr th
ng dy f e rec e ure cee tfy d nt
o ret ty uefue e rn hrtrsts th
rng te to te ogiz io . tue ce ay t th
o "e ke y s o e." t r ru th
ctc e eru Re t hs t
ge f b n e ls, ue ttue h rrut
1 o o pos ess lrady. F eectve, t t rsss
ae e ee e ecr ve f ef t
O og bue c uae are vetue t thgh at
bd ey y cert sg xrns At
t n e bm ng f gti ddrs r lld b
he u o s ctc ee e ee t r hndd th a
a e f cce Inve tue ce e attet t k tran int e l ie oe soo ol l
enain g, cee cueg ect ssstn sa funtns,
e a e sd ffce t h rut hndshak d gd
eacay ugget tey a vauabe h
Dvestture siaat prsss ntrs , seek o en n sip
awy certin per sonl chracters tcs of recruit . Man oupiol n
organizatoa cunties almos rquie a cru to seve old frieships,
undrg
xtsv harrasmt fr xprincd ebers , nd ne for lon '
rods of tm n dig th "drty wrk" f h e typifie b is low
p, o s tatus tere st alue and lo skill euiree s n
spe ts of pr ofe ssion trainin suh s he f is t e o eil s ool
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65
and th novt iat pri od ocia td with rl igi ous ode s ae oazed
xpicity to diconfirm many apct of th re�t ' � eteig sel-age ,
thu binning th proc of rbuiding the idiviu ' s sel-imae ased
on nw asmtions. Ot en thse n assmt ions se o te eu '
own discovy, gradual or dratic', that thy have .abi1y to do ts
thy had not thought thmlv abl e to do pr viousy .
Ordinariy , th dgree to which th rcrit xeices e o al iz at o
rc a an orda indicat th dgr to whh dse poesses
a orating Gon s (961 ) " tota inti ttions" re ool to
tyica1 in thi rgard in th dibrat mortiiatos o sl w e
into thm ntai . Bt , vn n tota inti tions, socai atio poe ses
wi hv di rnt meaning to dirnt cits .· Ths the deree o w
th r ss is a d ivstitur f invstitur one to a recut i , pat , a
functio of th recr u i t ' s ntring charactritics and ointato towad e ole
P.r�ap8 Gffm d oth ers hve been over ressed with th e dr of humlaton
ad profanatin of f th ccrs cer rg nizas . Even n the
shest of ttnl t tn, � i t wll dgo brtal dves u
process with 'a llatd ndffn d c nnh . Som rrit
to wll h v hgh dt s so fqnt that w
t tt don ath r-offc Frtror ,
' total iiuion" meti ff e c i sor t o homeaway-rohoe
hat o s comp n th ut ' n s lf -g . Ths, for
v d bb r bn a mmb o , y , thf subulure in a prison
acts a invttur th a divttr rocs In ch s aos , oe
ta dn t b nd i no nhnd wth se
Yt, th e f mis tha m n z tn o ol poot ordals
esied' o mke he ecru whteve t gnizatn dees approprte ,
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66
a n as d s rbd as " nd ng" xee She 964) . eee
rsans rrs ar fd abs an fm a e ehv
s bll dgrad hslvs and rs and s llw a e
f s and rlans. Frr asres ae en ake e
crits fro fo rmr as so cia s who prsably wo1 ct c
th rcit ' s old dntt y . This pr ocss whn volnr ly udege , eve
and bd rsn rganzn an pal pee up
a trg d s ir on par of t rc ru ' o b cme an accep e eJe he
rganztn (r an rganzanal sgn) . In bre he eae
n r r ss s add b s r "ae" he u a
s " a" n susa ns ndvda ' s t van hrh sbsequ ea
f vsr. Cnsdr r frs r a sds a ele uvee
( 977 ) r g ng rgs rdrs (Hl 96 )
r y l a ga t t ha
rqu p t ga vdgd ass n
lg c la , sazatn gs
al lc , lw ce gs ar rgaa
d v bsns cc c s d b ag
lcg qt wc, r t p ar k a
s I t sd kp nd v tat ts s
dnttbswng d tdsrng rss . C
cssi dgng t n . ndd an a dve
f latng sn angs t vlat stv b r
ts at f rs b at w n s s vl a
t bt f s n t ds sns b ag .
GVn h ns tn an nw b snd hh se
t ut at t ngs azat ta n gazanl
s .
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6
Proosons
F . l . Dvesre processes are mos lkely o e fond 1 a he poin
of nial enry ino an organizaion or occpaion, and () prior o he
crossng of major nclsionary bondares where a recr ms pass some asic
es of worhness for memershp in an organzaional segmen.
Once he person has passed hese iniial bondares, sseqen ondary
passages are mch more likely o e of an invesire nare nless movemen
from one segmen of he organizaon o anoher involves a major change of
skl ls , vales , or sel f-mage . For examp le , one can igne a col lege grada e
engineer going ino an ngineerng deparmen of a company and experiencing
hs process s asically an invesire one. If, a a laer ime, his persondecides o move ino line managemen and goes hrogh an exensive formal or
infoal managemen r ainng proces s , sc h raining ma well be experienc ed
as a dves i re process becase i may challenge man of he ndividal s
chershed vals whch were associaed wih and rooed he old engineer
ing role.
F . . Divesire processes are mo liely o lead o a csodal
orenaon; nvesre processes are mos lkely o lead o an innovaive
orienaion (nless he recr eners and is rewarded for holding a co
dal orenaon a he ose )
Divesi re processes , n effec , remold he person and , herefore , are
powerfl ways for orgnzaions and occpaons o conrol he vales of
ncomng members . I s sch processes which le a he hear of mos pro
fessonal ranng hs helping o explain why professonals appear o e
so deeply and permanenly socialized For, once a person has sccessflly
compleed a dffcl dvesire process and has consrced somehing of a
new iden iy based on he role o which he divesi re proce ss was dir eced ,
here are srong forces oward he mainenance of he new ideniy The
sronge of hese forces is prhaps he fac h sacrifice invoed in
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68
buildin the new identity mst be justified , consequtly making any disclaimers
placed n the new idetity extremely d icult r the person t acc mpl ish .
Furthermre, sice th prsn ' s self-estem fllown the sccessful compltion
f a divestiture rcess omes t est n the new s
f- imae , the indvdual
will ranize his prsent and futur experiences t insure such ta hs self-
esteem can be enhanced r at least maintained (Gffmn , 1959 Schin , 1961 ;
Schein nd Bennis , 19 65 . In shrt , th ime becme self -ulf ill ing .
G . Interatin f te Sciaizatin Tactics
In the preceding prtins f ths "people prcessin" dis cuss in , w idt -
fi ed sme f the maj r tactcal dimensions f scalizain processes . These
tac ti cs were presented as lically independent f each other . Furthermoe , we
examined, thrugh a ser ies f prp si tnal set s , the kelhod that each tac
tic wul be assciated with certain kinds of rganiatna1bndary passas
and the lielihd that each tactic wuld lead t ithe a custodal r nno-
vative respnse . On examning real organizat ns , t s empir ically bvous
that these tactical dimensins are associated with ne anthr and that the
ac tual impact f rganizatinal scialization upn a recrit is a cmlatv
ne, the reslt f a combinatin f sc iali zat in tact ics whc nce
nfor or ol t d nt z h ot I t o ovo that awarf these tactical
dimensis maks it possibl or manars to desin sciazation procsss
which maximize the probal ti s of crt ain utcmes . In th foll owng sc ton ,
we suggst sme propositons about strategc combinations f socializaton
tactics n rlatn t th crtical sarch for the condtins ndr whch an
ranzatin cn expct to prmte from its recruts cstodial , �ntent n-
20nvative , r r le innvativ resonses .
Prposiins
G . 1 . A CU STOD IAL respnse wll b mos t l ikly to resl from a s c a1-
izati process whch is ( 1 sqntal , ( 2) varal, ( 3 srial , and 4
invlve divesti tr processs .
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0
inhbi innovaive effors , to be epo se o innova'e role moels or none
a all , and o expe ri ence n af firmion of sel f ouho he pr oc es s
I is very ifficu indeed o chnge norms surroundig he mission or gos
of n organizationlly defined role . Therefore , i wi probby ony occur
when an iniviul who is innovave in or ien a ion a he ouse encouner s
an essentiay benign soc ializaion process which no ony does no discourge
role innovaion , bu enuinely encourages it .
VI . CONCLUSIS
rnted t r d: d t rgan
tn d t nern bunar a t d r rnngte t utd r t r t atn epees
, td n dt d t to
tougt dtnt tt e
(ent) wn ng r t rnt
o a vaious bound pssaes.
We have a ttempted to spe out , through sr ies o f propostons , the lik
tt d d td t
nd f rgana ona ounda ag ave evope
rtions about the iehood an gvn t ain o
t ntnt nnovav, o o ntv rsoe ia,
roos e a ombination of t wh one ih hothes e as
t e to produ eah f h o ana tiona esos s
W t onser h ompet the n tt w do not as e
g empra vn to ein o tight ane n
hem ow t vau aat tt an or r
ed tm o t t uon uts b tt
t
nons of th son poess sen a fis nd ipo sp
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7
i re on. e beeve \ en tat e ve ae oe teo
a no be tee era.
In even e ee a e efn e eon te
ve ea t oen -- b o reeae an aer n ornza-
-- an anat raeor r e te ac roe e b eoe are broht no ne ro ae ee,
e beoe ore cono o ce an nee o e
i e "oe eoe . Unne uoan rec ane , an
azaona tagnaton are oft the dict rt of ho mploy
e ee nt te organzaon Re ova an ate
toa eazaon, a e oer eree, a ao be a et
f o eo e ere e e r ereve, ranzatoa
ae e oneuee f e or aoe b eoe
o e oranzaton aer, e ae e oeence o te or
ee aco ate e razaon ef a oee t
e
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7 2
1 e ca acin aen in i aper ae eeiay
ai c ychgy an expree m ccncy y he
lic ineacn (ee, fr exple he w f ea,
13 Gff ; r , 6 ; Huge , ecer . ena
in i rawr away requie e y cain
f ie uc prie prmp , een if ny mmenariy , a kind
f aen m he cnce f he mn an pehap he
ei f he affai a e pe a ihe niced
at ilphicay, he erpecive i eae ce ha
f egy . Fr me gnding here , ee chu z , ;
; aha, 2; d, epecia, Zaner, 0
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73
h h�s "orgzaioal sgn qui oad n ths
r ras s l onig of ctios derake
e oaioal mbes n sui o f c ds.
prns a efoe ognizoal ss workgoups
roc ms eil d oizal iqu b s ad
racis aso fll dr h u or h xis mes
icl, o ols s eal , rgig o indivdl
r S nnig (19 and us (95 158 ; 196) for e
ora us of is cocp.
I al, fo o adul socalzao ilu t onzatioal
loous o o ch soclzn, u
soii zaton oss s contd wi idividua '
"culue of orieaion" which may stad in te way ·of he.
& t r Fr r h arous fos of
orzaonal socalizaon , se , o · x1 Bck d
s, 96; cn 96, 964, 968; Beker, 164; Calo 1964;
r Wel, 166; Roh, 963 Moore, 16; ks 1 9 � ; ,1970; d an M, 1976 or arl s f o of the
i is e, se' an d S 17 Aor rdti
h op loaed i Po L d Hc\n (l97under
aril miseding ar il Ao Pocsss
4 o so x tose adjsnts o o nondataive
all d t class�ao of ht Pltt 12 clls " oalap " In bf sc ts io fs tm delay br
l ecs of rcar adjsmn a f s s th cse wh
ng d e o dsil ollo d nomtal
ecy
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i icentives ( sincentivs n roit ee
cting n r olt st intret s exeiied y te
ns Kty Gov layn in N Cit e taon
e b te ri
ne' Dil
"
5 To t, yolo a evelent tie ehsi cite
an ( e . , Erkon 1959; 968; t 1962 199 Krol t a
1970; een 1977) whr i cn t iniid
ncs ehsie t tchin f eson nd et tn n thir
ation stdes (e.. , Hola 1966; e, 197; Ser a
On te ter an olt centist see st cnee with
wcos in cnt tin i"J 19 rice,
975; EQIA Stent c ritns nery aay o s
the e etiveness th nec ew H, 19 ;
cein, 1978) his ts , hen t cn ier dt
atin , end t be ntt · ttn
acosS pat ca socetes than those occng tn a socet · ( . Taft ,
Kimball and Watson , 197 2 ; S tnequi t , . 1937 ) or with thos · passags wi tin a soc
that mark a · yut h ' s trnsitin int o adul thd (Van Gennep , 1960 ; LVin 9 7 3 )
t y tht te e v stues prvid m vry ric
crptiv materia but rey d te theore ia aoun of te
scalzaion proe go beyon · cplary oundari� . We he tried
at les t in sma eaure t transcnd these bodaries in this paer .
6. To b sue vn f we acclishe fuly t'e s ur thory ou
be of only the mdd �g (Mron , 195 7) . A omprhsiv
the mst ao ider he origi d aleraio in he hi torial
paters of organizt onl scn a . W l h dfe a
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7 6
woul e ec e Gulner 95
roze 964 i 90; rgyris 4 leship 9)
h fconal heaccal bonres ths wld
a be the case becase ael ate tce to nw
e iiviual s t l t rquimnts
ave c l u s
s teselves j ust be fe pssage the rs on is
l o cuh up he ansti tsel ave (or dsir
u luec e left en Acoss th
a bouares e s la though prhs ss
ael ae e e e s ew peole
evle lle e epsonal tst with
sce whc s ecessa xe annful
lunc. u afr av ache a erl vsible ostion
e atcular sett t s ll t suc a postion ese upo he val' s alos al ccp tnc of th
alues of the ro tloists e ron to s
so hav one ae" a a conse qunty os t th sor of
al an thnt ncessary o sugst cic trtns
ocal schme o thngs.
e sp c c em is sefl re ol ic orgnztios
her a soe tee case es
l ap� so-call "pogssve" "refo hfs o
olic have , f tr pur gin op dms r e rak'
a
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77
onel ho were smahei o heir conceions f h he
anzio sod id o re ha on h rih
e hose who were aso lel hae he f' son)
be romoed in he syem. ol r ho ha e
enral d iil iion ih eir reseie ras d
on ee o oer in faorabe iio o rse he
zaion o icy chges aon cre of h romoion
oral examinaio he ecaal eqiren fo arilar
eemly word i his regard gie e hor ied
of h isiors f he efo he hor led eiod
e refos hemses moig hese en from he o
oed o e i diff il if no ioible deed lower
ae membes i hes dearms ere ale (hrogh a ariey of
eie meas) o loc refo n he long r b eher forig he
ief o enre or saing he Chief bac ino a osiion
he ale of organizaioal mer oe aga fell more or ess
o a lmb e droed from he o o f he organza oal coe .Se Dal) 1973 , Fishg 7 ad Be iel d B ig , 1 97 7 fo r c
rals eari o h raher remarkable resisnce o chae eiid
i ce orgzaios
o some frher remes of hs role osiion caims mad
occaios oo o o e rofessioal see iesy ;
de 1; omr d Mis 66 hes 8 an eseiy
Blaenshi
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8
e ae e cee l h x
e ea accal ees ffcs th mo
enae b ebe e zan ff cs e ee ce atal sos o gv
ato at, eene b of ags civ
e e ce ee ual h il cosi
uue e ccua za l h
eean we e ee e I os som
e o th choic of sa il o of socizi m
e e n b e eure agts h h
lciv o e eea, hv, th cs
ee Qua cl a be a ua sc of th oizos
e ac wee ue th xatg, agos o cosi
e e be ee a eco o th fi, siz
e omot b collv csss - s folog sctio
eui s socll sial as is th cs i mii
en N lss o s , coaai s ti a cc
h e
13 e e o go sigs s , of cos, o h
ee wc al mmb call sha h s f. n hih
o v col iv s is go mms k h hi css is cs hogh h fal o ohs, hc, soi
eos css a sn i h go
e Cossal sags ll vlo b i
f j J
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7
ann unvrs c ll ru s ndds ,
u suc snrs ary ways vul scorp,
the llcv s nr ing a , a nvual on.
rllar is rsin can al us Nl
rcis rin or a a lcv n lss
l r nnvv sns V 1 7 8) rfrs
h n cllcv rocsss wn wc sr ras n n
rc ru r s cl calzan O r
h n sclizin ccrin Van ann s nvlvs
cv c lz n u rk can in rsnn
whn h ci gru nrsn su n ts
a rr c 55 w xn csonng
r Frc lgh crw w a rn hr or som
ks r rnig crws wr scr n-co c i
�alzain whrs rang crw s nac {csco
alzn} orrc s suris crl crws wr r
r n h rfoc varu akra rls n wr
nac crws Inr ng ts rsul cnclud h
av lck o wr dns n ci su ong h
grus od r mor on n cnsirion
av suon ros cng ru n wou
ssl whn nd ss w ssh n r s
a cs or ntc crws Jn (1 2 hs rcn r d
v sr ndins
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80
f th f flty f tat thy
ally ha y lttl t ff n ganzatnal mms
cang f bng tagh th cl l It s
h cas ha tan mmbs stt ns (thgh
i n tans thy may but l t as that t s
hng sstanta t cntu o a an hs
s n h nl m f f baly mstat
al t th lb ach a pfn " g " lk
h as hng wk matal ak cff nnng lttl
a t nnsntl ans ng h " ty k" th n
cn h t a an slayn "ag" "g" attt
gag n suh tasks In c f h lngnss a
cng lanshp may h L 97 5 ; Haas ; an
n 973 f sm xl ga
16 uggst tat mny salzan pgms bgn th nsast
c n h stanas a taght a ll as th n atn s tans Hw phaps lst as mny gams n th
alast n wh ts a taht that th a
f ng stanas whh a ap nly t nal ss s
anly lts th typal ntn f th tw salzatn s
an nmal mntn n th xt ns t tt n mn
anzans th stt an th ls (sh as hat s I
uht n a l salzatn ps ay ll flt a st
ual nmtn hn th ct actally gs t k ath
a cmptn sn as al "g" ms th gnzatn kn t
n ?
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8
qal on jo cnsdon o s popl a
qn oal-onoal soclon & psnd o
ng pgs o x
S llsons a paps sl . ConsT ac a
n gaaos emlos msn o s aemens
ns al loans ; dg mas pa dgs
o xpenss o xaggeaed amns o a n e; and p
s naal a e p oac o sodnas No
s pcs a ll o con ng s ae of
l soalao Moo a em o s cl ds · o
l coec pacs ( e pop) a an soc al a ces
nl n se n ok sn s s lel o e
s os o e an "ognonal p" nl snd
socalan pdes c e ncss leang
I os ogaanal dop s on o as no en
c18 . As Professor B arr S taw (persnal counication) rigtl suggests t
degree to which the substantive base of a socialization procss can be
presented in a sequential fashion depends in part , upon te avail
abilit to tose irecting te proess to call upon a full evelope
and shared intellectual or disciplinary paadigm. Thus when clas-
sifing so cialization processes in eucationa institutions , matematics
or psics are far more liel to be presente sequentiall to s tuent
recuis in ose fiels tan re , for example , isto�or o ciolog . In
work organizat ions , te use of sequentia processes leaing to a gen
organizat ionally defined role will also vary accoding to the degree
tat agents ave recourse to sare owlege abou an/or eperie wit
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the tet oe Fom thi tpo it ici yt o poct io
peio e pehp moe ikey to be oci ize eqeti
me th e ogiztio eeoet peciit o ew poct
ie mge . Howee we c pe thi ogy o ec e i
wok ogizt i i ect io oe p egogi ipte oe
the p roper s equenc e of learning are ind eed quite como even when ther e
exit wiey ccepte pigm mg oci i zt io get .
ar tal metm cme t t ctal not all i sj unctive
ializat o pocesse s ave appy enngs nformtve ad peps
tng ase is povded by Keberg ad Cotle 3) Tey oe
tt st geneaon rua-o�city migrants sue' a seios beak
eeen e past ad pese expeiences So serious s tis beak
n ac e ig a ' imge of a better uture usuay les u-
nncted to ay ocree actes toward ic he igrant ca ec
e o s I w re x ii
xpnce rs lishing tat mot dlcte ge etwee e nd. this oc curs , anomie and alienation ar su t o resu
Van Maaen 97)
0 We soud oe a n tese sary roposi tons we o o take a
potn al sociazaton actics en a parcuar tactic s
not epictly meioe n te propositon s ecause e fee
tat te tactc oud o ee ay dependg on more speciic cr-
aes . n te fir st ropos io ·fo eae , orl-foma
llective-indivdua socazaton tactics are not mentod
ecae we fee tat er use n any combinaon , nei er ads t o
nr dtat rom te reiction as s tated . o cld ee tacics
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e
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Te fcs of he v Cig, a Uvrs rss,
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