scheme of work for third term 2019/2020 academic … · management practices in poultry: housing...

SCHEME OF WORK FOR THIRD TERM 2019/2020 ACADEMIC YEAR

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY S S 1D

Weeks Topics Contents

1 Livestock management system

i. Explain the content of livestock management.

ii. Outline the livestock management system.

2 Intensive management system

i. Advantages of intensive management

ii. Disadvantages of intensive management

3 Semi-intensive management system

i. Advantages of semi-intensive

ii. Disadvantages of semi-intensive

4. Extensive system management

i. Advantages of extensive management system

5 Management practices in livestock

Management practices of ruminants (goat, sheep, cattle) Housing, feeding, sanitation, castration,dehorning,tatooing, earnotching, deworming, vaccination and culling


Management practices in poultry: housing and equipment( feeding, drinking etc),feeding of chicks: broilers, layers etc, common diseases of poultry and control, debeaking


Management practices of pig i. Housing ii. Feeding iii. Disease and control iv. Breeding


Management practices of rabbit i. Housing ii. Feeding iii. Disease and control

iv. Breeding

LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Concept of Livestock Management

Livestock management is a combination approach to the different

aspects of f arm practices relating to animal care including reproduction,

disease control, housing, feeding and hygiene in ruminants and non-

ruminants. It deals with how to run livestock operations and produce meat,

eggs, milk and other products for human consumption at a cost effective

level. There are three system of animal management. They include

1. Intensive system

2. Extensive system

3. Semi-intensive system

Intensive Management System

This is a system in which the animals are confined or restricted within

a pen and are not allowed to move out. This system prevents the livestock

from having access to pasture and sunshine. The livestock have limited

space to move about freely because of the high stocking density. All

feeding, water, medications, vaccinations and other management practices

are performed within the pen.

Advantages of Intensive System

1. It allows for adequate and accurate record keeping.

2. Culling of unproductive livestock is easy.

3. The animals are protected from thieves, wild animals or predators.

4. More animals are kept in a small land.

5. The animals grow uniformly.

6. Livestock reach market size quickly.

7. Disease outbreak is quickly checked.

8. Indiscriminate mating is reduced.

9. Ensures adequate and balanced feeding.

10. It gives animals protection against physical and environmental

hazard.

Disadvantages of Intensive System

1. It is capital intensive.

2. Outbreak of epidemic causes serious losses.

3. Highly trained personnel are required.

4. Fighting, cannibalism and pecking may be rampant.

5. Cost of feeding is very high.

6. Spread of diseases is very fast since livestock are so close to each

other.

Extensive System

This is a system whereby livestock are allowed to roam about freely

over large areas of land in search of food and water. In this system,

there is no proper housing and feeding of livestock.

Advantages of Extensive System

1. It ensures fair distribution of manure or waste over farmland.

2. The system is cheap to carry out.

3. The meat is more palatable than those raise in other systems

4. The labour required is very minimal.

5. Animals have access to wide variety of feeds.

Disadvantages of Extensive System

1. Control of pest and disease are difficult.

2. It is difficult to identify unproductive animals.

3. There is underutilization of land.

4. Livestock takes a longer time to reach market size.

5. Animals are lost to predators and thieves.

6. It is impossible to implement a planned breeding programme for the

flock or herd.

Semi-intensive System

The system is midway between intensive and extensive systems. The

livestock are kept in a building especially at night but are allowed to

move about within a fenced area during the day. The animals are

usually provided with supplementary feeds.

Advantages of Semi-intensive System

1. Animals are sheltered against adverse weather.

2. The animals are properly fed and cared for.

3. Cost of production is reduced.

4. Good returns are obtained in terms of meat, milk etc.

5. Livestock are protected from danger.

Disadvantages of Semi-intensive system

1. Record keeping is difficult.

2. Production of livestock may be low.

3. Spread of pests and diseases is high.

4. Fighting is rampant.

5. Vermon like thieves and snakes are common.

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN LIVESTOCK

Management practices involves application of various activities in an

integrated manner to ensure maximum yield or productionof the livestock. It

includes housing, feeding, disease prevention, sanitation etc.

Management Practices of Ruminant

Housing of Goat

Goats do not need any elaborate building as it is hardy animal. Loose

housing is preferred with enough space for the animas to move freely

within the building. The house must be well ventilated, dry and clean with

roof made of iron sheets. The floor and the windows should be made of

concrete and cement blocks respectively.

Fence should not be too low so that the animal cannot jump over it.

barbed wire is preferred. Beddings made of straw and wood shavings etc

should be provided. Hay and silage rack should also be provided.

Feeding in Goat

Goats are ruminants and herbivores and therefore mostly fed on

forages comprising of grasses and legumes. Concentrate feeds should be

given to goats especially under intensive system to promote rapid growth

and high production. Goats are given other feeds like yam and cassava

peels, maize, groundnut etc. They can also be fe\d on plant stems like

banana.

During the dry season, hay and silage are provided for goats.

Periodically, rotational grazing should be carried out. Goats can also be fed

with household waste. Moreover, zero grazing should be practiced. It is

important to provide goats with clean water regularly.

Sanitation in Goat

Proper sanitation is important in goat management especially in the

intensive and semi-intensive management systems.

Ways to ensure proper sanitation in goat:

1. The pen should be washed, cleaned and disinfected at regular

intervals.

2. The beddings and accumulated droppings should be regularly

removed.

3. Sick animals should be culled and treated.

4. Practice regular dipping of goat to prevent pests and parasites attack.

5. Feeding trough, watering trough and hay racks should be cleaned

properly.

6. Rotational grazing should be carried out to avoid parasites buildup.

7. Dead animals should be buried.

Castration of Goat

Castration is the removal of the testis from the male goat thus making

it wither. Goats are best castrated at 8-12 weeks old.

Methods of Castration

1. Knife method/ open incision: In this method, incision is made in the

scrotum and the testes are pressed out and severed with a sharp

knife.

Steps in Open Incision

i. Hold the animal in a convenient position

ii. Wash and disinfect the scrotal area.

iii. With a razor blade, make an open incision on each side of the

scrotum.

iv. Press each testis outward.

v. Clean and disinfect wound.

2. Emasculator method/ use of burdizzor: The emasculator or

burdizzor method involves using an instrument called emasculator or

burdizzor which is used in crushing the spermatic chord thus

preventing the blood supply to the testes. This method is also known

as the bloodness method since no cutting is done.

Steps in using Budizzor

i. Open the burdizor holding the two handles.

ii. Locate the spermatic chord.

iii. Clamp the budizzor on the spermatic chord.

iv. Release and remove the burdizzor plier.

Methods of Maintenance

i. Clean after use/ wash and dry.

ii. Grease or oil metal parts.

iii. Store in rack in a cool dry place.

iv. Protect wooden handles from termite attack.

Elastractor method/use of rubber ring: This is the application of

heavy rubber band or ring to the neck of the scrotum in order to cut off

blood supply to the testes.

Advantages for Castration of Farm Animals

i. It helps to control indiscriminate mating.

ii. Castration increase the carcass weight of animals.

iii. Remove the characteristics male odour.

iv. Animals becomes more docile and easy to handle.

v. Leads to better carcass quality.

vi. Leads to higher feed conversion ratio.

vii. To prevent male animals with bad trait from being used for

breeding purpose.

Disadvantages of Castration

i. It may cause pain to the animals.

ii. Animals may loose much blood in the process.

iii. Animals may be infected if the operation is not properly treated.

Dehorning

Dehorning is the process involved in the removal of the horn buds of

farm animals in order to reduce injury to the handler and other animals.

Farm animals which posses horns are cattle, goat and sheep.

The removal of young horns from young animals is called disburding.

Methods of Dehorning

i. Use of saws: This involves the use of saw to cut off horns of adult

animals after which cut surface is treated with iodine solution.

ii. Use of electric dehorner: This is a special machine designed to

carefully cut off the horns of farm animals without damage to skin.

iii. Cutting the horn with a curved knife: This is done when the

animal is a couple of months old.

iv. Horn tipping: Matured animal can be dehorned by cutting the

pointed end of the horn.

v. Cauterization: This is a process of killing growth ring in a horn

using heat. It is done when the animal is 3-4 weeks old.

vi. Use of hot iron: This involves putting an iron on fire and when it is

red hot, it is removed and placed on the horn and it automatically

cuts it off.

vii. Use of chemicals: Chemicals like caustic soda can be rubbed on

the horn bud of a young animal and it eventually burns off the horn

viii. Use of guage: This involves the making of hole inside the horn

after which chemicals can be applied to remove the horn.

Advantages or Reasons for Dehorning

i. It makes handling of animals easier.

ii. It prevents secondary infection caused by horns injuries.

iii. It creates more space for animals.

iv. It prevents injuries to handlers and other animals.

Disadvantages of Dehorning

i. It can cause injuries to the animals.

ii. It may cause infection the injured part.

Identification Marks

These are marks made on the body of the livestock for easy

identification.

A. Branding: This is done by using hot iron rod to write a letter, number

or make designs on the animal body.

Types of Branding

a. Hot branding

b. Cold branding

Advantages of Branding

i. Markings can be seen from a long distance.

ii. It is easy to perform.

iii. It is cheap to carry out.

Disadvantages of Branding

i. It is very painful to the animal.

ii. Hides and skins are destroyed.

iii. It can cause infections through marking.

iv. Animals may die if not properly done.

v. The skin may heal thereby making the marks difficult to read.

B. Tagging: This is a tag or label made of light metal or strong plastic

with numbers stamped on them which is fitted on the ear with tagging

forcept.

C. Ear notching: This is a small V-shaped cuts made on the ears of

farm animals using sharp knives or scissors.

Advantages of Ear Notching

i. The numbers can easily be seen from a long distance.

ii. They are easy to read and understand.

iii. The numbers cannot be easily rubbed off.

Disadvantages of Ear Notching

i. It can cause infection if the cutting is not properly treated.

ii. Understanding of the marks may be difficult for a new employee in

the farm.

iii. The marking may heal up thus making marking difficult to read.

D. Tattooing: This involves the imprinting of signs/numbers/letters on

the body or ear of animals and rubbing the imprinted marks with dye

or paints to bring them out clearly for easy identification.

Advantages of Tattooing

i. It is easy to carry out.

ii. It is not expensive to do.

iii. Numbers can easily be seen and read from a distance.

Disadvantages of Tattooing

i. The metal pins can easily fall off.

ii. Metal pins can easily tear off the ear of the animals when stuck to

objects.

E. Horn branding: This is done by using hot irons to brand the horns.

F. Chaining: This involves the tying of metal chains round the neck of

farm animals like cattle and sheep.

Advantages of Chaining

i. It is cheap to carry out.

ii. It is easy to perform.

iii. The chains have no effect on the neck.

Disadvantages of Chaining

i. The numbers may not be easily seen.

ii. It may get stuck to objects and break off.

iii. It is not good for short animals as the chains may be touching the

ground.

MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS OF POULTRY

The three systems of poultry management are;

i. Intensive system

ii. Semi-intensive system

iii. Extensive system

Intensive System

This is a system which allow for the confinement of birds into a

particular housing unit. The birds have limited space to move about freely,

but all the nutritional requirements in terms of feed, water, medication and

vaccination are provided within the confinement. This system is divided into

battery cage and deep litter.

Battery Cage System

This is a system in which birds are kept in cages. The cages are

usually made of expanded metal, built in a slanting form to allow eggs to

roll down. There are openings through which birds can pass out faeces, fed

and drink water. Battery cage permits ventilation from all sides.

Advantages of Battery Cage System

i. Unproductive birds can be identified and removed.

ii. It allows for adequate and accurate record keeping

iii. The birds conserve their energy because they are confined.

iv. Eggs are not lost to thieves and snakes.

v. Culling of eggs is very easy to carry out.

vi. Mostly ideal for egg production.

vii. There are fewer eggs with dirty shells.

Disadvantages of Battery Cage System

i. It is capital intensive.

ii. Spread of disease may be very fast since birds are kept very close

to each other.

iii. Vices such as cannibalism, fighting, egg eating are possible.

iv. Fertile eggs cannot be produced and as such there may be

reduction in chicks’ production.

v. There is lack of freedom.

vi. Maintenance cost is high.

vii. Since birds are kept indoors, balanced diet must be provided.

Deep Litter System

This allows the keeping of both male and female birds together. It is

ideal for raising broilers, growers and layers. The roof of deep litter house is

made of iron sheet or asbestos while the sides are constructed with

cement, block and wire mesh. Therefore, deep litter house permits cross

ventilation. Moreover, the floor of the house must be concrete and covered

with litter of straws or wood shavings. The litter absorbs the water

associated with faeces. Birds are provided with water, feed and medication.

Advantages of Deep Litter System

1. It increases efficiency in poultry management.

2. It maximizes the use of land.

3. Cost of labour is reduced.

4. Birds are protected from predators and thieves.

5. It is suitable for rearing breeding stock.

6. Birds are protected against harsh weather.

7. It is easy to control house flies and mosquito.

8. Culling of sick birds can be carried out.

9. Large flocks of birds can be managed.

10. It is less expensive compared to battery cage system.

Disadvantages of Deep Litter System

1. Cannibalism and pecking among birds are common.

2. There is wastage of feeds by birds.

3. There is rapid spread of disease and pests.

4. The cost of construction of deep litter house is high.

5. Litter makes eggs dirty.

6. It is not easy to identify unproductive birds.

7. Cost of production is increased due to high litter requirement.

Importance of Sawdust as Litter in Deep Litter House

1. It is used as beddings on the floor of deep litter house.

2. It is used for storing eggs during transportation.

Advantages of Sawdust

1. It is very cheap.

2. It absorbs water in the faeces thereby keeping the floor dry.

3. When the faeces are mixed up with the wood shavings, it decays to

form manure in the farm.

4. It prevents the birds from having direct contact with cold floor.

5. It protects the floor from being stained by faeces.

Disadvantages of Sawdust

1. It can harbor bacteria and other pathogens.

2. It may contain foreign bodies like nails.

3. Birds develop respiratory problems when they inhale dust.

4. It needs to be changed regularly to avoid introduction of diseases.

Semi-intensive System

In this system, the birds are kept in a building but are allowed to

move about within a fenced area during the day. It is midway between

intensive and extensive system of poultry keeping. An example of semi-

intensive system is the fold unit system.

Advantages of Semi-intensive System

1. Cost of management is low compared to intensive system.

2. Birds have the opportunity to excise themselves.

3. Adequate feed and water are provided.

4. If male and female are kept together, fertilized eggs can be produced.

Disadvantages of Semi-intensive System

1. Identification of unproductive birds are difficult.

2. Record keeping is difficult.

3. Fighting, egg eating, cannibalism etc is rampant.

4. Vermine like thieves and snake are common.

Fold unit System

A fold could be made of basket or other movable housing units. It is

mobile and can be moved from one place to another. About 50-100 birds

are kept in the basket of folds. Feeding and watering troughs containing

feeds and water are supplied to the birds.

Advantages of Fold Unit System

1. It is ideal for rearing chicks.

2. It can be practices in a small land.

3. The house is cheap to produce.

4. It is easy to be handle by the farmer.

5. It is mobile and therefore helps in moving the birds to the market.

Disadvantages of Fold Unit System

1. It is not suitable for commercial production.

2. Fertile eggs may not be produced.

3. The spread of disease is rampant.

4. Constant movement may lead to the damage of the fold.

5. Fighting, pecking etc may be developed.

6. Labour requirement is high.

Extensive System (free range system)

This is a system in which domestic poultry are allowed to roam about

freely in search of food and water. There is no proper housing and feeding

for birds in this system. Unlimited grassland is available to the birds.

Advantages of Extensive System

1. Initial capital requirement is small.

2. It reduces the incidence of ecto parasites

3. The requirement for labour is low.

Disadvantages of Extensive System

1. Birds are exposed to danger such as snake, bad weather conditions,

thieves etc.

2. Production of egg is very low.

3. Birds are small in size.

4. Eggs are dirty.

5. There is indiscriminate mating of animals

6. Large labour force is required to collect eggs.

Management Practices of Poultry

Housing in Poultry

Birds are kept in pens. The different houses required for rearing birds

are brooder pen, growers pen and layer pen. The chicks are sent to the

brooder house immediately after hatching where they receive heat from

stove or electric bulb in order to maintain their body temperature. As the

feathers of the chicks develop, the body temperature is grdually reduced

from 39oc to 27oc. The chicks are reared on littered concrete floor with the

house completely covered with rubber sheets which permits cross

ventilation of air. The chicks are transferred to the grower’s pen at the end

of 6th week.

The birds are reared from 7th to 20th week in the grower pen.

The buildings are netted with proper roofing and concrete flooring to

ensure the comfort of the birds.

The birds are transferred to the layers pen shortly before laying

begins.

The layers are reared in the layers pen from the 21st week. The

layer’s pen is either the deep litter house or battery cage system. The

poultry house should be provided with dip containing disinfectant for

visitors.

Poultry Equipment

These are appliances used in the poultry houses for successful

poultry keeping.

S/N Equipment Main use

1 Debeaker Reducing beak length.

2 Incubator Hatching fertile eggs.

3 Egg candler Detecting unfertile eggs

4 Bucket Fetching water

5 Feeders Feeding birds

6 Drinkers Provision of water

7 Hypodermic syringe/needles

Injecting birds

8 Nesting box Egg laying

9 Brooder Provision of warmth for chicks.

10 Mesh box Feeding young chicken

11 Egg trays/ crates Collection of eggs / storing eggs.

12 Brooms Sweeping off waste.

13 Shovel Removal of poultry waste

14 Wheel barrow Carry feed or waste

15 Cages Confining or carrying poultry birds

16 Battery cages Housing of mainly layers

17 Folds For housing poultry birds.

Brooding Incubation

Incubation is the process of keeping the fertilized eggs warm in order

to allow for proper development of embryo into chicks. Brooding incubation

is a natural condition whereby a hen sits over her eggs until the chicks

hatch. The period of incubation in chicken is 21 days. The temperature of

about 35oc-39oc is required for incubation to take place.

Feeding of Poultry

Poultry birds require balance diet for proper growth and development.

Birds are fed every time and any time. Birds reared extensively fed on

insects, seeds, grasses, earthworms etc. under the intensive system, birds

are fed on mash.

1. Feeding of chicks: These are birds from day old to a week. They

feed on chicks’ mash which contains about 18% of protein. The

chicks are fed ad-libitum.

2. Feeding of growers: They are birds from 7th -20th weeks of age.

They are fed with growers’ mash. (16% protein). The birds are placed

on restricted feeding.

3. Feeding of layers: Layers mash is fed to layers. The feed is rich in

protein (16%) and bone meal which provides calcium and

phosphorus for proper egg shell formation.

4. Broiler chicks: These are birds of a day old to 4th weeks and are fed

with broiler starter (20-23% protein)

5. Broiler: Broiler birds from 4th -12weeks are fed with broiler finisher

(20-23% protein). Broiler are fed ab-libitum. Occasionally, vegetables

like water leaf, tridax etc should supplied to birds. Moreover,

adequate and regular supply of fresh cool water should be given to

birds.

Common Disease of Poultry and Controls

Name of disease

Causal organism

Method of spreading(transmission)

Signs and symptoms

Prevention and control (treatment)

Coccidiosis Protozoa (coccidian)

Contaminated feed, water, beddings/wet litter, droppings of infected birds.

Ruffled feather, blood stained diarrhea, reduced feed intake, dropping of wings, drowsiness, death.

Good sanitation, avoid wet liiter, use of drug known as coccidiostat.

Pullorum Bacteria (salmonella pullorum)

Spread from the hatcheries, infected droppings and egg, infected adult birds to chicks

Acute infestation with sudden death, weakness and loss of appetite on chicks, lethargy, breathless, gathering together under brooder in older birds.

Vaccination, isolate infected birds, proper sanitation, disinfection of feeders and drinkers, proper disposal of carcass of infected birds.

Newcastle Virus Ingestion of contaminated food and water, direct contact with infected birds, feed, water or liter

Difficulty in breathing, twisting of head and

Vaccination, proper sanitation, isolate

material neck in circular movement, paralysis, diarrhea, low egg production.

infected birds, slaughtering and burning of infected birds.

Fowl typhoid

Bacteria Droppings of infected birds, contaminated feed and water, infected footwear of workers and staff. Poor disposal of carcass of infected birds.

Anorecia, weakness and high mortality in young chicks, gathering under brooder, yellowish droppings, comb and wattle form darker, death etc.

Proper sanitation, disinfect footwear before entering poultry house, proper disposal of infected birds, adequate vaccination of new birds, treat with antibiotics.

Gumboro disease

Virus Infected droppings, footwear, feeds etc.

Inflammation of the cloaca, soiled vent feathers, watery diarrhea and poor in- cordination

Eliminate infected birds, disinfection of contaminated materials, vaccination, treatment.

Fowl pox disease

Virus Through injury by fighting or pecking, contact with contaminated materials, transmitted by lice, ticks etc. overcrowding

Blisters on comb and wattle severe patches on the beak and tongue.

Vaccinate birds, remove infected birds, good sanitation, keep birds in

fly proof house.

Fowl cholera

Bacteria Spread by infected treatment birds which are still carriers of the organism

Fever, depression, weight loss, mucus discharge from the mouth, ruffled feather, diarhoa, fast breathing etc.

Vaccination, proper sanitation, use of Sulphur and tetra cycline drug, use of antibiotics.

Avian influenza disease

Virus (transmitted by migrated water duck)

Exposure of birds to migratory water flock, direct contact from birds to birds, manure/litter, people whose clothes or shoes had contact with the virus.

Coughing, nasal discharge, sneezing, poor coordination, diarhoea, sudden death, lack of energy and appetite, soft shelled or abnormal egg shape, swelling of the head, eyelid, comb and wattle, purple discolouration of the wattle

Protect birds from germs or migratory birds, do not loan or borrow any equipment from other farms, avoid visiting other farms.

Other Poultry Diseases

1. Infectious bronchitus disease (virus)

2. Marek’s disease (virus)

General Control of Disease in Poultry

1. Vaccinate the birds at the right time.

2. Proper disposal of infected birds.

3. Regular cleaning of feeders and drinkers.

4. Proper ventilation of poultry house.

5. Adopt good sanitation/ hygiene practices.

6. Regular cleaning and disinfection of poultry house.

7. Regular change of water.

8. Keeping contaminated objects away from healthy birds.

9. Avoid contact between wild birds and poultry

Vaccination (inoculation)

Vaccination or inoculation is a management practice whereby certain

chemicals called vaccines are injected into the animals in order to prevent

them from certain diseases.

Poultry Vaccination Schedule

Age of birds

Vaccination Disease

Day 1 Market disease vaccine (intramuscular)

Against neck disease

Day 1-4

Newcastle disease vaccine ( intra-ocular)

Against Newcastle disease

Day 10

First dose. Infectious basal disease vaccine (oral)

Against gumboro

Week 3

First dose. Newcastle disease vaccine (lasota strain)


Week 4

Second dose infectious basal disease vaccine (oral)

Against gumboro disease

Week 5

Fowl pox vaccine (using injection)

Against fowl pox disease

Week 6

Third dose: basal disease vaccine (oral)

Against gumboro disease

Week 8

First dose; Newcastle disease vaccine ( komora strain intra muscular)


Week 12

Second dose: Newcastle disease vaccine (lasota strain)


oral

Week 16-18

Second dose: Newcastle disease vaccine (komorov strain)


Debeaking

Debeaking is the process which involves the partial removal of beak

of fowls with an instrument known as debeaker.

Advantages of Debeaking

1. To prevent pecking of other birds.

2. To prevent feather pulling of other birds.

3. To prevent cannibalism.

4. To prevent egg eating,

Disadvantages of Debeaking

1. It is painful to the birds.

2. It may cause stress if not properly done.

3. Beak and tongue may be permanently damaged.

Culling in Poultry

Culling is the removal of diseased or poorly performing destructive

birds from a flock.

Benefits derived from culling

1. The spread of poultry disease and pests are minimized.

2. The extra cost of feeding unproductive birds is eliminated.

3. A large floor space is available for the rest of the birds.

4. Egg pecking and cannibalism is minimized.

5. It removes unproductive birds from the flock.

Identification Marks in Poultry

Banding: It involves attaching a small individually, numbered metal or

plastic tag to the legs or wings of birds.

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF PIGS

Housing of Pig

The pig pen consists of low wall built with concrete, cement, bricks or

stones. The low wall allows flow of air in the pen. The roof should be made

of iron sheet or asbestos. The floor should slope towards the drains with

the inner end having a water deep for cooling the body temperature of pigs.

The floor should be constructed with concrete to make it hard and

impervious to water.

In most cases, male should be separated from the female. Fallowing

pen should also have creep area where the feeds of the piglets are kept.

Feeding in Pig

Pigs are omnivorous animals can feed on grains, fruits, kitchen waste,

grasses, brewery waste etc. feeds given to all categories of pig must be

balanced in nutrients.

1. Breeders’ mash (15% protein) should be fed to breeders. This will

help the sow or gilt to produce more eggs and by extension large

litters or piglets.

2. Pregnant or in sow should not be overfed to prevent fat deposition

which may lead to small liter size and dystocia (difficulty in

parturition). Their feed should be supplemented with grasses rich in

fibre to aid easy farrowing.

3. To promote rapid growth of the piglets, they should be given creep

feed (22%protein) as from 2 weeks of age.

4. Piglets are given weaners’ mash (18%protein) after weaning from 8th

weeks at an average rate of 11kg for a pig per day.

5. Moreover, pigs are fed fatteners’ ration (14%protein) till they reach

market weight at seven months of age.

Diseases and Control

Common Diseases of Pigs

Name of disease

Causal organisms

Symptoms Mode of transmission

Control measure

Brucellosis or

Bacteria (brucellabortus)

Premature abortion,

Contaminated feed, water

Isolation of infected

contagious abortion

dysentery, diarhoea.

and infected animals.

animals, proper sanitation, regular vaccination.

Abortion Bacteria High fever, depression, blood oozing out from nose, mouth, anus, loss of appetite, sudden death.

Contaminate feed, water, equipment and infected animals.

Regular vaccination

Enteritis or swine dysentery

Hog cholera or swine fever

Transmissible gastro enteritis

Sanitation/ Health Care of Pigs

1. Clean pigs pen regularly by scrubbing the floor.

2. Clean the feeders and watering troughs to prevent contamination.

3. Disinfect the house regularly.

4. Remove and bury the dead animals.

5. Isolate or separate sick animals for treatment.

6. Pigs should be dewormed regularly.

7. Visitors should the footwear in order not to spread diseases.

Breeding in Pig

Breeding in pig occurs in breeder house. Boar and gilt should be at

least eight months before they are used for breeding. The gilt have twelve

functional well-spaced teats and good temperaments and should not be

obese. The gilt must be dewormed and sprayed with acaricides to remove

internal and external parasites respectively two weeks before mating.

Flushing should be done 7-10 days before breeding. The gilt or sow

is mated on the second day of heat and second mating is done 24 hours

later.

Breeds of Pigs

Large white

Chester white

Large black

Duroc jersey

American landrace

Poland ching

West African dwarf pig

Feature (characteristics of pigs)

1. They are highly prolific.

2. They have short gestation period of 114 days.

3. Maturity is very fast within 8 months.

4. They are good converters of feed into meat.

5. Proportion of flesh to bone in pig is very high.

6. Pigs are polyestrous.

7. Pigs require very little investment.

8. Pigs are good source of protein.

9. They have short legs, neck and compact body.

10. They have scanty hair and coiled tail.

Management Practices of Rabbit

Housing

Rabbits are usually kept in hutches.Wood or metal hutches with wire

netting surrounding are widely used.

Hutches are arranged in single, double or triple tiers. However, the

best hutches are single tiers type because it enhances cleaning and

feeding of rabbit.

Hutches are usually placed in a building known as rabbitry which

must be ventilated. The floor of the rabbitry should be made with concrete

and the roof corrugated iron sheets. Legs of hutches should be placed in

disinfected bowls. This will help to curtail pest attack.

The males are kept separately from the female within the rabbitry.

Feeding in Rabbits

Rabbits are simple stomach herbivores. They are fed with

concentrate in form of pellets are not available. It is advisable to feed adult

rabbits 130g of pellets per day in combination with other feeds.

The concentrate feeds should be supplemented with succulent forage

crops and grasses such as tridax, amaranthus, water leaf, guinea grass,

centrosema etc. Rabbits can also be fed with root crops example cassava

and carrot; protein supplements example soya bean meal as well as hay

and roughages.

The protein content of feeds for dry does and bucks should be 12-

15% while that of pregnant does and nursing does is 16-20%. Feed should

be served in feeding troughs. Vitamins and mineral salt (table salt) should

be included in their feed. Clean water should be available on a regular

basis.

Disease and Control

Name of disease

Causal organisms

Symptoms Control/prevention treatment

Coccidiosis Protozoa Loss of appetite, dehydration, loss of weight, diarrhea, death on severe cases.

Raising rabbits on raised cases, isolate all infected stocks, treat with coccidostat.

Ear canker (mange)

Mange mite Swelling and painful ear, brown scab

Isolate infected rabbits, invite a veterinary doctor,

inside the ear, ear scratching.

treat with matricide drug against the mite.

Helminthiasis Worms Poor growth, anaemia, diarrhoae, constipation, death in severe cases

Practice good sanitation, deworm regularly.

Ring worm Fungus Loss of hair or affected skin, circumscribed lesions on the skin

Use of fungicides, isolate infected animals.

Other diseases of rabbits

i. Pneumonia: common during cold and poorly ventilated houses.

ii. Gastro-intestinal complines mainly arises from feeding.

iii. Bloat: the major symptoms of bloat disease is disintended

stomach. It is a nutritional disorder caused by excessive feeding of

succulent forage.

Prevention/Control of Diseases of Rabbits

1. The floor of rabbitry and the cage must be cleaned regularly.

2. Proper sanitation should be observed; example washing of hands

after handling sick rabbits.

3. Feed rabbits with proper and balanced diet.

4. Quarantine sick rabbits for proper treatment.

Breeding in Rabbits

The buck is ready for breeding at 10 months of age. The doe is taking

to the cage of the buck for mating in the morning and evening. A buck can

serve 10 does. The gestation period of does is 30-31 days. Kindling takes

place at night. Mothers should take plenty of food and waste after kindling.

The liter moves out when they can see and have grown some furs on the

body. They are weaned at the age of 8 weeks.

Characteristics of Rabbits

i. They have small medium sized bodies.

ii. They are prolific animals.

iii. Easy to house.

iv. They have short gestation period of 30-31 days.

v. They are efficient converter of vegetables matter into meat.

vi. Their fur can be processed as pelt for sale.

vii. They are easy to manage.

viii. Weaning period is between 6-8 weeks.

ix. They have high rate of resistance.

Breeds of Rabbits

i. New Zealand white

ii. California white

iii. Chinchilla

iv. Giant Flemish

v. New Zealand

vi. Bevern

vii. Angora

viii. Dutch

ix. loopere

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